PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM ALGAE

-Soumya kittur

Contents

What is biodiesel? Characteristics Production of algae oil Production of biodiesel from algae Photobioreactor Large scale production Copmanies Producing biodiesel Developments Researches Advantages and disadvantages Applications References

What is Biodiesel ?
Biodiesel is a nontoxic
and biodegradable alternative fuel that is obtained from renewable sources.

Biodiesel is

biodegradable, less CO2 and NOx emissions.

Biodiesel production is

the act of producing the biofuel, biodiesel, through either transesterification or alcoholysis of oils.

Characteristics of Algal Biodiesel

No sulfur content. It has superior lubricating properties. Cloud point about 32 0F Flash point 266 0F. Biodiesel reduces particulate matter by about 47
percent as compared to petroleum diesel. Biodiesel has less dangerous particulate matter Algae biodiesel has more aggressive solvent properties than petro diesel.

Properties
Density Kg l-1 Viscosity Pa s Flash point C Solidifying point C

Biodiesel from
Microalgal Oil 0.864 5.210-4 (40 C) 65-115 -12

Diesel Fuel
0.838 1.9 - 4.1 10-4 (40 C) 75 -50 - 10

Cold filter plugging point C Acid value mg KOH g-1

Heating value MJ kg-1 HC ratio

-11
0.374 41 1.18

-3
0.5 40-45 1.18

Production of Algae oil

Steps involved in the production of Algae oil:

Selection of algae and

site Cultivation Harvesting Biomass Processing Oil extraction

Selection of Algae and Site

Species

Some of the species

Yield (in g/m2/day)

20 (~ 30% lipids)
10.3

which are being used in Marine Nannochloro psis the production of Biodiesel are given in the Spirulina plantesis table.
Dunaliella salina

12.0
13.4

Production sites can be

selected according to the production scale and other factors.

Scenedesmus species Ankistrodesmus Haematococcus plu vialis

18 3.8

Cultivation
Algae can be Cultivated in:

Open ponds Closed ponds Photobioreactors

Harvesting
Separating algae from its medium is known as
harvesting. Harvesting methods depends primarily on the type of algae. whereas.

Macroalgae harvesting employs manpower microalgae can be harvested using

microscreens, centrifugation, flocculation or by froth flotation. energy-efficient and relatively inexpensive so selecting easy-to harvest strains is important.

The processes used for harvesting must be

Extraction of algal oil

Two methods:

Mechanical method Chemical method

Extraction of Algal Oil by Mechanical Methods

Mechanical methods includes:
-Expression/Expeller press -Ultrasonic-assisted extraction
In case of Expression press method algae is dried it
retains its oil content, which then can be "pressed" out with an oil press. create cavitation bubbles in a solvent material, when these bubbles collapse near the cell walls, it creates shock waves and liquid jets that causes those cells walls to break and release their contents into the solvent.

Using an ultrasonic reactor, ultrasonic waves are used to

Extraction of Algal Oil by Chemical Methods

Three types: Hexane Solvent Method Soxhlet extraction Supercritical fluid Extraction Hexane is used for extraction in case of hexane solvent Method. It can be used along with oil press method to get more efficiency. soxhlet extraction is an extraction method that uses chemical solvents. Oils from the algae are extracted through repeated washing, or percolation, with an organic solvent such as hexane or petroleum ether, under reflux in a special glassware. In supercritical fluid/CO2 extraction, CO2 is liquefied under pressure and heated to the point that it has the properties of both a liquid and a gas, this liquified fluid then acts as the solvent in extracting the oil

Production of Biodiesel from algae oil

Algae oil is highly viscous.So to reduce viscosity
transestrification, pyrolysis, micro Emulsion, blending and thermal depolymerization methods can be used.

Transestrification: Transesterification of algal oil is

normally done with Ethanol and sodium ethanolate serving as the catalyst.

 End products are biodiesel, sodium ethanolate and

glycerol.

This end-mixture is separated as follows: Ether and salt

water are added to the mixture and mixed well. After sometime, the entire mixture would have separated into two layers, with the upper layer containing a mixture of ether and biodiesel. This layer is separated. under a high vacuum. As the ether vaporizes first, the Biodiesel will remain.

Biodiesel is in turn separated from ether by a vaporizer

Working of a Photobioreactor

Advantages of PBR:
High Biomass Productivity and cell density.
Less contamination, water use, & CO2 losses.
Better light utilization & mixing.

Controlled culture conditions.

Disadvantages of PBR:
High capital cost associated with construction costs,
circulation pumps, and nutrient-loading systems. high temperatures

Absence of evaporative cooling, which can lead to very

Accumulation of high concentration of photosynthetically

generated O2 leading to photooxidative damage them

Biofouling of interior surfaces and difficulty of cleaning Cell damage by shear stress Deterioration of materials

Large scale Production

Theoretically, Biodiesel produced from algae appears to be the only
feasible solution today for replacing petro-diesel completely.

In practice however, biodiesel has not yet been produced on a wide

scale from algae, though large scale algae cultivation and biodiesel production appear likely in the near future (4-5 years).

In order to produce biodiesel from algae on a large-scale, the following conditions need to be met, logically speaking: Ability to sustainably produce high-oil-yielding algae strain on a large-scale Ability to extract the oil from the algae on a large scale Capability for large-scale conversion of algal oil into

biodiesel

Some of the Companies which are trying to produce Biodiesel:

OriginOil PetroSun PetroAlgae SolixBiofuel

Developments
OriginOils recent breakthrough can extract up to 97% of the oil from algae cells. This level of efficiency is astonishing for a process that requires less than a tenth of the energy of conventional processes, and without needing chemicals,

-Riggs Eckelberry, OriginOils CEO.

AlgaeLink,have developed a new way to extract oil out of wet algae paste. Valcent Products - Has developed a high density vertical bio-reactor for the mass production of oil bearing algae while removing large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere

Research on Biodiesel from Algae

Enhancing lipid production rates by increasing Through nitrogen & phosphorus deprivation Si Depletion - research into diatom lipid
accumulation by silicon depletion

the activity of enzymes via genetic engineering

Advantages of Biodiesel From Algae

High Yield According to some estimates, the yield (per

Acre yield say) of oil from algae is over 200 times the from the best-performing plant/vegetable oils. Algae can grow practically in every place where there is enough sunshine The biodiesel production from algae also has the beneficial by-product of reducing carbon and NOx Emissions from power plants, if the algae are grown using exhausts from the power plants. Algae produces lot of polyunsaturated oils, so it can work good in the cold weather also.

Disavantages
Aglal oil is highly viscous.
Stability problem Technical problems for large scale
production

Applications
Biodiesel can be blended with petroleum
diesel. Vehicular use Railway usage Aircraft use As a heating oil

References:
www.wikipedia.com www.olgae.com www.science.howstuffwork.com www.originoil.com

THANK YOU