PQLI Physical Quality of Life - Developed 1970 to replace GDP - Criticised due to overlap between variables Variables used:

: - Literacy rates - Infant mortality - Life expectancy at age 1

HPI Happy Planet Index - First, Second, Third World no longer - Introduced by NEF in 2006 applicable in Post Cold War World - Indicates relative ecological efficiency with well-being - Too simplistic so have moved away from - First to combine environmental efficiency with human wellclassification based on economics and being politics CASE STUDIES - Subjective - Kerala and Qatar as both oppose general trend that DEVELOPMENT high GDP means development from both CLASSIFICATION perspectives DEVELOPMENT st 0.943, UK 28th 0.863, China 101st - HDI = Norway 1 INDICATORS 0.687 - HPI = Costa Rica 1st, China 20th, UK 74th Brandt Line = 80/20 = North/South - 1980 Brandt report into sustainable development unveiled hemispheric development differences - North = 80% of GDP but only 20% of global population - Very outdated and too simplistic Development Continuum - Contemporary way of viewing development as sliding scale - Reflects development occurs in number of ways - Illustrates changing importance over time - No discrete groups

HDI Human Development Index - Incepted 1990s to incorporate social Development and economic data = the process of social and economic advancements that - Average score of 3 variables, expressed lead to an improvement in peoples quality of life and between 1 and 0 general well-being - No ecological measures or global perspectives Variables used: Core/Periphery composite indicators take an average but - Life expectancy at birth important to remember development spatially varies within - Educational Attainment countries. ROSTOW MODEL OF - Adjusted income per capita (GDP per DEVELOPMENT capita by PPP)
LDCs

STAGE 1 subsistence agriculture STAGE 2 TNCs and FDI 1. Income below $7050 per capita per STAGE 3 cumulative causation and year industrialisation 2. Weak human resources STAGE 4 population growth and 3. Economic vulnerability urbanisation, self sustaining growth - Produced 1960 STAGE 5 exploitative industries move How can LDCs develop? - Based on 15 European and North elsewhere, rapid expansion of tertiary sector - Fair Trade American countries - Industrialisation - 33/50 LDCs are subCriticisms and Benefits: - Based on economic development - Brain gain/drain Saharan - Too simplistic an Eurocentric - Early warning systems LDCs = Sierra Leone, Haiti, - Does not consider debt or aid + Used with DTM can form population policies - International investment Myanmar - Underestimates importance of + Rough guide to development - Appropriate technology colonialism in early development + Easy to compare and understand

What makes an LDC? 1. Income below $750 per capita per year 2. Weak human resources - Health - Education - Nutrition and calorie intake 3. Economic vulnerability - Instability of exports - Instability of agricultural production - lack of economic diversity How can LDCs develop? - Fair Trade - Industrialisation - Brain gain/drain - Early warning systems - International investment (TNCs and appending FDI) - Appropriate technology - Agricultural mechanization - Sustainable raw material exploitation - Controlling population growth, i.e. contraception and population policies Haiti Population: 10.1 million Life Expectancy: 61 (men), 64 (women) GNI: US$995 per capita GDP (PPP): $1995 per capita Independence French colonial rule: 1825 HDI: 145th at 0.404

Inequality

High NI/IMR/TFR/CBR/CDR Low export/imports Rapid population growth

Few human rights DEMOGRAPHIC

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL Poor sanitation Poor education an health care Civil conflict Poor living standards POLITICAL

Early stages of DTM

Issues facing LDCs

Political instability

Lack of diversity Primary employment sector

Civil unrest Rule by dictatorship Natural hazards

Low GDP Subsistence agriculture

Inequality

Unsustainable exploitation

Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

- 33 out of 50 LDCs are located in sub-Saharan Africa - Highest HDI rank is Gabon at 119th and South Africa at 121st - 16 LDCs are landlocked - 12 LDCs are small islands - Almost 50% of the population in LDCs live on less than $1 a day - 70% of FDI in LDCs in 2004 went to oilproducing countries - No country in sub-Saharan Africa will meet the MDG to reduce CDR by 2015 - Liberia has highest level of maternal deaths - Average annual population growth in LDCs is 5% = highest in world - Over 40% of LDC population is under 15 years old - 140 million people in LDCs live in poor housing condition - Only 58% have access to clean water

Deforestation/degradation/desertification

ENVIRONMENTAL

Wood for fuel Low energy consumption No laws or legislation Poor food/water supply

Sierra Leone Population: 6 million Life Expectancy: 48 (men), 49 (women) GNI: US$340 per capita GDP (PPP): $780 per capita Independence British colonial rule: 1961 HDI: 180th at 0.336 Myanmar (Burma) Population: 50.5 million Life Expectancy: 64 (men), 68 (women) GDP (PPP): $1307 per capita HDI: 149th