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M. 1983. The strength of weak ties: A netwerktheory

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Watts, D.J. & Strogatz, S.H. 11998. Collective dynamics of small-world networks. Nature. 393(6684)" pp.440-2. Barabasi. A.-L. & A~bert, R. 1999. Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks. Science. 286(5439), pp.509'-512.
Broodbank, C. 2000. An island archaeology of the early Cyclades Jenkins, D. 20011. Ethnoh istory, 48(4) Mackie, Q. 2001. Settlement archaeology in a ijordlland archipelago Swanson, S. 2003. American antiquity, 68(4} Bentley, R.A. & Maschner, H.D.G. 2003. Complex systems and archaeology Bentley, R.A. & Shennan, S.J,2003. American Antiquity, 68(3)

Carrington. P.JI scett.]. & Wasserman. S. 2005 ..Models and methods in social .• network analysis. Cambridge; New York: Cambriidge University Press. Bentl R., Lake, M. & Shennan, S. 200S.Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(9)
Knappett, C. 2006. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 16(02) Graham, S. 2006. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 19(1) Graham, S. 2006. EX FIGLINIS lsaksen, L 2007. Digital discovery Brantiing, S. 2007. Digital discovery Earl, G. & Keay, S. 2007. Digital discovery lsaksen, IL.2008 ..Digital Medievalist Coward, F. & Gamble, C. 2008. Big brains, small worlds Collar, A.C.F. 2008. Religious innovation Graham, S. 2009. The space between Eva Kna ett, C. & Rivers, R. 2009. Complexity Perspectives Brughrnans, T. 2'010. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Coward, F. 2010. Small worlds 29(3)

Sindbcek 2007. Norwegian

Archaeological

Review

Sindbzek, S.M. 2007. Antiquity, 81(311) Pouncett, J. & lock, G. 2007. Digital discovery
Lock, G. & Pou ncett, j. 2007. Digital discovery Knappett, c., Evans, T. & Rivers, R. 2008. Antiquity, 82(318) Mizoguchi, K. 2009. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Munson, & Macri, 2009. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Schich, Hidalgo, Lehmann, & Park, 2009. BollettirlO di archeologia

Sindb",k, S.M. 2009. Estonian

20

Ajaa

in Innovation.

Hart, J.P. & Engelbrecht,. W. 2011. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory knappett, C. 2011. Meaning in miniature Knappett, c., Evans, T. & Rivers, R. 2011. Antiquity, 85(329} Phillips, S.c. 2011. Networked glass Schkh, M. & Coscia, M. 2011. IExploring Co-Occurrence scott.], & Carrington, P.J. 20111. The SAGE handbook of social I network

analysts. L.ondon: Sage.

Kohler, T.A. 2012. Complex systems and archaeology

Brughmans, T. 2012. Facebooking the Past

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London:

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Gamble. C. 1998. World Archaeology

2000

Watts, D.J. & Strogatz, S.H. 11998. Collective dynamics of small-world networks. Nature. 393(6684)" pp.440-2. Barabasi. A.-L. & A~bert, R. 1999. Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks. Science. 286(5439), pp.509'-512.
Broodbank, C. 2000. An island archaeology of the early Cyclades Jenkins, D. 20011. Ethnoh istory, 48(4) Mackie, Q. 2001. Settlement archaeology in a ijordlland archipelago Swanson, S. 2003. American antiquity, 68(4} Bentley, R.A. & Maschner, H.D.G. 2003. Complex systems and archaeology Bentley, R.A. & Shennan, S.J,2003. American Antiquity, 68(3)

Carrington. P.JI scett.]. & Wasserman. S. 2005 ..Models and methods in social .• network analysis. Cambridge; New York: Cambriidge University Press. Bentl R., Lake, M. & Shennan, S. 200S.Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(9)
Knappett, C. 2006. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 16(02) Graham, S. 2006. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 19(1) Graham, S. 2006. EX FIGLINIS lsaksen, L 2007. Digital discovery Brantiing, S. 2007. Digital discovery Earl, G. & Keay, S. 2007. Digital discovery lsaksen, IL.2008 ..Digital Medievalist Coward, F. & Gamble, C. 2008. Big brains, small worlds Collar, A.C.F. 2008. Religious innovation Graham, S. 2009. The space between Eva Kna ett, C. & Rivers, R. 2009. Complexity Perspectives Brughrnans, T. 2'010. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Coward, F. 2010. Small worlds 29(3)

Sindbcek 2007. Norwegian

Archaeological

Review

Sindbzek, S.M. 2007. Antiquity, 81(311) Pouncett, J. & lock, G. 2007. Digital discovery
Lock, G. & Pou ncett, j. 2007. Digital discovery Knappett, c., Evans, T. & Rivers, R. 2008. Antiquity, 82(318) Mizoguchi, K. 2009. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Munson, & Macri, 2009. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Schich, Hidalgo, Lehmann, & Park, 2009. BollettirlO di archeologia

Sindb",k, S.M. 2009. Estonian

20

Ajaa

in Innovation.

Hart, J.P. & Engelbrecht,. W. 2011. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory knappett, C. 2011. Meaning in miniature Knappett, c., Evans, T. & Rivers, R. 2011. Antiquity, 85(329} Phillips, S.c. 2011. Networked glass Schkh, M. & Coscia, M. 2011. IExploring Co-Occurrence scott.], & Carrington, P.J. 20111. The SAGE handbook of social I network

analysts. L.ondon: Sage.

Kohler, T.A. 2012. Complex systems and archaeology

Brughmans, T. 2012. Facebooking the Past

Summary close reading

-Archaeologlcal applications of graph theory were not influential at all to

more recent archaeological network studies - The potential of social network analysis techniques was explored (largely theoretically) in the 1970's (e.g. through Irwin-Williams' model) - Sociall network analysis and social physics have by far been the most influential research traditions, yet only a very limited range of models and techniques have been expllored by archaeologists • Tendency towards a standardised explanation of attested network structure

Research questions citation network analysis

1) what were the main inflluences to arclhaeological network analysts? 2) were recent archaeologicall applications 3) how did the archaeological influenced by older ones?

use of network methods evolve?

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collar a, 2007, med hist rev TEMIP F, 2008, PHI LOS T R SOC B, V363, P1969, 001 10.1 098/rseb.2008.0004 coward

f, 2010, small worlds TEMIP

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Two papers are said to be cocited if they are both cited by the, same third paper.

IB

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Two papers are said to be bibliographically coupled if they cite the same other paper.
A B

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jl, 2009, j anth arch TEMP worlds TEMP

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__ -no..:n",,,,,/1 F, 2008, PHILOS T R SOC B, V363, P1969, DOI10,1098Irstb.2008,0004
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RA, 2003, COMPLEX

ntlsy RA 2001, J ARCHAEOL

METHO!D TH, V8,. P35, 001 10, 1023!A:1 009521915258

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Bibliographic coupling
wayJl F, 2008, PHILOS T R SOC B, V363, P1969, 001 10,1 098/rstrb.2008.0004 Ifl'mll~~IJjj~'~a1!!nl!tt1~J~a~~T~EM P Ipmackie q, 2001, settlement arch TEMP saitta dj, 1983, am antiqu TEMP

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.PEREGRINE P, 1991, AM ANTIQUlITY, V56, P66, 00110

branting S, 2007, using an urban TEMP terrell j, 2010, ann hum gen TEMP

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entley RA, 2001, J ARCHAEOL METHOD TH, V8, P35, DOI10.1023/A:1009521915258

Size of vertices

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Conclusions
Intuition confirmed: • Many network-related ideas and techniques have been around in the discipline since the 1970/5 • There was a boom in applications in the last decade • New applications were hardly influenced by older ones • Archaeological network analysts did not seem to have been aware of the diverse range of existing applications in their field • Recently published reviews point this out most clearly The academic contexts of the publications clearly plays an important part in the diffusion of network ideas and techniques
Ii

But where did the new applications get their ideas and techniques from?

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Ext,ernal citations
indegree Barabasi AL, 1999, SCIENCE Watts OJ, 1998, NATURE WASSERMAN 5, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK
Albert R, 1999, NATURE BlOYD R, 1985, CULTURE EVOLUTIONARY Albert R, 2002, REV MOD' PHYS

46 46 40
34
34

WOK 6,392

Scholar
12,545 14,873 12,140

6 071
I

1,.413
5,152

2,938
4,016 9,304

29
25

GRANOVIET.MS,1973,

AM j SOCIOl

First archaeologists and historians DUNNEll Ref 1978, AM ANTIQUITY FLAN N ERY KV, 1972, AN N U REV ECOL SYS PADGETT JF, 1993, AM J SOCIOt

131

239

616

293

880

Input domain

Input domai

ZIPF GK, 1949, HUMAN BEHAV PR1NCIPL ( 33) WASSERMAN SI 1994, SOCIAL NETW'ORIK (1,82) KOCHEN M, 1989, SMALL WORLD (128) ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH IIHUNG, (125) MITCHELLJC, 1969, SOCIAL NETWORKS URBA: (125) Watts Dj, 1998, NATUIRE, (125) Huberman BA, 1998, SCIENCE, 22) Albert RI 1999, NATUIRE, (121) CROW EL, 1988, LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTI (121) Huberman BA r 1999-r .NATURE- ,. (120) . RO,DRIGUEZITURBE I[, 11997, FIRACTAL RIVER (120)

Cocitation

Bibliographic coupling

Conclusions
• Some publications particularly lnfluentlal to archaeological applications AND in other disciplines • Large number of publications influential in physics and ,SNA were not influential to archaeologists. • Disciplinary communities start to appear But this is still an archaeological network

Archaeology ego-networks
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Hubs and authorities

Papers that are cited by many other papers are cailled authorities; papers that cite many other documents are called hubs.

A vertex is a good hub if it points to many good authorities.

A vertex is a good authority if it is pointed to by good hubs,
O~_ __.

hubs

authorities

(Kleinberg 1999, Fig. 2)

BatagelJ, V. 2003. Efficient: Algorithms Kleinberg, J.M. 1999. Authoritative

for Citation Network Analysis. Arxiv preprint environment

cs/0309023, pp.1-.27.

sources in a hyperlinked

Journal of the ACM UACM), 46(S}, pp.604a632.

Hubs
Paczuski 1M, 19'96, PHYS REV E Sornette D, 1998, PHYSICA A CROSS Me, 1993, REV MOD PHYS Frette V, 1996, NATU RE Cohen I, 1999, FRACTAL

Auth

0 riti

es

BAlK P, 1991, SCI AM MANDELBRO'T SB, 1983, FRACTAL CARLSON JM, 1990, PIHYS REV LETT BAlK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT Sornette D, 1998, PHYSICA A

Domain
• • • • • • • • • MILGRAM 5, 119'67, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61 (182) MITCHELLJC, 1969, SOCIAL NETWORKS URBA(151) ROGERS !EM, 1962, DIFFUSION liNNOVAT'ION (141) WASSERMAN 5, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL (140) ZJPF GK, 1949, HUMAN BEHAV PRINCIIPL (139) HARVEY IPH, 1991, COMP METHOD EVOILUTIIO (136) TRAVERS J, 1969, SOCIIOME'TRY, V32, P42,5 (136) HOMANS Ge, 1950, HUIMIAN GROUIP (135) PETERS RH, 1983, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI (135)

• IBias towards physics • Older publications influential to physicists alre prominent • Archaeo .oglsts working in plhysics tradition stand out

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Thank you!

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Conclusions and future work

Citation anill:ysis .lIowed to: • Confirm !I1<11 <lnd, new arcih<!eologiC<!1 i!pp!!c<!tion~ ol'd
inHu:encing archaeologists emerged independently , Identify the key publications

• Identify key publlcatlons

in other dlscjplines with [potential applications in archaeology , Hint of thee~i;;tence' or acadEmic CommLinities with slrnllar citation behaviour • Explore evolving citation behaviour of archaeologists

• Suggest ponentiilily fruitful

future research avenue;

Citation analysis allowed to: • Confirm that old and new archaeologicall applications emerged independently • ldentify the key publications influencing archaeologists • ldentify key publications in other disciplines with potential applications in archaeology • IHint of the existence of academic communities with similar citation behaviour • IExplore evolving citation behaviour of archaeologists • Suggest potentially fruitful future research avenues

Tlhankyou!
http://
(0 nne

(ted past. sata n.a(. u kl networks. wo rd p

http://archaeological ress.com/

Join the Networks Network.! Special thanks to NIcole Beale, Graeme Earl, Simon Keay, Leif Isaksen, Marco Buchler, Matteo Romanello, Cat Cooper, Iza Romanowska, Anna Collar, Fiona Coward, [eroen Poblorne, the Networks Network,. Johannes PreiserKapeller, the social systems modelling group, Jason Noble, Seth Bullock, John Terrell, Carl Knappett, Tim Evans, Ray Rivers