3

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
1. 2
1 2552 4 130
2. 2/5
1 2552 33

2.
3
1. (Direct instruction)
(Pictorial) 2
4 24
2.
(Pictorial) 2
30 4

72

3.
(Direct instruction)
(Pictorial) 2 16
3.
1. (Direct instruction)
(Pictorial)
2
1.1

3 3 2
2544 ( .. 2551)
6
6 3

1
2
3
4

()
9
9
24
18
60

(. 2551 : 160)
1.2 1
7

73

7 1

1
2
3
4

(Oblique)
(Isometric)
(Perspective)
(Orthographic)

2
4
1
5
2
4
1
5
24

1.3
(Pictorial) 8
8
(Pictorial)

1
1.
(Oblique)
2. (Oblique)
3. (Oblique)
2
1.
(Isometric)
2. (Isometric)
3. (Isometric)
3
1.
(Perspective)
2. (Perspective)
3. (Perspective)

1
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4

74

8 ()

1.
(Orthographic)
2. (Orthographic)
3. (Orthographic)

1
1
4
24

1.4
(Pictorial) 9
9

/
1

1.
1. (Oblique) 1.
3

(Oblique)

(Oblique)
45

2.
2. (Oblique)
2.

(Oblique)

()
1

75

9 ()

(Oblique)
3.

(Oblique)

3.
(Oblique)



4.

3.

(Oblique).
4.

5.

6.

7.
(Oblique)

1.
1.
1.
(Isometric) 3

(Isometric)

2.

()

76

9 ()

/
(Isometric)
2.

(Isometric)

3.

(Isometric)

30

2. (Isometric)

3.
(Isometric)

4.

(Isometric)
3.

(Isometric)
4.

5.

6.

7.
(Isometric)

()

77

9 ()

/
3

1.

(Perspective)
2.

(Perspective)

3.

(Perspective)

1. (Perspective)
3

2.

3.
(Perspective)

1.

(Perspective)

()
1

2.

3.

4.

(Perspective)

78

9 ()

/
4

1.

(Orthographic)

1.

(Pictorial)

2.
2.

(Orthographic)

3. 3.

(Orthographic)
(Orthographic)

(Pictorial)

1.

(Front
view)
(Side
view)
(Top view)
2.


(Front view)
(Side
view)
(Top view)

3.

(Front view)
(Side
view)
(Top view)

()
1

24

79

1.5
(Direct instruction)
(Pictorial) 2 4
1.6



1.7

1)
.. 2
2) ..

3)
.. 2
1.8 3
5
(Likert) ( . 2545 : 102)
5 //
4 //
3 //
2 //
1 //
1.9
3.51
( . 2545 : 103)

80

4.51 5.00
3.51 4.50
2.51 3.50
1.51 2.50
1.00 1.50

3
4.51 14
( : 137 139)
1.10
(Direct instruction)
(Pictorial) 2 (Try out)
2/4 35
1.11
2/5
33
2
(Pictorial) 2 4
30
2.1
(Direct instruction)
(Pictorial) 2
2.2 4
(
. 2547 : 7 28)
2.3 50 30
17 ( : 143 164)

81

2.4

2.5


( . 2546 : 218 220)
1
0
1
2.6 50


IOC 1.00
16 ( : 140 142)
2.7 50
2/4 35

(Pictorial)
IOC (Index of Item Objective Congruence) ( . 2546 : 220)
IOC 0.50 1.00
IOC 1.00 16 (
: 140 142)
2.8 1
1 0 (B)
, ( . 2545 : 31)

82

0.20 1.00 (B) 0.22 0.58

30 18 ( : 165 167)
2.9 30
(Lovett Method)
( . 2549 : 230)
0.80
2.10
2/5
33
3.
(Direct Instruction)
(Pictorial)
3.1
(Rating Scale)
3.2 20
5
5
4
3
2
1

3.3 20

3.4
3

83

+1

-1

3.5
(IC) 0.50 1.00
( . 2540 : 117)
1.00
19 ( : 178 180)
3.6 20
2/4 35

3.7
(Item total Correlation) ( . 2551
: 111 114 )
0.26 0.65 16 20 ( :
185 187 )
3.8 16
(Alpha Coefficient)
(Cronbach) 0.85
3.9
2/5 33

84

4.

(The single , pretest posttest Design)
( T1 ) (X)
( T2 ) ( . 2551 : 38 39) 10
10
( E X )

Pretest

T1

Treatment
X

Posttest

E X =
T1 = (Pretest)
X = (Treatment)
T2 = (Posttest)
5.

5.1
5.2
5.3 30
5.4

T2

85

6.

6.1
IOC (Index of Item Objective Congruence)
( . 2549 : 220)
6.1.1 IOC

IOC =
IOC

6.1.2


(
. 2549 : 214)
()
(Brennan)
(B Index Brennan)
B =

U
N1

L
N2

B
U

86

L
N1

N2

6.1.3 (Lovett Method)

( . 2549 : 230)

KXi - Xi2
rcc =1(K -1)(Xi - C)2
rcc
K
X i
C

6.2
6.2.1 (Percentage) ( . 2549 : 260)
f

P =

P
f
N

100

6.2.2 (Mean) (
. 2550 : 29)

87

6.2.3 (Standard Deviation)

( . 2549 : 250)

S =

S
X
N

N 2

N N 1

6.2.4
(Direct instruction)
(Pictorial) 2 80/80 ( . 2544 : 49 50)

Process E1 =

E1

A
N

N 100
A

88

Process E 2 =

E2

Y
B
N

Y
N 100
B

6.3 (Effectiveness Index : E.I.)

Goodman Schnieider ( . 2545 : 31 32)
=

( )

6.4

6.4.1
( . 2551 : 107 108)

IOC = R
N
IOC
R
N

89

6.4.2

(Pictorial) (Direct Instruction) 2
(Pearson) ( . 2551 : 111 114)
NXY - (X)(Y)
[NX 2 - (X)2 ][NY 2 - (Y)2 ]

rxy

N
XY
X
Y
X 2
Y 2
rxy

6.4.3
2
(Pictorial) ( .
2551 : 114)

k Si2
1 2
k 1
Si

K
Si2
Si2