B LAO NG - THNG BINH V X HI TNG CC DY NGH D n gio dc k thut v dy ngh (VTEP)

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Sch hng dn gio vin

M un: CHNG CT DU TH M s: HD B Ngh: VN HNH THIT B HA DU

Trnh : lnh ngh

H Ni - 2004

Tuyn b bn quyn: Ti liu ny thuc loi sch gio trnh. Cho nn cc ngun thng tin c th c php dng nguyn bn hoc trch dng cho cc mc ch v o to v tham kho. Mi mc ch khc c lch lc hoc s dng vi mc ch kinh doanh thiu lnh mnh s b nghim cm. Tng cc dy ngh s lm mi cch bo v bn quyn ca mnh. Tng cc dy ngh cm n v hoan nghnh cc thng tin gip cho chng tI sa cha,hiu nh v hon thin tt hn tI liu ny.

a ch lin h: D n gio dc k thut v ngh nghip Tiu ban Pht trin Chng trnh Hc liu ......................................... .

M ti liu:............................. M quc t ISBN:..................

Li ta
(Vi nt gii thiu xut x ca chng trnh v ti liu) Ti liu ny l mt trong cc kt qu ca D n GDKT-DN .. (Tm tt ni dung ca D n)

(Vi nt gii thiu qu trnh hnh thnh ti liu v cc thnh phn tham gia)

(Li cm n cc c quan lin quan, cc n v v c nhn tham gia ) (Gii thiu ti liu v thc trng) Sch hng dn gio vin l tI liu hng dn ging dy cho tng m un/m un trong h thng m un v m un o to cho ngh.............................................................. cp .. Cc thng tin trong ti liu c gi tr hng dn gio vin thit k v t chc cc bi dy cho m un/m un mt cch hp l. Gio vin vn c th thay i hoc iu chnh cho ph hp vi iu kin v bi cnh thc t trong qu trnh o to. y l ti liu th nghim s c hon chnh tr thnh Sch hng dn gio vin chnh thc trong h thng dy ngh.

H ni, ngy . thng. nm. Gim c D n quc gia

MC LC
mc trang

Li ta ................................................................................................................3 GII THIU V M UN ...................................................................................7 V tr, ngha, vai tr m un ..............................................................................7 Mc tiu ca m un ..........................................................................................7 Mc tiu thc hin ca m un ..........................................................................7 Ni dung chnh/cc bi ca m un ...................................................................8 CC HNH THC DY/ HC.............................................................................9 LIT K CC NGUN LC CN THIT DY V HC M UN ............10 GI CC NI DUNG CHO TNG BI ........................................................11 Bi 1. TCH NC T DU TH ..................................................................11 1. GING GII V A RA CC V D MINH HA CC NI DUNG ...........11 1.1. Ngun gc ca nc trong du th ...........................................................11 1.2. Phng php lng tch nc .........................................................11 1.3. Kim tra thit b tch nc ........................................................................13 1.4. Vn hnh thit b tch nc ......................................................................13 2. T CHC NGHIN CU TI LIU V THO LUN NHM......................16 3. GII THIU S CNG NGH TCH NC BNG IN V VN HNH S M HNH CNG NGH ...........................................................17 4. NH GI KT QU HC TP CA TON BI: .......................................18 5. CC CU HI V P N ..........................................................................18 Bi 2. TCH MUI T DU TH ....................................................................20 1. GING GII V A RA CC V D MINH HA CC NI DUNG ...........20 1.1.Hm lng mui trong du th ...................................................................20 1.2.Cc phng php tch mui ......................................................................20 1.3.Kim tra thit b tch mui ..........................................................................20 1.4. Vn hnh thit b tch nc ......................................................................21 2. T CHC NGHIN CU TI LIU V THO LUN NHM......................22 3. GII THIU S CNG NGH TCH NC, MUI BNG IN V VN HNH S M HNH CNG NGH .............................................23 4. NH GI KT QU HC TP CA TON BI: .......................................23 5. CC CU HI V P N ..........................................................................24 Bi 3. CHNG CT DU TH P SUT THNG...................................26
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1. GING GII V A RA CC V D MINH HA CC NI DUNG ...........26 1.1. Cc sn phm thu c khi chng ct du th ........................................26 1.2. Nguyn l chng ct. Cc loi thp chng ct ..........................................28 1.3. Kim tra thit b chng ct du th v cc van ng h trn thit b.........41 1.4.Qui trnh vn hnh thit b chng ct p sut thng ............................48 2.GII THIU CC CC LOI THP CHNG CT V S CHNG CT DU TH P SUT KH QUYN ........................................................50 3.THO LUN V CC SN PHN DU V TNH CHT CA CHNG. ......51 4.NH GI KT QU HC TP CA TON BI .........................................52 5. CU HI V P N ...................................................................................52 Bi 4. CHNG CT DU TH P SUT CHN KHNG ..........................56 1.GING GII V A RA CC V D MINH HA CC NI DUNG ............56 1.1.c im ca qu trnh chng ct chn khng ..........................................56 1.2.Thit b chng ct chn khng ...................................................................58 1.3. Cc sn phm thu c khi chng ct du th trong chn khng ...........65 1.4. Kim tra thit b chn khng ......................................................................65 1.5. Vn hnh cm chng ct chn khng .......................................................66 2. GII THIU CC THIT B TO CHN KHNG V S CHNG CT DU TH P SUT CHN KHNG ...................................................67 3. THO LUN QU TRNH CHNG CT DU TH TRONG CHN KHNG V SN PHN THU. ..........................................................................68 4. NH GI KT QU HC TP CA TON B .........................................69 5. CC CU HI V P N ..........................................................................69 Bi 5. KIM TRA CHT LNG CA SN PHM DU ...............................72 1. GING GII V HNG DN CC TH NGHIM PHN TCH .................72 1.1. Ly mu du th trong thit b ...................................................................72 1.2. Kim tra hm lng nc .........................................................................77 1.3. Kim tra hm lng mui ..........................................................................79 1.4. Xc nh t trng du th sau khi tch mui v nc ...............................80 2.T CHC THO LUN TI LIU .................................................................81 3.THO LUN CCH S DNG CC THIT B PHN TCH ........................82 4.THC HNH PHN TCH CC TNH CHT DU. ......................................83 BI TP THC HNH .....................................................................................84 5. NH GI KT QU HC TP...................................................................91 CC TI LIU I KM CHO M UN.............................................................93 TM TT NI DUNG M UN .......................................................................94
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P N CC CU HI V BI KIM TRA .....................................................98 BI KIM TRA MU .......................................................................................102 BI TH NGHIM MU ...................................................................................106 K HOCH V CCH THC NH GI KT QU HC TP M UN.....108 TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................110

GII THIU V M UN
V tr, ngha, vai tr m un Chng ct du l qu trnh u tin trong cng ngh ch bin du. Ni dung ca m un Chng ct v ch bin du th bao gm nhng l thuyt c bn v cng ngh s ch du th (tch nc, mui, bi) v chng ct du th p sut kh quyn v chn khng thnh cc sn phm du. Ni dung m un cng cung cp cho ngi hc cc hiu bit v tnh cht c bn ca cc sn phm du v phng php phn tch mt s tnh cht c bn ca du th v sn phm du. Ngoi ra, gio trnh cng cung cp cho k s v k thut vin k thut vn hnh, kim tra v iu chnh cc tham s cng ngh trong nh my lc du. Mc tiu ca m un M un nhm o to cho hc vin c kin thc v k nng lm vic trong cc nh my lc du v ch bin du v hiu cc ti liu k thut ca cc qu trnh chng ct v ch bin du, kh tip theo. Hc xong m un ny hc vin c trang b cc kin thc sau: 1. Nm c cc phng php tch mui v nc t du th. 2. Hiu bit c bn cht v mc ch ca qu trnh chng ct du th p sut thng v p sut chn khng. Vn hnh c s tch mui, nc v thp chng ct du th trn s th nghim. Mc tiu thc hin ca m un 3. Hc xong m un ny hc vin c kh nng: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. M t phng php thu hi du th t ni khai thc. Kim tra c s lng v cht lng ca du th trc khi xut i. Hiu c bn cht ca qu trnh chng ct du th, tch mui v nc. Vn hnh thit b chng ct du th p sut thng v p sut chn khng m hnh thc nghim. Kim tra c cht lng sn phm sau khi chng ct.

Ni dung chnh/cc bi ca m un Danh mc cc bi hc Bi 1. Tch nc t du th Bi 2. Tch mui t du th Bi 3. Chng ct du th p sut thng Bi 4. Chng ct du th p sut chn khng Bi 5. Kim tra cht lng ca sn phm du Thi lng (tit) LT 9 9 9 9 9 TH 9 9 9 9 9 Cc hot ng khc

CC HNH THC DY/ HC

Hc trn lp v L thuyt c bn v cc qu trnh s ch du th: tch mui, nc. Nguyn l v chng ct du v cc loi thp chng ct Cng ngh cc qu trnh lc du p sut kh quyn v chn khng v cc cng ngh s ch du th. Cc sn phm du thu c trong qu trnh chng ct du. C s l thuyt ca cc phng php phn tch du v sn phn du.

T nghin cu ti liu lin quan n cc qu trnh chng ct v ch bin du do gio vin hng dn. Xem trnh din v thc hnh: Kim tra thit b tch mui, nc v thit b chng ct du p sut kh quyn v trong chn khng. Vn hnh cc thit b tch nc, mui, thit b chng cht du p sut kh quyn v trong chn khng trn s trong phng th nghim. Thc hnh th nghim Thc hnh ly mu du th v sn phm du. Phn tch mt s tnh cht c bn ca du th v sn phm du trong phng th nghim. Tham quan c s lc v ch bin du v cc phng th nghim chuyn ngnh chng ct v ch bin du. -

LIT K CC NGUN LC CN THIT DY V HC M UN

1. Dng c v trang thit b Cc dng c thng thng phng th nghim Cc thit b chuyn dng nh bnh ly mu du, thit b tch mui, nc Cc m hnh thp chng ct khc nhau Cc s cng ngh tch nc, mui v chng ct du p sut kh quyn v trong chn khng. Cc thit b v dng c phn tch du v sn phm du: + + + 2. Thit b phn tch hm lng nc; Thit b phn tch hm lng mui; Thit b chng ct phn on du;

+ Thit b xc nh t trng du. Vt t ha cht Cc ha cht v dng c phng th nghim c lit k c th trong cc bi. Cc mu du th, sn phm du v dung mi.

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GI CC NI DUNG CHO TNG BI Bi 1. TCH NC T DU TH M bi: HD B1

1. GING GII V A RA CC V D MINH HA CC NI DUNG 1.1. Ngun gc ca nc trong du th Ngun gc ca nc cha trong du, hm lng nc thay i theo thi gian khai thc; Vn to nh du - nc Thnh phn mui cha trong nc tch, ly th d thnh phn nc

tch trong du th Bch H v Rng (bng 1.1). S ph thuc ca vic phn lp nc vo iu kin vn chuyn du. Tc hi ca nc cha trong du. 1.2. Phng php lng tch nc Lng Hai loi nh tng du trong nc v nc trong du. c im tch nc trong du th. Gii thiu cc phng php tch nc: Lnh vc ng dng; M hnh thit b (hnh 1.1). Ging ch cng ngh ca thit b: + + + Nhit du th: 60oC Gia nhit n 120-160oC v p sut 8-15 atm, Thi gian: 2-3 gi.

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Hnh 1.1. S thit b nung nng- lng nc Lc ng dng Vt liu s dng trong lc nc Phng php ha hc c im ca phng php V s cng ngh ph nh nhit ha (hnh 1.2). Gii thiu hat ng ca s

Hnh 1.2. S cng ngh ph nh nhit ha Phng php ph nh tng du bng in trng Nguyn l ca phng php S cng ngh loi nc in trng (EDW) (hnh 1.3).

Hnh 1.3. S cm lm khan bng in ng dng: + + Ph nh khng bn tin hnh hai bc Ph nh bn vng tin hnh 3 bc

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V s hnh 1.4, gii thiu thit b loi nc bng in dng nm ngang v iu kin ca qu trnh. Gii thiu s v iu kin ca qu trnh: + + + + in trng in th 32-33 kW Nhit 120-130oC p sut 8-10 atm. Cht lng du sau x l: cha 5-10 mg mui/l.

Hnh 1.4. S loi nc- mui bng in vi thit b loi nc nm ngang 1.3. Kim tra thit b tch nc Gii thiu s cn thit ca vic kim tra thit b tch nc; Gii thiu qui trnh kim tra cc thit b tch nc bng in. Gii thch mc ch ca tng bc kim tra v yu cu. 1.4. Vn hnh thit b tch nc a. Ging ba cng an vn hnh thit b tch nc: Chun b thit b: Gii thiu qui trnh chun b thit b tch nc; Ging qui trnh tip nhn du th vo s . Tun han lnh Gii thiu s vn hnh tun han lnh Cc lu khi vn hnh. Vn hnh cm lng nc V s cm loi mui, nc bng in theo hnh 1.5. Ging cch vn hnh cm loi mui, nc bng in c trnh by trong hnh 1.5.

b.

c.

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I.

a im, mi trng Ti ging ng. Yu cu c sn cc trang thit b, bng vit v gh ngi

cho hc vin v cc thit b chiu.

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Hnh 1.5. S cng ngh loi mui, nc bng in. A1-A5- thit b loi nc, mui nm ngang ca bc nht; B1-B5- thit b loi nc, mui nm ngang ca bc hai; T- trao i nhit; E- b cha; H- my bm
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Ti phng th nghim, yu cu c cc m hnh s cng ngh tch nc. II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngun gc ca nc trong du, thnh phn nc tch t du v tc hi ca chng. Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng nguyn l ca 4 phng php tch nc t du th (lng, lc, ha cht v in trng) v lnh vc ng dng ca chng. Hc vin phi bit cc s cng ngh tch nc trong du th v nguyn l hot ng ca chng.

III.

Hc vin nm c cc khi nin c bn v cc qu trnh ch bin du. Chin thut ging dy v ngun lc h tr Gii thiu k v nguyn l v kin thc c bn. a v d c th cho hc vin phn bit r cc khi nim. Phn tch nguyn l hot ng ca tng phng php tch nc. T chc cho hc vin quan st cc hnh nh v cc m hnh hot

ng ca cc cm tch nc trong nh my ch bin du. T chc tham quan nh my nu c iu kin. IV. Cch thc kim tra nh gi nh gi s hiu bit c bn ca hc vin i vi: + + Ngun gc, thnh phn, tnh cht nc cha trong du, Cc phng php tch nc

+ Phn bit cc qu trnh tch nc Hc vin tr li trc tip qua thi vn p hoc tr li cu hi trn

lp. nh gi qua kt qu kim tra. 2. T CHC NGHIN CU TI LIU V THO LUN NHM I. T chc tho lun v tc hi ca nc cha trong du. Hng dn hc vin phn bit cc phng php tch nc cha trong du. a im, mi trng Tin hnh ti phng hc. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin. Yu cu c mt s thit b chiu, hnh nh minh ha v m hnh.

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II.

Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng cc yu t quyt nh n vic chn phng php tch nc t du; Cc hc vin phi nm c nguyn l hot ng ca tng phng php tch nc. Cho hc vin tho lun a ra nhn xt v phng php tch nc trong cc v d c th.

III.

Cho hc vin v hoc s dng m hnh s tch nc trong phng th nghim, da vo m t qui trnh hot ng ca chng. Cch thc kim tra nh gi: nh gi kin thc ca hc vin qua: Kt qu c v tng hp ti liu v nh my lc du, cc qu trnh tch nc trong nh my ch bin du. Kt qu quan st th d, hnh nh minh ha. Cc vn l thuyt c bn Cch trnh by, thuyt trnh cc vn l thuyt c bn v cc kt

3.

qu thu c. Cho tng nhm ln trnh by chuyn c giao, cc nhm khc hi li v cho im. Da vo kt qu trung bnh tnh im cho tng c nhn. GII THIU S CNG NGH TCH NC BNG IN V VN HNH S M HNH CNG NGH Gii thiu cc m hnh cng ngh tch nc bng in. Hng dn hc vin bit c im v nguyn tc hot ng s

I.

cng ngh (hnh 1.5). Phn tch ch cng ngh ca s cng ngh. Cho hc vin vn hnh hoc m t trn s hot ng ca cm cng ngh loi nc, mui bng in. a im, mi trng

Tin hnh ti phng hc v phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin v cc thit b m phng. II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng v cng ngh loi nc, mui bng in. Hc vin phi nm vng c im thit b, ch hot ng ca tng s cng ngh.
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III.

Cc hc vin bit cch vn hnh thit b v c kh nng theo di hot ng ca thit b trn thc t. Cch thc kim tra nh gi: Cho hc vin v v thuyt trnh s cng ngh loi nc, mui bng in. Nu c iu kin cho hc vin vn hnh hot ng ca cc m hnh s cng ngh v thuyt trnh. NH GI KT QU HC TP CA TON BI: Trong qu trnh o to c cc dng bi tp, kim tra nh gi sau: 1 bi kim tra: Cc phng php tch nc t du th. Bi tho lun nhm, bo co, tr li cu hi v cho im

4.

Tr bi l thuyt hoc vit bo co theo cc chuyn nh. Cn ch n trng im ca mi th loi v nhn bit c s c gng ring bit ca mi hc vin t cho im c chnh xc. i vi nhng bi c kt qu c th th lu kt qu im. Cn nhng bi khc yu cu hc vin hon thin theo yu cu nhng khng ly im. 5. CC CU HI V P N Cu 1. Hy v v trnh by s cng ngh tch nc trong nh my ch bin du th. p n V s cng ngh loi mui, nc bng in (hnh 1.5). M t hot ng ca s nh trong bi hc Bi mu kim tra 15 Cu hi. Hy trnh by cc phng php tch nc t du th. p n Lng: ng dng cho nh tng mi, khng bn, c kh nng tch lp du v nc. Loi nc bng phng php lng c thc hin trong thit b nung nng-loi nc dng hnh tr ng c ng knh 1,5-2 m v chiu cao 4-5 m, trong du c hm nng n 60oC (2 im). Lc: da vo s thm t la chn cc cht lng khc nhau. lm khan du s dng bng thu tinh, mn ca. Lc ng dng trong trng hp khi nh tng b ph nhng nhng git nc cn gi trng thp l lng v khng lng xung y. (2 im) Phng php ha hc: s dng cc cht hot ng b mt (CHBM) c tc dng nh cht ph nh. Phng php ny c c
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im l mm do v n gin. tng nhanh ph nh cn hm nng du. (2 im) Phng php ph nh tng du bng in trng. Khi a nh tng du vo in trng xoay chiu cc ht nc tch in m bt u di chuyn bn trong git nc, to cho n dng hnh tri l. Di tc dng ca lc ko cc ht nc ring l hng v cc dng, chng va chm vi nhau v to cc m my in mi, nh cc git nc nh s ln ln. (2 im) ph nh khng bn loi nc tin hnh hai bc: I- ch bin nhit ha; II - x l in. ph nh bn vng qu trnh loi nc tin hnh 3 bc: I- nhit ha; II v III- in. Trong qu trnh lm khan hai bc kt hp nhit ha v in mc loi nc t 98% hoc cao hn. (2 im)

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Bi 2. TCH MUI T DU TH M bi: HD B2

1. GING GII V A RA CC V D MINH HA CC NI DUNG 1.1. Hm lng mui trong du th Gii thiu cc thnh phn mui cha trong du; Ging v tc hi ca tp cht c hc v mui Gii thiu v tiu chun hm lng mui trong du th a i ch

bin. 1.2. Cc phng php tch mui Gii thiu cc phng php tch mui Ging v qu trnh tch nc, mui trong cc hnh 3,4,5. Gii thiu chi tit s hnh 1.4, Ch cng ngh ca s loi mui-nc bng in dng nm ngang hnh1. 4: + in trng in th 32-33 kW, nhit 120-130oC v p sut 8-10 atm.

+ Hm lng mui trong du sau khi x l: 5-10 mg mui/l 1.3. Kim tra thit b tch mui V thit b loi mui- nc bng in nm ngang (xem hnh 2.1)

Hnh 2.1. Mt ct ca thit b loi nc bng in nm ngang

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Gii thiu hat ng ca thit b Gii thiu cc thng s k thut ca thit b: + + Ngun cp in: in th: 0,38/11-16,5-22kV, cng sut 50 kVA. Cng sut ca bin p: hiu th 11 l 22 kVA, v hiu th 16,5 kB l 40kVA.

Nhng lu trong hot ng an ton in Gii thiu cc loi thit b trao i nhit; V v gii thiu thit b trao i nhit u di ng (hnh 2.2). Nu c im v u im ca thit b trao i nhit u di ng.

Hnh 2.2. Trao i nhit dng v bc c u chm ng di ng. Ging v cc qui nh an ton lao ng trong cm loi mui- nc bng in (EDWS). 1.4. Vn hnh thit b tch nc Gii thiu iu kin ti u loi mui ca cm loi mui - nc, nu th d vi cm EDWS cho du loi Romasky ca Nga: hm lng mui trc v sau x l, cc thng s cng ngh. a im, mi trng -

I.

Ti ging ng. Yu cu c sn cc trang thit b, bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin v cc thit b chiu. Ti phng th nghim, yu cu c cc m hnh s cng ngh tch nc II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng thnh phn mui c trong du th v tc hi ca chng.
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Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng nguyn l ca cc phng php loi mui t du th. Hc vin phi bit cc s cng ngh tch nc-mui bng in v hot ng ca n.

Hc vin nm c cc khi nin c bn v cc qu trnh ch bin du. III. Cch thc kim tra nh gi nh gi s hiu bit c bn ca hc vin i vi: + + Thnh phn v hm lng mui cha trong du, Cc phng php tch mui tin tin,

+ Cc thit b chnh trong cm tch mui, Hc vin tr li trc tip qua thi vn p hoc tr li cu hi trn

2.

lp. nh gi qua kt qu kim tra. T CHC NGHIN CU TI LIU V THO LUN NHM T chc tho lun v thnh phn v tc hi ca mui cha trong du. Hng dn hc vin phn bit cc loi thit b tch mui trong cng nghip lc du. a im, mi trng -

I.

Tin hnh ti phng hc. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin. Yu cu c mt s thit b chiu, hnh nh minh ha v m hnh. II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng yu cu v hm lng mui cha trong du; Cc hc vin phi nm c nguyn l hot ng ca tng thit b loi mui. Cho hc vin v hoc s dng m hnh s tch nc-mui trong

III.

phng th nghim, da vo m t qui trnh hot ng ca n, trnh by ch cng ngh ca thit b. Cch thc kim tra nh gi nh gi kin thc ca hc vin qua: Kt qu c v tng hp ti liu v nh my lc du, cc qu trnh loi mui trong nh my ch bin du. Kt qu quan st th d, hnh nh minh ha.

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Cc vn l thuyt c bn Cch trnh by, thuyt trnh cc vn l thuyt c bn v cc kt qu thu c. Cho tng nhm ln trnh by chuyn c giao, cc nhm khc

3.

hi li v cho im. Da vo kt qu trung bnh tnh im cho tng c nhn. GII THIU S CNG NGH TCH NC, MUI BNG IN V VN HNH S M HNH CNG NGH Gii thiu cc m hnh cng ngh tch nc-mui bng in. Gii thiu cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b tch mui, nc bng in.

I.

Hng dn hc vin bit c im v nguyn tc hat ng s cng ngh v thit b (hnh 1.5). Phn tch ch cng ngh ca s cng ngh. Cho hc vin vn hnh hoc m t trn s hot ng ca cm cng ngh loi nc, mui bng in. a im, mi trng

Tin hnh ti phng hc v phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin v cc thit b m phng. II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc III. Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng v cng ngh loi nc, mui bng in. Hc vin phi nm vng c im thit b, ch hat ng ca tng s cng ngh.

Cc hc vin bit cch vn hnh thit b v c kh nng theo di hot ng ca thit b trn thc t. Cch thc kim tra nh gi Cho hc vin v v thuyt trnh s cng ngh loi nc, mui bng in. Nu c iu kin cho hc vin vn hnh hat ng ca cc m hnh s cng ngh v thuyt trnh.

4. NH GI KT QU HC TP CA TON BI: Trong qu trnh o to c cc dng bi tp, kim tra nh gi sau: 1 bi kim tra: Cng ngh tch nc- mui t du th bng in. Bi tho lun nhm, bo co, tr li cu hi v cho im.
23

Tr bi l thuyt hoc vit bo co theo cc chuyn nh. Cn ch n trng im ca mi th loi v nhn bit c s c gng ring bit ca mi hc vin t cho im c chnh xc.

i vi nhng bi c kt qu c th th lu kt qu im. Cn nhng bi khc yu cu hc vin hon thin theo yu cu nhng khng ly im. 5. CC CU HI V P N CU HI Cu 1. M t cu to ca thit b tch nc-mui bng in loi nm ngang p n. V hnh 6 M t cu to ca n nh trong bi hc.

Cu 2. Hy trnh by cc qui nh v an ton lao ng trong cm loi muinc bng in (EDWS). p n. Khng gian trn ca din tch cm EDWS, trong c thit b in, cn c ro ngn. Trn ro c ghi in th cao- nguy him cht ngi. Ca vo khu EDWS hay cu thang phi ng, ch trng xng EDWS c quyn m. Trn mi thp ca tng thit b EDWS gn cu thang phi c nh s, trong c ch bng iu khin tng ng. Trn bng iu khin thit b EDWS phi c n hiu kim sot v tr tip xc xng chnh. Np in vo thit b EDWS ch tin hnh sau khi ngi c trch nhim ghi vo s lm vic v trng thi sn sng ca thit b EDWS. Trong thi gian cm EDWS ang hat ng, trn cu thang phi ghi Khng vo- in git. Sa cha thit b cm loi nc- loi mui phi do th in c php lm vic di in th trn 1000V thc hin. Sa cha thit b t trn din tch v bn trong thit b loi nc bng in, c coi l hon tt sau khi nhn c in th cho sn xut kh v cho an ton chy n v cho sn xut trn trm in. Trong thi gian c mt chuyn gia in ha lm vic bn trong cm EDWS th mt trong cc cng nhn phi ng gn ca ca thit b EDWS. trnh trng hp ca ngn c th b ng khi c
24

ngi ln lm vic trn cm EDWS cn phi cht m bo ca v tr m. Trn thit b EDWS phi tr nh b g hoc cc ni t. B g ny c b tr v tr thun tin v c ghi tip t. Mi khi ngt in thit b EDWS khng trong lch trnh kim tra, khng c php bt in li. Kim tra v sa cha thit b EDWS c thc hin theo bng

hng dn v c ngi ph trch k thut ca nh my cho php. Bi kim tra mu 15 Cu hi. Hy trnh by cc qui nh v an ton lao ng trong cm loi muinc bng in (EDWS). p n. Nu c 10 mc nh phn p n trn, mi mc 1 im.

25

Bi 3. CHNG CT DU TH P SUT THNG M bi: HD B3

1. GING GII V A RA CC V D MINH HA CC NI DUNG 1.1. Cc sn phm thu c khi chng ct du th Ging cho hc vin bit khi nim phn on v cc cch phn loi du th. Gii thch 3 phn on chnh ca du th: phn on nh, phn on trung bnh v phn on nng, ch khong nhit si, tn phn an, cc sn phm v ng dng ca tng phn an. Ging v 8 loi sn phm du chnh nhn c trong qu trnh

chng ct du. Ging c th tnh cht ca tng lai sn phm du 1. Xng my bay Ging v cc tnh cht c trng c bn ca xng nh tnh bn kch n, tr s octan, chng loi. Gii thch khi nim xc nh tr s octan trn ng c Cc thit b s dng trong xc nh tr s octan Cc thng s k thut ca thit b khi xc nh tr s octan theo: + phng php ng c, + phng php nhit Gii thch khi nim chng loi trong hn hp giu, phn bit c lnh vc ng dng ca tr s octan v chng loi v cch xc nh chng. Ging v thnh phn phn on ca xng my bay, ngha ca: + nhit ct 10% + phn on 50% + nhit ct 90% v im si cui.

2.

Gi tr ca chng i vi xng ng c. Gii thch v ngha ca nhit kt tinh i vi xng. Khong gi tr ca chng. Gii khi nim nhit tr, bn ha hc v chu k cm ng ca xng my bay. Xng t Ging v cc c trng c bn ca xng t

26

Phn tch iu kin hat ng ca xng my bay v xng t t so snh vi tnh cht ca chng; Ging v tnh bn kch n v nhy ca xng c im ca thnh phn phn on ca xng t, ngha ca nhit ct cc phn on 10, 50, 90%, nhit si cui v p sut hi bo ha cao hn (500-700 mm Hg). bn ha hc, chu k cm ng v hm lng phn on nha

3.

ca xng t. Hm lng lu hunh v axit ca xng t. Nhin liu cho ng c phn lc Phn bit hai loi nhin liu phn lc. Nhng tnh cht c bn ca nhin liu phn lc. nh hng ca thnh phn hydrocacbon v thnh phn phn an n tnh cht nhin liu. Yu cu tnh cht ca nhin liu p ng iu kin k thut. Nhin liu diesel Phn bit hai loi nhin liu diesel Cc yu cu v tnh cht ca nhin liu diesel cho ng c tc cao. Ging v tnh bt chy v tr s xetan ca nhin liu diesel: khi nim, ngha ca n, gi tr ca tr s xetan ca nhin liu diesel hot ng trong thi gian ma h v ma ng, gii thch ti sao c s khc nhau. nh hng ca thnh phn phn loi n kh nng lm vic ca nhin liu diesel. Vai tr ca i lng nhit bc chy, nht ca nhin liu diesel Gii thch tnh cht ng dng n nh ca nhin liu ph thuc vo

4.

5.

nhng yu t no, hm lng lu hunh cho php trong nhin liu l bao nhiu, ti sao. Nhin liu t l Ging v cc thnh phn, tnh cht c bn ca nhin liu t l, gm: nhit tr, trng lng ring, nht, nhit bt chy, tro, hm lng lu hunh, hm lng nc v hm lng tp cht c hc. ngha ca cc i lng , khong gi tr ca chng.
27

6.

Du ha thp sng Ging cc yu cu tnh cht c bn ca kerosen thp sng c im ca thnh phn phn on, thnh phn ha hc, mu ca

7.

kerosen v t trng ca chng. Xng dung mi. c im s dng ca xng dung mi v xng chit c im tnh cht ca xng dung mi: thnh phn phn on hp,

8.

nhit si cui thp, tc bay hi, p sut hi bo ha v c. Du nhn ng c Phn loi du nhn ng c Phn loi theo phng php sn xut ngha ca cc k hiu du nhn ng c trong thc t Gii thch du nhn gc l g, cc loi du nhn gc Du nhn truyn ng ng dng ca du truyn ng Phn loi du nhn truyn ng theo ng sut lm vic ca rng truyn ng c im tnh cht ca du nhn ma h v du nhn ma ng, gii hn nht v nhit ng c ca hai lai du nhn truyn

9.

ng 10. Du nhn cng nghip Cc cch phn loi du nhn cng nghip ph thuc vo lnh vc ng dng, theo nht, theo tnh cht ca du th v theo c im ca qu trnh lm sch du nhn. Du nhn cng nghip a dng. Du nhn cng nghip chuyn dng. Ging v cc ch s cht lng ca du nhn cng nghip: nht,

ch s axit, nhit ng c, nhit chp chy v hm lng lu hunh. 11. Du nhn thit b Lnh vc ng dng v phn loi du nhn thit b. Ging v du nhn thit b chung, phng php iu ch, tnh cht

v ng dng ca n. 1.2. Nguyn l chng ct. Cc loi thp chng ct 1.2.1. Nguyn l chng ct

28

Mc ch ca chng ct du v sn phm du Ging v khi nim v c im ca cc loi qu trnh chng ct: + + + Bay hi mt ln; Bay hi nhiu ln Chng ct si dn

+ Tinh ct 1.2.2. Cc loi thp chng ct 1. a. Ging v cc cch phn lai thp chng ct. Phn lai theo phng thc hat ng ca thp Thp hot ng theo chu k

Hnh 3.1. S chng ct theo chu k V v m t hat ng ca thp hot ng theo chu k (hnh 3.1, Lnh vc ng dng ca chng. Thp hot ng lin tc V v m t hat ng ca thp hot ng theo lin tc (hnh 3.2),

b.

29

Hnh 3.2. S chng ct lin tc hn hp hai cu t. 2. a. Nguyn l hat ng ca s c im ca thp chng ct n gin v thp chng ct phc tp. Phn bit vng chng v vng ct (luyn) ca thp, vai tr ca chng. Ging v cch iu chnh nhit thp bng dng hi lu nh v gia nhit y thp chng ct. Phn loi thp chng ct theo cu trc ni, theo p sut v nhim v

ca n. Theo kt cu tip xc Thp m ng dng ca thp m V s thp m (hnh 2.5) Ging nh hng ca vt liu m n cng chng ct Tnh chiu cao lp m theo cng thc (3.1)

b.

Chn chiu cao ng lng ca mt a. Nhc im ca thp m. Thp a (mm) V v ging v cu trc v hot ng ca a m trn (hnh 3.3). c im hat ng ca n. Ging khi nim a l thuyt hay a l tng.

30

Hnh 3.3. Cu trc a m

Hnh 3.4. Kt cu a sang Thp a sng V v ging v cu trc v hot ng ca a sng c im hat ng ca n. Xc nh tn p trn a theo cng thc (3.2) Nhc im ca a sng ng dng ca a sng nh hng ca kt cu a n hat ng ca a, gi tr i lng

chiu cao vch ngn trong cc thp chn khng, thp kh quyn v thp hot ng p sut cao Cu to ca van thu lc Thp vi a li dng ovan. V s a li, m t cu to ca n. H s s dng c ch trung bnh ca a.

Hnh 3.5. Cc vng ca a li dng st

31

Hnh 3.6. a dng gn song Nhc im ca a li v u im ca a dng gn sng so vi a li V s a gn sng (hnh 3.6), m t cu to, hat ng ca n.

Thp a m.

Hnh 3.7. Cc dng m a- Trn; b-lc gic; c- ch nht; d- hnh mng. V ging gii v cc 4 lai a m: dng trn, lc gic capxun (b),

ch nht (c) v hnh mng- ng (d). Cu to ca n. a c m dng ch S

32

Hnh 3.8. a c m dng ch S. V ging gii v c im cu to a dng ch S, Thp vi a Vest. c im kt hp kt cu ca a m v a sng Ging v kh nng lm vic ca chng Ging v cu to ca a Vest, minh ha trn hnh 17

Hnh 3.9. H thng a Vest. Thp a bc thang. V v ging v c im cu to ca a bc thang, minh ha trn hnh 18. Lnh vc ng dng ca a bc thang

33

Hnh 3.10. a bc thang.

Hnh 3.11. a Bentury Thp vi a Bentury V v ging v c im cu to ca a Bentury, minh ha trn hnh 19, so snh vi a m. Thp vi a van V v ging v c im cu to ca a van. M t hot ng ca a van V v m t cu to, hat ng ca van Gii thiu cho hc vin nh chp a van dng lp rp Gii thiu h s c ch v gi thnh ca a van.

34

Hnh 3.12. Kt cu chnh ca a van. a) ng; b) m mt na; c) m ht.

Hnh 3.13. n v c bn ca van a. a) M; b) ng.. Thp vi a phun. V v m t hot ng ca a phun (hnh 3.14). Lnh vc ng dng ca a phun.

35

Hnh 3.14. H thng a phun 3. Thp quay V hnh 24 M t cu trc ca thp quay Ging gii v hat ng ca thp quay ng dng ca thp quay. H s c ch ca thp quay.

Hnh 3.15. H thng thp quay vi a quay.

36

Hnh 3.16. Thp chng ct p sut kh quyn 4. Thp chng ct kh quyn ng dng ca thp chng ct kh quyn. V hnh 25 Gii thiu vai tr ca tng b phn trong thp chng ct, lin kt n vi ton h s chng ct kh quyn (hnh 3.20) Thp bay hi (thp nh). 5. Kt cu v hat ng ca thp bay hi V thp bay hi ni, gii thch cu to v vai tr ca tng chi tit m t trong hnh. S a m trong thp v vai tr ca a c. V v gii thiu thp bay hi ngoi n khoang v a khoang. So snh vi thp bay hi ni v cu trc v hat ng

37

Hnh 3.17. Thp bay hi n khoang I- Np phn on; II- tho hi; III- trch phn on ra IV- hi nc

Hnh 3.18. Thp bay hi a khoang I- Np phn on; II- trch phn on ra; III- tho hi; IV- hi nc
38

6.

Thp chng ct chn khng ng dng ca thp chng ct chn khng, ch cng ngh ca n V thp chng ct chn khng, gii thiu tng chi tit trong hnh v ging v vai tr ca chng. M t s kt ni ca thp chng ct chn khng vi h s chng ct chn khng Gii thiu c im cu to ca thp, gii thch ti sao c c im cu trc nh vy. So snh vi thp chng ct kh quyn v cu to v ch hat ng Ging v cc loi a c s dng trong thp chng ct chn khng, s lng a cho chng ct tng loi nguyn liu v mc ch sn phm (nguyn liu cracking xc tc, sn xut du nhn). p sut d trong khng gian bay hi v ca ra. Gii thiu cch b tr thp chng ct trong nh my (trong gio trnh).

Hnh 3.19. Thp chn khng

39

7.

La chn a cho thp chng ct Ging v c tnh ca cc thp khc nhau thng qua bng 3.1. Bng 3.1. Tnh cht ca cc loi a Loi a Cng sut tng i 1,0 1,0 - 1,1 1,1 - 1,5 > 1,5 1,1 1,4 Gi tng i 1,0 0,4 0,6 0,6 - 0,8 0,4 0,7 0,6 0,7 Tn p Trung bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh Thp Thp

a m a kt cu hnh S a van ( a a) a li ( a st) a sng -

Ging v u, nhc im ca tng loi a v gi thnh ch to. Gii thiu cch s dng bng 3.2 chn s liu thit k v thng

s lm vic ca a chng ct. Bng 3.2. Cc thng s lm vic ca cc loi a chng ct. Tr lc theo ti trng ti a T phn din ng rt chim T phn din tch lm vic trng cc i v cc tiu) v ti thiu, mm ct nc
40

Tit din sng ca a, %

Loi a

so vi tng tit din thp

Cng sut theo t l vi

Chiu cao ng rt, mm

a m a mng Hnh S a sng a li (a st) a t l (ln sng) a tng Bertury a phun 8.

9,4 11,0 11,0 4,8 17,0 24,5 13,1 7,0

50 80 78 40 -

66,4 46,5 64,0 64,0 91,5 91,5 63,0 67,0

3,1 3,3 6,5 21,5 6,6 11,0

1,0 0,6-0,7 1,0-1,1 1,2-1,3 1,1-1,8 0,9-1,3 2,0-2,2 1,1-1,3

mm do ( t l ti

ca a, %

gi, %

chp

2,8-6,5 2-3 3-6 2,7-3,5 2-2,5 1,4-3,7 2,0-2,5 2,5-4,5

30/100 40/110 40/130 40/90 10/65 10/70 10/60 30/100

S nguyn tc cm chng ct du p sut kh quyn V hnh 31

Hnh 3.20. Nguyn tc chng ct du p sut kh quyn. M t hat ng ca s nguyn tc ca cm chng ct du p sut kh quyn. Gii thch hat ng ca a trong thp chng ct. 1.3. Kim tra thit b chng ct du th v cc van ng h trn thit b. 1.3.1. c im hot ng ca thp chng ct. V s hot ng ca thp chng ct (hnh 3.21), Ging cho hc vin nm vng cc k hiu trong hnh. Gii thiu cc ch s c bn ca thp, tnh din tch tit din thp theo cng thc (3.3), th tch hi theo cng thc (3.4), ly v d tnh ton.

Hnh 3.21. S nguyn tc hot ng ca thp chng ct

41

Ging cc thng s cng ngh ca thp v cch la chn gi tr ca chng trong tnh ton thit k thp. Ging cho hc vin v gi tr ca tc hi trong thp chng ct kh quyn, thp chng ct chn khng v thp lm vic di p sut. Gii thch vic la chn i lng ny lin quan n kch thc thp nh th no v nh hng n hat ng ca thp ra sao.

1.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n hot ng ca thp chng ct: Ging cc yu t c bn nh hng n hat ng ca thp chng ct. C th: Nhit Cc v tr cn kim tra nhit trong thp; Gi tr nhit ti nh thp chng ct, phn ct trung gian, trong vng di ca thp v nhit trn a ly sn phm trch ngang. Ging cc nhit nh hng n cht lng v sn lng cc sn phm th no. p sut nh hng ca p sut n cc thng s cng ngh khc trong thp

42

Hnh 3.22. S cng ngh cm chng ct kh quyn K-1- Thp bay hi trc; K-2- thp chng ct kh quyn chnh; K-6, K-7, K-9- thp bay hi; E-1, E-12, E-3- b hi lu; T-5, T-7, T-22, T-23- thit b ngng t bng khng kh; T-2, T-33, T-17, T-19, T-11- thit b trao i nhit du th- sn phm; T-5a, T-7a, T-22a, T-20- Thit b lm lnh; L-1 l nung dng ng; H-3, H-21- my bm.

43

Phn bit cc i lng p sut tnh ton v p sut lm vic. Gii thch ti sao li cn tng p sut trong thp chng ct khi chng ct hydrocacbon kh (propan, butan); Ging cch la chn gi tr i lng tn p trong thp chng cht

kh quyn khi s dng cc loi a khc nhau. Tc dng kh trong tit din t do: Ging cch la chn tc dng kh trong tit din t do ca thp hoc a trong cc thp khc nhau: thp chng ct kh quyn; thp chng ct chn khng. 1.3.3. Cc bin php an ton khi s dng thp chng ct Ging cc thit b an tan cn trang b cho thp chng ct Cc vn lin quan n vn hnh an ton. 1.3. 4. Ch cng ngh ca cm chng ct kh quyn V s cng ngh cm chng ct kh quyn 3.22). M t qui trnh hat ng ca s hnh 33, nhn mnh cc thit b chnh, quyt nh hiu qu lm vic ca s v cht lng sn phm. Cc sn phm thu v cch thu cc sn phm trong s chng ct kh quyn. Ging hc vin c th m rng kh nng t la chn sn phm v bit cch thu sn phm t s cng nh chn ch cng ngh ph hp. Hc vin phi nm c cc yu t c bn v ng dng c i vi cc du th khc nhau v cc phng n la chn sn phm khc nhau.

Trnh by v gii thch ch cng ngh c trng ca cm chng ct kh quyn nu trong bng 3.3. Bng 3.3. Cc thng s lm vic ca cc thit b trong cm chng ct du th p sut kh quyn Ngng cho php Thp K-1 Lu lng nguyn liu, m3/h Nhit , oC: Du th vo thp Dng hi lu nh thp 200 340 theo cht lng ca phn on 1.250

44

si u - 85oC y thp 240oC 6,0 90 p sut thp (trn), atm Chi ph hi, m3/h Thp K-2 Nhit , oC: Nguyn liu vo thp Dng hi lu: + + + + Th I ti ca ra khi thp Th II ti ca ra khi thp Th I ti ca vo thp Th II ti ca vo thp
o

360 170 260 70 80 60 195 245 300

Chi ph hi, m3/h Nhit di ca cc thp bay hi, C K-6 K-7 K-9 Chi ph Dng hi lu, m /h: I II Hi, m /h Hi nc vo di thp K-2, tn/h L nung Nhit , oC Ti ca ra khi l Kh khi trn vch ngn nh thp y thp
3 3

170 250 130 7,5

800 800 theo cht lng ca phn on si u - 85oC 240oC 6,0

p sut thp ( trn), atm -

Nu th d c th i vi thp chng ct kh quyn cng sut 6 triu tn/nm trong bng 3.4.

45

Ging v cc thit b o lng kim tra v thit b iu chnh t ng trong cc thp chng ct, cch iu chnh tham s chnh ca qu trnh chng ct.

Bng 3.4. Tham s cng ngh c trng ca thp chng ct kh quyn Thp chng ct Tc ong kh, m/giy Mc dng nc trong mng,, mm ct

Khong cch gia cc a, mm

Chiu cao bt trong mng,mm

Tr lc ca a,mm ct Hg

ng knh thp, mm

Nhit , oC

p sut, at

Dng a

Thp bay hi trc Trn Di 120 240 5,6 5,8 0,26 6 0,32 7 39,6 53,4 4,2 5,0 453 549 600 600 500 0 500 0 a m 24 hai dng

Thp chng ct kh quyn 126 Trn 260 a 24 Thp bay hi 180 Th I, trn 228 Th II, trn 296 1,6 1,5 1,6 2 0,96 0,74 5 35,4 47,3 4,6 5 5,3 452 533 700 700 500 0 500 0 1,5 5 1,6 0,28 7 0,34 7 29,4 35,4 48,7 3,8 4,1 3,6 388 423 487 600 600 600 280 0 200 0 a m 10 mt 10 dng a m hai a m 16 hai 27 dng

S a
46

nc

Th trn

III,

0,39

200 0

dng

1.3.5. Thit b o v iu chnh 1. 2. Ging v cc thit b o v iu chnh, gm: o v iu chnh lu lng cht lng v hi Nguyn l hot ca lu lng k. o v iu chnh nhit . 3. Gii thiu dng c o nhit v h thp phn. Gii thiu cc cp nhit in khc nhau, khong nhit o ca

chng. o v iu chnh p sut

Ging v ng dng, cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca manomet v vacumet. 4. o v iu chnh mc cht lng. Ging v mc k cc dng khc nhau. Ging v cng dng ca h thng iu chnh t ng. Thnh phn ca h thng iu chnh t ng. 1.3.6. Thit b phn tch cht lng trc tip 1. Chc nng v nhim v ca thit b phn tch Thit b phn tch nhit chp chy ca sn phm du Cc dng c o nhit chp chy ca sn phm sng v sn phm ti. Thit b t ng xc nh nhit si 90% th tch ca mu sn phm du 2. Ging v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b Sc k kh

3.

Ging v nguyn l hot ng ca phng php sc k kh 1.3.7. Kim tra cht lng sn phm thu Ging v ch s cht lng v chu k ly mu nguyn liu v sn phn trong cc nh my ch bin du ( bng 3.5).

47

Bng 3.5. Cc ch s kim tra cht lng sn phm thu trong cn AVR Sn phm Ch s kim tra Tn s ly mu 6 ln/ngy-m Du th (sau cm loi Hm lng mui, nc. nc-mui bng in) Xng n nh

T trng, thnh phn phn Mi 6 gi on, th tm ng. C1 n C5 v hm lng H2.

Kh ha lng (sn phm Thnh phn hydrocarbon t Mi 6 gi nh)

Phn on nhin liu phn T trng, thnh phn phn Mi 3 gi lc on, nhit bt chy, nht, th tm ng. Phn on du ha chiu T trng, thnh phn phn Mi 3 gi sng on, nhit bt chy. Phn on diesel Mazut nhin liu T trng, thnh phn phn Mi 6 gi on, nhit bt chy, nhit ng c. Thnh phn phn on ( ct Mi 3 gi n 350oC), nhit bt Phn on du nhn Gudron chy, nht. nht, nhit bt chy, Mi 3 gi t trng, mu Nhit bt chy, nht. Mi 3 gi

ng dng thit b kim tra t ng cht lng sn phm thu. 1.4. Qui trnh vn hnh thit b chng ct p sut thng 1.4.1. Kim tra v khi ng cm chng ct du th 1. Chun b khi ng. Ging qui trnh lm kh khi xy ca l nung. Kim tra r r: + + Trong ng rut g ca l nung My bm, trao i nhit ng ca thit b lm lnh rut g.

+ La chn cht th r r i vi tng trng hp Tun hon th bng nc:

48

Ging v qui trnh tun han th bng nc, mc ch ca cng an ny.

+ Cch x l nu c r r Tun hon lnh: + Ging v qui trnh tun han lnh v mc ch ca n. Tun hon nng. + + Ging v qui trnh tun han nng. Chuyn sang hot ng bnh thng. Ging v thi im v qui trnh chuyn sang ch hat ng bnh thng ca cm chng ct chn khng.

1.4.2. Vn hnh thit b chng ct p sut thng V s hnh 33 Ging cc bc vn hnh thit b chng ct p sut thng, gm cc cng an sau: Chun b thit b 1. Ging v cc vic phi lm trc khi khi ng s v tip nhn du. Tun hon lnh V v ging s tun hon lnh theo hnh 33 2. 3. Tun hon nng

Nhc li qui trnh tun han nng, so snh s khc bit gia tun han nng v tun han lnh Chuyn cm chng ct kh quyn sang nhn liu Ging qui trnh chuyn cm chng ct kh quyn sang nhn liu Trong phn ny phi lm cho hc vin nm c mc ch ca tng cng an, nm vng s vn hnh v qui trnh thc hin, khng sai st. Hc vin nm c c im vn hnh v ch cng ngh ca tng giai an. K thut an tan trong hot ng ca thp chng ct Ging 3 qui tc s dng thp chng ct. a im, mi trng Tin hnh ti phng hc bnh thng v phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin v dng c th nghim cn thit.

5. I.

49

II.

Gi cc kha cnh v mc Ging cho hc vin nm c cc sn phm thu trong chng ct du. Hc vin nm c cc tnh cht c bn ca cc sn phm du v ng dng ca chng. Phi lm cho hc vin nm c nguyn l chng ct, cc phng php chng ct, cc loi thp chng ct, cch la chn a. Ging v chng ct du th p sut kh quyn: s nguyn tc cm chng ct du p sut kh quyn, c im hot ng ca thp chng ct p sut kh quyn, s cng ngh cm chng ct kh quyn, ch cng ngh chng ct kh quyn. Ging v vn hnh cm chng ct kh quyn v cch kim tra thit b ca cm chng ct kh quyn. Chin thut ging dy v ngun lc h tr C kh nng phn bit cc sn phm thu c trong qu trnh chng ct du, nhng tnh cht quan trng ca tng sn phm. C kh nng phn bit s khc nhau gia cc loi thp, c im cu trc, vn hnh v ng dng ca tng loi a, t bit cch chn a cho tng trng hp c th Hc vin phi nm c c im chng ct du trong kh quyn.

III.

Nm vng s cng ngh chng ct du trong kh quyn v vn hnh chng. IV. Cch thc kim tra nh gi nh gi s hiu bit ca hc vin bng cc cu hi c th nh: Cc sn phm du v tnh cht ca chng Phn bit cc loi thp chng ct. Cc kin thc c bn v chng ct kh quyn. Nm vng qui trnh vn hnh cm chng ct kh quyn GII THIU CC CC LOI THP CHNG CT V S CHNG CT DU TH P SUT KH QUYN Gii thiu cc lai thp chng ct Gii thiu c im kt cu ca cc loi a v thp chng ct khc nhau. Gii thiu s cng ngh chng ct du p sut kh quyn. Phn tch ch cng ngh ca s cng ngh.

2.

50

I.

Ging v qui trnh vn hnh s chng ct du p sut kh quyn. a im, mi trng Tin hnh ti phng hc v phng th nghim. Yu cu c dng c th

nghim, cc s cng ngh, cc thit b m phng cng ngh v hnh nh minh ha, c bng vit, gh ngi cho hc vin. II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng v cc qu trnh chng ct v cc lai thp chng ct Hc vin phi nm vng c im ca tng thp chng ct v a v cch la chn chng.

III.

Cc hc vin phi nm vng cc thit b trong s chng ct p sut kh quyn v thng s cng ngh. Hc vin bit c qui trnh vn hnh s cng ngh. Hc vin phi nm vng cc vn an ton trong vn hnh s chng ct p sut kh quyn. Cch thc kim tra nh gi Kim tra l thuyt v nguyn l chng ct, cc phng php chng ct. Cho hc vin v v thuyt trnh cc s cng ngh chng ct du

3.

p sut kh quyn. Cho hc vin so snh c im ca cc thp chng ct. THO LUN V CC SN PHN DU V TNH CHT CA CHNG. T chc tho lun v cc sn phm thu c trong chng ct du. Tho lun v cc tnh cht v ng dng ca cc sn phn du. Tho lun theo nhm v cc bin php nng cao tnh cht ca cc sn phn du. Phn tch s khc nhau trong tnh cht ca cc sn phn du. a im, mi trng

I.

Tin hnh ti phng hc hoc phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin. Yu cu c mu du th v cc sn phm du khc nhau II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng c im ca cc sn phm du Phi lm cho hc vin bit cch nhn bit cc sn phm du da vo c tnh ca chng.
51

Cc hc vin phi bit cc phng php tch cc sn phn du t thp chng ct v cc yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phn du. T xut bin php iu chnh cc thng s cng ngh

III.

trong s cng ngh chng ct. Chin thut ging dy v ngun lc h tr T chc cho hc vin thnh nhng nhm nh tho lun v cc sn phn du thu c t nh my lc du. Cho hc vin chun b chuyn v tnh cht ca cc sn phm du, ng dng ca chng v thuyt trnh v cc vn trn, tho

lun chung. IV. Cch thc kim tra nh gi Cho hc vin phn loi cc sn phm du. Cho tng nhm ln trnh by cch thu cc sn phm du t thp chng ct v ch cng ngh ca tng dng sn phm, cc nhm khc hi li v cho im. Da vo kt qu trung bnh tnh im cho tng c nhn. NH GI KT QU HC TP CA TON BI Trong qu trnh o to c cc dng bi tp, kim tra nh gi sau: 2 bi kim tra: c im v ng dng ca cc sn phm du; Cng ngh chng ct du m p sut kh quyn. 1 tiu lun v: Cng ngh chng ct du m p sut kh quyn Bi tho lun nhm theo ni dung bi hc, bo co, tr li cu hi v cho im. Tr bi l thuyt hoc vit bo co theo cc chuyn nh.

4.

Cn ch n trng im ca mi th loi v nhn bit c s c gng ring bit ca mi hc vin t cho im c chnh xc. i vi nhng bi c kt qu c th th lu kt qu im. Cn nhng bi khc yu cu hc vin hon thin theo yu cu nhng khng ly im. 5. CU HI V P N Cu 1. Hy trnh by cc tnh cht ca nhin liu diesel. p n. Hai loi nhin liu diesel + + Nhin liu diesel nht thp, nh cho ng c tc cao; Nhin liu diesel nht cao, nng cho ng c tc chm

52

Cc yu cu hot ng i vi nhin liu diesel cho ng c tc cao: + + Tnh d chy cn thit, d khi ng ng c v chy ht; Thnh phn phn on ti u v nht, to iu kin phun m tt;

+ Khng cha sn phm n mn, nha, bi v nc. Tr s xetan c trng cho tnh bt chy. Tr s xetan ca nhin liu bng thnh phn (% th tch) ca xetan trong hn hp vi metylnaphtalin, tng ng v tnh bt chy vi nhin liu th nghim khi c th nghim trong iu kin chun theo GOST 3122-67.

Nhin liu diesel ma h: tr s xetan 40-45 n v, Nhin liu diesel ma ng l 50-55 n v. Thnh phn phn loi nh hng n kh nng phun m, chy ht, to khi, mui v pha long du cacte. Thnh phn phn on: cn cha cc phn on nh, trung bnh v nng vi t l ti u. Nhit bt chy c trng cho nguy c ha han ca nhin liu diesel. nht quyt nh s phun m v tnh ng nht ca hn hp. nht ca nhin liu cn phi ti u v c xc nh bi cc thng s kt cu v iu kin kh hu ni s dng. Tnh cht ng dng n nh ca nhin liu: hm lng nha v hydrocarbon khng no cn hn ch trong nhin liu diesel. cc v tro, axit, kim v axit hu c ha tan trong nc cn c chun ha. Hm lng lu hunh: qu 1%. Hy v v trnh by s chng ct du th di p sut kh

Cu 2.

quyn. Gi tr li V s chng ct du th di p sut kh quyn. M t hot ng ca s nh trong bi hc Trnh by ch cng ngh ca cc thit b trong s chng ct du th di p sut kh quyn theo bng III.2 v III.3 Bi kim tra mu 15 -

53

Cu hi. Hy trnh by cc tnh cht ca xng t. p n Yu cu chung i vi xng t l: chng kch n ti u, thnh phn phn on, bn ha hc v l tnh cao, hm lng lu hunh cc tiu. Tnh bn kch n + + (0,5 im) Bc nn cng cao, cng tit kim nhin liu, yu cu v tnh chng kch n ca xng cng cao. (0,75 im) Tnh chng kch n ca xng t c c trng bng tr s octan, c xc nh theo phng php ng c trn thit b T9-M v theo phng php nghin cu trn thit b T9-6 (GOST 8226-66) (0,75 im) + Chnh lch gi tr octan gia phng php v phng php ng c c gi l nhy ca nhin liu. (0,5 im) Thnh phn phn on c trng cho khi ng ca ng c, thi gian gia nhit, chuyn t ch ny sang ch khc v s phn b ng u ca hn hp dc theo xilanh ca ng c. (0,5 im) + Thnh phn phn on ca xng t c xc nh bng nhit ct cc phn on 10, 50 v 90% v nhit si cui. (0,5 im) + + Nhit ct 10% xc nh p sut hi bo ha. (0,5 im) Nhit ct 50% c trng cho kh nng to hn hp trong ng c nng, kh nng chuyn t ch lm vic ny sang ch khc v s phn phi ng u ca hn hp trong xilanh. (0,5 im) + Nhit ct 90% v im si cui c trng cho s bay hi hon ton ca xng trong ng c. (0,5 im)

bn ha hc c trng cho kh nng chng thay i ha hc ca xng khi tn tr, vn chuyn v s dng (1 im) bn ha hc ca xng t c kim tra bng thi gian ca chu k cm ng. (1 im) Hm lng phn on nha trong xng t khng qu 5-7 mg/100 ml. (1 im)

54

Lu hunh l mi trng n mn. Vic loi b hon ton hp cht lu hunh hot tnh trong xng c kim tra bng n mn l ng (1 im) Trong xng t, hm lng hp cht lu hunh khng qu 0,100,15%. Xng cng cn trung ha ha hc. (0,5 im) (0,5 im)

55

Bi 4. CHNG CT DU TH P SUT CHN KHNG M bi: HD B4

1.

GING GII V A RA CC V D MINH HA CC NI DUNG

1.1. c im ca qu trnh chng ct chn khng 1.1.1. Chng ct du th p sut chn khng Gii thch v sao phi tin hnh chng ct cn mazut trong chn khng. Sn phm ca chng ct mazut trong chn khng. Cc phng php tng hiu qu chng ct chn khng. 1.1.2. c im chng ct trong thp chn khng Ging c im ch hot ng ca thp chn khng, gii thch ti sao li c c im , so snh vi thp chng ct kh quyn. Ging c im kch thc v cu to ca thp chn khng Phn tch c im ca cc s trch distilat t thp chn khng (hnh 4.1).

Hnh 4.1. S trch distilat t thp chn khng. a- Ly cht lng t ng rt ca mm; b- qua thp bay hi; c- qua b cha. Ging s chng ct mazut trong hai thp chng ct (hnh 4.2): phng cch hot ng, u v nhc im ca s .

56

Hnh 4.2. S chng ct mazut trong hai thp chn khng ni tip. 1.1.3. S cng ngh cm chng ct chn khng V s nguyn tc cm chng ct chn khng (hnh 4.3) Ging s vn hnh ca s , lu hot ng ca cc cm chnh (thp chng ct chn khng K-10, thit b to chn khng, l nung). Ging cch to chn khng trong thp chng ct thng qua cm to chn khng. Gii thch ch cng ngh, ti sao phi chn ch nh trong bng sau. Bng 4.1. Ch cng ngh Ch ti u Nhit , oC: Mazut ti ca ra l L-3 Vch ngn l L-3 nh thp K-10 400 700 90 420 750 100 Ngng cho php

57

y thp Hi qu nhit

345 420 60 11,0

350 440 50 10,0

p sut d trong thp K-10, mm ct Hg p sut hi vo my phun chn khng, atm 1.2. Thit b chng ct chn khng 1.2.1. Thit b to chn khng -

Lit k cc thit b to chn khng s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du. Gii thch cc thit b c th nh sau:

58

Hnh 4.3. S nguyn tc cm chng ct chn khng K-10- Thp chn khng; T-35- thit b ngng t; T-1, T-3, T-4, T-16, T-18, T-25, T-34- thit b trao i nhit; T-25a- thit b ngng t bng khng kh; T-24, T-28, T-30, T-31- my lnh; H-1-bm chn khng phun hi; H- my bm; E- b cha; L3- l nung dng ng, B- b cha nc.

59

1.

Thit b ngng t b mt V thit b ngng t b mt v bm phun (ejector) vi thit b ngng t b mt trung gian (hnh 4.4), ging v nguyn l hot ng v to chn khng.

2.

Hnh 4.4. Thit b ngng t b mt dng c nh My bm chn khng. Cc loi my bm chn khng V s bm phun hi (hnh 4.5), ging hot ng ca n

3.

Hnh 4.5. S bm tia hi Thit b ngng t kh p V thit b ngng t kh p 4.6), ging v cu to v hot ng ca n. V v ging cu to ca bm tia hi hai bc (hnh 4.7).

60

Ging cch la chn s bc ca bm tia ph thuc vo su chn khng. Cch lp t bm tia a bc, kt hp vi thit b ngng t, gii thch ti sao phi c thit b ngng t trung gian, gii thch s ph thuc ca su chn khng vo nhit nc.

Hnh 4.6. S thit b ngng t-kh p

Hnh 4.7. Bm tia hi hai bc a. Bc th nht ca my phun; b. Bc th hai ca my phun;

61

M t kt cu ca bm tia hai bc vi thit b ngng t b mt trung gian (hnh 4.8 ), so snh vi bm tia hnh 4.7.

Hnh 4.8. Bm tia hai bc vi thit b ngng t b mt.

Hnh 4.9. H thng lp rp thit b ngng t v bm tia. V v ging h thng ba bm tia hai bc vi thit b ngng t b mt mc ni tip nhau (hnh 4.9), gi tr chn khng to thnh. H thit b ngng t kh p - bm phun 4. V v ging nguyn tc hot ng ca h thit b ngng t kh p bm phun (hnh 4.10)

62

Hnh 410. S cng ngh to chn khng bng h thit b ngng t kh p- bm phun.

Hnh 4.11. S to chn khng su 5. H bm phun - thit b ngng t kh p. -

Ging nguyn l hot ng ca h bm phun - thit b ngng t kh p v gi tr chn khng to thnh. 1.2.2. Thit b chng ct chn khng trong phng th nghim Ging v chc nng v c im hot ng ca cc b phn ca thit b chng ct chn khng trn s hoc trn hnh v. Hng dn lp rp v vn hnh thit b chng ct chn khng. Gii thch v cu to ca s chng ct du ARN-2. Gii thch ng dng ca s , gii thch th no l im si thc, cch xc nh

63

Gii thch cch xc nh hm lng phn on. Ging v ch hot ng ca s : tc chng ct, nhit ct, p sut.

Hnh 4.12. Thit b chng ct sn phm du di p sut chn khng

Hnh 4.13. H thng thit b chng ct ARN-2

64

1.3. Cc sn phm thu c khi chng ct du th trong chn khng Hai nhm sn phm chnh nhn c t chng ct chn khng nguyn liu mazut: nguyn liu cho crackinh xc tc v phn on du nhn.

Hnh 4.14. S nguyn tc chng ct chn hai thp. V s nguyn tc chng ct chn khng mazut hai bc Ging v ch cng ngh v cc sn phm thu t s . Trnh by thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc sn phm chnh: phn

on 350-500oC v nha ng (phn on > 500oC ). 1.4. Kim tra thit b chn khng 1. Thp chng ct chn khng 2. Nu th d v ch s cng ngh ca cm chng ct chn khng: p sut d, nhit . c im lm vic ca bm phun.

3.

Ging c im hot ng ca bm phun, trong lu nh hng ca nhit nc bng cch s dng gin . H thng o, iu khin v t ng ha cm chng ct kh quyn chn khng du th (AVR) Cc ch s c bn cn c iu chnh trong thp chng ct v trong l nung dng ng ca cm AVR.

65

V s h thng kim tra v iu chnh t ng cm thp chng ct v l nung dng ng (hnh 4.15) Gii thch cc k hiu trong hnh v. Ging v phng thc iu chnh ca tng dng c, nh hng ca chng i vi hot ng ca cc thit b v ton cm.

Hnh 4.15. S t ng ca cm thp chng ct v l nung gia nhit du th. 1.5. Vn hnh cm chng ct chn khng Ging cc bc tin hnh trong giai on chun b khi ng cm chng ct chn khng. Ging v cch nhn bit khi thit b v s c khim khuyt v cch chnh sa. Tun hon lnh Ging mc ch v nhim v ca tun hnh lnh; Cc bc thc hin qu trnh tun hon lnh Qui trnh thc hin. Tun hon nng v to ch chun cho cm chn khng Ging mc ch v nhim v ca tun hnh nng; Cc bc thc hin qu trnh tun hon nng;

1.

2.

66

I.

Qui trnh thc hin v to ch cng ngh chun cho cm chng ct chn khng. a im, mi trng -

Tin hnh ti phng hc bnh thng v phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin v dng c th nghim cn thit. II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc Ging cho hc vin bit mc ch ca chng ct du trong chn khng v cc sn phm thu. Ging v chng ct du th trong chn khng: s nguyn tc cm chng ct du p sut kh quyn, c im hot ng ca thp chng ct trong chn khng, c im chng ct trong chn khng, ch cng ngh chng ct chn khng. Ging v cc thit b to chn khng. Ging v vn hnh cm chng ct chn khng v cch kim tra thit b ca cm chng ct kh quyn. Cch khc phc cc li k thut. III. Cch thc kim tra nh gi nh gi s hiu bit ca hc vin bng cc cu hi c th nh: Cc sn phm du v tnh cht ca chng Cc kin thc c bn v chng ct trong chn khng. Nm vng cc thit b to chn khng. 2. Nm vng qui trnh vn hnh cm chng ct trong chn khng GII THIU CC THIT B TO CHN KHNG V S CHNG CT DU TH P SUT CHN KHNG I. Gii thiu cc lai thit b to chn khng, phn tch c im ca tng lai. Gii thiu c im ca thp chng ct chn khng. Gii thiu s cng ngh chng ct du p sut chn khng. Phn tch ch cng ngh ca s cng ngh.

Ging v qui trnh vn hnh s chng ct du p sut kh quyn. a im, mi trng

Tin hnh ti phng hc v phng th nghim. Yu cu c dng c th nghim, cc s cng ngh, cc thit b m phng cng ngh v hnh nh minh ha, c bng vit, gh ngi cho hc vin.

67

II.

Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng c im chng ct trong chn khng v phn bit c s khc bit vi chng ct p sut kh quyn. Hc vin phi nm vng c im ca cc thit b to chn khng v cch la chn chng. Hc vin bit c qui trnh vn hnh s cng ngh v thng s

III.

cng ngh. Cch thc kim tra nh gi Kim tra l thuyt v nguyn l chng ct trong chn khng v s khc bit gia chng ct p sut kh quyn v trong chn khng. Cho hc vin v v thuyt trnh cc s cng ngh chng ct trong chn khng. Cho hc vin tp vn hnh s cng ngh.

3.

THO LUN QU TRNH CHNG CT DU TH TRONG CHN KHNG V SN PHN THU. T chc tho lun v cc sn phm thu trong chng ct du th trong chn khng. Tho lun theo nhm v chng ct du th p sut chn khng, cc thit b to chn khng, c im chng ct trong thp chn khng, So snh cng ngh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn v chng ct p sut chn khng

I.

Trao i v cch vn hnh cc cm chng ct du th: cm chng ct kh quyn v cm chng ct chn khng a im, mi trng Tin hnh ti phng hc hoc phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v

gh ngi cho hc vin. Yu cu c cc thit b m phng v hnh nh minh ha v cc mu sn phm du. II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng c im ca cc sn phm du. Phi lm cho hc vin bit cch nhn bit cc sn phm du da vo c tnh ca chng. Cc hc vin phi bit cc phng php tch cc sn phn du t thp chng ct v cc yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phn
68

du. T xut bin php iu chnh cc thng s cng ngh trong s cng ngh chng ct. III. Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng l thuyt v chng ct du trong chn khng v thit b to chn khng. Cc hc vin phi bit phn bit c im cng ngh ca chng ct p sut kh quyn v chng ct p sut chn khng. Chin thut ging dy v ngun lc h tr T chc cho hc vin thnh nhng nhm nh tho lun v cc sn phm thu c trong chng ct chn khng v ng dng ca chng. Cho hc vin chun b chuyn v chng ct p sut kh quyn,

chng ct p sut chn khng v thuyt trnh v cc vn trn, tho lun chung. Cho hc vin tp trnh by theo s cng ngh. IV. Cch thc kim tra nh gi Cho hc vin phn loi cc sn phn du. Cho hc vin phn bit cc qu trnh chng ct p sut kh quyn v chng ct p sut chn khng Cho tng nhm ln trnh by vn va tho lun, cc nhm khc hi li v cho im. Da vo kt qu trung bnh tnh im cho

4.

tng c nhn. NH GI KT QU HC TP CA TON B

Trong qu trnh o to c cc dng bi tp, kim tra nh gi sau: 2 bi kim tra: c im v ng dng ca cc sn phm du; Cng ngh chng ct du m p sut chn khng. 1 tiu lun v: Cng ngh chng ct du m p sut chn khng Bi tho lun nhm theo ni dung bi hc, bo co, tr li cu hi v cho im.

Tr bi l thuyt hoc vit bo co theo cc chuyn nh. Cn ch n trng im ca mi th loi v nhn bit c s c gng ring bit ca mi hc vin t cho im c chnh xc. i vi nhng bi c kt qu c th th lu kt qu im. Cn nhng bi khc yu cu hc vin hon thin theo yu cu nhng khng ly im. 5. CC CU HI V P N Cu 1. Hy trnh by s cng ngh cm chng ct chn khng. p n
69

V v trnh by s hnh 36 nh trong bi ging. Cu 2. Hy nu cc sn phm thu c khi chng ct du trong chn khng p n. Hai loi s cng ngh chng ct chn khng nguyn liu mazut: chng ct bay hi mt giai on v chng ct mazut bay hi hai giai on. Sn phm thu trong chng ct chn khng c th c s dng lm nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc hoc hydrocracking, hoc l phn on du nhn sau khi c ch c th thu c cc du nhn gc khc nhau. thu c gasoil chn khng vi khong si 350-500oC lm nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc hoc hydrocracking th chng ct mt ln t yu cu. Nu cn phi thu c nguyn liu sn xut du nhn th nn chn h thng chng ct chn khng hai thp. Trong thp th nht tch c phn on du nhn rng, trong thp th hai- chng ct tip n thnh cc phn on du nhn hp. Cht lng sn phm du thu c trong thp chng ct chn khng th nht nh sau: Phn on 350-500oC: Hm lng nha, % k.l., khng qu Bay hi, % t.t. n 480oC, khng thp hn n 350oC, khng cao hn 12 96 20 200 80-150 96

Nha ng (Gudron- phn on > 500oC ) Nhit chp chy, 0C, khng thp hn nht tng i 80oC Bay hi n 500oC, % t.t., khng qu

T thp th hai thu cc phn on 350-420 oC v 420-500 oC. Hi v kh phn hy khng ngng t ly ra t thp K-4 v K-5 ht vo thit b to chn khng. Bi mu kim tra 15 Cu hi. Hy trnh by c im chng ct trong thp chn khng. p n

70

Sau khi chng ct du di p sut kh, chng ct tip cn cn li cn chn iu kin loi tr kh nng cracking v to iu kin thu c nhiu phn ct nht. (1 im) Phng php ph bin nht l chng ct trong chn khng, trong h nhit si ca hydrocarbon v cho php ly c distilat c nhit si 500OC nhit 410 420oC. (1 im) S dng thit b to chn khng c c p sut chn khng thp nht trong h. (1 im) gim thi gian lu ca mazut trong l nung v gim tr lc nn s dng l nung hai chiu, a hi nc vo ng xon ca l, gim thiu khong cch gia ca nhp liu vo thp v ca ra khi l nung. (1 im) Tng ng knh ng dn nguyn liu, gim thiu cc ch un gc, dng ch S.(0,5 im) Cu to vng chng ct ca thp chn khng sao cho gim thi gian lu ca cn trong thp trnh phn hy n di tc dng ca nhit cao.(1 im) Do lu lng cc dng hi trong thp chn khng ln, nn ng knh ca cc thp ny ln hn nhiu so vi thp ct kh quyn (8 12 m). (1 im) Do s phn b ca cht lng v bt si khng ng nht nn hiu qu ca mm khng cao. (1 im) gim p sut d trong vng cp cho mi distilat s mm khng qu 56 chic. (0,5 im) phn b cht lng ng u trn cc mm nn s dng cu trc mm c bit (mm li, van (xupap) v sng).(0,5 im) trnh ri cc git cht lng vo vng tng cng v lm hng distilat, cn lp t tm chn mt sng v s dng ph gia chng to bt. (1 im) Distilat t thp chn khng c th bm trc tip t ng rt, qua thit b lm kh v qua thp bay hi. (0,5 im)

71

Bi 5. KIM TRA CHT LNG CA SN PHM DU M bi: HD B5

1. GING GII V HNG DN CC TH NGHIM PHN TCH THEO

CC NI DUNG 1.1. Ly mu du th trong thit b 1.1.1. Ly mu du th v cc sn phm lng Cc loi mu du th, gii thch ti sao phi ly mu trung bnh. Gii thch cch to mu trung bnh theo bng 5.1 Bng 5.1. To mu trung bnh ca sn phm t b cha S lng phn tham gia trong Mc ca v tr ly mu mu trung bnh Bn ng v Bn ngang c tank ca tu ng knh ch cht lng trn 2500 mm Lp trn khong cch 200 mm thp hn b mt sn phm du Lp gia- gia chiu cao lp lng Lp di- di 100 mm so vi mp di ca ng thu- phn phi hoc cch y 250mm, nu trong b cha khng c ng rt hoc n nm v tr cch y 350 mm Gii thch cu to ng ly mu (hnh 5.1 ). Cch chun b chai mu i vi tng loi mu, gii thch c im khi chun b chai mu xng. Ging thch th d to mu trung bnh t b ng hnh tr khng c ng rt, cao 12 m; chiu cao mc sn phm du l 10 m. 1 3 1 6

72

Hnh 5.1. Bnh ly mu Ly mu du t sitec tu ha bn trc, sitec tu ha hai trc v sitec t, t ng dn c p v cc thit b k thut tc dng lin tc. Ging v cu to ng ly mu (hnh 5.1) v hng dn cch ly

mu sn phm nht thp bng dng c . Cch ly mu trung bnh ca du trong ng dn. 1.1.2. Phn tch mt s tnh cht c bn ca du v sn phm du 1. Xc nh thnh phn phn on Cc phng php xc nh thnh phn phn on. Ging cch xc nh thnh phn phn on du bng chng ct trong thit b chun: xc nh nhit ct 10, 50, 90 v 97,5%t.t., cn v nhit si cui: Ging v cu to s chng ct phn on cc sn phm du theo GOST 2177-66 (hnh 5.2). Hng dn cch lp rp v chun b s . Hng dn thc hin qui trnh th nghim. Hng dn cch ghi kt qu, lu nu chng ct p sut p k cao hn 770 mm ct Hg cn thm vo ch s ca nhit k lng hiu chnh: C = 0,00012 (760-p) (273 + t)

73

Hnh 5.2. Thit b chun chng ct sn phm du. 2. a. Xc nh axit Xc nh axit ca xng, ligroin, kerosen v nhin liu diesel. Nguyn tc c bn ca phng php. Cc ha cht s dng. Hng dn qui trnh thc hin. Hng dn cch tnh ch s axit theo cng thc: x=

b.

(5.1) V Xc nh axit ca du th, du nhn v ph gia bng phng php chun in th. C s l thuyt ca phng php chun in th. Cc ha cht s dng Gii thiu thit b chun in th LP-58 (hnh 5.3) Hng dn qui trnh thc hin chun b thit b cho phn tch Hng dn qui trnh o v thao tc trn thit b LP-58 Hng dn cch ghi kt qu. Hng dn cch tnh ch s axit theo cng thc: x=

V1T .100

(V1

V2 )T G

(5.2)

74

Hnh 5.3. Chun in th LP-58. Hng dn cch chun dung dch KOH v tnh chun ca n phng trnh sau: T= 3.
56 ,11 .G.1000 204 , 22V

(5.3)

Xc nh hm lng tp cht c hc Phng php xc nh. Cc ha cht s dng Hng dn qui trnh phn tch v thc hin thao tc cho hc vin

xem. Hng dn chn khi lng mu theo bng 5.2. Bng 5.2. Chn lng mu cho cc mu sn phm du khc nhau Sn phm du - Sn phn du vi nh di 20mm2/giy 100oC - Sn phn du vi nh trn 20mm2/giy 100oC - Du nhn lm sch cao - Mazut - Ph gia Khi lng mu, g 100 25 50 10 5-10 chnh xc ca php cn, g 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,1 0,2 T l th tch xng B-70 so vi khi lng mu T 2 n 4 T 4 n 6 T 2 n 4 T 5 n 10 T 10 n 20

Ging nhng iu cn lu khi thc hin php o. Gii thiu thit b chng ct - loi nc trong mu du. 54)

75

Hng dn cch lp rp v chun b phn tch, Hng dn v thc hin th nghim ct loi nc sn phm du.

Hnh 5.4. Thit b xc nh hm lng nc trong du Hng dn thc hin th nghim xc nh hm lng tp cht c hc v tnh ton theo cng thc: x=

(G1 G

G2 )

.100 , %

(5.4)

4.

Xc nh hm lng tro Ni dung ca php phn tch Qui trnh phn tch. Tnh hm lng tro theo cng thc: x=

5.

.100 , % G Phng php xc nh hm lng asphaten

-

(G1

G2 G3 )

(5.5)

Nguyn l ca phng php Gii thiu cc cht kt ta: pentan, hexan, heptan hoc eter du m khng cha hydrocacbon thm. Xc nh hm lng asphanten theo tiu chun IP 143.

6.

Phng php xc nh hm lng nha. Gii thiu phng php phn tch hm lng nha

76

Gii thiu v hng dn cch s dng b Soxlet (hnh 5.5). Hng dn qui trnh th nghim v tin hnh th nghim.

Hnh 5.5. B Soxlet 7. Xc nh hm lng Parafin Ging cch ha tan mu du trong dung mi n-heptan hoc eter du m. Hng dn phng php tch loi hp cht nha, asphanten bng cch cho hp ph trn silicagel. Hng dn s dng b Soxlet ra silicagel.

Ho tan hydrocacbon trong hn hp axeton - toluen v kt tinh parafin, tnh hm lng parafin. 1.2. Kim tra hm lng nc 1.2.1. Phng php nh tnh xc nh nc trong du nhn Cc tn hin ch th c nc trong sn phm du Gii thch qui trnh xc nh v hng dn thao tc.

Cc hin tng dn ti lp li th nghim. 1.2.2. Phng php nh lng xc nh nc trong sn phm du Gii thiu hai phng php xc nh hm lng nc trong sn phm du. Ging phng php ct nc vi dung mi 1. Bn cht ca phng php. Gii thiu thit b chng ct loi nc (hnh 5.4) Hng dn cch lp rp thit b, chun b phn tch nh phn trn

77

Ging qui trnh xc nh v thao tc trn thit b vi mu sn phm du. Tnh hm lng nc theo cng thcsau: x=

2.

.100 , % G Phng php hydrua-canxi

CaH2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2 H2

(5.6)

Nguyn l ca phng php, vit phng trnh phn ng (5.7) Cc ha cht s dng Gii thiu thit b s dng xc nh hm lng nc (hnh 5.6)

Hnh 5.6. S thit b xc nh nc trong du nhn Hng dn qui trnh thc hin v thao tc trn thit b (hnh 5.6) Tnh hm lng nc trong du nhn theo cng thc: x=

V1 .0,000804 .100 G

273, 2( p b) , 101325 ( 273, 2 1)

(5.8)

3.

S dng tiu chun ANSI/ASTM D96 73 xc nh hm lng nc v cn trong du th Ging cc phng php xc nh hm lng nc v cn trong du

th. a. Phng php c bn Gii thiu cc thit b s dng: my ly tm, ng ly tm, b n nhit.

78

Hng dn tnh ton vn tc quay ca my ly tm theo cng thc (5.9). Cc ha cht s dng Qui trnh chun b mu

b.

Cch tin hnh th nghim Hng dn ghi kt qu. Phng php t chn A Gii thiu thit b Lit k cc dung mi v cht ph nh s dng trong phn tch Hng dn chun b mu Cch tin hnh th nghim Hng dn ghi kt qu. Tnh hm lng nc v cn theo cng thc: % nc v cn = % (5.10)

c.

S 100 , V Phng php t chn B

1.3. Kim tra hm lng mui 1.3.1. Xc nh hm lng mui clorua C s l thuyt ca phng php phn tch Vit phn ng din ra trong php chun bng dung dch nitrat thy ngn: Hg(NO3)2 + 2 NaCl Cc ha cht s dng Qui trnh chun b mu Qui trnh tin hnh th nghim. Tnh hm lng mui tnh theo NaCl theo cng thc: x=
(V1 V2 ).0,5846 .1000 A , mg/1lit du V

HgCl2 + 2 NaNO3

(5.11)

(5.12)

1.3.2. Xc nh mui phi cacbonat bng phng php trao i ion Nguyn tc ca phng php. Gii thiu cc dng c v ho cht s dng: ct cationit dng H+, ct thy tinh, cc dung dch v cht ch th. Ging v hng dn qui trnh thc hin th nghim. Tnh mui theo cng thc sau: x=
a.0,1.1000 (mlg/l) 100

(5.13)

79

1.4. Xc nh t trng du th sau khi tch mui v nc 1. Ging cch chn n v t trng, cc loi t trng thng dng. Gii thiu cng thc chuyn t trng vo iu kin tiu chun:
20 4

t 4

+ ( t-20)

(5.14)

Phng php t trng k ASTM D1298: thng c p dng cho du v sn phm du thng mi. Gii thiu t trng k (hnh 5.7), trong lu v vch chia t trng k v cch s dng. Hng dn qui trnh thc hin v thao tc vi t trng k. Xc nh t trng ca du l
1= 1

theo cng thc: (5.15)

Hnh 5.7. T trng k

Hnh 5.8. Cn thu tnh.

80

2.

Phng php picnometer ASTM D 1217 Hng dn qui trnh thc hin th nghim i vi du nht thp. Tnh t trng biu kin ca du theo cng thc:
20 20

m3 m2 m1 m2
t 20

(5.16)

3.

Hng dn tnh t trng thc theo cng thc:

t 4

= (0,99823- 0,0012)

+ 0,0012 = 0,99703

t 20

+ 0,0012 (5.17)

Phng php cn thu tnh. Gii thiu cn thu tnh (hnh 5.8) Nguyn l ca phng php. Tnh t trong du theo cng thc:
P P2 P P 1

(5.18)

I.

a im, mi trng

Tin hnh ti phng hc hoc phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin, cc hnh nh minh ha v thit b, dng c th nghim cn thit. II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng c phng php ly mu du trong cc b cha v trong ng ng. Hc vin phi hiu c cc phng php to mu trung bnh. Hc vin phi nm c cc nguyn l c bn ca cc php phn tch: chng ct phn on, xc nh hm lng nc, mui, bi c hc, asphanten, nha, parafin v t trong du v cc sn phm du. Hc vin phi nm vng nguyn tc, cu to ca cc thit b phn tch. Hc vin phi nm vng cc cng thc tnh ton v bit cch xc

III.

nh v tnh ton cc thng s cn thit. Cch thc kim tra nh gi nh gi kin thc thu c ca hc vin bng cc bi kim tra l thuyt v thc hnh.

2.

Bo co tng kt v cc nhn xt ca hc vin. T CHC THO LUN TI LIU

81

T chc tho lun v cc phng php phn tch da trn bi ging ca gio vin. Cho hc vin nu cc cu hi cn cha r v cc php phn tch. Trao i tho lun theo nhm v cc phng php phn tch, cc yu cu c bit ca tng php phn tch, cc lp rp thit b, chun b thit b v chun b mu. Trao i v tin hnh th nghim. Trao i v cc cch tnh ton, x l kt qu phn tch v xc nh cc i lng cn thit.

Tho lun v cch s dng cc cht chun, cch pha ch ha cht, chn v sp xp dng c cn thit. a im, mi trng

Tin hnh ti phng hc bnh thng hoc phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin. Yu cu c ha cht, mu du, sn phm du v thit b, dng c th nghim cn thit. II Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng c phng php ly mu, to mu qua hnh nh hoc qua m hnh. Hc vin phi hiu c cc phng php phn tch, c im ca cc phng php, cc lu v an ton v nhng yu t nh hng n kt qu phn tch. Hc vin phi nm c cch tnh ton, xc nh cc i lng phn tch. Hc vin phi bit cch s dng cc thit b, dng c phn tch, cc

III.

cht chun, ha cht. Hc vin c k qui trnh th nghim v phi nm c cc qui trnh phn tch trc khi tin hnh thc nghim. Cch thc kim tra nh gi -

nh gi kin thc thu c ca hc vin bng cc bi kim tra vn p, cc bi tp thng qua th d c th. Bo co tng kt v cc nhn xt ca hc vin. 3. THO LUN CCH S DNG CC THIT B PHN TCH T chc tho lun v c im ca tng s th nghim v cc k thut cn thit cho tng bi th nghim. Tho lun v cch lp rp, chun b dng c, thit b th nghim.

82

I.

Hng dn hc vin s dng dng c phn tch ng qui cch v thc hin tng th nghim theo qui trnh a ra. Cn lu nhng c im hoc nhng vn quan trng trong

tng th nghim trnh sai st trong thaop tc v sai lch kt qu. a im, mi trng

Tin hnh ti phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin. Yu cu c cc s th nghim nh trong bi ging, cc dung mi ha cht cn thit. II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng c im ca tng loi thit b, c im v mc ch, yu cu i vi tng bi th nghim.

Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng thc hin cc thao tc lp rp, kim tra thit b v thc hin th nghim. Cc hc vin phi bit cch x l, tnh ton s liu, nu c sai lch kt qu bit phn tch xc nh nguyn nhn gy sai lch. III. Cch thc kim tra nh gi: Hc vin chun b v tr bi trc tng th nghim. Nu cha nm vng l thuyt v ni dung, qui trnh bi th nghim th cha cho php lm th nghim. Cho hc vin phn bit c im v k thut v yu cu ca tng

4.

bi th nghim. Cho tng nhm ln trnh by vn va tho lun, cc nhm khc hi li v cho im. Da vo kt qu trung bnh tnh im cho tng c nhn. THC HNH PHN TCH CC TNH CHT DU.

Mc ch ca bi thc hnh nhm gip hc vin hiu c cc phng php phn tch nmhng tnh cht c bn ca du v sn phm du. T chc thnh nhm nh v cho thc hnh bi th nghim phn tch mu theo hng dn trong gio trnh ginh cho sinh vin. Mi nhm thc hin mt bi th nghim sau s i ch lm cc th nghim khc. m bo tt c cc hc vin u c thc hnh tt c cc bi th nghim. So snh tin c v chnh xc cu bi th nghim ca tng nhm. Biu din cc thao tc mu cho sinh vin quan st.
83

Hng dn hc vin ghi nhn kt qu v tnh ton, x l kt qu th nghim. BI TP THC HNH Bi tp 1. Thc hnh ly mu du th hoc sn phn du lng trong bn cha v to mu trung bnh. 1. Cng vic chun b thc hnh th nghim Chun b dng c ly mu Chun b ng ly mu (hnh 5.1), kim tra bnh ly mu ra sch v kh cha. Kim tra cc cc vng 1 v 4 mc dy xch v vng 3 cho trc. Kim tra xem np y dng ovan c khp vi mt trong ca ng tr v c th quay xung quanh trc 2 hay khng. Chun b mu du: Mu du c cha trong b cha ng hoc nm ngang. Xem mu du c cha cc hydrocacbon nh hay khng. Nu mu xng c cha cc hydrocacbon nh chun b b nc lnh nhit 0-20oC lu bnh ng mu. Qui trnh ly mu Xc nh v tr ly mu du qua th d c th Th d ly v to mu trung bnh t b ng hnh tr khng c ng rt, cao 12 m; chiu cao mc sn phm du l 10 m. + + + Mu t lp trn c ly khong cch (12-10)+0,2 = 2,2m t mp trn ca b cha. Mu t lp gia c ly khong cch (12-10)+0,5x10 = 7m t mp trn ca b cha.

2.

Mu t lp di c ly khong cch (12-10)+10-0,25 = 11,75m t mp trn ca b cha. S lng mu ly tng v tr: ( theo bng 5.1) + + Lp trn 1 mu Lp gia 3 hoc 6 mu

+ Lp di 1 mu. Cch ly mu v to mu trung bnh: + ly mu bnh ng mu (hnh 5.1) c gn vo dy xch, xch mc vo vng 4 v th n vo sn phm du. chiu su xc nh dc theo trc dy xch c ni lng ra v gi ng ly mu bng si xch c mc vo vng 1. Ti thi im ny np m ra v gi v tr thng ng v thng ly mu

84

cha y du, c th quan st thy c khi trn b mt sn phm du c cc bt khng kh sinh ra. Sau ni lng xch nc vo vng 1, nh xch mc vo vng 4, ko ng ly mu ra khi thng du v mu vo bnh kh v sch. + T mi su, i t trn xung di, vi s ln nh trong bng V.1., cc mu c th khc c ly theo ng qui trnh trn, sau trn u v chia vo hai chai kh v sch. Chai c ng gi v dn nhn, trong ghi cc s liu. Mt chai mu c gi n phng th nghim phn tch, cn chai th hai c gi ti ni cung ng trong 45 ngy t ngy giao sn phn du. + + Nu mu c ly xc nh t trng du th phi o nhit ca tng mu v sau tnh nhit trung bnh. Mu xng c cha cc hydrocacbon nh, trnh bay hi c nhng trong b nc lnh nhit 0-20oC v sau khi lm lnh th trn u to thnh mu trung bnh. + Bi tp 2. Cc mu du t bnh ly mu c rt vo bnh, trn k, sau chia vo cc chai. Thc hnh xc nh thnh phn phn on du bng chng

ct trong thit b chun trong phng th nghim. 1. Cng vic chun b thc hnh th nghim Chun b mu du: Du th c th cha nc, nn trc khi chng ct cn loi nc bng cch lng v lm khan. Lp rp thit b th nghim + + Chng ct phn on cc sn phm du tin hnh theo GOST 2177-66 trong thit b chun nh trong hnh. Bng ng ong 7 rt vo bnh cu 1 sch, kh 100 ml du c nhit 20+3oC. Tip theo lp nhit k 2 c khong nhit o l 0-360oC vo ming bnh qua nt bc tht kn. Ni ng sinh hn 3 qua nt. + Nu chng ct xng th cho vo b lm lnh gi nhit t 0 n 5oC. Khi chng ct sn phm du c nhit si cao hn th lm lnh bng nc lnh dn vo qua l 6 v ra qua l 4. Nhit nc khng qu 30oC.

85

Ton b s c t trn tm lt amian 8 v chp 9 c gi tht thng ng. ng ong khng lm kh c t di np ca ng sinh hn. Khi chng ct xng ng ong c t

trong chu thu tinh c cha nc, sao cho n khng b ni ln ( c tm dn). C ng ong c y bng. 2. Qui trnh th nghim Thc hin chng ct phn on trong iu kin chun nhm xc nh nhit ct 10, 50, 90 v 97,5%t.t., cn v i khi c nhit si cui. S dng vi t hoc bp in c nt iu chnh gia nhit cho bnh cu. iu chnh gia nhit sao cho t khi bt u gia nhit n khi git lng u tin ri xung ng ong khng t hn 5 pht v khng qu 10 pht ( i vi kerosen v nhin liu diesel nh 10-15 pht). Sau khi ct 90% sn phm du, chnh la sao cho n khi kt thc ct (tt la) l 3-5 pht. Khi chng ct kerosen v diesel nh sau khi ct 95% khng tng cng gia nhit, m quan st thi gian cho n lc kt thc chng ct khng qu 3 pht. Tt la khi th tch cht lng trong ng ong bng lng ct trn (97,5; 98%...) i vi cc sn phm du. Nu tiu chun l nhit si cui th gia nhit cho n khi ct thu ngn ca nhit k dng li cao no , sau bt u h xung. 3. Ghi kt qu v lp bo co Ghi kt qu phn tch + + + Ghi nhit ct 10, 50, 90 v 97,5%t.t. so vi nguyn liu. Ghi nhit si cui theo nhit khi ct thu ngn ca nhit k dng li cao no , sau bt u h xung. Ghi th tch phn ct cui cng trong ng ong.

+ Sau khi ngui n 20+3oC xc nh th tch cn. Tnh ton kt qu + Tnh ton vi chnh xc n 0,5 ml v 1 oC. Chnh lch gia 100 ml v tng th tch phn chng v cn c coi l mt mt. Nu tin hnh chng ct p sut p k cao hn 770 mm ct Hg (102.103 Pa) hoc thp hn 750 mm ct Hg (99,8.10 3 Pa),

th thm vo ch s ca nhit k lng hiu chnh: C = 0,00012 (760-p) (273 + t) Trong :

86

p- p sut p k trong thi gian chng ct, mm Hg; t- nhit ch trong nhit k, oC. Lp bng bo co: Thnh phn phn on ca mu sn phm du: + + Nhit si u,oC Nhit ct: 10 %t.t. 50 %t.t. 90 %t.t. 97,5%t.t. + Nhit si cui, oC + Cn, % t.t Bi tp 3. Xc nh hm lng nc trong du th v sn phm du bng phng php ct vi dung mi 1. Cng vic chun b thc hnh th nghim Chun b mu du: + + + Dung mi c s dng l xng dung mi BR-1. Trc khi s dng dung mi c lm khan bng clorua canxi hoc sulfat natri v lc.

Mu phn tch c khuy trn trong 5 pht, cn cc sn phm c v parafin c gia nhit trc n 40 oC. Lp rp thit b th nghim + Thit b xc nh hm lng nc c lp t nh trong hnh 54. Gi tr vch chia phn t 1 n 10 ml l 0,2 ml, cn phn 0 n 1 ml l 0,05 ml. Cn vo bnh cu kh v sch 100 g mu du vi chnh xc n 0,1g. Cho vo bnh 1 mt vi vin bt hoc mao qun

2.

thy tinh. Qui trnh xc nh a nc vo sinh hn v bt u gia nhit t t cho bnh cu trn bp in hoc bng vi t gas. iu chnh gia nhit sao cho c khong 2-4 git cht ngng t ri vo phu hng t ng sinh hn trong 1 giy. Sau mt thi gian phu hng 2 s y cht lng v phn d s chy vo bnh cu 1.

87

Khi lng nc trong phu hng khng tng tip v lp dung mi trn trong, chng ct kt thc. Nu mt lng nc khng ln c chng ct, dung mi s khng tr nn trong sau thi gian di. Trong

3.

trng hp ny mu du c th gim xung n 50, 25 hoc 10 g. Ghi kt qu phn tch v tnh hm lng nc Ghi th tch nc trong phu hng, ml Tnh hm lng nc x (%k.l.) trong sn phm du theo cng thc (5.6) x= Trong :

V G

.100

(5.6)

V - th tch nc trong phu hng, ml; G - khi lng mu phn tch, g. Bi tp 4. Xc nh hm lng nc trong du th v sn phm du bng phng php hydrua-canxi 1. Cng vic chun b thc hnh th nghim Ha cht + Hydrua canxi ( gi trong bnh ht m kn)

+ Axit sulfuric Thit b: Thit b xc nh hm lng nc (hnh 5.6) 2. Qui trnh th nghim Du nhn cn phn tch c gi trong phng 2 gi, sau a vo bnh cu 1 n c nhm v cn bnh cng du nhn vi chnh xc 0,1 g. Theo chnh lch trng lng vi bnh cu rng xc nh khi lng du nhn. o nhit v p sut mi mi trng. a vo bnh sinh khong 1 g hydrua canxi v ni n vi np 3, np 3 c ni vo bnh cu. Bng ng cao su ni u t do ca np 3 cng bnh 1 vo cc phn cn li ca thit b. Sau hai ln th kn a mc nc trong buret v v tri 0 v thit b ng thng vi khng kh. Quay bnh sinh 2 mt gc 180 o quanh c nhm v hydrua canxi vo du nhn phn tch. Hydro sinh ra trong phn ng thu vo buret, h dn bnh cn bng xung.

88

Sau 5 pht lc cn thn bnh cu 1 v quan st mc nc trong buret, gi cht lng trong bnh cn bng cng v tr. Lc bnh cu

tip tc vi ln cho n kh th tch kh hydro sinh ra c nh. 3. Ghi kt qu phn tch v tnh hm lng nc Hm lng nc trong du nhn x (%k.l.) c tnh nh sau: x=

V1 .0,000804 .100 G

273, 2( p b) 101325 ( 273, 2 1)

(5.8)

Trong : V1 - th tch hydro sinh ra c o trong buret nhit t, ml; 0,000804- khi lng nc, ng lng vi 1ml hydro sinh ra trong iu ken tiu chun, g; G - khi lng mu phn tch, g; p- p sut p k. Pa; b- p sut hi nc nhit phn tch, Pa; t - nhit phn tch, oC. Bi tp 5. Xc nh hm lng mui clorua trong mu du th 1. Chun b ha cht Benzen. Axit nitric Nitrat thy ngn dung dch 0,01 N. iu ch: ly 1,67 g Nitrat thy ngn nghin mn ha tan trong 50 ml nc trong bnh nh mc 1 lit. Cho dn axit nitric m c vo dung dch c cho n khi ht c, sau thm nc n vch.

2.

Diphenilcarbazid dung dch 1% trong alcohol. Qui trnh xc nh Mu du sau khi trn mnh trong vng 10 pht rt vo ng ong dung tch 25 ml, cn nu nh d on hm lng mui trong du trn 200 mg/lit th rt vo ng ong dung tch 10 ml. Mu du ong rt vo phu chit. ng ong c trng 4 ln bng benzen, mi ln khng qu 5ml. Tt c cc lng benzen trng rt vo phu cng vi du. Sau khi khy dung dch du cng benzen 2 pht rt thm vo 100 ml nc ct nng. Tip tc khuy trn dung dch trong 10 pht. Sau t phu vo vng gn trn gi .

89

Sau khi lng, lp nc di c rt vo phu c ph giy lc v phn lc thu vo cc. Sau lp li chit bng 30-40 ml nc nng trong 5 pht. Lp nc qua phu c giy lc li thu vo cng cc trn. Giy lc c ra bng 10 ml nc nng. Cc ng nc lc t ln bp v un si lai hydrosulfua (th bng giy ch). Sau khi lm lnh nc cha trong cc c rt vo bnh nh mc c dung tch 500 ml. Cc c trng vi ln, mi ln bng 10-15 ml nc ct, nc ny cng c vo bnh nh mc cha nc chit, sau thm

nc ct n vch chia. T bnh nh mc dng pipet ly ra 50 ml dung dch. Nu hm lng mui trong du trn 5000mg/lit th ch ly 25 ml. Mu c rt vo bnh cu, thm vo 50 ml nc ct, 2-3 ml dung dch 0,2N axit nitric, 10 git dung dch diphenilcarbazid v chun bng dung dch nitrat thy ngn 0,01 N cho n khi xut hin mu hng nht. Tin hnh song song th nghim kim tra vi nc ct cho n khi

xut hin mu hng nht. kim tra xem chit ht mui clorua cha, a vo phu chit dung dch du cn li v rt vo 100 ml nc ct nng v lp li th nghim, a i chun ton b nc thu c. 3. Tnh hm lng mui Tnh hm lng mui qui i sang NaCl (mg/1lit du) theo cng thc sau: x=
(V1 V2 ).0,5846 .1000 A V

(5.12)

Trong : V1- th tch dung dch 0,01 N nitrat thy ngn dng cho chun dung dch phn tch, ml; V2 tng t cho chun kim tra, ml; 0,5846 - khi lng clorua natri, ng lng vi 1 ml dung dch nitrat thy ngn chnh xc 0,01N, mg; A - t l gi th tch bnh nh mc v pipet; V - th tch du phn tch, ml. Kt qu phn tch c tnh theo cng thc (5.12) v cng vi kt qu tnh sau khi chun phn chit c bn.

90

I.

a im, mi trng Tin hnh ti phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho

hc vin. Yu cu c cc thit b phn tch, dng c v ha cht ph tr. II. Gi cc kha cnh v mc III. Hng dn cho hc vin nm vng cc thao tc v qui trnh phn tch. Hc vin phi bit cch thc hin ng, chnh xc cc bi th nghim theo hng dn. Cc hc vin bit cch ghi kt qu th nghim v tnh ton kt qu. Nhn bit c cc yu t nh hng n kt qu phn tch.

Cch thc kim tra nh gi Cho hc vin c v ghi nhn li kt qu theo cc bng biu tnh tan nh lung mu phn tch. Kim tra s th nghim v cch ghi kt qu phn tch. i chiu kt qu vi p n.

5. sau:

Cho im NH GI KT QU HC TP Trong qu trnh ging dy c cc dng bi tp v kim tra nh gi Bi tho lun nhm, vit tm tt. Cc cu hi v gii p, kim tra v cho im Cc bi tp chun b l thuyt cho tng bi th nghim, cho im theo tng bi. nh gi k nng thc nghim ca tng hc vin qua m t l thuyt v thc hnh th nghim. Bo co tng hp cc bi thc hnh v nhn xt kt qu, kim tra v cho im.

Mi th lai u c nhng c th ring v cn nhn bit c mc hiu bi ca tng hc vin cho im c chnh xc. Lu kt qu im c th i nhng bi c im, nhng phn khc c th tham kho cho im chnh xc hn. Chun nh gi bi hc Tng s im 10 im qua:5/10 im phi hc li:< 4/10.
91

im c th xt vt: 4,5 -5,0 / 10

92

CC TI LIU I KM CHO M UN
Chng trnh hc ca chuyn ngnh cng ngh ch bin du: Trong chng trnh Ha Du gm 10 mn sau y: 1. Ch bin v chng ct du th M s HD B 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Cng ngh ch bin du Cng ngh ch bin kh Cc qu trnh x l Qu trnh cracking xc tc Qu trnh reforming xc tc ng hc xc tc Phn tch bng sc k kh M s HD C M s HD D M s HD H M s HD E M s HD F M s HXT M s HD D M s HD E M s HD C

9. Phn tch bng sc quang ph 10. Phn tch bng in ha

93

TM TT NI DUNG M UN
Chng ct du l qu trnh u tin trong cng ngh ch bin du. Ni dung ca m un Chng ct v ch bin du th bao gm nhng l thuyt c bn v cng ngh s ch du (tch nc, mui, bi) v chng ct du th p sut kh quyn v chn khng thnh cc sn phm. Mc tiu ca m un l o to cho hc vin c kin thc v k nng lm vic trong cc nh my lc du v ch bin du v hiu cc ti liu k thut ca cc qu trnh chng ct v ch bin du, kh tip theo. Hc xong m un ny hc vin c trang b cc kin thc v cc phng php tch mui v nc t du th; hiu bit c nguyn l v mc ch ca qu trnh chng ct du th p sut thng v p sut chn khng v vn hnh c s tch mui, nc v thp chng ct du th trn s th nghim. Mt khc, ni dung m un cng cung cp cho ngi hc cc hiu bit v tnh cht c bn ca cc sn phm du v c k nng phn tch, kim tra cht lng ca du th v sn phm sau khi chng ct. Ngai ra, gio trnh cng cung cp cho k s v k thut vin k thut vn hnh, kim tra v iu chnh cc tham s cng ngh trong nh my lc du. Trong gio trnh gm nhng chng sau: 1. Tch nc t du th Gii thiu ngun gc ca nc v tc hi ca nc cha trong du th, cc phng php tch nc nh lng, lc, phng php ha hc v ph nh bng phng php in. Ngy nay phng php tch nc bng in (EDW) c ng dng rng ri nht trong nh my lc du. ng thi trong chng ny cng gii thiu cc qui trnh kim tra thit b tch nc v vn hnh thit b tch nc. Tch mui t du th Trong chng ny gii thiu t im thnh phn mui cha trong du. Ni dung chnh ca chng l gii thiu cc phng php tch mui, k thut kim tra thit b tch mui v vn hnh thit b tch mui. Chng ct du th p sut thng. Theo thnh phn ha hc du l hn hp phc tp gm hai thnh phn chnh l cc hydrocacbon c nhit si khc nhau v thnh phn phi hydrocacbon. Do , phn tch thnh cc sn phm du khc nhau du c tin hnh tch phn an p sut kh quyn v p sut chn khng. Chng ct du p sut kh quyn trong cng nghip hot ng
94

2.

3.

lin tc nhit khng qu 370 oC - nhit hydrocacbon bt u phn hy - cracking. Trong qu trnh ny t du th nhn c cc sn phm sng nh xng, du ha, diesel. Trong chng ny gii thiu cc nguyn l c bn ca chng ct, cc lai thp chng ct v s cng ngh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. ng thi trong chng 3 cng gii thiu phng php kim tra thit b chng ct du th v cch vn hnh thit b chng ct p sut thng. Chng ct du th p sut chn khng Sau khi chng ct du di p sut kh quyn nhit 350 370 oC, chng ct tip cn cn li cn chn iu kin loi tr kh nng cracking v to iu kin thu c nhiu phn ct nht. Phng php ph bin nht tch cc phn on ra khi mazut l chng ct trong chn khng. Do sau khi chng ct kh quyn (AR) cn mazut c a sang cm chng ct chn khng (VR) trong lin hp chng ct kh quyn - chn khng (AVR). Nh chng ct chn khng nhn c thm cc phn on du nhn v cn gudron. Trong chng ny gii thiu c im ca qu trnh chng ct chn khng, cc thit b to chng ct chn khng v tnh cht c bn ca cc sn phm thu c khi chng ct du th trong chn khng. ng thi ngi c cng nm c k thut kim tra thit b chn khng v k thut vn hnh thit b chng ct 5. chn khng. Kim tra cht lng ca sn phm du Du th v cc sn phm du cn phi p ng nhng yu cu c bn v tnh cht ha l. Trong chng ny gii thiu k thut ly mu du th v sn phm lng trong cc b cha v trong ng dn. Phng php to mu trung bnh. Cc phng php phn tch nhng thnh phn v tnh cht c bn ca du th v sn phm du nh phn tch hm lng nc, hm lng mui, thnh phn phn an, ch s axit, t trng...c gii thiu trong chng ny. Trong qu trnh hc sinh vin cn ch Son tm tt bi hc theo tng chuyn nh da vo cc ti liu c cung cp v gi . Bit cch so snh c im yu cu tnh cht c bn ca tng loi sn phm du. Nm c nguyn l ca cc cm cng ngh v cc thit b c bn.

4.

95

Hiu c c im ca tng s cng ngh. Bit phn bit c im chng ct du p sut kh quyn v trong chn khng. Nh v v li c cc s cng ngh. C kh nng thuyt trnh c s cng ngh. Nm c cc thng s cng ngh ca ton s v ca cc thit b chnhh. Nm c cc qui trnh vn hnh v an ton trong vn hnh cc cm cng ngh ch bin s b v chng ct du p sut kh quyn v chn khng. Bit vit tm tt bi hc, c b sung t ti liu tham kho v gi ca gio vin. Bit cch c ti liu tham kho v vit chuyn . Bit cch t chc v thc hin mt bi th nghim phn tch tnh cht du. Thc hnh thun thc cc k nng, thao tc trong cc bi th nghim. Bit vit bi bo co th nghim.

96

NHNG GI V TI LIU PHT TAY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cc bi kim tra. (gio vin t chun b) Cc ti liu b sung v cc loi mm, cc loi thp v cc s cng ngh lc v ch bin du. Cc hng dn s dng thit b trong phng th nghim (gio vin t chun b). Cc qui trnh th nghim (gio vin t chun b). Ti liu gii thiu v cc dng thit b, dng c ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau (gio vin lin h vi cc nh cung cp c ti liu, hoc tra trn mng internet cp nht cc ti liu mi) 6. 7. 8. 9. Cc bng ni quy phng th nghim (gio vin lin h vi cc phng th nghim c mu tham kho). S b tr phng th nghim (gio vin t chun b). S thit k phng th nghim: bn, h thng thot nc, h thng in, (gio vin t chun b) S phng chy, cha chy cho phng th nghim (gio vin t chun b).

97

P N CC CU HI V BI KIM TRA
Cu 1. Hy trnh by cc phng php tch nc t du th. p n. Xem p n trong bi I Cu 2. Hy v v trnh by s cng ngh tch nc trong nh my ch bin du th. p n. Xem p n trong bi I Cu 3. Hy trnh by cc qui nh v an ton lao ng trong cm loi muinc bng in (EDWS). p n. Xem p n trong bi I Cu 4. M t cu to ca thit b tch nc-mui bng in loi nm ngang. p n V hnh M t cu to ca n nh trong bi hc. Cu 5. Hy trnh by cc qui nh v an ton lao ng trong cm loi muinc bng in (EDWS). p n. Xem p n trong bi 2 Cu 6. Hy trnh by cc tnh cht ca xng t. p n. Xem p n trong bi 3 Cu 7. Hy trnh by cc tnh cht ca nhin liu diesel. p n. Xem p n trong bi 3 Cu 8. Hy trnh by s cng ngh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn v cc sn phm thu. p n. Xem p n trong bi 3 Cu 9. Hy trnh by c im chng ct trong thp chn khng. p n. Xem p n trong bi 4 Cu 10. Hy trnh by mc ch v ch hot ng ca s cng ngh chng ct chn khng du th v thit b to chn khng. p n. Mc ch chng ct chn khng du th: Chng ct du trong cng nghip hot ng lin tc nhit khng qu 370oC - nhit hydrocarbon bt u phn hy cracking. Trong trng hp ny cracking l khng mong mun v n lm gim cht lng sn phm. Sau khi chng ct kh quyn (AR) cn mazut c a sang cm chng ct chn khng (VR). Nh

98

chng ct chn khng nhn c thm cc phn on du nhn v cn gudron. Ph thuc vo nguyn liu t cn chng ct kh quyn (mazut) c th thu c distilat du nhn cho cm sn xut du nhn, hoc gasoil chn khng - l nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc. Chn khng h nhit si ca hydrocarbon v cho php thu c distilat c nhit si 500OC nhit 410 420oC. Nhit si ca hydrocarbon gim mnh nht khi p sut d thp hn 50 mm Hg. Do cn ng dng chn khng su nht m phng php cho php. Ch cng ngh s cng ngh chng ct chn khng Ch ti u Nhit , oC Mazut ti ca ra l nung Vch ngn l nung nh thp chng ct chn khng y thp chng ct chn khng Hi qu nhit 400 700 90 345 420 60 11,0 420 450 100 350 440 50 10,0 Ngng cho php

p sut d trong thp chng ct chn khng, mm Hg p sut hi vo my phun chn khng, atm Cc thit b to chn khng:

1.

Cc thit b to chn khng bao gm ngng t b mt, my bm chn khng, my bm phun (ejector), thit b ngng t kh p. My bm chn khng dng bm kh, nn chng v x. Thit b ngng t b mt -

V hnh Trong s chng ct chn khng cng sut cao chn khng trong thp K-10 c to ra bng thit b ngng t b mt v bm phun (ejector) vi thit b ngng t b mt trung gian. 2. My bm chn khng. Cc loi bm chn khng: My bm chn khng kh v t, piston v quay. My bm kh ch dng bm kh kh, cn bm t -

99

bm kh cng cht lng. My bm chn khng piston kh c cng sut 160-200 m3/pht v to chn khng n 30 mm ct thy ngn. My bm chn khng quay c trang b bnh hat ng vi gu bt ng c t lch tm trong thn my bm. V hnh M t hot ng my bm phun hi Hi hat ng phun ra t vi phun 1 vi tc siu m. Nh s trn ri ca lng tia hi chuyn ng xoy cng vi cc ht khng kh, trong bung ht 2 din ra s ht kh khng ngng t v cun chng vo ng tht - bung trn 3 trn hon ton hi vi kh. Bung trn 3 kt thc bng hng hnh tr. T hng dng hi trn vi kh c ht i vo ng lao - bung khuych tn 4 chuyn ng nng ca dng thnh cng khi hn hp ri khi thit b. 3.Thit b ngng t kh p V hnh M t cu to v hot ng ca thit b ngng t kh p: Gm ng 3 c chiu cao 12 m. Trong cc dng kh v nc chuyn ng gp nhau; hi nc ngng t v cng vi nc qua ca van thy lc chy vo b cha hoc thi vo knh. Van thy lc c to thnh nh sau ui ca ng 3 ngp trong lp nc trong b 4. Khng kh v kh khng ngng t c ht bng my bm chn khng hoc bm tia nc. V hnh Kh t thit b ngng t kh p vo bung ht 3, b tia hi nc phun ra t vi phun 2 di p sut cao (n 10 at) cun i. Hn hp hi nc v kh bin i trong ng khuych tn 4 thnh nng lng nn, i qua bung nn vo thit b ngng t trung gian 5. V hnh Trong hnh c, dn ra s h thng to chn khng su s dng ba bm tia hai bc vi thit b ngng t b mt mc ni tip nhau. V hnh H thit b ngng t kh p- bm phun: Trong h ny hi thot ra t nh thp chn khng, ngng t ngay lp tc trong thit b ngng t kh p v sau c ht bng my bm chn khng (thng bm phun hi).
100

H bm phun - thit b ngng t kh p: Trong s ny hi t trn thp chn khng a trc tip vo bm phun, cn su ca chn khng khng ph thuc vo nhit ca nc thot ra t thit b ngng t kh p. Nh c th to chn khng su hn (p sut d t 5 10 mm Hg). su chn khng ph thuc vo i p ti ca ra ca bm phun, v vy to chn khng su cn mc ni tip vi bm phun (xem hnh).

Cu 11. Hy nu cc sn phm thu c khi chng ct du trong chn khng p n. Xem p n trong bi 4 Cu 12. Hy trnh by s cng ngh cm chng ct chn khng. p n. V v trnh by s hnh 36 nh trong bi ging.

101

BI KIM TRA MU
Thi gian: 60 pht Cu 1. Hy trnh by cc tnh cht ca xng t (3 im) p n Yu cu chung i vi xng t l: chng kch n ti u, thnh phn phn on, bn ha hc v l tnh cao, hm lng lu hunh cc tiu. Tnh bn kch n + + Bc nn cng cao, cng tit kim nhin liu, yu cu v tnh chng kch n ca xng cng cao. (0,25 im) Tnh chng kch n ca xng t c c trng bng tr s octan, c xc nh theo phng php ng c trn thit b T9-M v theo phng php nghin cu trn thit b T9-6 (GOST 8226-66). (0,25 im)

+ -

Chnh lch gi tr octan gia phng php v phng php ng c c gi l nhy ca nhin liu. (0,25 im) Thnh phn phn on c trng cho khi ng ca ng c, thi gian gia nhit, chuyn t ch ny sang ch khc v s phn b ng u ca hn hp dc theo xilanh ca ng c. (0,25 im) + Thnh phn phn on ca xng t c xc nh bng nhit ct cc phn on 10, 50 v 90% v nhit si cui.(0,25 im) Nhit ct 10% xc nh p sut hi bo ha. (0,10 im) Nhit ct 50% c trng cho kh nng to hn hp trong ng c nng, kh nng chuyn t ch lm vic ny sang ch khc v s phn phi ng u ca hn hp trong xilanh. (0,25 im)

+ +

+ -

Nhit ct 90% v im si cui c trng cho s bay hi hon ton ca xng trong ng c.(0,25 im) bn ha hc c trng cho kh nng chng thay i ha hc ca xng khi tn tr, vn chuyn v s dng. (0,25 im) bn ha hc ca xng t c kim tra bng thi gian ca chu k cm ng. (0,25 im) Hm lng phn on nha trong xng t khng qu 5-7 mg/100 ml.(0,15 im)
102

Lu hunh l mi trng n mn. Vic loi b hon ton hp cht lu hunh hot tnh trong xng c kim tra bng n mn l ng. (0,25 im) Trong xng t, hm lng hp cht lu hunh khng qu 0,10-

0,15%. (0,15 im) Xng cng cn trung ha ha hc.(0,1 im). Cu 2. Hy trnh by s cng ngh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn (3 im). p n V s cng ngh, ghi ch thch hnh ng nh sau y ( 2 im)

Hnh. S nguyn tc chng ct du p sut kh quyn. 1- L nung dng ng, 2- thp chng ct, 3- thit b lm lnh, 4- b trao i nhit. I- Du th; II- sn phm trn (xng); III- Kerosel; IV- du diesel; V- cn chng ct kh quyn (mazut); VI- hi lu; VII- cht cp nhit (hi nc). Trnh by ch cng ngh (1 im) Trong hnh l s nguyn tc cm chng ct du p sut kh quyn. Du th c bm vo b trao i nhit 4, trong n c gia nhit, sau a vo l nung (1) v du c nung nng n nhit cn thit v c dn vo khoang bay hi (vng cp) ca thp chng ct (2). Trong qu trnh nung nng, mt phn du chuyn sang pha hi. Du th hai pha lng - hi

103

c a vo thp ct, trong do gim p mt phn hi nc c to thnh, pha hi tch ra khi pha lng v bay ln trn dc theo thp, cn pha lng chy xung di. Trong thp chng ct c cc mm chng ct, trn c s tip xc gia pha hi bay t di ln v pha lng chy t trn xung. ct phn lng ca nguyn liu di thp ngi ta a nhit vo mm cui cng. Nh phn nh ca sn phm y chuyn sang pha hi v do to hi lu hi. Hi hi lu ny bay ln t mm cui cng v tip xc vi pha lng chy xung v khin cho pha lng giu cc cht c nhit si cao. Cu 3. Hy trnh by mc ch v ch hot ng ca s cng ngh chng ct chn khng du th v sn phm thu (4,0 im). p n. Mc ch chng ct chn khng du th: + Chng ct du trong cng nghip hot ng lin tc nhit khng qu 370oC - nhit hydrocarbon bt u phn hy cracking. Trong trng hp ny cracking l khng mong mun v n lm gim cht lng sn phm. Sau khi chng ct kh quyn (AR) cn mazut c a sang cm chng ct chn khng (VR). Nh chng ct chn khng nhn c thm cc phn on du nhn v cn gudron.(0,5 im) + Ph thuc vo nguyn liu t cn chng ct kh quyn (mazut) c th thu c distilat du nhn cho cm sn xut du nhn, hoc gasoil chn khng - l nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc. Chn khng h nhit si ca hydrocarbon v cho php thu c distilat c nhit si 500OC nhit 410 420oC. Nhit si ca hydrocarbon gim mnh nht khi p sut d thp hn 50 mm Hg. Do cn ng dng chn khng su nht m phng php cho php.(0,5 im) Ch cng ngh s cng ngh chng ct chn khng (0,75 im) Ch ti u Nhit , oC: - Mazut ti ca ra l nung - Vch ngn l nung - nh thp chng ct chn khng 400 700 90 420 450 100 Ngng cho php

104

- y thp chng ct chn khng - Hi qu nhit p sut d trong thp chng ct chn khng, mm Hg p sut hi vo my phun chn khng, atm -

345 420 60 11,0

350 440 50 10,0

Sn phm thu trong chng ct chn khng: c th c s dng lm nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc hoc hydrocracking, hoc l phn on du nhn sau khi c ch c th thu c cc du nhn gc khc nhau.(0,25 im) + thu c gasoil chn khng vi khong si 350-500oC lm nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc hoc hydrocracking th chng ct mt ln khng t yu cu.(0,25 im) + Nu cn phi thu c nguyn liu sn xut du nhn th nn chn h thng chng ct chn khng hai thp. Trong thp th nht tch c phn on du nhn rng, trong thp th hai- chng ct tip n thnh cc phn on du nhn hp.(0,25 im). + Cht lng sn phm du thu c trong thp chng ct chn khng th nht nh sau: Phn on 350-500oC:(0,5 im) Hm lng nha, % k.l., khng qu Bay hi, % t.t. n 480oC, khng thp hn n 350oC, khng cao hn 96 20 12

Nha ng (Gudron- phn on > 500oC ).(0,5 im) Nhit chp chy, 0C, khng thp hn 200 nht tng i 80oC 80-150 Bay hi n 500oC, % t.t., khng qu 96 + + T thp th hai thu cc phn on 350-420 oC v 420-500oC. (0,25 im) Hi v kh phn hy khng ngng t ly ra t cc thp ht vo thit b to chn khng.(0,25 im)

105

BI TH NGHIM MU
Bi tp. Thc hnh xc nh thnh phn phn on du bng chng ct trong 1. thit b chun trong phng th nghim. Cng vic chun b thc hnh th nghim Chun b mu du: Du th c th cha nc, nn trc khi chng ct cn loi nc bng cch lng v lm khan. Lp rp thit b th nghim (hnh 5.2) theo cc bc sau: Bng ng ong 7 rt vo bnh cu 1 sch, kh 100 ml du c nhit 20+3oC. Tip theo lp nhit k 2 c khong nhit o l 0360oC vo ming bnh qua nt bc tht kn. Ni ng sinh hn 3 qua nt. Nu chng ct xng th cho vo b lm lnh gi nhit t 0 n 5oC. Khi chng ct sn phm du c nhit si cao hn th lm lnh bng nc lnh dn vo qua l 6 v ra qua l 4. Nhit nc khng qu 30oC. Ton b s c t trn tm lt amian 8 v chp 9 c gi tht thng ng. ng ong khng lm kh c t di np ca ng sinh hn. Khi chng ct xng ng ong c t trong chu thu tinh c cha nc, sao cho n khng b ni ln ( c tm dn). C ng ong c y bng. 2. Qui trnh th nghim i vi cc sn phm du ny thc hin chng ct phn on trong iu kin chun nhm xc nh nhit ct 10, 50, 90 v 97,5%t.t. so vi nguyn liu, cn v i khi c nhit si cui. S dng n t hoc bp in c nt iu chnh gia nhit cho bnh cu. duy tr iu kin ct chun cn iu chnh gia nhit sao cho t khi bt u gia nhit n khi git lng u tin ri xung ng ong khng t hn 5 pht v khng qu 10 pht ( i vi kerosen v nhin liu diesel nh 10-15 pht). Sau khi ct 90% sn phm du, chnh la sao cho n khi kt thc ct (tt la) l 3-5 pht. Khi chng ct kerosen v diesel nh sau khi ct 95% khng tng cng gia nhit, m quan st thi gian cho n lc kt thc chng ct khng qu 3 pht. Tt la khi th tch cht lng trong ng ong bng lng ct trn (97,5; 98%...) i vi cc sn phm du. Nu tiu chun l nhit si cui th gia nhit cho n khi ct thu ngn ca nhit k dng li cao no , sau bt u h xung.
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3. Ghi kt qu v lp bo co Ghi kt qu phn tch + + + Ghi nhit ct 10, 50, 90 v 97,5%t.t. so vi nguyn liu. Ghi nhit si cui theo nhit khi ct thu ngn ca nhit k dng li cao no , sau bt u h xung. Ghi th tch phn ct cui cng trong ng ong.

+ Sau khi ngui n 20+3oC xc nh th tch cn. Tnh ton kt qu + Tt c tnh ton trong chng ct tnh vi chnh xc n 0,5 ml v 1oC. Chnh lch gia 100 ml v tng th tch phn chng v cn c coi l mt mt. + Nu tin hnh chng ct p sut p k cao hn 770 mm ct Hg (102.103 Pa) hoc thp hn 750 mm ct Hg (99,8.10 3 Pa), th thm vo ch s ca nhit k lng hiu chnh: C = 0,00012 (760-p) (273 + t)

Trong : p- p sut p k trong thi gian chng ct, mm Hg; t- nhit ch trong nhit k, oC. Lp bng bo co: thnh phn phn on c mu sn phm du: + + + + Nhit si u,oC Nhit ct: 10 %t.t.; 50 %t.t.; 90 %t.t; 97,5%t.t. Nhit si cui, oC Cn, % t.t

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K HOCH V CCH THC NH GI KT QU HC TP M UN

1. Kim tra kin thc tng bi Hnh thc kim tra: kim tra ming trong thi gian ging dy Ni dung: theo ni dung bi ging v cc cu hi v p n ghi i vi tng bi. nh gi: Kim tra tng bi c tnh cht cng c kin thc, nh gi thc hc tp v s tip thu ca hc vin. Kt qu ca vic kim tra ch mang tnh cht tham kho. Kim tra gia k Kim tra gia k theo lch b tr ca nh trng. Ni dung: Gii hn ni dung kim tra trong 3 bi u. Ni dung kim tra da theo cc cu hi v p n ghi trong tng bi v phn cu hi chung ca 3 bi u.

2.

Thi gian thi: 45- 60 pht, s cu hi: 2-3 cu. nh gi: im kim tra gia k c nh gi l 20% im ca m un Trong khi chm im cc hot ng trong m un, gio vin cn dnh ra mt t l phn trm im nht nh cho vic nh gi v hnh vi, ng x, thao tc, s tun th ni qui, qui ch trong lp hc v trongphng th nghim. im nh gi ton m un tng s im l 10, c phn b nh sau: im kim tra gia hc k (KT): 20% im kim tra cui mn (TH): 60% im thc hnh, kim tra (BT): 20%, Gm cc ni dung sau: + + + Kim tra trc lp v chun b bi (20%) Qua cc bi thc hnh (30%) Qua bi tiu lun (30%)

+ Qua thc chp hnh ni quy phng th nghim (20%) im chm s trn thang 10 im v nhn vi trng s ca tng phn trong mi bi im cui cng l im trung bnh ca 3 Mc trn

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Cch tnh im im thc hnh, tho lun da trn bi kim tra cui bi, tiu lun) (BT) Trng s V d: im thc hnh (BT) = im trung bnh kim tra 15 x 0,2 + im thc hnh x 0,3 + im tiu lun x0,3 + im thc x0,2 im tng kt = BT x 0,20 + KT x 0,20 + TH x 0,60 Cch xp loi im ca m un im 8- 10 7- cn 8 5- cn 7 3,5-cn 5 < 3,5 Xp loi Gii Kh Trung bnh Yu Km t X X X X X Khng t 20% 20% 60% im bi kim tra gia k (KT) im bi thi (TH)

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. 2. Puchkova N.G. Sn phm du, tnh cht ca chng v ng dng. Nh xut bn Khimia, Moscva, 1971. ( Ting Nga) Gurevich I.L. Cng ngh ch bin du v kh. Tp I. Tnh cht chung v cc phng php ch bin s cp du v kh. Nh xut bn Khimia, Moscva, 1972. ( Ting Nga) 3. 4. Erix V.N. Ha hc du v kh. Nh xut bn Khimia, Lenigrad, 1966 (Ting Nga) Korotkov P.I., Isaev B.N., Teteruk V.G. Ch bin s cp du trong cm p sut cao v p sut chn khng. Nh xut bn Khimia, Moscva, 1975. ( Ting Nga) 5. 6. Smirnovich E.V., Lukasevich I.P. Thc nghim cng ngh ch bin du. Nh xut bn Khimia, Moscva, 1978. ( Ting Nga) Tanatarov M.A., Condratev A.A., Axmesina M.H., Medvedeva M.I.Thit k cm ch bin s cp du. Nh xut bn Khimia, Moscva, 1975. (Ting Nga) Nelson W.L. Petroleum Refinering Engineering. Edit. 4-th. London- NewJork- Toronto, Mc. Grow Hill, 1958 Belianhin B.V., Erikh V.N. Phn tch sn phm du v kh. Nh xut bn

7. 8.

Khimia, Leningrad, 1975. ( Ting Nga) 9. Levchenko D.N., Bergstein I.V. Cng ngh loi mui trong du th trong nh my ch bin du. M., NXB Khimia , 1985 (ting nga) 10. Bannov P.G. Cc qu trnh ch bin du, Phn 1. M., NXB Kinhef, 2000 (Ting Nga). 11. Erikh V.N.. Ha hc du v kh. Leningrad, Nh xut bn Khimia, 1966 (Ting Nga)

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