Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2011) xxx, xxxxxx

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Dye xation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by using dicyanidiamide xer in the presence of ferric chloride
M. Javaid Mughal a,*, Rehana Saeed b, M. Naeem a, M. Aleem Ahmed a, Arfa Yasmien a, Qasim Siddiqui c, Mansoor Iqbal a
a Applied Chemistry Research Centre (Textile Section) PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Off University Road, Karachi 75280, Pakistan b Chemistry Department of Karachi University, Off University Road, Karachi 75280, Pakistan c Textile Commisioner Organistion, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of Pakistan, Kandawala Building, Karachi 74400, Pakistan

Received 27 October 2010; accepted 21 February 2011

KEYWORDS Dye xation; Vinylsulphone; Dicyanidiamide; Formaldehyde; Coagulation

Abstract A synthetic polymer was synthesized and used for the improvement of dyeing properties as well as decolorization of textile waste water. Two dyes were selected having anthraquinone based Remazol Blue R and azo based Remazol Red RB. It was observed that the synthetic polymer can be used as xer for the xation of dye by crosslinking between dye and bre, which not only improves the dyeing properties but also helpful to coagulate the colour after dyeing. By single point method the concentrations of synthetic polymer were calculated in residual after dyeing. It was examined that the residual synthetic polymer is helpful in colour removal efciency by coagulation of polymer with dye to form heavy molecules which settle down and decolorization occurred. Colour removal efciency was found dependents on pH, concentration of synthetic polymer and inorganic coagulant.
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* Corresponding author. Tel.: +92 3333423197. E-mail addresses: javaidtextile@hotmail.com, Javaid_textile_pcsir@ yahoo.com (M.J. Mughal). 1319-6103 2011 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

1. Introduction Reactive dyes are the most important class of dyes used for cellulosic substrate because their high wet fastness, brilliance and range of hues (Carvalho et al., 2002). The cotton ber assumes a negative charge on its surface in aqueous solution (Chaiyapat Pisuntornsug et al., 2002). The most attractive feature of the use of these dyes is the essential simplicity of the dyeing process. However, the use of these dyes cause certain problems, including the use of high electrolyte concentrations and the low wet fastness properties of the dyed materials. Despite the use of high electrolyte concentrations, the

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Please cite this article in press as: Mughal, M.J. et al., Dye xation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by using dicyanidiamide xer in the presence of ferric chloride. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

2 exhaustion of the dyebath is still limited and the discharge of coloured efuent leads to pollution problems. Notable improvements in the wet fastness properties of anionic dyes can be brought about by pretreatment or after treatment of textile bers. The use of pretreatments or after treatments to improve the fastness properties of dyeing has a long and prolic history. Various pretreatment and after treatments system have been developed but at the moment most widely used are cationic xing agents. These chemicals function by forming a complex of high molecular weight and low aqueous solubility and therefore high wet fastness, amines, quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, and tertiary sulphonium compounds and dicyanidiamide, formaldehyde can be used as dye xing agents to improve there wet fastness properties. By far the most important type of cationic xing agents used in textile processing, have been applied to the bres either as pretreatments or after treatments to improve the fastness properties of anionic dye (Saima Sharif et al., 2007). Every textile plant requires large volumes of water and produces high volumes of efuent wastewater. The typical textile dye wastewater composition is quite complex due to usage of various chemicals such as wetting agents, dyes, surfactants, xing agents, softeners and many other additives are used in wet processes such as bleaching, dyeing and nishing processes (Rehana Saeed et al., 2009). Typical dye wastewater treatment methods are coagulation, adsorption and oxidation in combination with biological treatments. Combined treatment methods such as adsorption processes by various adsorbents, advanced oxidation processes (using H2O2, Ozone, UV, etc) and biodegradation (aerobic and anaerobic) have been also proposed for the treatment of reactive dye wastewater (Sojka- et al., 1998; Bonat et al., 1996). Coagulation and occulation processes have been widely used as pretreatments to remove suspended particles and coloring materials prior to biological treatment (Abdo MSE and Al-Ameeri, 1996; Ciardelli et al., 2001). The removal of color by coagulation is widely employed treatments process (Duan and Gregory, 1996; Tan et al., 2000; Jiang and Graham, 1996), Al(lll) and Fe(lll) coagulants are two principle inorganic coagulants used in wastewater treatment. These hydrolysable cations are readily available as surface or chloride salts in bath liquid and solid form. However, aluminum is suspected harmful to human and living organisms (Jiang et al., 1993). Thus, ferric ions are often the coagulants of choice to destabilize colloidal and suspend solids. The use of inorganic coagulants and organic coagulants together was proved to be effective to treat water and wastewater (Gabetich et al., 2004). In this present study dicyandiamide xer is synthesis, for enhance the xing property of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes. By the use of this polymer the increasing coagulation efciency was also improved. It was noted that polymer was not only used for xation of dye molecules on the bre but it also may helpful in decolorisation process of reactive dyes by reducing the cost and protecting the environment from possible pollution effects.

M.J. Mughal et al. hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, ferric chloride were used as analytical grade, purchased from Merck chemicals Pakistan. Reactive Red RB, Reactive Blue R (Dystar, Karachi, Pakistan), were used for this study. The characteristics of these Remazol dyes are given in Table 1. Dicyandiamide, Wetting agent Sandopan DTC were used commercial grade are purchased from local market of Karachi.
O NH2 SO3Na

HN

SO2CH2CH2OSO3Na

Reactive Blue R

Cl N N OH N N N N SO3Na SO3Na

NaO3SH2CH2CO3S

NaO3S

Reactive Red RB

2.2. Equipments Dyeing was carried out on IR dyeing machine of AHIBA. Colour matching system of Data colour SF 650X was used for the evaluation of colorimetric data. Washing fastness (ISO-105-CO3) was carried out on IR dyeing machine of AHIBA. Crocking fastness (ISO-105-X12) carried out on crockmeter Atlas. Fastness rating was evaluated on colour matching cabinet by comparing with grey-scale. UV-spectrophotometer (Nicolet evaluation 100, Thermo electron) was used to measure the kmax of synthetic polymer as well as to calculate the decolorization efciency. The equation used to calculate the colour removal efciency was %Colour removal Abs0 Abst 100
Abs0

Where Abs0 and Abst were the absorbance of the dye in solution at the beginning of the experiment and at the time t,

Table 1

Characterizations of Remazol reactive dyes.

Remazol Blue R Remazol Red RB Reactive Blue 19 Anthraquinone VSa 524.50 596 3996.852 $50 100 Dystar Reactive Red 198 Azo MCTb + VSa 984.22 534 16092.51 $63 70 Dystar

Parameters Color index name Chromophore group Reactive anchor systems Molar mass (g/mol) Max Abs kmax (nm) Molar extinction coecients Purity (%) Water solubility at 293 K (g/l) Company
a b

2. Material and methods 2.1. Materials Scoured and bleached optical brightener free 100%, woven cotton fabric was used. Formaldehyde solution, acetic acid,

Vinyl sulphone. Monochlorotriazine.

Please cite this article in press as: Mughal, M.J. et al., Dye xation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by using dicyanidiamide xer in the presence of ferric chloride. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

Dye xation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes respectively. The pH value was measured with Digital pH-meter (Model Mettler Toledo seven Multi Switzerland). Coagulation process was carried on laboratory stirrer, having speed 200 rpm. 2.3. Methods Eleven fabrics samples were dyed with each dye i.e. Remazol Red RB and Remazol Blue R in a laboratory dyeing machine (Ahiba, Datacolour International) at a liquor ratio of 30:1. The dye bath was prepared by adding dye 10 g/l, sodium chloride 60 g/l and sodium carbonate 10 g/l to distill water at room temperature. Dyeing was started for 5 min at room temperature then it was raised to 60 C at 1 C/min. Dyeing was continued at 60 C for 45 min. After dyeing the waste solutions were separated and out of 11, 10 dyed fabric were introduced in xer solution with different concentration (0.55 g/l), xation was carried out at 60 C for 20 min. The eleventh fabric was considered as without treatment. After xation the solutions were separated and fabrics were rinsed thoroughly in hot water and a soap solution of 1 g/l with non-ionic surfactants. The absorbance of xer solution was measured before and after xation by using spectrophotometer. Both waste solution of dye and xer are mixed and after adding FeCl3 as 1 g/l, the solution is further coagulated. All coagulation experiments were conducted in 1.0 L Pyrex glass beakers using a conventional Jar-test apparatus, the laboratory stirrer. 250 ml waste water was dosage with different concentration of synthetic polymer with inorganic coagulant. The solutions were stirred rapidly at 120 rpm for 5 min during inorganic coagulation addition, and followed by slow stirring at 30 rpm for 15 min and sedimentation for 20 min. After sedimentation, supernatant samples were taken from a point of 1 cm below the surface of the test water sample for analysis. 2.4. Measurement of dye xation The xation of the dye in percentage was calculated rst by determining the reectance R of the dyed samples at the wavelength of minimum reectance (maximum absorbance) on a Data colour SF 650X spectrophotometer. The colour yield (K/S) value was then calculated by using the KubelkaMunk equation (Eq. (2)) and the dye xation (%) was evaluated using Eq. (3). K=S 1 R2 =2R %Dye fixation K=Svalue of sample after soaping 100
K=Svalue of sample before soaping

3 with deionized water to obtain 50% (wt%) of polymer content (Duk Jong et al., 2007). 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Crosslinking between fabric and dye molecules Fixer is used on textile to hold the unxed dye molecules on fabric through polymerization between fabric and dyes. The crosslinking of Red RB and Blue R with the fabric can be attributed in Fig. 1. The absorbance of synthetic polymer at 240 nm has been recorded at concentration level 0.55 g/l. It has been observed that the absorbance gradually increased, which shows to obey the Lambert Beers law. The absorbance was again recorded, of the residual solution with double beam UV spectrophotometer. The trend in the observed values of absorbance of dyed efuent containing polymer was same as the absorbance of the pure polymer solutions. Infact, the residual absorbance remarkably reduces from above 2.5 to less than 1. This difference in absorbance is the evidence by the fact that major part of synthetic polymer was used in crosslinking between fabric and dye molecules, which not only improves the xation but also improves the fastness result. It has also been noticed from the residual concentration values, that the polymer was slightly more consumed in the reactive Red RB dyed efuent as compared to the reactive Blue R dyed efuent, may be due to the fact that the Red RB dye molecules even having a bigger molecular size rather than Blue R dye molecules (Dizge et al., 2008). By apply single point method, the concentration of synthetic polymer in residual were calculated from the residual absorbance i.e., from 0.09 to 1 g/l, which may helpful in the decolorization process of residual of bath dyes. 3.2. Effect of synthetic polymer on dyeing 3.2.1. Fixation Synthetic polymer was used as a xer for xation of unxed dye by crosslinking agent. It was observed that, with out using xer the xation percentage is 71% and 74% for Red RB and Blue R respectively. When xer is using, the dyed fabric percent xation is enhanced which increases to 86% and 87% for Red RB and Blue R respectively in Table 2 show that
4 3.5 3

3 2.5. Synthesis of polymer A polymer was synthesized in a 500 ml glass reactor equipped with temperature controller; mechanical stirred having 150 rpm speed, with dropping funnel for formaldehyde solution. Para formaldehyde was dissolved in HCl solutions (0.1 0.5 mol). The formaldehyde reacts with industrial grade dicyandiamide, solution in HCl which was added drop wise through a dropping funnel for 26 h at 6080 C. After the reaction was completed, aqueous polymer solution was diluted

Absorbance

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 1 2 3

Abs at 248nm Before After residual Abs of Red After residual Abs of Blue

Concentration of Polymer (g/l)

Figure 1 Absorbance of variable concentration of synthetic polymer before and after dyeing.

Please cite this article in press as: Mughal, M.J. et al., Dye xation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by using dicyanidiamide xer in the presence of ferric chloride. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

4
Table 2
Dye conc.

M.J. Mughal et al.

Fixation, fastness and color coordinates of Remazol Red RB and Remazol Blue R.
Polymer conc. (g/l) % x Washing fastness ISO-105-CO3 2/3 3 3 3/4 4 4 4 4/5 4/5 4/5 4/5 3 3 3/4 4 4 4 4/5 5 5 5 5 Crocking fastness ISO-150-X12 Dry 4 4 4 4 4/5 4/5 4/5 4/5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4/5 4/5 4/5 5 5 5 Wet 3 3/4 3/4 3/4 4 4 4/5 4/5 4/5 5 5 3 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 4/5 4/5 4/5 4/5 5 5 49.22 48.47 48.19 48.22 47.79 47.78 47.31 47.28 46.52 46.50 45.89 54.70 53.86 53.59 53.27 53.26 53.01 52.87 52.51 52.84 51.75 51.21 53.88 53.18 54.23 54.07 52.19 52.12 52.63 52.63 53.52 53.50 53.12 3.36 3.45 3.41 3.14 3.94 4.03 3.51 3.82 3.50 3.59 3.67 3.20 3.40 3.83 3.24 3.66 3.62 3.74 3.73 2.98 2.48 2.36 37.28 37.22 36.62 37.22 38.58 34.85 38.86 38.40 39.04 38.52 39.56 54.09 53.29 52.42 54.17 52.27 52.25 52.79 52.76 53.57 53.56 53.47 37.43 37.38 36.78 37.21 38.78 35.08 38.02 38.59 39.20 38.69 38.88 L a b C

Remazol Red RB 10 g/l

Without treatment 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Without treatment 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

71% 72% 75 75 78 78 81 82 84 84 86 74 76 76 78 79 82 85 86 86 87 87

Remazol Blue RB 10 g/l

the polymer improves the dye xation of both dyes. As the concentration of polymer increases the xation also increases which was particularly true for the crosslinking of xer between ber and dyes molecules. 3.2.2. Colour measurement of dyed fabric Measurement of colour yield (K/S) values of dyed fabric is a measure of dye concentration on the fabrics. Fig. 2 shows the relation between K/S and the concentration of polymer applied after dyeing for each dyes. Both dyes show good colour yield with the increase in concentration of polymer. A sharp build up properties were observed up to 3.0 g/l but then a characteristics change was occurred. In fact, by applying xer the unxed dye may also link to the fabric to enhance the dyeing yield of the dyed fabric. Above 3.0 g/l of xer, the crosslinking

was reduced may be due to over crowded of molecules to restrict the crosslinking. Colour coordinates CIE LAB L*, a*, b* and C* were determined to dened the properties of colour on dyed fabric. In Table 1 the value of L shows that as the xation improves with increase in polymer concentration. The depth of shade also increases from 49.22 to 48.47 and 54.70 to 51.21 for Red RB and Blue R respectively. On applying the polymer, the depth instantly improves and after that it gradually and steadily improves. The value of a, b, c follows the Munsell equation and show the maintaining of colour. 3.2.3. Colour fastness In all cases the fabric treated with xer have better fastness results in Table 2. It is explained that during dyeing, the unxed dyes may also present on dyed fabric which results in low fastness results as during washing, the untreated fastness rating is 2/3, 3 and wet crocking fastness rating is 3, 3 for Red RB and Blue R, respectively. When xer is used at 5 g/l the fastness rating is improve to 4/5, 5 for washing and wet crocking fastness rating 5,5 for Red RB and Blue R respectively. Some of these unxed dyes can undergoes in crosslinking, so giving a better fastness as well as less polluted efuents. As the crosslinking process also increases the fastness also improves. In staining process of the fabric shows the same manner. 3.3. Effect of synthetic polymer on decolorization efciency

4.5 4 3.5 3
K/S value of Red

K/S Values

2.5 0 1 2 3 4

K/S value of Blue

Concentration of Polymer (g/l)

Figure 2 K/S value of Remazol Red RB and Remazol Blue R using different concentration of synthetic after dyeing.

3.3.1. Effect of pH The wastewater from textile industries usually has a wide range of pH values. Generally, pH plays an important role in the characteristics of textile wastewater (Neppolian et al., 2002). In wastewater treatment using inorganic coagulant with

Please cite this article in press as: Mughal, M.J. et al., Dye xation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by using dicyanidiamide xer in the presence of ferric chloride. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

Dye xation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes synthetic polymer coagulants, an optimum pH range in which metal hydroxide precipitates occur, should be determined (Choi et al., 2001). The effect of pH on the vinyl sulphone reactive dyes removal was determined by using xed amount of ferric chloride (0.7 g/l) and polymer (1 g/l) in this study. The removal of Blue R decreases when pH increases, but in case of Red RB, the color removal was highly dependent over the alkaline pH, which increases as pH increases in ferric/polymer system which shows in Fig. 3. The optimum pH was observed for both of dyes are near at pH 4.5. The results indicate that pH should be properly controlled upon the characteristics of inorganic coagulant and the target dyes for efcient treatments. An highly alkaline waste water, the ferric ions form complex with OH ions, which is more stable as far as synthetic polymer bridging system thats why the color removal efciency decreases with increasing the pH range. 3.3.2. Effect of polymer concentration The effect of polymer dosage on the colour removal of real waste water was investigated. Polymer dosage was increased 01 g/l with a xed concentration of ferric (0.7 g/l). The initial pH of wastewater was adjusted to pH 4.5. The colour removal efciency gradually increased by increasing the concentration of polymer, about 90% of decolorization was observed in case of Blue R when polymer dosage was above 0.5 g/l, but in case

90

Colour removal%

70

50

30
Red RB Blue R

10 0.3 0.5 0.7

0.9

Concentration of Ferric chloride (g/l)

Figure 5 Decolorization of Remazol dyes with different concentration of inorganic coagulant (ferric chloride).

100

Red RB required additional amount of polymer dosage which shows in Fig. 4. The coagulation of suspended particles and colloids result by various mechanisms, including electrostatics attraction, sorption and bridging related to the high molecular weight of the polymer (Roussy et al., 2005). Therefore, the interaction between dye molecules and synthetic polymer is basically the combined effect of the charges on the dye molecules and the surface of the polymer-ferric system. 3.3.3. Effect of inorganic coagulant dosage The inuence of ferric chloride dosage on the vinyl sulphone reactive dyes colour removal efciency was measured. In this experiment the variable amount of ferric chloride is (0.3 g 1 g/l), the colour removal efciency was not signicantly changed which shows in Fig. 5. The test result shows that the reduced in inorganic coagulant dose with small amount of polymer coagulant gives good performance as compared to the use of inorganic coagulant only (Lee et al., 1998), while reactive dyes, which are characterized by azo bands (NN) and have SO3, COO, OH groups have high solubility, they are not prone to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)x particles (Al-Degs et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2004). The colour removal efciency of both of the dyes is 98.5% and 99.8% for Red RB and Blue R, respectively. In case of colour removal efciency of FeCl3 without with synthetic polymer, such no colour removal efciency was observed at any iron dose examined in the coagulation test, although the formation of small amount of oc was observed (Surina J. Ergas et al., 2006). The appropriate amount of synthetic polymer and inorganic coagulant resulted in reduction of sludge production by reducing the dose of inorganic coagulants. 4. Conclusion

Colour removal

95

90 85
Red RB Blue R

80 0 2 4 6

10

pH
Figure 3 Decolorization of Remazol dyes at various pH.

100 80 60 40 20

Colour removal %

Colour removal Red Colour removal Blue

0 0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95

Concentration of Polymer (g/l)

Figure 4 Decolorization of Remazol dyes with various concentration of synthetic polymer.

In the present research works, we have synthesized dicyandiamide/formaldehyde based polymer, and their application on the cotton substrate for the xation of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes as well as on the treatment of dyes waste water. By the above investigation the following conclusions have been drawn. Dye xation signicantly by the application of synthetic polymer. The % xation efciency without the treatment of

Please cite this article in press as: Mughal, M.J. et al., Dye xation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by using dicyanidiamide xer in the presence of ferric chloride. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

6 synthetic polymer was found 71% for Red RB and 74% for Blue R, but after polymer application it increases upto 86 87% for both the dyes at a polymer concentration of 5 g/l. It has also been observed, after polymer application the washing and crocking fastness remarkably enhanced, especially we observed an increase in the fastness properties of Red RB dyes, which are normally in moderate range in conventional dyeing process. The optimum value of K/S was found 4.2 at a polymer concentration of 4 g/l for both dyes. After the xation process the polymer was found in waste water at the range of concentration 0.050.95 g/l, which is useful in the coagulation of reactive dyes in further process. In colour removal efciency the optimum pH was observed for the both the dyes at 4.5 in case of coagulation in the presence of 0.7 g/l ferric chloride and at a polymer concentration of 1 g/ l. The colour removal efciency gradually increased by increasing the concentration of polymer, about 90% of decolorization was observed in case of Blue R at a polymer concentration of 0.5 g/l. The Red RB dyes required an additional amount of synthetic polymer. It is also evident that the reduced inorganic coagulant (ferric chloride) dose with small amount of polymer gives good performance results as compared to the use of inorganic coagulant alone. Dicyandiamide-formaldehyde polymer is use full in terms of dye xation and decolorization of dyeing waste water by reducing the cost of textile industry. References
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Please cite this article in press as: Mughal, M.J. et al., Dye xation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by using dicyanidiamide xer in the presence of ferric chloride. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017