ADVANCED MICROPROCESSORS

Session 24 Prof. Venkataramaiah. P. P HEAD Department of Instrumentation Technology & Medical Electronics M.S.Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore

Topics to be covered
Session 24 : 22/11/2005 : Interrupt Processing, Interrupt Vector table, Hardware Interrupts. Expanding the Interrupt Structure Interrupt Applications

Session 25 : 23/11/2005 : Session 26 : 25/11/2005 :

INTERRUPT
The meaning of interrupts is to break the sequence of operation.While the cpu is executing a program,on interrupt breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions, diverts its execution to some other program called Interrupt Service Routine (ISR).After executing ISR , the control is transferred back again to the main program.

Purpose of Interrupts
Interrupts are particularly useful when interfacing I/O devices that provide or require data at relatively low data transfer rate.

Interrupt Sources
Hardware Interrupts (External Interrupts) ex: NMI, INTR Software Interrupts (Internal Interrupts and Instructions) ex: INT n (Software Instructions)

8086 Interrupt Response

Mainline Program PUSH Flags CLEAR IF , TF PUSH CS PUSH IP FETCH ISR ADDRESS POP IP POP CS POP FLAGS ISR procedure PUSH registers POP registers IRET

1. It decrements SP by 2 and pushes the flag register on the stack. 2. Disables INTR by clearing the IF. 3. It resets the TF in the flag Register. 4. It decrements SP by 2 and pushes CS on the stack. 5. It decrements SP by 2 and pushes IP on the stack. 6. Fetch the ISR address from the interrupt vector table.

Interrupt Vector Table

010H 00CH 008H 004H 000H Type 4 POINTER (OVERFLOW) Type 3 POINTER (BREAK POINT) Type 2 POINTER (NON-MASKABLE) Type 1 POINTER (SINGLE STEP) Type 0 POINTER (DIVIDE ERROR) 16 bits

CS base address IP offset

03FFH 03FCH

Type 255 (Available) Available Interrupts Type 32 (Available) (224)

080H 07FH

Type 31 (Reserved) Reserved Interrupts (27) Type 5 Reserved

0014H

Interrupt Vector Table

INT Number INT 00 INT 01 INT 02 : : INT FF Physical Address 00000 00004 00008 : : 003FC

Example
Find the physical address in the interrupt vector table associated with a) INT 12H b) INT 8H Solution: a) 12H * 4 = 48H Physical Address: 00048H ( 48 through 4BH are set aside for CS & IP) b) 8 * 4 = 20H Memory Address : 00020H

Difference between INT and CALL instructions

S.No CALL
1.

INT

Can Jump to any Goes to fixed memory location with in 1MB location in the interrupt address range vector table to get address of ISR Used by the programmer in the sequence of instructions in the program Externally activated hardware interrupt can come at any time

2.

S.No CALL
3. 4. Cannot be masked (disabled) Automatically saves CS: IP of next instruction RET is the last instruction

INT
INTR can be masked In addition to CS:IP, Flags can be saved IRET to pops of F, CS:IP

5.

Functions associated with INT00 to INT04 (Exceptions)

INT 00 (divide error) INT00 is invoked by the microprocessor whenever there is an attempt to divide a number by zero ISR is responsible for displaying the message Divide Error on the screen

Ex1: Mov AL,82H ;AL= 82 SUB CL,CL ;CL=00 DIV CL ;82/0 = undefined result EX2: Mov AX,0 FFFFH; AX = FFFFH Mov BL,2 ; BL=02 DIV BL ; 65,535/2 = 32767 larger than 255 maximum capacity of AL

INT 01
For single stepping the trap flag must be 1 After execution of each instruction, 8086 automatically jumps to 00004H to fetch 4 bytes for CS: IP of the ISR The job of ISR is to dump the registers on to the screen

Resetting TF (TF = 0)
First method: PUSH F POP AX AND AX, 1111 1110 1111 1111 B PUSH AX POP F

Second method: PUSH F MOV BP,SP AND 0(BP), OFE FFH POP F

Setting TF (TF = 1)
Use OR instruction in place of AND instruction. PUSH F POP AX OR AX, 0000 0001 0000 0000 B PUSH AX POP F

INT 02 (Non maskable Interrupt)

8086
5v

NMI

When ever NMI pin of the 8086 is activated by a high signal (5v), the CPU Jumps to physical memory location 00008 to fetch CS:IP of the ISR assocaiated with NMI

INT 03 (break point)

A break point is used to examine the cpu and memory after the execution of a group of Instructions.

It is one byte instruction whereas other instructions of the form INT nn are 2 byte instructions.

There is an instruction associated with this INT 0 (interrupt on overflow). If INT 0 is placed after a signed number arithmetic as IMUL or ADD the CPU will activate INT 04 if 0F = 1. In case where 0F = 0 , the INT 0 is not executed but is bypassed and acts as a NOP.

INT 04 ( Signed number overflow)

Example
Mov AL , 64 Mov BL , 64 ADD AL , BL INT 0 ; 0F = 1
0100 0000 0100 0000 1000 0000 +64 +64 +128

INT 0 causes the cpu to perform INT 04 and jumps to physical location 00010H of the vector table to get the CS : IP of the ISR

ADVANCED MICROPROCESSORS
Session 25 Prof. Venkataramaiah. P. P HEAD Department of Instrumentation Technology & Medical Electronics M.S.Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore

HARDWARE INTERRUPTS
NMI : Non maskable interrupts INTR : Interrupt request
NMI INTR INTA 8086

Edge triggered Input Level triggered Input

Response to INTR input

Hardware Interrupts

NMI: TYPE 2 Interrupt INTR: Between 20H and FFH

Interrupt priority structure

Interrupt Divide Error, INT(n),INTO NMI INTR Single Step Priority Highest

Lowest

University Questions
Aug 2005 CSE/ISE (VTU)
Explain the sequence of operation follow after the execution of INTR interrupt. Write timing diagram. What do you mean by interrupt priorities? List out interrupt priorities in 8086.

University Questions
Feb 2005 EC/TC (VTU)
i) On receiving a hardware interrupt, the 8086 processor pushes the flag to the stack and clears the TF and IF before doing any further operation. Explain why this is required. (6 marks) Even though interrupt service routine is similar to any procedure routine from the last instruction of interrupt routine is IRET which is coded differently from the RET instruction of the subroutine return. Explain the reasons for this separate IRET instruction (4 marks)

ii)

University Questions
Aug 2005 EC/TC (VTU) What is an Interrupt Vector? Explain in detail the events that occur when a real mode interrupt becomes active. (6marks) Feb 2005 IT (VTU) Describe the software and hardware interrupts of 8086. (8 marks)

Important Questions
What are the sources of Interrupts in 8086? What is Interrupt vector table? Briefly describe the conditions which cause the 8086 to perform each of the following types of Interrupts
Type 0 , Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, Type 4 What do you mean by Interrupt priorities? State the Interrupt priorities of 8086.

Applications of NMI Power failure detection circuit:

Vcc Vcc R
R
CEXT REXT

7414
AC

B2

5v

B1 A1 A2

Q Q

NMI

Opto Isolator

74LS122 Monoshot

 The output of the isolator is shaped by Schmit trigger inverter that provides a 50Hz pulse to the trigger Input of monoshot. The value of R & C are chosen so that pulse width of 2 AC I/P periods. 74LS122s retriggarable as long as a.c power is applied Q = 1, Q = 0 If the AC power fails, no trigger pulses to monoshot hence Q = 0, Q = 1interrupting the microprocessor

 The ISR stores the contents of all internal registers and other ddc into a batterybacked up memory The filter capacitor (normally high), the voltage decays exponentially provides energy for the memory after the AC power ceases.

INTR and INTA

Interrupt request input (INTR) is level sensitive, it must be held at logic 1 level until it is recognized. The microprocessor responds to the INTR input by pulsing INTA output in anticipation of receiving an interrupt vector type number as data bus (D7 D0)

INTR
LOCK

INTA

D7-D0

Vector number

Interrupt type is inserted in the second pulse INTA

Minimum mode
IO/M = 0 I/O operation during the INTA bus cycle LOCK = 0 To avoid BIU from accepting a hold request between two INTA cycles

Maximum mode
Status lines s0 and s2 will enable INTA via 8288 Lock = 0 from T2 of first cycle until T2 of the second cycle to prevent the 8086 from accepting RQ/GT input

Using a 3 state buffer for INTA

D7-D0 (low data byte) 8086 74LS244
1G 2G INTR INTA

10 K

.
Pull up resistors

5v

Switches

S7

S6

S0

Switch open = 1 Switch closed = 0

 Microprocessor outputs INTA that is used to enable 74LS244 The octal buffer applies the interrupt vector type number to the data bus in response to INTA The vector type number is easily changed with the DIP switches.

Making the INTR input Edge-trigger

5v

8086
Q
INTR

D
Edge-triggered Interrupt request

PR CLK CR

Reset

INTA

 RESET signal initially clears the flip-flop so that no interrupts requested when the system is powered Clock input becomes an edge-triggered interrupt request input Clear I/P is used to clear the request when the INTA is output by the microprocessor

Expanding the Interrupt structure

Using 74LS244 to expand
D7 D0

8086
8

74LS244 1G 2G

5v
INTA
..

VCC

10K
IR0

INTR
:

IR1

:
IR7

If any of the IR input becomes a logic 0, then the output of the NAND gate goes to logic 1 and requests an interrupt through INTR input.

IR6 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

IR5 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

IR4 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

IR3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

IR2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

IR1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

IR0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

Vector

FEH FDH FBH F7H EFH DFH BFH Bit

D7 = 1

HARDWARE INTERRUPT APPLICATIONS

D7 D0

8255

8086

ASCII Keyboard
Kp

5v

NMI

Keyboard data