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Chng 14 Phi php 8031/51 vi b nh ngoi 14.1 B nh bn dn. Trong phn ny ta nh v cc kiu loi b nh bn dn khc nhau v cc c tnh ca chng nh dng lng, t chc v thi gian truy cp. Trong thit k ca tt c cc h thng da trn b vi s l th cc b nh bn dn c dng nh hi lu gi chng trnh v d liu chnh. Cc b nh bn dn c ni trc tip vi CPU v chng l b nh m CPU u tin hi v thng tin chng trnh v d liu. V l do ny m cc b nh nhiu khi c coi nh l n phi p ng nhanh cho CPU m cc iu ny ch c cc b nh bn dn mi c th lm c. Cc b nh bn dn c s dng rng ri nht l ROM v RAM. Trc khi i vo bn cc kiu b nh ROM v RAM chng ta lm quen vi mt s thut ng quan trng chung cho tt c mi b nh bn dn nh l dung lng, t chc v tc . 14.1.1 Dung lng nh. S lng cc bt m mt chp nh bn dn c th lu c gi l dung lng ca chp, n c n v c th l ki-l-bt (Kbt), m-ga-bit (Mbt) v.v iu ny phi phn bit vi dung lng lu tr ca h thng my tnh. Trong khi dung lng nh ca mt IC nh lun c tnh theo bt, cn dung lng nh ca mt h thng my tnh lun c cho tnh byte. Chng hn, trn tp ch k thut c mt bi bo ni rng chp 16M tr nn ph dng th mc d n khng ni rng 16M ngha l 16 m-ga-bit th n vn c hiu l bi bo ni v chp IC nh. Tuy nhin, nu mt qung co ni rng mt my tnh vi b nh 16M v n ang ni v h thng my tnh nn n c hiu 16M c ngha l 16 m-ga-byte. 14.1.2 T chc b nh. Cc chp c t chc vo mt s ngn nh bn trong mch tch hp IC. Mi ngn nh c cha b bt, 4 bt, 8 bt thm ch n 16 bt ph thuc vo cch n c thit k bn trong nh th no? S bt m mi ngn nh bn trong chp nh c th cha c lun bng s chn d liu trn chp. Vy c bao nhiu ngn nh bn trong mt chp nh? N ph thuc vo s chn a ch, s ngn nh bn trong mt IC nh lun bng 2 lu tha vi s chn a ch. Do vy, tng s bt m IC nh c th lu tr l bng s ngn nh nhn vi bt d liu trn mi ngn nh. C th tm tt li nh sau: 1. Mt chp nh c th cha 2x ngn nh, vi x l s chn a ch. 2. Mi ngn nh cha y bt vi y l s chn d liu trn chp. 3. Ton b chp cha (2x y)bt vi x l s chn a ch v y l s chn d liu trn chp. 14.1.3 Tc . Mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng nht ca chp nh l tc truy cp d liu ca n. truy cp d liu th a ch phi c cc chn a cha, chn c READ c tch cc v sau mt khong thi gian th d liu s xut hin cc chn d liu. Khong thi gian ny cng ngn cng tt v tt nhin l chp nh cng t. Tc ca chp nh thng c coi nh l thi gian truy cp ca n. Thi gian truy cp ca cc chp nh thay i t vi na-n-giy n hng trm na-n-giy ph thuc vo cng ngh s dng trong qu trnh thit k v sn xut IC. C ba c tnh quan trng ca b nh l dung lng nh, t chc b nh v thi gian truy cp s c s dng nhiu trong chng trnh. Bng 14.1 nh mt

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tham chiu tnh ton cc c tnh ca b nh. Cc v d 14.1 v 14.2 s minh ho nhng khi nim va trnh by. Bng 14.1: Dung lng b nh vi s chn ac ch ca IC. x 2x 10 11 12 13 1K 2K 4K 8K 14 16 K 15 32 K 16 64 K 17 18 19 12 25 51 8K 6K 2K 20 1 M 21 2 M 22 4 M 23 8 M 24 16 M

V d 14.1: Mt chp nh c 12 chn a ch v 4 chn d liu. Hy tm t chc b nh v dung lng nh ca n. Li gii: a) Chp nh ny c 4096 ngn nh (212 = 4096) v mi ngn nh cha 4 bt d liu nn t chc nh ca n l 4096 4 v thng c biu din l 4K 4. b) Dung lng nh ca chp nh l 16K v c 4 K ngn nh v mi ngn nh c 4 bt d liu. V d 14.2: Mt chp nh 512k c 8 chn d liu. Hy tm a) t chc ca n v b) s chn a ch ca chp ny. Li gii: a) Mt chp c 8 chn d liu c ngha l mi ngn nh c 8 bt d liu. S ngn nh trn chp ny bng dung lng nh chia cho s chn d liu = 512k/8 = 64. Do vy t chc nh ca chp l 64k 8. b) S ng a ch ca chp s l 16 v 116 = 64k. 14.1.4 B nh ROM. B nh ROM l b nh ch c (Read - only Memory). y l mt kiu b nh m khng mt cc ni dung ca n khi tt ngun. Vi l do ny m b nh ROM cn c gi l b nh khng bay hi, c nhiu loi b nh ROM khc nhau nh: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, EPROM nhanh (flash) v ROM che. 14.1.4.1 B nh PROM. B nh PROM l b nh ROM c th lp trnh c. y l loi b nh m ngi dng c th t ghi thng tin vo. hay ni cch khc, PROM l b nh ngi dng c th lp trnh c. i vi mi bt ca PROM c mt cu ch. B nh PROM c lp trnh bng cch lm t nhng cu tr. Nu thng tin c t vo trong PROM m sau th phi b v cc cu tr ca n bn trong b t vnh vin vi l do ny m PROM m c gi l b nh ROM lp trnh mt ln. Vic lp trnh ROM cng c gi l t ROM v n i hi phi c mt thit b c bit gi l b t ROM hay cn gi l thit b lp trnh ROM. 14.1.4.2 B nh EPROM v UV - EPROM. B nh EPROM c pht minh ra cho php thc hin thay i ni dung ca PROM sau khi n c t. Trong b nh EPROM ta c th lp trnh chp nh v xo n hng nghn ln. iu ny l c bit cn thit trong qu trnh pht trin mu th ca mt d n da trn b vi x l. Mt EPR s dng rng ri c gi l UV - EPROM (UV l ch vit tt ca tia cc tm Ultra - Violet). Vn tn ti duy nht ca UV - EPROM l thi gian xo ca n qu lu (20 pht).

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Tt c cc chp nh UV - EPROM c mt ca s c dng chiu tia bc x cc tm xo cc ni dung ca n. Vi l do ny m EPROM cng cn c coi nh l b nh EPROM c xo bng tia cc tm hay n gin c gi l UV EPROM. Hnh 14.1 trnh by cc chn ca mt chp UV - EPROM. lp trnh cho mt UV - EPROM cn thc hin cc bc. 1. Xo cc ni dung ca n, xo mt chp th phi tho n ra khi cm trn bng mch h thng v t n vo thit b xo EPROM chiu x tia cc tm khong 15 - 20 pht. 2. Lp trnh cho chp. lp trnh cho mt chp UV - EPROM th t n vo thit b t (thit b lp trnh ). t chng trnh v d liu vo EPROM th thit b t ROM s dng in p 12.5V hoc cao hn ph thuc vo loi EPROM. in p ny c gi l Vpp trong bng d liu ca UV - EPROM. 3. Lp chp nh tr li cm trn h thng. T cc bc trn y ta thy cng nh cc thit b t EPROM th cng c cc thit b xo EPROM khc nhau. V tt c cc kiu b nh UV EPROM u c mt nhc im chnh l khng th c lp trnh trc tip trn bng mch ca h thng. Do vy, b nh EPROM c ra i gii quyt vn ny. Hy n cc k hiu m s ca cc IC trong bng 14.2. v d, m s b phn 27128 - 25 dnh cho UV - EPROM c dung ln v thi gian truy cp l 250ns. Dung lng ca chp nh c k hiu trn m s b phn (part number) v thi gian truy cp c b i mt s 0. Trong cc m s b phn th ch C l cng ngh CMOS, cn 27xx lun ch cc chp nh EPROM. bit thm chi tit ta vo mc s tay cc chp nh ca cc hng chng hn JAMECO (jameco.com) hay JDR (jdr.com) theo ng mng internet. Bng 14.2: Mt s chp nh UV - EPROM.

HNH 14.1 Hnh 14.1: B tr cc chn ca h cc chp nh ROM 27xx. V d 14.3: i vi ROM c m b phn l 27128 c dung lng nh l 128k bt. Tra bng ta thy t chc ca n l 16k 8 (tt c mi ROM u c 8 chn d liu) iu ny ni ln rng n c 8 chn d liu v s chn a ch c tm thy l 14 v 214 = 16k. 14.1.4.3 B nh PROM c th xo c bng in EEPROM. B nh EEPROM c mt s u im so vi EPROM l do v c xo bng in nn qu trnh xo rt nhanh, nhanh rt nhiu so vi thi gian xo 20 pht ca UEPROM. Ngoi ra trong EEPROM ta phi xo ton b ni dung ca ROM. Tuy nhin, u im chnh ca EEPROM l ta c th lp trnh v xo khi chp nh vn trn gi cm ca bng mch h thng m khng phi ly ra nh i vi UV EPROM. Hay ni cch khc l EPROM khng cn thit b lp trnh v thit b xo ngoi nh i vi UV - EPROM. hon ton to thun li cho EPROM nh thit k phi kt hp vo bng mch ca h thng c mch in lp trnh EEPROM s dng in p Vpp = 5V nhng chng rt t. nhn chung, gi thnh cho 1 bt ca EEPROM t hn rt nhiu so vi UV - EPROM.

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Bng 14.3: Mt s chp EEPROM v chp nh Flash (nhanh). Cui trang 160