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AC Circuits

Part 10, EE1103


Po-Tai Cheng Dept. of Electrical Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsin-Chu, TAIWAN

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Overview
Direct Current (DC) vs. Alternating Current (AC). Sinusoidal AC; AC generators; single-phase and three-phase Phasor and impedance; Time domain and phasor domain; Sinusoidal steady state; Denition of impedances; Root Mean Square (RMS) Values and AC power calculations.

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Direct Current (DC)


DC batteries are rst developed by Alessandro Volta in 1799. DC generators are developed by Thomas A. Edison; First DC distribution network implemented in Manhanttan, New York, USA.

Voltas rst battery

Pearl Street Power Station in Mahattan, NYC, NY

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Direct Current (DC)

Edisons DC generators.

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Alternating Current (AC)


AC induction machines are developed in 1888 by Nikola Tesla. AC generation and distribution system developed in 1890s by Tesla and Westinghouse.

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AC generator
PSfrag replacements c2 a1
N

b2

b1

c1

a2 A winding placed in the rotor to produce ux, and the rotor rotates at the rate of 3600 RPM(= 60 2 = 377 rad./s) Three sets of copper windings are distributed around the stator. The ux linkage of each set of windings are given as: a = m sin(t); b = m sin(t 2/3); c = m sin(t + 2/3);

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Three-Phase generator
By Faradys law, the induced voltage across the winding terminals are: va = da db = m cos(t); vb = = m cos(t 2/3); dt dt dc = m cos(t + 2/3); vc = dt
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

va

vb

vc

PSfrag replacements

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

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Sinusoidal Steady State


Assuming the circuit under sinusoidal excitation has reached steady-state: v(t) = Vm sin (t + ) where Vm = = the amplitude of the sinusoid the angular frequency in rad/sec

= the phase angle of the sinusoid


2 ,

Periodic signal: v(t) = v(t + nT ), where T = Constant frequency: does not vary with time.

and n is an integer.

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Denition of Phasors
Eulars identity: ej = cos + j sin A sinusoidal signal in the time domain can be presented in complex form using Eulars identity: v(t) = Vm cos(t + ) = [Vm (cos(t + ) + j sin(t + ))] = [Vm ej(t+) ] = [Vm ej ejt ] = [Vejt ] where V = Vm ej . In sinusoidal steady state, is a known constant, Phasor of v(t) = Vm cos(t + ) V = Vm ej or Vm

The phasor analysis is developed by Charles P. Steinmetz in 1900s.

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Denition of Phasors
For a steady state signal v(t) = Vm cos(t + )

dv = Vm sin(t + ) dt = Vm cos(t + + /2) = [Vm ej ejt ej = [jVejt ]


dv dt
/2

v(t)dt = = = =

jV

1 Vm sin(t + ) 1 Vm cos(t + /2) 1 [ Vm ej ejt ej( /2) ] 1 [ Vejt ] j


1 j V

v(t)dt

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Impedances
iC PSfrag replacements vC iC = C dv = CVm sin(t + ) dt = CVm cos(t + + /2) = [CVm ej ejt ej = [jCVejt ] IC = jCV ZC = VC 1 = IC jC
/2

iL

rag replacements

vL iL = 1 1 v(t)dt = Vm sin(t + ) L L 1 Vm cos(t + /2) = L 1 Vm ej ejt ej( /2) ] = [ L 1 Vejt ] = [ jL 1 VL V ZL = = jL jL IL

IL =

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Impedances
vc = Vm cos(t + ) ic = CVm cos(t + + /2) IC = jCV vL = Vm cos(t + ) 1 Vm cos(t + /2) iL = L 1 V VL = Vm ej ; IL = jL vc
/2

VC = Vm ej ; acements ic

vc

PSfrag replacements t

ic t

/2

Ic

Im Vc Re

Im Vc Ic Re

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Impedances
Time domain v(t) = Vm cos(t + v ) i(t) = Im cos(t + i )
dv/dt

Phasor domain V A
V /sec

V = Vm ejv or Vm v I = Im eji or Im i jV
V/j

V A
V rad/sec V sec/rad

vdt R C L

V sec F H

ZR = R ZC = 1/jC ZL = jL

(resistance) (reactance) (reactance)

At dc, = 0, ZL = 0, ZC . At high frequency, , ZL , ZC 0.

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Kirchhoffs Laws for Phasors


KVL: v1 + v2 + + vn = 0 Vm1 cos(t + 1 ) + Vm2 cos(t + 2 ) + + Vmn cos(t + n ) = 0 [Vm1 ej1 ejt ] + [Vm2 ej2 ejt ] + + [Vmn ejn ejt ] = 0 [(V1 + V2 + + Vn )ejt ] = 0

V1 + V 2 + + V n = 0 I 1 + I2 + + I n = 0

KCL: i1 + i2 + + in = 0 . . . ements PSfrag replacements


Z1 Zser Z2 Z3 Zpara

Z1

Z2

Z3

Zser = Z1 + Z2 + Z3 +

1/Zpara

= 1/Z1 + 1/Z2 +

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Example 1
100

iC (t) PSfrag replacements 0.001 F vs (t) vC (t)

vs (t) = 1000 cos(t + 30 ), = 10 rad/sec, Find the phasors Ic , Vc , and the time domain representation ic (t), vc (t). For = 100 rad/sec, nd the above quantities.

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Example 1
The phasor representation of vs is Vs = 1000(30 ) V. For = 10 rad/sec, the reactance of the capacitor is ZC = 1 1 = = j100 3 jC j 10 10

10(75 ) 1000(30 ) 1000(30 ) Vs = = = I= ) R + ZC 100 j100 100 2(45 2 10(75 ) 1000(15 1 )= (j100) = VC = I( jC 2 2 The corresponding time-domain representation of i and vc : i(t) = 7.07 cos(10t + 75 ); vC (t) = 707 cos(10t 15 )

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Example 1
The phasor representation of vs is Vs = 1000(30 ) V. For = 100 rad/sec, the reactance of the capacitor is ZC = 1 1 = = j10 3 jC j 100 10

1 ) = 9.95(35.7 )(j10) = 99.5(54.3 ) VC = I( jC The corresponding time-domain representation of i and vc : i(t) = 9.95 cos(100t + 35.7 );

1000(30 ) 1000(30 ) Vs = = 9.95(35.7 ) = I= R + ZC 100 j10 100.5(5.7 )

vC (t) = 99.5 cos(100t 54.3 )

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Example 2
100

iL (t) PSfrag replacements 10 H vs (t) vL (t)

vs (t) = 1000 cos(t + 30 ), = 10 rad/sec, Find the phasors Ic , Vc , and the time domain representation ic (t), vc (t). For = 100 rad/sec, nd the above quantities.

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Example 2
The phasor representation of vs is Vs = 1000(30 ) V. For = 10 rad/sec, the reactance of the inductor is ZL = jL = j 10 10 = j100 1000(30 ) 1000(30 ) Vs = = = 7.07(15 ) I= R + ZL 100 + j100 100 2(45 ) VC = I(jL) = 7.07(15 )(j100) = 707(75 ) The corresponding time-domain representation of i and vc : i(t) = 7.07 cos(10t 15 ); vC (t) = 707 cos(10t + 75 )

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Root Mean Squre (RMS)


The average power consumption of a resistor R can be calculated as: PAV Dene VRM S =
1 T

1 = T
T 0

T 0

1 1 v 2 (t) dt = R RT

v 2 (t)dt
0

v 2 (t)dt . The average power delivered by v(t) can be .

expressed as PAV =

2 VRM S/R

For a sinusoidal voltage v(t) = Vm cos(t + v ), VRM S = = 1 T


T 0 2 Vm cos2 (t + v )dt = 2 Vm T T 0

1 + cos(2t + v ) dt 2

2 Vm Vm T = T 2 2

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Conclusion
Sinusoidal AC sources; Phasors: sinusoidal steady-state, periodic signal of a single frequency. R, L, and C in phasor domain calculation. KCL and KVL in the phasor domain. RMS values. Future Extension: Circuit Analysis (EE2220): DC circuit analysis; AC circuits analysis. Signal and Systems (EE3610): Continuous-time and Discrete-time system theories. Power Electronics (EE4815): Switch-mode power conversion circuits. Electric Machinery (EE4840): Transformers and various electric machines.

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