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Overview
Direct Current (DC) vs. Alternating Current (AC). Sinusoidal AC; AC generators; single-phase and three-phase Phasor and impedance; Time domain and phasor domain; Sinusoidal steady state; Denition of impedances; Root Mean Square (RMS) Values and AC power calculations.
Edisons DC generators.
AC generator
PSfrag replacements c2 a1
N
b2
b1
c1
a2 A winding placed in the rotor to produce ux, and the rotor rotates at the rate of 3600 RPM(= 60 2 = 377 rad./s) Three sets of copper windings are distributed around the stator. The ux linkage of each set of windings are given as: a = m sin(t); b = m sin(t 2/3); c = m sin(t + 2/3);
Three-Phase generator
By Faradys law, the induced voltage across the winding terminals are: va = da db = m cos(t); vb = = m cos(t 2/3); dt dt dc = m cos(t + 2/3); vc = dt
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
va
vb
vc
PSfrag replacements
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Periodic signal: v(t) = v(t + nT ), where T = Constant frequency: does not vary with time.
and n is an integer.
Denition of Phasors
Eulars identity: ej = cos + j sin A sinusoidal signal in the time domain can be presented in complex form using Eulars identity: v(t) = Vm cos(t + ) = [Vm (cos(t + ) + j sin(t + ))] = [Vm ej(t+) ] = [Vm ej ejt ] = [Vejt ] where V = Vm ej . In sinusoidal steady state, is a known constant, Phasor of v(t) = Vm cos(t + ) V = Vm ej or Vm
Denition of Phasors
For a steady state signal v(t) = Vm cos(t + )
v(t)dt = = = =
jV
v(t)dt
Impedances
iC PSfrag replacements vC iC = C dv = CVm sin(t + ) dt = CVm cos(t + + /2) = [CVm ej ejt ej = [jCVejt ] IC = jCV ZC = VC 1 = IC jC
/2
iL
rag replacements
IL =
Impedances
vc = Vm cos(t + ) ic = CVm cos(t + + /2) IC = jCV vL = Vm cos(t + ) 1 Vm cos(t + /2) iL = L 1 V VL = Vm ej ; IL = jL vc
/2
VC = Vm ej ; acements ic
vc
PSfrag replacements t
ic t
/2
Ic
Im Vc Re
Im Vc Ic Re
Impedances
Time domain v(t) = Vm cos(t + v ) i(t) = Im cos(t + i )
dv/dt
Phasor domain V A
V /sec
V = Vm ejv or Vm v I = Im eji or Im i jV
V/j
V A
V rad/sec V sec/rad
vdt R C L
V sec F H
ZR = R ZC = 1/jC ZL = jL
V1 + V 2 + + V n = 0 I 1 + I2 + + I n = 0
Z1
Z2
Z3
Zser = Z1 + Z2 + Z3 +
1/Zpara
= 1/Z1 + 1/Z2 +
Example 1
100
vs (t) = 1000 cos(t + 30 ), = 10 rad/sec, Find the phasors Ic , Vc , and the time domain representation ic (t), vc (t). For = 100 rad/sec, nd the above quantities.
Example 1
The phasor representation of vs is Vs = 1000(30 ) V. For = 10 rad/sec, the reactance of the capacitor is ZC = 1 1 = = j100 3 jC j 10 10
10(75 ) 1000(30 ) 1000(30 ) Vs = = = I= ) R + ZC 100 j100 100 2(45 2 10(75 ) 1000(15 1 )= (j100) = VC = I( jC 2 2 The corresponding time-domain representation of i and vc : i(t) = 7.07 cos(10t + 75 ); vC (t) = 707 cos(10t 15 )
Example 1
The phasor representation of vs is Vs = 1000(30 ) V. For = 100 rad/sec, the reactance of the capacitor is ZC = 1 1 = = j10 3 jC j 100 10
1 ) = 9.95(35.7 )(j10) = 99.5(54.3 ) VC = I( jC The corresponding time-domain representation of i and vc : i(t) = 9.95 cos(100t + 35.7 );
Example 2
100
vs (t) = 1000 cos(t + 30 ), = 10 rad/sec, Find the phasors Ic , Vc , and the time domain representation ic (t), vc (t). For = 100 rad/sec, nd the above quantities.
Example 2
The phasor representation of vs is Vs = 1000(30 ) V. For = 10 rad/sec, the reactance of the inductor is ZL = jL = j 10 10 = j100 1000(30 ) 1000(30 ) Vs = = = 7.07(15 ) I= R + ZL 100 + j100 100 2(45 ) VC = I(jL) = 7.07(15 )(j100) = 707(75 ) The corresponding time-domain representation of i and vc : i(t) = 7.07 cos(10t 15 ); vC (t) = 707 cos(10t + 75 )
1 = T
T 0
T 0
1 1 v 2 (t) dt = R RT
v 2 (t)dt
0
expressed as PAV =
2 VRM S/R
1 + cos(2t + v ) dt 2
2 Vm Vm T = T 2 2
Conclusion
Sinusoidal AC sources; Phasors: sinusoidal steady-state, periodic signal of a single frequency. R, L, and C in phasor domain calculation. KCL and KVL in the phasor domain. RMS values. Future Extension: Circuit Analysis (EE2220): DC circuit analysis; AC circuits analysis. Signal and Systems (EE3610): Continuous-time and Discrete-time system theories. Power Electronics (EE4815): Switch-mode power conversion circuits. Electric Machinery (EE4840): Transformers and various electric machines.