CU IU KIN

Cho cc em ! t lp 9 cc em bt u hc v cu iu kin, sau ln cp 3 mi nm cc em u hc li cu trc ny nhng chng trnh cng lc cng nng cao. Trong phn ny s c chia lm 2 cp : cp c bn v cp nng cao. Cc em nht thit phi hc theo th t, ch khi no nm vng cp c bn th mi hc phn nng cao, nu khng s b ri v khng hiu c bi.

Cp c bn Loi 1:
Cng thc : IF S + V (hin ti) , S + WILL ( CAN, MAY) + V (nguyn mu) Cch dng: Ch s vic c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai. V d: If it is sunny, I will go fishing. ( nu tri nng, ti s i cu)

Loi 2:
Cng thc : IF S + V (qu kh) , S + WOULD ( COULD, MIGHT ) + V (nguyn mu) ( be lun dng were d ch t s t hay nhiu ) Cch dng: Ch s vic khng th hoc kh c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai. V d: If I were you, I would go abroad. ( nu ti l bn, ti s i nc ngoi) Chuyn ny khng th xy ra c v ti u th no bin thnh bn c.

Loi 3:
Cng thc : IF S +HAD +P.P , S + WOULD ( COULD, MIGHT ) HAVE + P.P Cch dng: Ch s vic khng xy ra qu kh. V d: If I hadnt been absent yesterday, I would have met him. ( nu hm qua ti khng vng mt th ti gp anh ta ri) => nhng thc s ti vng mt LU : + Unless = if not : tr phi + Bn mnh c if, ch had trong loi 3, ch were trong loi 2 v ch should trong loi 1 c th em ra u cu th cho if. ( ch should i khi c th dng trong loi 1 vi ngha lm cho cu m h hn)

V d: - If he should call, . ( nu m anh ta c gi, ) => khng bit c gi hay khng = Should he call,. ( nu m anh ta c gi, ) - If I were you, = Were I you, . - If she had gone there, .. = Had she gone there,..

Cc dng bi tp v cu iu kin (cp c bn)

1) Dng chia ng t: cp c bn thng thng ngi ta chia mt v cho mnh ri nn cc em ch vic quan st xem l loi my m p dng cng thc cho ng. V d: If I meet him, I (give) him this book. Nhn thy cu cho bn if l th hin ti nn ta bit l loi 1 nn ta chia loi 1: If I meet him, I will give him this book. Cng c trng hp hi kh hn l ngi ta s ng ngoc c hai bn. Trong trng hp ny trc tin cc em xem s vic c phi xy ra qu kh khng, Nu phi th chia loi 3, nu khng c du hiu no ca qu kh th cc em phi dch ngha : nu thy khng c kh nng hoc kh c kh nng xy ra th dng loi 2, nu c kh nng xy ra th dng loi 1. V d: If he (go) there yesterday, he (meet) her. Thy c du hiu ca qu kh (yesterday) nn ta chia loi 3: If he had gone there yesterday, he would have met her. I (go) there if I (be) you. Khng c du hiu qu kh nn ta dch ngha: ...nu ti l bn => chuyn khng th xy ra nn dng loi 2: I would go there if I were you. 2) Dng vit li cu dng IF:

Dng ny ngi ta s cho 2 cu ring bit hoc ni vi nhau bng cc ch nh : so = thats why (v th), because ( bi v )

i vi dng ny nu cc em thy : C 2 cu u chia th tng lai th dng loi 1 (khng ph nh) Mt bn hin ti, mt bn tng lai / hin ti th dng loi 2 (ph nh) Nu c qu kh trong th dng loi 3 (ph nh)

Ghi ch: Ph nh l cu c not th ta dng khng c not v ngc li Nu c because th if ngay v tr because Nu c so, thats why th if ngc vi v tr ca chng.

V d: I will go there. I will buy you a dog. => If I go there, I will buy you a dog. I cant go out because it is raining. => If it werent raining, I could go out. ( ngi ta can th mnh dng, khng i thnh will )

3)

Dng vit li cu i t cu c if sang dng unless:

Unless s th vo ch ch if, b not, v kia gi nguyn. V d: If you dont speak loudly, he wont hear. Unless. => Unless you speak loudly, he wont hear.

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4) Dng vit li cu i t cu c without sang dng if :

Dng if. not., bn kia gi nguyn ( ty theo ngha m c cu c th) V d: Without your help, I wouldnt pass the exam. ( khng c s gip ca bn , If you didnt help, I wouldnt pass the exam. ( nu bn khng gip, ) Without water, we would die. ( khng c nc, ) ) )

If there were no water, we would die. ( nu khng c nc,..

5)

Dng vit li cu i t cu c Or, otherwise sang dng if :

Dng ny thng c cu trc l cu mnh lnh + or, otherwise + S will Cch lm nh sau: If you dont ( vit li, b or, otherwise ) V d: Hurry up, or you will be late. ( nhanh ln, nu khng bn s tr) If you dont hurry, you will be late. ( nu bn khng nhanh ln, bn s tr)

6)

Dng vit li cu i t cu c But for sang dng if :

Dng : if it werent for th cho but for, phn cn li gi nguyn V d: But for your help, I would die. If it werent for your help, I would die.

Cc dng cu iu kin m ch: Provided (that), providing (that) ( min l ) = if In case = phng khi

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KHI NO DNG WILL/WOULD SAU IF ?

Will ng sau if : Thng thng chng ta khng dng th tng lai n vi will sau if. Tuy nhin, mc d rt t khi c dng n, ngi ta c th dng hnh thc ny khi mun nhn mnh n " khng phi by gi m l sau ny" . Hy so snh: If it suits you, I will change the date of our meeting. nu anh thy thun tin th ti s i ngy hp ca chng ta li. If it will suit you, I will change the date of our meeting. nu anh thy thun tin ( khng phi by gi m l sau ny ) th ti s i ngy hp ca chng ta li. Will v would ng sau if : - Mun nhn mnh n s bng lng v khng bng lng: + Khi yu cu ngi khc lm vic g/ p ng ngh gip . V d 1 : Shall I hold the door open for you ? anh c mun ti ca m cho anh khng? Yes, if you will/would. vng, xin anh vui lng. V d 2 : If you will/would/could wait a moment, I will fetch the money. anh vui lng ch mt cht, ti s i ly tin. + Khi ni v ngi no khc: If he will/would/could only try harder, I am sure he'd do well : nu anh ta ch chu c gng hn na, ti chc anh ta s thnh cng.

+ Trong cc hnh thc lch s nht trong cc mch vn trang trng: V d 1 : I'd be grateful if you will/would let me know soon.: ti s ly lm bit n nu ng vui lng cho ti bit sm. V d 2 : If you will/would follow me, I will show you the way. nu anh chu i theo ti th ti s ch ng cho anh. + Trong nhng cu ni trc tip ch s bng lng/ khng bng lng. V d 1: If you will/would agree to pay us compensation, We will/would agree not to take the matter any further : nu anh chu bi thng cho chng ti th chng ti bng lng khng ng g n vn na. V d 2: If you won't stop smoking, you can only expect to have a bad cough : nu anh khng chu ngng ht thuc th anh th anh s b ho d lm y.

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CU IU KIN NNG CAO:

Cho cc em, sau khi nm vng cc cng

thc c bn ri, sau y cc em s tip tc xem phn nng cao ca cu iu kin nh. Dng were to bn mnh c if: din t mt hon cnh tng tng tng lai: V du: If the government were to cut V.A.T, prices would fall. ( Tng tng vy i cho n th gin trang thi bui go chu ci qu ny ) If he were to win the game, he would be rich. (Tng tng thi ch khng d g anh ta thng u). ngh mt cch lch s: V d: If you were to ask him, he might help you. (Nu bn m nh n th anh ta s gip bn) If you were to move over, we could all sit on the sofa. Lu : Cng thc ny khng p dng cho cc ng t ch tnh trng nh: know, like, remember, understand V d: If I were to remember ( sai) If I remembered ( ng) Trong cng thc ny were c th em ra ngoi th if, nhng nu c not th khng c em not theo m phi li sau ch t nh.

V d: Werent the government to cut (sai) Were the government not to cut (ng) Dng it was/were not for + noun bn mnh if Ngi ta dng cu trc ny din t mt hon cnh ny l thuc vo mt hon cnh hay mt ngi no khc. V d: If it were not for you, I would die. (Nu khng c bn l ti tiu ri) i vi chuyn trong qu kh ta dng: if it hadnt been for Cc em cng c th dng but for thay th cng thc ny m khng thay i ngha: V d: If it were not for you, = but for you, Phn bit if not v unless: Thng thng, cp c bn cc em c th thay th if not bng unless. Tuy nhin, cp nng cao cc em s gp nhng trng hp chng khng th thay th nhau. Khng th dng unless thay cho if not trong nhng trng hp sau: Trong nhng tnh hung khng tht. (thng l cu loi 2 v 3) V d:

She would be a good friend if she were not selfish. She would be a good friend unless she were selfish. (sai) If he had not been absent, he would have known that. Unless he had been absent, he would have known that. (sai) Khi ni v cm xc: I will be disappointed, if you dont pass the exam. I will be disappointed, unless you pass the exam. (sai) Trong hu ht cc cu hi: V d: What do you think if I dont come? What do you think unless I come? (sai) Khng th dng if not thay cho unless trong nhng trng hp sau: Khi ta nhc n vic qua vi nhn xt v n. Cch nhn ra tnh hung ny l c du gch ni trc unless. V d: I couldnt have gone to school on time unless I had got up earlier. (Ti khng th i hc ng gi- Tr khi ti dy sm hn.) Trong tnh hung ny, thc t ti khng i hc ng gi v ti khng dy sm. So snh vi cu ny khi dng if not.

I couldnt have gone to school on time, if I had not got up earlier. (Ti khng th i hc ng gi nu ti khng thc dy sm hn) Trong trng hp ny thc t ti dy sm v i hc ng gi. Ngha hon ton ngc vi cu trn. Khi ta ni xong mt cu, sau thm vo mt . Trng hp ny cng phi c du gch ni. V d: Because my secretaty is in the hospital, the work cant continue Unless you take up her position, of course. (V th k ti nm vin, cng vic khng th tip tc D nhin tr khi c thay th v tr ca c y.) Because my secretaty is in the hospital, the work cant continue if you dont take up her position, of course. (sai)
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Cu iu kin loi zero.

Ngi ta gi tn n l zero c l v thy 2 v u chia hin ti n. Cch dng: Din t mt chn l, qui lut: V d: If water is frozen, it expands. Nu nc b ng c n n ra. (y l s tht, chn l lc no cng vy nn dng loi zero) Phn bit:

If the water is frozen, it will expand. Nu nc ny b ng c n s n ra. (y l mt hon cnh c th, mt khi nc c th no xc nh nn khng dng loi zero) Din t mt thi quen: V d: If it rains, I go to school by taxi. (y l thi quen ch khng phi mt hon cnh c th no nn dng loi zero) Phn bit: If it rains this evening, I will go to school by taxi. (y l hon cnh c th ch khng phi thi quen nn khng dng loi zero)

Cu iu kin loi hn hp.

Loi hn hp l loi cu iu kin m 2 v khc loi nhau. V d: If you had not spent too much yesterday, you would not be broke now. (Nu hm qua bn khng xi qu nhiu tin th hm nay u c sch ti nh vy) => Loi 3 + loi 2. If you liked animals, I would have taken you to the zoo. => Loi 2+ loi 3 If she arrived there yesterday, she can come here tomorrow. => Loi 2 + loi 1 Nh vy cc em s thy loi hn hp rt a dng. Vn t ra l lm sao bit chia v no

loi no. lm c loi hn hp ny cc em cn nm vng b quyt sau: Trc tin cc em phi hiu bn cht ca cu iu kin l nu ci g ng s tht th chia ng t theo ng thi gian ca n, cn ci g khng c tht, kh xy ra hoc ch gi s thi th li v mt th. Khi nm nguyn tc ny ri cc em c ln lt xem xt tng v ring bit m chia th ch khng c chia v ny xong thy loi my th vi vng chia v kia nh vy l rt d sai. Th ly cc v d trn phn tch xem nh. If you had not spent too much yesterday, you would not be broke now. V u l chuyn xy ra qu kh khng c tht (nu hm qua khng xi qu nhiu tin => thc t xi qu nhiu tin) Bnh thng ng t qu kh s chia qu kh n nhng v khng tht nn ta gim th xung thnh QKHT. V sau l chuyn hin ti v cng khng c tht nn t will gim thnh would ( hin ti nhng vn dng will v y l cng thc ca cu iu kin). If you liked animals, I would have taken you to the zoo. V u l ni v s thch chung chung nn bnh thng l chia hin ti nhng v khng tht nn gim xung qu kh. V sau l s vic

qu kh nn gim xung thnh would have p.p Tm li: Cc em khng nn hc chi tit tng loi hn hp m ch cn nh nguyn tc trn ri chiu theo m xem xt tng v. Lu l phi c k cc manh mi cho trong cu quyt nh thi gian cng nh bit n c xy ra hay khng. Thng thng c 3 c s cc em xt: -Thi gian qu kh. -Thi gian hin ti/tng lai. -Thi quen.