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Dept. of ECE

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Examination Schedule

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AEM ECE351 Friday, February. 24, 2012 9:00 9 :40 p.m. Elec & Comp Eng. Room 123
Dept. of ECE

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Applied Electromagnetics
(Ref. ECE 351 2011 - 2012)

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Capacitance
North Dakota State University

Dr. M. Reyhani
Morr.reyhani@ndsu.edu Tel: (701) 231 Ext. 8816
Thursday, 16 February 2012
Dept. of ECE Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Dakota State University

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Electronic Circuit Elements

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Capacitors
A C = d
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Capacitors
a device that stores energy by maintaining a separation between positive and negative charge

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(Symbol:

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What is a capacitor?
Electronic component

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2 conducting surfaces separated by an insulating material Stores charge Uses

Time delays Filters Tuned circuits
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Capacitors

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Store electric charge. Consist of 2 conducting objects placed near one another with a dielectric material in between them.

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Capacitor construction

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2 metal plates Separated by insulating material Sandwich construction Swiss roll structure Capacitance set by...

A C = d
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Parallel-Plate Capacitor

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The capacitance of a device depends on the geometric arrangement of the conductors For a parallel-plate capacitor whose plates are separated by air:

A C = o d
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o = 8.85x10-12 F/m
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Permittivity of free space

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In AC circuits
Power in a capacitor

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Instantaneous power (p)

The product of V and I Positive and negative power Positive power indicates that the energy is stored by the capacitor Negative power indicates that the energy is returned from the capacitor Power fluctuation is twice that of the voltage or current
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ESR (equivalent series resistance) is the sum of in-phase AC resistance ESL (Equivalent Series Inductance)

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In AC circuits
Power in a capacitor

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True power (Ptrue)

Ideally, all the stored energy in the capacitor is returned to the source No true power In real world, leakage current and the ESL and ESR consume true power.
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ESR (equivalent series resistance) is the sum of in-phase AC resistance ESL (Equivalent Series Inductance)

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In AC circuit
Power in a capacitor
Reactive power (Pr)

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The rate at which a capacitor stores or returns energy Non-zero quantity Does not represents an energy loss Unit is volt-ampere reactive (VAR)

P = Vrms I rms r
2 Vrms P = r XC 2 P = I rms X C r
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Capacitor applications
Electrical storage
Backup source

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Power supply filtering

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Capacitor applications
DC blocking and AC coupling

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Capacitor applications
Power line decoupling Bypassing Signal filtering Timing circuits Computer memories

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Applications of Capacitors Camera Flash

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The flash attachment on a camera uses a capacitor

A battery is used to charge the capacitor The energy stored in the capacitor is released when the button is pushed to take a picture The charge is delivered very quickly, illuminating the subject when more light is needed
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Applications of Capacitors -- Computers

Computers use capacitors in many ways
Some keyboards use capacitors at the bases of the keys When the key is pressed, the capacitor spacing decreases and the capacitance increases The key is recognized by the change in capacitance
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A C = d
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Defining capacitance
Good capacitors store a lot of chargewhen only a small voltage is applied Capacitance is charge stored per volt Capacitance is measured in farads F Big unit so nF, mF and F are used
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Q C= V
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Graphical representation
Equating to the equation of a straight line

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Q C= V Q = CV y = mx
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Gradient term is the capacitance of the capacitor Charge stored is directly proportional to the applied V voltage
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Capacitors in Series
Total voltage is the sum of the individual voltages across every capacitor. Total capacitance is the inverse of the sum of the inverse of individual capacitances. Current will flow until capacitors are charged.

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Capacitors in Parallel
Voltage is the same across every capacitor. Total capacitance is the sum of the capacitances. Current will flow until capacitors are charged.
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Equivalent Capacitance

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Ceq

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Energy stored by a capacitor

By general definition E=QV product of charge and voltage By graphical consideration...

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1 E = QV 2
Area term is the energy stored in the capacitor
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V
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Other expressions for energy

By substitution of

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Q=CV

1 E = QV 2 1 2 E = CV 2 2 1Q E= 2 C
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Charging a capacitor
Current flow Initially High Finally Zero Exponential model Charging factors Capacitance Resistance
I

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Charge of Capacitors

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Discharging a capacitor
Current flow Initially High Opposite to charging Finally Zero Exponential model Discharging factors Capacitance Resistance
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Discharge of Capacitors

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Voltage and charge characteristics

V or Q V or Q

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Charging

t
t RC

Discharging

t
t RC
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V = V0 (1 e
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Q = Q0 e

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Time constant

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Product of Capacitance of the capacitor being charged Resistance of the charging circuit CR Symbol Tau Unit seconds

Q V CR = V Q t CR = t
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When t equals tau during discharge

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Q = Q0 e Q = Q0 e Q = Q0 e
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RC RC

RC 1

At t = tau the capacitor has fallen to 37% of its original value. By a similar analysis tau can be considered to be the time taken for the capacitor to reach 63% of full charge.

Q = Q0 0.37

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Graphical determination of tau

V at 37% Q at 37% Compared to initial maximum discharge V or Q

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t = t = RC C= t R
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t
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Logarithmic discharge analysis

Mathematical consideration of discharge Exponential relationship Taking natural logs equates expression to y=mx+c Gradient is -1/Tau

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V = V0 e

RC

t V = e RC V0

ln V ln V0 = t

RC
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1 ln V = t + ln V0 RC
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Logarithmic discharge graph

lnV

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Gradient term is the -1/Tau

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The End
What a wonderful world

Strings & Arrays in C

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Questions?

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Questions?

? ?

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