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LaTEX: , , : , : , , : . LaTEX.
.
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
- - quasiregular ,
( - ). (0, 0, ),
1+ 5
1
,
, 1+
,
.
2
2
2
2
:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosidodecahedron
:
mathematica.gr
(http://www.mathematica.gr) .
mathematica.gr
1. ()
2. (Mihalis_Lambrou)
3. (nsmavrogiannis)
10. ( )
11. ( )
12. (dement)
13. ( )
14. (swsto)
4. ( )
15. (achilleas)
5. (chris_gatos)
16. ( )
6. (m.papagrigorakis)
17. ()
7. ( )
1. (grigkost)
2. (cretanman)
18. (xr.tsif)
19. (Demetres)
1. (spyros)
2. (p_gianno)
3. (kostas.zig)
1. (stranton)
4. (exdx)
2. ( )
5. ( )
3. (vittasko)
6. (mathnder)
4. (nkatsipis)
7. (mathematica)
5. ( )
8. ( )
6. (mathxl)
9. (rek2)
7. (matha)
10. (hsiodos)
8. (gbaloglou)
11. ( )
9. (R BORIS)
12. (bilstef)
1 ( )
( ) !
25
10 (
).
6 ( KARKAR) , 60% 70% ,
. ,
,
.
2 ( )
7 : 38.
7 ( )
1
.
3 ( )
1
2
A=(
ZE.
8 ( KARKAR)
.
3
5
7
97
99
) + ( ) + ... + (
)
4
6 8
98 100
1. , .
B=
2. .
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ ... +
)( + +
+ ... +
),
2 6 10
98
4 8 12
100
A + B.
,
4 ( parmenides51)
492
23%. 13%,
;
9 ( )
, 1 2 :
x2 x + = 0
:
3 1 2 2 =
10 ( irakleios)
m
5 ( )
. 6m
1m ,
.
;
x2 2(m + 1)x + m2 = 0
(0, 2);
14 ( )
x3 x2 + 27x 3
(x + x)2 = 6
11 ( KARKAR) ABC
B = 70
C = 60 . S , B
SC =
100 S B = S C . CS , BS AB, AC D, E
=
. S DE
.
,
15 ( KARKAR) BC
BC ,
BC . BC.
BC !
12 ( ) AB
B = E.
A = E.
16 ( KARKAR) D AB
ABC, (AB = AC), ,
AC E, BC Z .
AD = CZ , E BC ,
AB.
:
, D ;
,
13 ( )
1 , 2 , ..., 2+1 ,
:
1 3 21
...
2 4 2
,
17 ( KARKAR) S
1
1
y = x, A y = x
2
2
: (S A) = 6. M
S A.
1
.
2+1
18 ( )
x2 y2
C1 : 2 2 = 1 C2 : x2 + y2 = a2 a, b > 0.
a
b
K(x0 , y0 ), x0 > 0, C2
b
(
) : y = x C1 , C2 K
a
E .
, , ,
23 ( )
f : R R :
lim
x2
f (x)
= 3.
x2
:
,
lim
x2
19 ( ) X
t1 , t2 , ..., tv , x 0 , R
g (x) =
x=2
0<x2
f (x)
.
sin(x)
24 ( ) f
R 1 1 :
.
x R
1. g xo = 2 , = 21 .
1. a = 0
2. g
A(3, 20) , vi=1 ti = 100.
2. f (b) 0
3.
i=1 ti fi = 1, fi
, v .
4. f R.
v
3. f (1 b) = 1
20 ( )
s, s 0.
R 0 < 2 s v.
, ,
25 (
)
R, f
, ,
f (x + f (x)) = f (x)
(1)
1. f
21 ( ) z, w
4|z|2 2zw
= 1,
x R
2. (1)
|w|2 2zw = 3.
3. f a, b a < b.
u (a, b) f (u) 0.
1. |2z w| = 2.
2. z w
,
.
26 ( )
f [4, 10]
f (A) = [1, 5] f (4) = 2, f (10) = 4.
1 , 2 (4, 10) : f (1 ) = f (2 ) = 0.
3. |6z + w|.
4.
z w.
, ,
22 ( ) f
R, f (x) 0 x R
|z|
f (x)dx = 0
27 ( ) f : [0, 1] [0, +)
,
f (1 ) = 1 .
f 2 (t) 1 + 2
1. f (x) > 0.
2. z.
(|z + z| 3) x + x
.
(|z z| 3) x2 + x
4. f x x x = 0 x = 1
|z + 2z|,
x
f (t)dt = 3 x2 + 6 x 6
3
28 ( ) f
[0, 1]
3. lim
f (t)dt
x
1 x2
x [0, 1].
2
( f (x))2 dx
(0, 1).
x f (x)dx.
0
33 ( )
f : (0, +) R
, ,
29 ( ) :
sin(cos x) = x
.
;
f (x) x f (y)
x
=
x, y (0, +)
y
y
y2
1, f (1) = 1.
cos(sin x) = x
34 ( )
ABC I . BI, CI AC, AB
B , C . AB AC , AI 2 A
, .
30 ( ) z w 2
2z 1
.
z+1
|z 1| = 1 w =
f (x) = ln x
Juniors,
- -
|w| x.
1. f ,
2. f ,
35 ( ) a > 1,
f : R (0, +)
3. f ,
4. lim x2 f 1 (x) .
1. f (x) ax , x R
x0
2. f (x + y) f (x) f (y), x, y R.
, ,
36 ( )
31 ( )
f : R R,
f (0) = 1
ex f (x) = f 2 (x) x R.
Juniors,
32 ( ) f : R
R f (x) =
et dt
2
37 ( )
ABCD BCD, DAB
80o , 40o , . BC = CD = DA,
ABC = x.
g : R R
ex (1+t )
dt.
1 + t2
2
g(x) =
0
1. x0 R,
lim
xx0
ex
2 (1+t 2 )
dt =
2. x0 R,
g (x0 ) = 2ex0
2
x0
et dt
2
f (x) + g(x) =
x R.
3. lim g(x) = 0
x+
lim
x+
et dt =
38 ( KARKAR)
ABC, M AC. (B, BM)
BC N. N M BA
S .
,
AMS .
44 ( ) a, b, c
a + b + c = 1,
1+b
1+c
1
1+a
b+c
c+a
a+b
abc
45 ( vzf)
,
.
46 ( Vojtech
Jarnk 1997)
a . d|(a2 + 2)
d 1 mod 8 d 3 mod 8.
Seniors,
- -
47 ( ) :
39 ( ) n 17
.
n .
ac
1
b
40 ( ) P,
,
P(0) = 0 P (x + 1)3 = (P(x) + 1)3 .
ab
1
bc
1
= (a b)(b c)(c a).
a
48 ( ) G
a, b G a2 b = ba2 =
ab = ba.
() G 2n , .
() .
Seniors,
41 ( )
ABCD AB = AD B = D = 90o . DC, BC,
E, Z , AE, DZ .
BE AZ.
49 ( )
42 ( ) I
ABC IA, IB, IC
D, E, Z ,
+
(2n)
n=1
IA IB IC
+
+
3
ID IE IZ
2n
(s) Riemann.
1+ 5
50 ( ) a = ln
:
1.
43 ( - 1995) , :
+
(1)n1
4a
1
2n
= +
n=1
2.
+
n=1
(.
), ,
.
n1
(1)
2a
2n
= .
5
n n
,
.
5 5
51 ( )
9.999
.
56 ( KARKAR) D
ABCD DA ,
S . CT S D S A, S B
Q, P . CP = PQ.
52 ( )
n
a=n+3
b = n2 + 3
()
53 ( ) :
x5 40 x4 + Px3 + Qx2 + Rx + S = 0
.
10.
|S |.
54 ( )
ee
e .
,
55 ( KARKAR) (O) (K)
A, B .
A, B T . S (O)
S T C . S A
(K) P, AC Q. S T
PQ.
57 ( )
f, g C[x], .
f 2 (x) + g2 (x) r C,
( f (r))2 + (g (r))2 = 0.
58 ( )
Cauchy. a1 , a2 , ..., an
a1 + a2 + ... + an
n a1 a2 ...an
n
.
, ,
.
:
1 ( )
(
) !
25 10 (
).
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF44&tF18414
( ) A
, B 10 A B ,
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF44&tF19577
(KARKAR)
12 , 30o ,
.
360o 60 ,
6 .
7.38 , 19o ,
210 + 19 = 229 ,
6 38 = 228 .
!
A + 3 B + 5(10 A B) = 25
50 4A 2B = 25,
( F ).
2 ( )
7 : 38.
:
[ + ]
3 ( )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A = ( ) + ( ) + ... + (
97
99
)
98 100
B=
1
1
5 1
9
1
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+
2 2
6 6
10 10
97
1
3
1
7
1
11
1
+
+
+
+
+
...
98 98
4 4
8 8
12 12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ ... + ) ( + +
+ ... +
),
2 6 10
98
4 8 12
100
99
1
+
=
100 100
A + B.
= 1 + 1 + 1 +...+ 1 1 1 ... 1 = 0
25 25 .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/posting.php?modeFquote&fF33&pF113111
4 ( parmenides51)
492
23%.
13%,
;
( ) :
1 3
5 7
A+B=
+
+ ...
2 4
6 8
1 1
97
99
1
+ +
+ ...
+
+
98 100
2 6 10
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ ... +
=
+
98
4 8 12
100
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/posting.php?modeFquote&fF33&pF105629
( ) 492
,
( ), 23 % .
23
492
.
100
, 492
1 + 0, 23 = 1, 23. ,
492 : 1, 23 = 400 .
, 13 % , (
) 400 1, 13 = 452 .
[ ]
1 3 5 7
+ + ...
2 4 6 8
97
99
1
1
1
+ + +
+ ...
+
98 100 2 6 10
1
1
1
1
1
...
=
+
98 4 8 12
100
:
5 ( )
.
6m
1m ,
.
;
(R 1)2 = (R 1)(R 1) = R2 R R + 1 = R2 2R + 1.
6 ( KARKAR)
, 60% 70%
, .
,
,
.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF34&tF22414
( ) a, k
.
0, 6a
0, 7k. , :
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF34&tF22032
( ) R
, K PQ AB,
0, 6a = 0, 7k
KP = R, KQ = KB QB = R 1.
k=
KPQ :
KP = KQ + PQ
2
6a = 7k
6a
.
7
(2)
, :
: 0, 6a+0, 7k = 0, 6a+0, 6a = 1, 2a .
R2 = (R 1)2 + 62
R2 = R2 2R + 1 + 36
2R = 37
(2)
a+k = a+
AB = 37.
6a
7a + 6a
13a
=
=
7
7
7
, :
, 37m.
: (ab)2 =
a2 2ab + b2 ,
p=
1, 2a
13a
7
8, 4a
8, 4
=
13a
13
840
% 64, 6%.
13
:
7 ( )
1 .
AK EZ//K Z
AK (5).
(3),(4),(6)
ZH = ZE + EH =
K M K
=
+ K
2
2
3K
=
KM
2
K =
ZE =
ZE.
1 ( )
A K M .
ZE K.
1
K = .
K A .
3
1
ZE = .
6
1
.
6
k2 k
.
k2 1
=
2
,
10 99
(4)
k2 1
2
99
20 k2 1 198
(5)
AK M ZH//K M H
AM .
ZE =
( + 1)2 2 = k2 2 + 1 = k2 .
(3)
10
KM
( ) , + 1
, .
Z AK
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF35&tF17146
A , B , H K, E .
2.
.
180
AB AB
KM
1. ,
.
2 (Parmenides 51)
A ,K M H
AB, ZE .
ZH =
KM
8 ( KARKAR)
.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF35&tF19335
EH = K
KM
21 k2 199
21 k
199
4, . . . k 14, . . . .
(6)
k 5 7 9 11 13.
10
132 1
= 84 + 1 = 85
2
2
85 842 = 169 = 132 .
85
84.
k
.
(61, 60), (41, 40), (25, 24)
(13, 12).
.
k = 13 =
11
:
9 ( )
,
1 2 :
,
, :
(31 22 = 32 21 = )
(7)
0
(31 22 ) (32 21 ) = 0
2 4 0
131 2 6 2 + 2 (1 + 2 ) + 2 = 0
1
2
2 4 0
25 62 = 0
62
= 25
2 4 62 0
25
62 = 25
62 = 25
2 0
x2 x + = 0
:
31 22 =
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF19&tF22435
1 ( ) .
Vieta:
1 + 2 = , 31 22 =
:
1 =
3
3
2
, 2 =
= .
5
5
5
3
, 1 2 = , 5 5 =
():
62
= ,
25
1
= 2 4 1 =
2
25
:
1 =
51
+ 51
2
3
5
62
25
62 = 25
.
10 ( irakleios)
m
x2 2(m + 1)x + m2 = 0
(0, 2);
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF19&tF23137
( ) m = 0
: x2 2 x = 0 x1 = 0, x2 = 2
.
m 0. :
2 ( ) :
= 2 4,
(9)
()( 21 + 22 = (1 + 2 )2 21 2 )
2
31 22 = .
2
5
62
= .
,
25
1 =
(8)
()
D = b2 4ac = 4(2m + 1)
:
(7)
1 + 2 = ,
(8)
1 2 = .
(9)
1
2
D>0m> .
12
1
: : D = 0 m =
2
1
b
: x =
= (0, 2)
2a
2
1
m = .
2
D > 0
x1 , x2 x1 < x2 .
0 2
. :
2
:
f (0) = m2 > 0
1
A=
(0, 4).
0 .
:
f (2) = m2 4m = m(m 4).
13
:
11 ( KARKAR) ABC
= 60 .
B = 70 C
S C = 100 S B = S C . CS , BS
S , B
AB, AC D, E .
=
.
S DE
= ZDE ZDC
DZ=ZC
ZDE DCZ
= 30 .
0
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF20&tF22214
2 ( )
1 ( )
BS C
,
DBC
B = D = 700 , BEC = 800
ECS ,
S C = CE.
(10)
ECZ . (10)
S CZ ,
S ZC = 700 = ABC
S Z//BD (BZS D )
DZ = BS = ZE
DZE
DZE = DZS + S ZE = DBS + S ZE = 40 0 .
14
S BC 100 , 40 , 40 ,
CBD 40 , 70 , 70
CS E 20 , 80 , 80 .
BE EZ = EC ,
ECZ, S BC (
= 60 ,
CZ = CB = CD) DCZ
CDZ . DE CZ ,
= 30 .
K//AB AKB ,
AK = B = E K
( ).
K =
AK = E = 1200 AK, E
( ), A = E.
12 ( )
AB
B = E. A = E.
2 ( )
AB 60
AZ = 60 ,
A ( AZ). A = AZ
AZ
E, Z ( ) E = Z = A.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF20&tF21523
: KARKAR
.
1 ( )
15
:
13 ( )
1 , 2 , ..., 2+1
, :
1 3 21
...
2 4 2
2 ( ) a, b, c ..,
ac a+c
= b.
2
1
.
2+1
a1 a3 a2 ,
a3 a5 a4 , ...,
1 ( )
a1 a3 a22
a (a + 2) (a + 2)
a2 + 2a a2 + 2a + 2 0 2
a1
a2n+1 a2 a4 ...a2n
3 ( ) ,
.
a3 a5 a24
(a + 2) (a + 4) (a + 3)2
i1 i+1 2i
a2 + 6a + 82 a2 + 6a + 92 0 2
i = 2, 3, ..., 2.
x =
(a + (2 2) ) (a + 2) (a + (2 1) )2
a2 + 2 (2 1) a + 42 4 2
a2 + 2 (2 1) a + 42 4 + 1 2
1 3 ...21
2 4 ...2
x2 =
0 2
1 (1 3 )...(23 21 )21
22 24 ...22
1 22 24 ...222 21
22 24 ...22
1
x
2+1
a1
a1
a1 a3 a22 a1 a3 a2
a2
a3
a3
a3
2
a3 a5 a4 a3 a5 a4
a4
a5
....................................
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF21&tF23056
a21
a21 a2+1 a2
a2
=
1 21
22
1
2+1
14 (
x3 x2 + 27x 3
a21
a2+1
a21
a1 a3
...
a2 a4
a2
(x + x)2 = 6
a1
a3
a21
a1
...
=
a3
a5
a2+1
a2+1
.
16
27a = r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 3
3
3
3
= 3 92 a2 = 3 9(r1 + r2 + r3 )2 a2
(1)
3
3 9 34 a3 = 27a
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF21&tF2114
( )
Vieta r1 , r2 , r3 ,
.
r1 r2 =
r2 r3 = r3 r1 r1 = r2 = r3 = .
3
r1 + r2 + r3 = r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 = 27a r1 r2 r3 = 3a
-
r1 + r2 + r3 3 3 r1 r2 r3 = 3 3a = 3 3 3(r1 + r2 + r3 )a
a =
x + x =
(r1 + r2 + r3 )2 34 a (1)
2 x +
17
34
2 x +
4
> 1 .
:
15 ( KARKAR)
BC BC ,
BC .
2 ( )
BC. BC !
AB = BC = CA = BD = DC
BS = S T = T C, K AS BD
L AT DC.
BK =
BD
2
BC
2
DBC =
BK = K L = L C, CK BD,
3
BL CD.
. BC
K , L K K L L.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF22&pF116634#p116634
1 ( ) O BC .
BOC AB : 2 = a : 2
BOK CS A
BK : AC = 0, 5
BS = 0, 5S C =
1
1
BC = a
3
3
TC = 31 a S T = 31 a
16 ( KARKAR) D
AB ABC, (AB = AC),
, AC E ,
BC Z .
AD = CZ , E
BC , AB.
:
, D ;
18
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF22&pF117040#p117040
1 ( ) .
BD
ABC EC
AE = BZ = cosB (1)
sinC = sinB =
DE
(3)
sinA =
AE
ES
(2)
EC
M
MA m
=
M Od
MB
n
sinA
=
(3) : (2)
sinB
DE
AE
ES
EC
.
2) .
sinA DE EC (1)
=
sinB ES AE
DE
sinA
= cosB
sinB
ES
sinA
DE
=
ES
sinB cosB
.
sinA BC
=
sinB AC
cosB
AC
BC
=2
AC
BC
DE
=2
ES
: OA1 = m, OB1 = n
M , ,
.
3) :
.
2 ( )
D
E
, E
B 1 : 2.
:
1) .
19
4 ( ) AM
ABC (AB = AC)
BM =
.
: .
.
3 (KARKAR) (. )
DA = ZC , :
) :
( CBA
BD
BD
ZB
=
= BC
AB BM
2
BD
ZB
=2
:
AB
BC
(2)
ADE, ABC
:
BAC
(ADE) AD AE
=
(ABC)
AB AC
DB
=
ZB
(*):
EC = EA
: (1).
ZDB AMB
DE
ES
, EA =
EC =
EC DB
=
()
EA
ZB
AM , ,
BC
AC=AB
(ADE) AD AE
=
: (3)
(ABC)
AB2
DE
ES
=
DE
DE
ES =
ES =
2
2
ECZ, ABC
+ ACB
= 1800 () :
ECZ
(ECZ) CE CZ
=
(ABC) CB AC
AC=AB,CZ=AD
(ECZ) CE AD
: (4)
=
(ABC) CB AB
(3) : (4)
(ADE)
(ABC)
(ECZ)
(ABC)
ADAE
AB2 AC=AB
CEAD
CBAB
20
(ADE) CB AE
: (5)
=
(ECZ) AB CE
ABC
ZED :
1=
ZB CE AD ZC=AD
ZC AE DB
ZB CE
: (6)
1=
DB AE
(ADE) BC AE ZB CE
=
(ECZ) AB CE BC AE
(5) (6)
(ADE)
(ECZ)
ED
ES (
ED
=
ES
BD
ED
=2
ES
BC
() ,
E AC. ABC
DEZ,
AD, CZ)
BD
ZB BC (2): ZB
AB =2 BC
AB BD
BC
= 2 ED = 2ES
BD
DA ZB EC
= 1 =
DB ZC EA
.
4 ( )
ZB
EA
=
, (1 )
EC DB
F , C AB
CF ZD, ,
BC
BC
EA
ZB
=
, (2) (1), (2) =
=
, (3)
DB
BF
EC
BF
E :
P ABCP
Q
AP, PQ = BF. P
CQ,
AC E,
(3). , D
E AB, AD = CZ ,
Z BC DE () .
5 ( ) CT , K
D AM , N AB
EN BC , I EN AM L
AC T L BC .
ADK, BDZ CT DZ , :
DBZ
AEC, ,
ED CZ AB
= 1 =
EZ CB AD
ED EZ
=
, (1 )
BC
AB
BD T D
DK
=
=
DK = T D
AD
BZ
ZC
( AD = CZ ).
MAB, S EZ
ES
EZ
2ES
=
=
, (2) ( BC = 2BM ).
AB
BM
(1), (2)
T K AT
L
ADK, AIE , :
BC
AT
AK AD AT
=
=
=
AI
AE
AC
AB
ED 2ES
=
=
=
BC
BC
ED = 2ES , (3)
, I
ABC , K AT L
() .
21
NE
AT
. EI = EC =
,
AB
2
ES C, EDN
ES
1
= . , E
ED
2
A
,
ABC .
22
:
17 (
KARKAR) S
1
y = x, A
2
1
y = x : (S A) = 6.
2
M S A.
MA = 3
2
x1 + x2 2
x1 x2
1
+ x2
=3
x2
2
x x 2
2
1
2
x + x 2
2
1
4
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF23&tF21532
x2M
S (2, ) ,
4y2M
1 ( )
A (2, ) ,
x 2
(2yM )2 +
62
M (x, y) .
x2M
36
=9
=9
=1
y2M
+
2 = 1,
3
2
2a = 12, 2b = 3.
:
18 ( )
2 2
x=
= x
+ = 2y
y=
x2 y2
= 1 C2 : x2 + y2 = a2
a2 b2
a, b > 0. K(x0 , y0 ), x0 > 0,
b
C2 (
) : y = x C1 ,
a
C2 K
E .
C1 :
:
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF23&tF21164
1 ( )
K(x0 , y0 )
(S A)2 = 62
( )2 + (2 + 2)2 = 36
x0 =
x + (4y) = 36
2
x2
36
x2
62
y2
36
16
2
a2 + b2
a2
ba
ba
y0 =
=
2
2
a +b
(
E(, 0)
). K
xx0 + yy0 = a2
=1
y
+
2 = 1.
3
2
a2
. ( E(, 0)
x0 > 0).
E(, 0) x0 = a2 x0 =
2 ( ) S x1 ,
x + x x x
1
2
1
2
,
.
M
a2
x1
2
x2
, A x2 , .
2
2 ( ) C2
K xx0 + yy0 = a2 . y0 = x0
a
2
4
S A = 6 :
23
E(c, 0), :
x20 + y20 = a2
b2
+ 2 x20 = a2
a
a2 x20 + b2 x20 = a4 .
cx0 = a2
x20
c2 x20 = a4
(a2 + b2 )x20 = a4 ,
(11)
(11).
24
:
19 ( )
X t1 , t2 , ..., tv ,
x 0 , R
g (x) =
x=2
0<x2
2.
g(3) = 20
3v x 2v x
= 20
94
.
(12)
v x = 100
1. g xo = 2 ,
= 21 .
t1 + t2 + ... + tv = 100
v
ti = 100.
2. g
A(3, 20) , vi=1 ti = 100.
i=1
3. vi=1 ti fi = 1, fi
, v
.
3.
:
v
ti fi = 1
i=1
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF18&tF21166&startF20
t1 f1 + t2 f2 + ... + tv fv = 1
v1
v2
vv
t1 + t2 + ... + tv = 1
v
v
v
t1 v1 + t2 v2 + ... + tv vv = v
1 ( )
1.
t1 + t2 + ... + tv
v
t1 + t2 + ... + tv = v x
t1 + t2 + ... + tv = v
x =
v = 100.
(12)
1 2 x2 4 v
g (x) =
v x
20 ( )
s, s 0.
R 0 < 2 s v.
,0 < x 2
.
,x=2
x(t1 + t2 + ... + tv ) 2v x
x2
x2 4
v x (x 2)
= lim
x2 (x 2)(x + 2)
v x
v x
=
= lim
x2 (x + 2)
4
x2
g(2) =
v x
2
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF18&tF5875
1 ( ) :
R = tmax tmin
= (tmax x) (tmin x)
xo = 2
v x
4
v x
2
1
2
= .
:
25
, . (
a < x < < x < a ). ti , i = 1, 2, ...,
, :
s2 =
(ti x )2 .
i=1
+ (tmin x)2
ti
2 (tmax x) (tmin x)
(ti x )2 <
2 (tmax x) + (tmin x )
2
i=1
(ti x)2
(ti x )2 < s2
| ti x | < s .
R.
(ti x)2
i=1
2
(ti x)2
2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2
i=1
2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2 2s2
:
R s 2
| tmax x | < s
tmax x < s
tmax < s + x
(13)
| tmin x | < s
x tmin < s
tmin > x s .
(14)
0
, 3
.
(13),(14) :
2 ( ) s 0
2
26
:
21 ( )
z, w
4|z|2 2zw = 1,
2.
|w|2 2zw = 3
ww 2zw = 3
|w|2 2zw = 3.
w(w 2z) = 3
1. |2z w| = 2.
|w| |w 2z| = 3
2 |w| = 3
2. z w
,
.
|w| =
3
2
3. |6z + w|.
4 |z|2 2zw = 1
4.
z w.
zw=wz
4zz 2zw = 1
4zz 2zw = 1
2z(2z w) = 1
1
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF51&tF21713&startF60
|2z| |2z w| = 1
4 |z| = 1
1
|z| =
4
( )
1.
z
1
1 = ,
4
w
3
2 =
2
4 |z|2 2zw = 1
2zw = 4 |z|2 1
4 |z|2 1
R.
zw =
2
3.
zw = zw =
zw = zw
1
4 16
1
1
4
1
2
43
2
zw=zw
16
8
9 18 9
=
+
4
4
4
=0
= 4.
|2z w| = 2
27
3
8
|6z + w| = 0. A
6z B w, A B.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF51&tF21713&startF100
4.
( )
1. f x
.
f (1) = 1 > 0, f (x) > 0 x
|z w|2 = (z w)(z w)
= zz zw wz + ww
zw=wz
|z|
1
7
.
4
|z w| =
(|z + z| 3) x3 + x
=
x (|z z| 3) x2 + x
(2 |a| 3) x3 + x
=
lim
x (2 |b| 3) x2 + x
(2 |a| 3) x3
=
lim
x (2 |b| 3) x2
2 |a| 3
x = .
lim
x 2 |b| 3
lim
7
= .
4
: 3
A 6z B w
, z,
, O, B
|z w|min = |z w|max =
OB O .
: z
3
|a| 1 < , 2 |a| 3 < 0.
2
2 |b| 3 < 0.
3 1
7
|z w| =
B
=
BO
+
O
= + = .
2
4. C f
x = 0, x = 1
22 ( )
f R, f (x) 0 x R
|z|
f (x) dx = 0 x
2.
f (x)dx = 0
1
f (1 ) = 1 .
x .
1. f (x) > 0.
1
f (x) dx < |z + 2z|
2. z.
(|z + z| 3) x3 + x
.
x (|z z| 3) x2 + x
|z| + 2 |z|
3. lim
= |z| + 2 |z|
4. f x x x = 0
x = 1 |z + 2z|,
= 3 |z|
= 3.
f (t)dt = 3 x2 + 6 x 6
1
(0, 1).
f (x) dx 3 < 0.
0
28
(15)
x
h (x) =
1
f (t) dt 3 x 6 x + 6
2
x
x
(15).
f (t) dt ( f (x)
Bolzano,
xo (0, 1)
xo
f (t) dt ) 3 x2 6 x + 6
f (x) dx 3 < 0
h (xo ) = 0
( ).
f (t) dt 3t2 6t + 6 = 0.
0
29
:
1. a = 0
23 ( )
f : R R :
2. f (b) 0
f (x)
lim
= 3.
x2 x 2
:
3. f (1 b) = 1
4. f R.
f (x)
.
x2 sin(x)
lim
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF52&tF11884
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF52&tF10921
1 ( )
1 ( )
1. x = 0, x = 1 :
f (x)
=
x2 sin(x)
lim
f (x)
x2
lim
x2 sin(x)
x2
sin(x)
x2 x 2
sin(u)
= lim
u0
u
sin(u)
= lim
u0
u
= .
=
lim
a + b = b a = 0.
2. : f (x) f (1 x) = f (b). f (b) = 0,
f (x) f (1 x) = 0. x = 0, x = 2, :
f (0) = 0 f (1) = 0
2 ( )
f (2) = 0 f (1) = 0.
f (x)
f (x) x 2
= lim
x2 sin 2x
x2 x 2 sin x
x2
f (x)
= lim
x2 x 2 sin (2 x)
f (x)
x2
= lim
x2 x 2 sin (x 2)
(x 2) 1
f (x)
lim
= lim
x2 x 2 x2 sin (x 2)
lim
f (0) = f (2)
f (0) = f (1)
f (1) = f (2)
f (1) = f (1)
f 1 1,
0=2
24 ( )
f R 1 1
:
2 = 1 1 = 2
1 = 1 ,
, f (b) 0.
3. x = b, :
x R
f (b) f (1 b) = f (b) f (1 b) = 1.
:
30
4. x0 R, f (x0 ) = 0.
x = x0 , :
2 ( )
2. f (b) = 0 x = 0
f (0) = 0 f (1) = 0 b = 0 b = 1
x = 2, x = 3
x = 3
f (2) = 0 f (1) = 0
f (3) = 0 f (2) = 0,
f (3) = 0 f (2) = 0 b = 3 b = 2
f (2) = f (x0 )
f (1) = f (x0 )
f (3) = f (x0 )
f (2) = f (x0 )
4. f
k
0 x = k 0 = f (b) .
R.
f 1 1,
2 = x0
1 = x0
3 = x0
2 = x0 ,
3 (KARKAR)
2. f (b) = 0.
f (1/2) f (1/2) = 0
f (1) f (0) = 0,
f (1/2) = 0 f (1), f (0)
0, .
2 = x0 = 3
2 = x0 = 2
1 = x0 = 3
1 = x0 = 2,
3. x = b
, x0
R f (x0 ) = 0, 0
, f (A) R
4. f (x) = 0 x f (b) = 0 .
31
:
25 ( ) f
R,
f
f (x + f (x)) = f (x)
x R
(1)
x.
. ,
...
.
f (x)
1. f
(
) x + f (x)
A x B (1)
f (A) = f (B) Rolle
2.
(1)
3. f a, b a < b.
u (a, b)
f (u) 0.
f (x) 0, x R
... f (x) 0 :
[A, B] [B, A]
x R
Rolle f [A, B] :
f () = 0 f (x) 0 x R.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF53&tF22417
1 ( )
2.
.... ;
.
1.
1
f (x) . (
)
f (x) = c
(1)
. . .
(
) :
f (x)
f
(1) f .
( )
2 . f (x) x R
x R : f (x) = 0.
.. f (x)
. f (x) f (x) .
. 1 1
n(n 1) = n > 2
n = 0 f (x) = c
f (1)
x + f (x)
A x B f (A) = f (B), f :
1 1
n = 1 f (x) = ax + b, a 0.
n = 2 f (x) = ax2 + bx + c...
a = 1, b = 0, c = 0 f (x) = x2 ...
A = B x + f (x) = x f (x) = 0
32
3. f (a) = f (b) = 0
(2)
: u (a, b) f (u) 0
f (x) < 0
b.
1 f
1 1 (a, b)
R.
y (a, b) y + f (y) (a, b)
f 1 1.
26 ( )
f
[4, 10] f (A) = [1, 5]
f (4) = 2, f (10) = 4.
1 , 2 (4, 10) : f (1 ) = f (2 ) = 0.
f (x)
(a, b)
f (x) > 0
(2)
(
f ,
) a < x + f (x) <?
b.
x
, x
x + f (x).
( )
x1 , x2
[4, 10]
f (x)
a x + f (x).
; . (
).
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF53&tF22505
xa+
x+ f (x) a
b.
a < x0 + f (x0 )
x0 , x0 + f (x0 ) (a, b) f 1 1
(1)
x0 + f (x0 ) = x0 f (x0 ) = 0
( a = b 2 = 4).
33
:
27 ( )
f : [0, 1] [0, +) ,
!
!
!
"
g (t) =
t
1+2
f (t) 1 + 2
g
[0, x] x (0, 1] g (t) 0, t [0, 1].
(0, x)
g (x) g (0)
g () =
x0
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF54&tF23072
( )
f , f (t) 0 t [0, 1]
1+2
x
x(0,1]
f (u)du 0
!
!
!
"
x
1+2
t
1+2
f (u)du x 1
t
2
#x
!
!
!
"
f (u)du > 0
f (u)du x 1 0
0
x
1+2
f (u)du x + 1
0
t
f (t) 1 + 2
!
!
!
"
f (u)du
f (t)
t
1+2
!
!
!
"
f (u)du
t = 0
t
f 2 (t) 1 + 2
t
1+2
f (t)
1+2
#t
f (u)du .
0
f (u)du
.
28 ( )
f [0, 1]
f (u)du
f (t) t + 1 t (0, 1] .
f (t)0
f (t)
1+2
0
!
!
!
"
| f (t)|
t
f (u)du
f (t)dt
1 x2
x [0, 1].
2
!
!
!
t
"
1 + 2
f (u)du t 0
( f (x)) dx
2
34
x f (x)dx.
0
:
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF54&tF2583
1
( )
:
1 1
1
f (t)dt
0
( f (x) x f (x))dx
1 x2
dx
2
(x)
1
+
f (t)dt
x [0, 1]
f 2 (x) 2 x f (x) + x2 0,
x [0, 1]
1
1
f (x)dx
2
(2)
0
( f (x) x)2 0,
1
3
( f 2 (x) x f (x))dx 0
x f (x)dx
1
1
x f (x)dx
3
1
x f (x)dx
3
1
x2 dx
(2) 1 1
= 0.
+1
f (t)dt
1
1
1
( f 2 (x) x f (x))dx
1
x f (x)dx
1
1
1
2
x [0, 1]
35
x f (x)dx.
0
:
29 ( )
:
sin(cos x) = x
g [1, 1]
cos(sin x) (
) x ()
cos(sin x) = x
.
;
( - )
sin(cos x) = x ,
[1, 1] sin(cos x) [1, 1].
g(0) = 1 > 0
2
2
<
g
< 0,
= cos
x [1, 1].
f [1, 1]
sin(cos x) (
) x ()
Bolzano
g(x) = 0 0,
,
4
(1, 1),
.
x1 x2
.
[1, 1] 4
cos(sin x) ( ) x
()
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF55&pF116855#p116855
f (x) = sin(cos x) x,
x [1, 1].
[1, 1] 4
sin(cos x) ( ) x
()
x1 < cos x1
(3)
2
2
<
f
< 0,
= sin
4
Bolzano
f (x) = 0 0,
,
4
(1, 1),
.
cos(sin x) = x ,
[1, 1] cos(sin x) [1, 1].
g(x) = cos(sin x) x,
x2 > cos x2 .
x1 x2 ,
(3)
(4)
x1 < x2 .
x [1, 1].
36
(4)
30 ( )
z w 2
|z 1| = 1 w =
2z 1
.
z+1
f (x) = ln x
( ) f
.
3.
f , ,
|w| x.
1. f ,
x0
2. f ,
3. f ,
2 1
4. lim x f
x0
x0
f (1) = ln 1
(x) .
11=0
f .
,
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF55&pF113735#p113735
f () = (, 0] .
( )
1. w :
w=
4. ( ). f
( )
(, 0] (0, 1],
w+1
2z 1
,
z=
z+1
2w
f (1) = 0 f 1 (0) = 1
1
= 1 |2w 1| = |w 2|
|z 1| = 1
2w+
1
w
(2w 1) (2w 1) = (w 2) (w 2)
ww = 1
|w| = 1
D f = (0, 1]
2. : f (x) = ln x 1 x,
x (0, 1)
f (x) =
2 1x
lim f 1 (x) = 1.
x0
lim x2 f 1 (x) = 0 1 = 0.
x0
> 0,
37
:
31 ( )
f : R R,
ex f (x) = f 2 (x)
f (x) ex f (x) f
#x
#x
et f (t)dt
et f (t)dt
f (x) e0
e0
f
f (x)
x
# t
f (0) = 1
ex f (x) = f 2 (x) x R.
(x) = 0
(x) = 0
= 0
e f (t)dt
e0
f (x)
#x
= c.
et f (t)dt
e0
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF56&pF113616
x = 0 c = 1.
1 ( ) ,
. x0 R f (x0 ) 0.
#x
f (x)
#x
= 1 f (x) = e0
I
.
ex f (x) = f 2 (x)
f (x)
= ex
f 2 (x)
1
= ex
f (x)
f (x)
= ex , x I
f 2 (x)
1
= ex , x I
f (x)
1
ex + c
I
, a, f (a) = 0.
0 = f (a) = lim
xa
ex + c
= ex + m.
f (x)
x = 0 m = 0
, x I
<0
et f (t)dt
e0
x R.
f J
x0 f (x) f (x0 )
x J .
f (x) =
et f (t)dt
f (x)
= ex f (x) = ex
xR
Zaris
.
.
I = R
c = 0.
32 ( )
f : R R f (x) =
f (x) = ex , x R,
.
g(x) =
0
38
dt
2 ( )
t2
ex (1+t )
dt.
1 + t2
2
g : R R
1. x0 R,
lim
x2 (1+t2 )
xx0
2.
dt =
g(x) g(x0 )
=
x x0
1 + t2
x20
x0
g (x0 ) = 2e
g(x) g(x0 )
2
lim
= 2 x0 ex0
x x0
xx0
x R.
x+
lim
x+
t2
dt =
1. t [0, 1] x0 R.
e
ex
ex0 (1+t
x x0
(1+t2 )
= e (x + x0 )(1 + t2 )
= (t, x) x20 (1 + t2 ), x2 (1 + t2 ) .
ex
(x + x0 ) > 0,
= 2
x (1 + t2 ) x20 (1 + t2 )
2
x2 (1 + t2 ) x20 (1 + t2 )
2
= 2
x (1 + t2 ) x20 (1 + t2 )
2
A x = min{x2 (1 + t2 ), x20 (1 + t2 )}
x20 (1+t2 )
e(x0 t) dt.
t2 )
( )
x2 (1+t2 )
x0 0, x x0 x < 0.
,
t [0, 1],
ex x20 (1 +t2 ), x2 (1 +
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF56&pF113616
e =
3. lim g(x) = 0
= (t, x) (A x , B x ).
ex
1
1
x2 (1+t2 )
x20 (1+t2 )
e
dt
e
dt
0
0
0
1
x2 (1+t2 )
x20 (1+t2 )
e
dt
e
0
= |x
2
x20 |
e (1 + t2 )dt
ex
xx0
ex
(1+t2 )
dt =
(x + x0 )(1 + t2 ) <
ex0 (1+t
x x0
(1+t2 )
(1+t2 )
ex
lim
(x + x0 )(1 + t2 ) <
xx0
(1+t2 )
e (x + x0 )(1 + t2 ) <
2|x2 x20 | 0,
f (x) + g(x) =
ex0 (1+t )
dt.
x x0
(1+t2 )
et dt
ex
2. x0 R,
39
<
(x + x0 )
ex
(1+t2 )
ex
(1+t2 )
g(x) g(x0 )
x x0
dt <
0
1 + t2
c = f (0) + g(0)
1
1
dt
=
1
+
t2
0
/4
1
1
t=tan x
dx
=
2
1 + tan x cos2 x
0
/4
=
1 dx
ex0 (1+t )
dt <
x x0
(x + x0 )
ex0 (1+t ) dt
2
(5)
x x0 ,
1,
lim
xx0
g(x) g(x0 )
2
= 2 x0 ex0
x x0
e(x0 t) dt.
2
f (x) + g(x) =
x0 > 0,
, (5)
.
g (x) = 2 xex
x2
xt=u
0
= 2e
ex , f
R, 2
x2
( f (x) + g(x)) = 2e
ex (1+0)
dt
1 + t2
0
1
1
x2
dt
=e
2
0 1+t
2 x+
0.
= ex
du.
ex (1+t )
dt
1 + t2
u2
x R.
0 g(x)
e(xt) dt
x
3.
x R
t2
e
0
2ex
dt
eu du
2
= 0,
x+
x+
lim
x+
f (x) + g(x) = c x R.
40
x2
e
0
x+
ex
:
33 ( )
f : (0, +) R
cos
x
f (x) x f (y)
f
x, y (0, +)
=
y
y
y2
A
2
=
=
1, f (1) = 1.
cos
A
2
=
( ) x > e
2 ln x > 2 > 1, x2 ln x x > 0.
x2 ln x
.
ex
b2 c2
(a+b)(a+c)
bc(sa)
s
0
x +.
, 2(ln x)2 x .
( , ..
2(ln x)2 x
1 .
l Hospital
<1
a2 < b2 + c2
A < 90 .
.
2 ( )
, .
AD I
ABC ,
ABD
1 ( )
bc
.
a+b
AI =
, IKAB,
AK
A sa
cos =
cos =
2
AI
2
AI
AB AC
<1
AI 2
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF69&tF19524
bc (s a)
.
s
34 ( )
ABC I .
BI, CI AC, AB B , C .
AB AC ,
AI 2 A
, .
AC =
(7)
bcs
<1
(a + b) (a + c) (s a)
bc (a + b + c) < (a + b) (a + c) (b + c a)
s (s a)
.
bc
AB AC < AI 2
x e ln x e
bc
a+c
b2 +c2 a2
2bc
, :
AB =
1+
(b + c)2 a2
4bc
AI 2 =
x2 ln x
x2 ln x
x2 ln x x
().
(ln x)x + x (ln x)x + x (ln x)x
() <
1 + cos A
=
2
(6) (7) :
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?pF78536
0<
cAD
.
BD + c
BD =
(6)
ac
.
b+c
s ABC.
, :
AI =
41
AD (b + c) AD (b + c)
=
.
a+b+c
2s
AI 2 =
,
.
(b + c)
AD2 .
2
(2 s)
2
AD2 =
4bcs (s a)
(b + c)
AI 2 =
bc (s a)
.
s
42
,
,
:
x0 R f (x0 ) > ax0 , 2.
35 ( )
a > 1, f : R (0, +)
1. f (x) ax , x R
2. f (x) = ax , x R.
2. f (x + y) f (x) f (y), x, y R.
36 ( )
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF109&tF21529
g(x) x
(8)
(9)
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF109&tF20461
1 ( ) x =
[x] + {x}
(8),(9) x = y = 0
0 g(0) 0
(10)
(9) y x (10)
g(x) + g(x) 0 g(x) g(x),
(1)
2[x] =
f (y) =
x x g(x) x
, (8) g(x) = x
x.
,
f (x) = ax . 2 ( ) -
2 2{x} 1
(14)
y
y [1, 2) .
2y 1
f [1, 2)
f ([1, 2)) =
: 1. x = 0
2
,1 .
3
[x]
(14) [x] 1 2[x] 2 [x] 1
2[x] 0
f .
[x] = 0 2{x} = 1
{x} = 0
x = 0.
(11)
2. x = y = 0
f (0) f 2 (0)
f 2 (0) f (0) 0
f (0) ( f (0) 1) 0
f (0) 1
2{x}
2{x} = y 1 y < 2
g(x) x g(x) x.
f (0) 1
(13)
0 {x} < 1
(13) :
g(0) = 0
2 ( )
(12)
x 0 2x 2[x] = 2{x} 2x
2x 2[x] 0 2{x} 2x
x = {x} = [x]
.
x = 0.
x = 0.
44
:
KB = KD = BC = CD = DA , (3)
37 ( )
ABCD
BCD, DAB 80o , 40o , .
BC = CD = DA,
ABC = x.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF110&tF19142
1 ( ) K,
C M BD KBCD BC = CD
,
.
DBC = 50o
BCK
BCD
2
40o
, (1 )
KBCD DKB = BCD =
DKB = 80o , (2)
3 ( ) BD.
45
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF110&tF20616
1 ( ) :
BC
BD
=
=
80o
50o
BD
a
80o
50o
240o 40o
(90o 50o )
240o
= AM =
ABD . :
BD
40o
AD
ABD
BD
a
2 3
a
2
40o
ABD
= 240o = ABD =
: BM = BN =
a 2
2
NC = a a
3
=
2
ABC N MS
1
= ABD = 30o
2
BN CM AS
=1
NC
MA S B
a 3
AS
31
2
= AS = a
=
, (1 )
4
a( 2 3 ) AS + a
:
S M
S BM S M =
6
, (2)
a
4
:
cos y =
= y = 45o , (4)
: S MA = 180o 120o 45o = 15o , (5)
2
2
BMA S MA
:
(AMB)
SA
(AS M)
(AMB) = ... =
=
= (AS M) =
S
A
AB
AB
3 3 2
a ( (1)
32
)
46
2 ( ) 1) BM
- - ABC
a, (
- ) N MC = S MA =
NBM
AM =
(
= 15
o
, AD =
30o
, AS =
a 3
) MD = DS =
31
a 3
4
4
4
4
S DM
a 6
S M =
4
2
AS MD a 3 3
3) (AMS ) =
=
2
32
47
, ,
:
n 17 .
39 ( )
n 17 .
n .
40 ( )
P,
, P(0) = 0
3
P (x + 1) = (P(x) + 1)3 .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF111&tF14393
( ) n = 1, 4, 9
n .
m n ,
m
m n ,
m+(n 1) .
1 + 3k + 8l ,
k, l . l = 0, 1, 2 1 + 3k + 8l
n n 17 (
(mod 3)).
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF111&tF15622
( ) x = 0 P(1) = 1.
x1 = 1 xn+1 = (xn + 1)3
n 1. P(xn ) = xn
xn > 0 n 1.
xn+1 > xn n 1,
{xn }n1 P,
P(x) x. ,
, , P(x) = x.
48
41 ( )
ABCD AB = AD B = D = 90 o .
DC, BC, E, Z ,
AE, DZ .
BE AZ.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF112&tF22060
BZ AZ ,
: (AZ )(AZ) =
1 ( )
(
) (AE)2 (AB)2 = (ZE)2 (ZB)2 , (1)
AE DZ = (AZ)2 (AD)2 = (ZE)2 (DE)2 , (2)
4 ( )
(A, AD = AB), ED, ZB
DZ AE .
, E
DZ , Z
, BE .
, BE AZ
.
42 ( )
I ABC
IA, IB, IC
D, E, Z ,
2 ( )
A w = (AB)2 = (AD)2 .
IA IB IC
+
+
3
ID IE IZ
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF112&tF22976
1 ( ) BID
BC DC
C1 C2 , AD AB ,
E E ( C1 AE )
E , D, E Z .
Z Z , Z
C2 , BC .
ABZE
(), B, Z E
( ),
BE AZ .
, BID = IBD =
ID = BD.
3 ( ) E ,
AE, DZ EZ , AZ (
2 ).
A + B
2
BKD, ABD :
49
IA
b+c
AI + ID
c
AD AB
=
=
= ac =
+1 =
BD BK
ID
ID
a
b+c
IA b c
= + 1.
=
ID a a
IB c a
IC a b
= + 1
= + 1.
:
IE b b
IZ
c c
IA IB IC
+
+
=
:
ID IE IZ
a
b
b
c
c
a
b + a + c + b + a + c 3
IA IB IC
+
+
=
ID IE IZ
(IA)2
(IB)2
(IC)2
+
+
=
(IA)(ID) (IB)(IE) (IC)(IZ)
(IA)2 + (IB)2 + (IC)2
.
2Rr
2 + 2 + 2 3 = 3.
2 ( )
Euler
, s2 + r2 8Rr 6Rr,
s2 14Rr r2 .
,
s 16Rr 5r2 R 2r. ( Gerretsen Euler,
).
2
50
:
43 ( 1995)
, :
.
a + 3b + c 6.
(a, b, c):
(.
), ,
() (1, 3, 0)
() (2, 1, 1)
() (2, 2, 0)
,
.
d, e, f
4,5,6. (),
, d 3.
e + 3 f 6. d + e + f = 5
d = 3, e = 0, f = 2.
. ()
d 4 e + 3 f
6. d + e + f 6, .
(), a + 3b + c = 6,
.
.
.
.
.
. d 3
().
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?pF116050
( )
18.
18 (
)
.
18.
.
10.
.
X
X
X
X
X
.
, ,
4 .
a, b, c
,
3a + b 6
( )
44 ( )
a, b, c
a + b + c = 1,
1+c
1
1+a 1+b
+
+
.
b + c c + a a + b abc
51
3 -
ab + ac + bc 3 a2 b2 c2
3
: 3 a2 b2 c2 3abc
a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 a, b, c (0, 1)
2 ( )
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?pF118939
1 ( ) :
1+a
1+b
1+c
1
+
+
1a
1b
1c
abc
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)
abc
3abc (ab + bc + ac) + 2
abc
1+a
b+c
(b + c)(a + c)(a + b)
abc
=
=
-
(-)
b+c
bc
(a2 + a)
(a2 + a)
b+c
4
2ab + (b + c)a2
2ab +
(1 a)a2
4
(a + b + c)2
4
a3
()
1
4
1
9
()
3
3
3
3 a + b + c
a+b+c
1
a3 + b3 + c3
52
2
9
:
a1 = b1 = 1 . a3 = b3
(
) a3 = 0 b3 = 2
45 ( vzf)
,
.
S (x) = x + x2 + x2 + x3 + x3 + x4
T (x) = x + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x8 .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF59&tF21407
: (1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4)
(1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8).
( )
61 (x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 ).
r1 , . . . , r6
s1 , . . . , s6
46 ( Vojtech
Jarnk
1997) a .
d|(a2 + 2) d 1 mod 8 d 3 mod 8.
(
xri )(
xsi ) = (x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 )2
.
T (x) = xri S (x) = x si ,
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF59&tF23187
( ) p
d. a2 2 mod p, , p
, Legendre ( p2 ) 1.
,
p1
p2 1
1 2
2
=
= (1) 2 (1) 8 .
S T = (x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 )2 .
Z[x]
p 1
2
p1
p 5 mod 8 8 2
, .
p 7 mod 8
p2 1
p1
2 ,
.
d 1 mod 8
3 mod 8. , 32 1 mod 8
d.
53
:
47 ( )
:
() G 2n ,
.
ac ab bc
1
1
1
= (a b)(b c)(c a).
b c a
() .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF10&tF21186
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF10&tF22610
( - )
1 ( )
xc xb bc
1
1
.
f (x) =
1
b c x
()
. , a G
|G|
,
. f (b) = f (c) = 0
.
, f (x) = k(x b)(x c).
0 0 bc
f (0) =
1 1 1
= bc(c b),
b c 0
2n
22
..
.2
= a = ./01
a
= e.
n
b G eb = b = be
b G
22
..
.2
22
..
.2
a
b
b a./01 = ./01
n
k = c b.
, f (x) = (c b)(x
b)(x c) .
.
22
2 ( )
..
.
22
..
b ./01
a
= ./01
a
b.
n1
ac ab bc
ac ab ac bc ac
1
1
1
=
1
0
0
b c a
b
cb
a b
a(b c) c(b a)
=
cb
a b
n1
, n
ab = ba a, b G G
.
()
x3 = 1 x.
a2 b = ba2 a(a2 b)a = a(ba2 )a
ba = ab.
1 a b
0 1 c a, b, c {0, 1, 2}
0 0 1
mod 3. .
54
:
+
49 ( )
+
(2n)
2n
n=1
(2m) x2m =
m=1
2 2 cot 2/2
4
(s) Riemann.
1+
5
, :
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF9&tF13167
an =
1
2
+
n=1
cos(xt) cos(nt) dt =
1. ( ) (
):
+
(n!)2 4n x2n+2
= arcsin2 (x) .
(n
+
1) (2n + 1)!
n=0
+
sin x
2 x sin x cos(nt)
+
(1)n+1
.
x
(n2 x2 )
n=1
n=1
x
=
2
n x2
+
2
n=1
+
+ 2m
x
n=1 m=1
n2
=
+ n 2n
d2
4 x
1
2n
= 2 (arcsin2 (x)) ==
dx
n=0
2
1 x2
4 x2 x
2 x arcsin(x)
====
(1 x2 ) 1 x2
x
+
4 x + x arcsin 2
xn
2n
= 4
,
(
4
x)
4
x
n=0 n
x = 1
+
5 + i arcsin 2i 2
(1)n
2n
= 4
==
x
.
x2
+
2n
= arcsin2 (x)
t = sin x
cot x =
4n x2n+2
(2n + 2) (2n + 1)
n=0
Fourier f x (t) t R
, f x () = fx ()
an = O(1/n).
(1)n1
2a
2n
= .
5
n n
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF9&tF15033
n=1
+
5 5
an cos(nt) ,
sin((n x))
=
n+x
nx
2 x sin x
(1)n sin x sin x
= (1)n+1
.
n+x
nx
(n2 x2 )
cos(xt) =
n=1
+
2.
3
cos((x + n) t) + cos((n x) t) dt =
1 sin((n + x))
+
(1)n1
4a
1
2n
= +
1.
( ) x R |x| < 1.
Fourier f x (t) = cos(xt)
t [, ]
a0
50 ( ) a =
ln
fx (t) =
1 x cot(x)
2
n=0
(2m) x .
2m
5 5
5 arcsinh
1
5 5
m=1
|x| < 1
.
3
==
4
4a
.
5 5 5
+
+
(1)n1
(1)n
2n
=
2n
=
n=1
55
n=1
(1)n
4a
1
2n
1 = + .
5 5 5
n=0
2. ( )
+
+
+
(1)n1
(1)n (1)n (n!)2
=
2n
=
2n
=
n (2n)!
n=1 n n
n=1 n n
n=1
n=1
n (2n + 1)
(1)n xn (1 x)n1 dx =
1
+
1
n
n
(1) (x (1 x)) dx =
0 1 x n=1
1
+
1
(x (x 1))n dx =
0 1 x n=1
1
1
x2 x
1
x
dx =
dx =
2
2
0 1 x x x1
0 x x1
2 ln 1+2 5
ln 3+2 5
2a
=
= .
1 : ,
2 : arcsin(i x) = i arcsinh (x)
,
1
1+ 5
3 : arcsinh 2 = ln 2 .
+
(1)n n (n + 1) (n)
n=1
+
56
:
51 ( )
9.999 .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF63&tF23284
( ) n
n+ 3, n2 + 3
,
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF63&tF23220
( )
6 mod 9.
( )
0, 1, . . . 8 mod 9
0, 1, 4, 0, 7, 7, 0, 4, 1 mod 9.
9999
6666 6 mod 9.
3 9
.
(n + 3) n2 + 3 = n3 + 3n2 + 3n + 9
= (n + 1)3 + 8.
52 ( )
n
a=n+3
(n + 1)3 (n + 3)3
(n + 2)3 . (n + 1)3 + 8 = (n + 2)3
3n2 + 9n = 1.
n = 3, 2, 1.
n + 3, n2 + 3 .
b = n2 + 3
.
57
:
53 ( )
:
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF27&tF22605
x5 40 x4 + Px3 + Qx2 + Rx + S = 0
1 (
.
10. |S |.
f (x) =
a a
, , a, ak, ak2 .
k2 k
k2
a k2
ee > e .
+ 1 + k + k2 = 40.
2 ( )
f (x) = x ln x 2 x
x > e.
+ 1 + k + k2 = 10.
a2 =
4 |a| = 2.
a5
|S | = |a|5 = 25 = 32.
f () > f (e)
ln 2 > e
ln + e > 2
ln( ee ) > ln e2
54 ( )
ee
x>0
,
10
1
1
(ln x 1).
2
f x > e
Vieta
40 S .
e
ln x x + ,
f (x) =
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF27&tF22408
e .
58
ee > e2
ee > e .
:
55 ( KARKAR) (O)
(K) A, B .
A, B T .
S (O) S T
C . S A
(K) P, AC Q. S T
PQ.
2 ( )
OK (O), (K)
AB
T A = T B
( (O)) T
AB O, T , K .
= BAQ
= BS
M S BMP
BPM
,
= S
T K MB T
KB = APB
MB.
S BMP T K MB
= BS
K
B = AT
A = AOT
MB = OT
O,
BMQ
MQ = 900 :
, K
K M PQ M
PQ.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?pF115044#p115044
1 ( )
PCAMS Q B
Miquel.
= BS
S PMB BPQ
C
= BCS
.
BCMQ BQM
S BC
PBQ.
S ACB BA S BC .
M CS
BC = ABS
(1).
M
BCMQ
56 ( KARKAR)
D ABCD DA
, S . CT
S D S A, S B Q, P .
CP = PQ.
(1)
BC .
= QCM
= S
=M
QBM
CA = ABS
S BC PBQ
BC M M
= M
QBM
.
59
2 ( ) S X (
X A ) (D)
D AD E AC S B
F (D) S B.
AC B
(D) S , E, F, B,
C.S EFB
.
, XS Q = S CE QS P =
ECF PS C = FCB
S .XQPC .
, CQ S X CP = PQ
.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF62&tF22133
1 ( ) F (D) S B
CK = KA BC 2 = BK BD = BF BS ,
S , F , K , D .
KFS = KDT = KCP K , F , P, C .
KPF = KCF = AS F KP AQ,
CK = KA CP = PQ.
60
:
57 ( )
f, g C[x],
. f 2 (x) + g2 (x)
r C,
58 ( )
Cauchy.
a1 , a2 , ..., an
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1 a2 ...an
n
( f (r))2 + (g (r))2 = 0.
.
,
,
.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF60&tF23507
( ) :
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF60&tF17875
( f 2 (r) + g2 (r) = 0 )
x :
1 ( )
.
,
. , (
) George Polya.
,
.
:
a1 + a2 + ... + an
n a1 a2 ...an
./01
n
./01
f (r) = g(r) = 0
ex1 x
f (r) 0
x = 1
g(r)
g (r)
f (r) =
f (r)
xi
,
A
x1
x1
A
x2
x2
A
xn
xn
A
e A 1
+2
g(r)
2
2
g (r) + (g (r))2
( f (r)) + (g (r)) =
f (r)
f 2 (r) + g2 (r)
= [g (r)]2
f 2 (r)
= 0.
e A 1
...
e A 1
g(r) 0
e0
61
x1 x2 ...xn
Gn
A G.
An
An
Cauchy
.
Jensen (
).
2 ( )
Jensen
2.
x1 + x2 + ... + xn n
x1 x2 ...xn
n
.
x2
a=
x1 + x2 + ... + xn
n
, x>0
min xi a max x j
i, j xi < a < x j
, xi xi = a
x j xj = xi + x j a .
. :
x1 + x2 + + xn
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f (xn )
f(
)
n
n
x1 + x2 + + xn
ln(x1 x2 . . . xn )
ln(
)
n
n
ln(x1 x2 . . . xn ) ln (
n
(x1 x2 . . . xn )
x1 + x2 + . . . + xn n
)
n
.
, ,
xi a .
, a
,
, .
4 ( )
Cauchy
3 .
1 n = 2
x1 + x2 + . . . + xn
n
3 ( )
,
.
1. xi > 0 ,
c=
x1 x2 ...xn
x1 + x2
x1
x1 x2
x1 x2 x3
x1 ...xn
a1 = , a2 = 2 , a3 =
.....an =
=1
3
c
cn
c
c
b1 =
, b2 =
, bn =
x1 x2
(x1 x2 )2 0
2 n = 2k , k N
. k = 1 1
k 2
l
1 l k 1.
=1
a1
a2
an
ai , bi
:
a1 b1 + a2 b2 ... + an bn a1 bn + a2 b1 + a3 b2 + ... + an bn 1
x1 + x2 + + x2k
2k
xn
x1 x2
1 + 1 + 1... + 1
+ ... +
c
c
c
x1 +x2 ++x2k1
2k1
x1 + ...xn
x1 + ... + xn
c
n
c
n
2k1
x1 x2 x2k1 +
2k1
2
62
=
2k1
k
1
x1 x2 x2k1 2 x2k1 +1 x2k1 +2 x2k =
2k
x1 x2 x2k
x1 xn
.
(*)
.
xi
x1 xn .
x1 xn
2
3 n 2k
n 2 ,
m 2 n . x x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , mn xn+1 , xn+2 , . . . , xn xn+1 = xn+2 = . . . = xm = x.
:
: x
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
x=
:
;
(x1 , . . . , xn ) Rn : x1 , . . . , xn 0 x1 + + xn = 1
( )
Rn .
6 ( )
:
: a1 , a2 , ..., an a1 a2 ...an = 1
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
n.
( ):
n. n = 1
. n = k.
n = k + 1.
1 2 k k+1 = 1
x1 + x2 + + xn + (m n)x
m
x=
x1 + x2 + + xn + (m n)x
=
m
m
x1 x2 xn xn+1 xn+2 xm =
m
x1 x2 xn xmn
1 + 2 + + k + k+1 k + 1
() :
2
m 2.
m
x x1 x2 xn xmn
n
m x
x1 x2 xn
.
5 ( )
n = 1 n
2. x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
x1 + + xn = 1 , x1 xn (1/n)n
x1 = = xn = 1/n .
x1 = a1 /(a1 + + an ), . . . , xn =
an /(a1 + + an ) .
, x1 , . . . , xn
x1 + + xn = 1 x1 xn
. (*)
xi . x1 = =
xn .
x1 x2 .
x 1 = x 2 =
1 2 (k k+1 ) = 1
k 1 , 2 , , (k k+1 )
1
k :
1 + 2 + + (k k+1 ) k
x1 + x2
1 + 2 + + k + k+1 k + 1
2
:
x 1 + x 2 + x3 + + xn = 1
1 , 2 , , k , k+1 1
1
1
1
1.
k 1, k+1 1.
x 1 x 2 x3 xn (x1 x2 x3 xn ) =
x x 2
1
2
2
1 + 2 + + k + k+1 1 + 2 + + (k k+1 ) + 1
x3 ...xn
>0
k + k+1 k k+1 1 0
63
. Newman, D. J. Classroom Notes: Arithmetic, Geometric Inequality. Amer. Math. Monthly 67 (1960), no. 9, 886
n . n = 1 .
n = k .
n = k + 1
x1 xk+1 = 1 . xk+1 1 .
n
1
, ...., n
1 ...n
1 ...n
x1 xk =
7 ( ) Proofs
from THE BOOK M.Aigner G.Ziegler
H. Alzer (1996)
p
x1 + + xk k
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , p1 , p2 , . . . , pn
k
xk+1
a1 1 a2 2 an n p1 a1 + p2 a2 + + pn an ,
n
xk+1
x1 + + xk + xk+1 k
pi = 1.
i=1
k
+ xk+1
xk+1
x 1 ,
A := p1 a1 + p2 a2 + + pn an
k
k + x k + 1
x
G := a1 1 a2 2 an n .
,
,
,
a1 a2 an .
k
k + x
x
a1 G an ,
k {1, 2, . . . , n 1} , ak G ak+1 .
k
i=1
G
pi
ai
dt +
ai
n
pi
i=k+1
.
Bernoulli
dt 0 (1)
(1 + y)r 1 + ry
.
(1)
n
i=1
n
ai
pi
dt
n
i=1
ai
pi
y 0 r . (
.)
y = k x r = k + 1
x k x 1 + (k + 1)( k x 1) = (k + 1) k x k
dt
k x .
9 ( )
P.S.Bullen Handbook of Means and their Inequalities (2003), 74
- . , ...
A.Hurwitz (1891) , .
ai G
pi
pi (ln ai ln G)
G
i=1
i=1
n
< pi
A
1 ln
ai ln G = 0
G
i=1
n
AG
!
,
(1) ,
a1 = a2 = = an = G.
8 ( ) .
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
n x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ,
64
P ( f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )) :=
1
(1 + 2 + + n1 ) ,
2n!
f x(1) , x(2) , . . . , x(n) ,
S n
(
n! )
- .
10 (liolios19)
:
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn .
,
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = x1 x2 xn ,
n
f (x1 ) = x1 + x2 + + xn n x1 x2 xn )
P ( f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )) = n!x1 x2 xn ,
x1 , x2 , , xn > 0 n N :
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = xn1 ,
f (x1 ) = 1 (x1 )
P ( f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )) = (n 1)! x1 + x2 + +
n
xnn
1n
(x2 x3 xn ) n
k , k {1, 2, . . . , n 1} ,
:
( n1 0 )
f (x1 )
1
x1 = (x2 x3 xn ) n1 :
(x1 x2 ) x3 x4 xk+1 .
k := P xnk
xnk
1
2
(x2 x3 xn ) n1 + x2 + xn n((x2 x3 xn ) n1 x2 x3 xn ) n
n
= x2 + xn (n 1)(x2 x3 xn ) n1
x1 = x2 = = xn .
,
1
1
(x1 x2 ) =
1 := P xn
xn
1
2
1
n1
x
x
P
x
P xn1 + P xn2 P xn
2
1
1
2
1
1 = 2P xn1 2P xn
1 x2
x2 = (x3 x4 xn )1/(n2)
xn = xn1 ,
xn2 =
2 = 2P x1 x2 2P x1 x2 x3 ,
2
n2
3 = 2P xn
1 x2 x3 2P x1 x2 x3 x4 ,
n1
n2
= (x2 x3 xn ) n1 + x2 + xn n((x2 x3 xn ) n1 ) n
k {1, 2, . . . , n 1} xi 0
i {1, 2, . . . , n} , k (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) 0. ,
k (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) =
2
nk+1
P (x1 x2 ) x1
+ + x2nk+1 x3 x4 xk+1 0
xn xn1 = xn
x1 = x2 = = xn
( ),
0.
.
11 ( )
..
.
1 + 2 + + n1 = 2P xn1 2P (x1 x2 xn ) ,
a1 , a2 , ..., an
65
b1 + b2 + ... + bn > n
(1) ln x
: a1 = a2 = ... = an = 0
a1 , a2 , ..., an > 0
a1 = a2 = ... = an (1) .
a1 , a2 , ..., an
. :
M=
an
a1 a2
+
+ ... +
>n
M M
M
a1 + a2 + ... + an > n.M
a1 a2 ...an
:
ak
bk = , k = 1, 2, ..., n
M
: b1 b2 ...bn = 1
b1 , b2 , ..., bn 1 .
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1 a2 ...an
n
:
a1 = a2 = ... = an
f R ,
x > 0 :
2. E.F. Beckenbach,
Springer Verlag
R.
Bellman,
Inequalities,
3. P.S. Bullen, Handbook of Means and their Inequalities, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
= ln(b1 b2 ...bn ) = ln 1 = 0
f [0, + ) f
:
[0, + ).
66