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LaTEX: , , : , : , , : . LaTEX.
.

Leonardo da Vinci

(32-) . 30
. -
- - quasiregular ,
( - ). (0, 0, ),



1+ 5
1
,
, 1+
,
.
2
2
2
2

:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosidodecahedron
:

mathematica.gr
(http://www.mathematica.gr) .

mathematica.gr


1. ()
2. (Mihalis_Lambrou)
3. (nsmavrogiannis)

10. ( )
11. ( )
12. (dement)
13. ( )
14. (swsto)

4. ( )

15. (achilleas)

5. (chris_gatos)

16. ( )

6. (m.papagrigorakis)

17. ()

7. ( )


1. (grigkost)
2. (cretanman)

18. (xr.tsif)
19. (Demetres)

1. (spyros)
2. (p_gianno)
3. (kostas.zig)

1. (stranton)

4. (exdx)

2. ( )

5. ( )

3. (vittasko)

6. (mathnder)

4. (nkatsipis)

7. (mathematica)

5. ( )

8. ( )

6. (mathxl)

9. (rek2)

7. (matha)

10. (hsiodos)

8. (gbaloglou)

11. ( )

9. (R BORIS)

12. (bilstef)


1 ( )
( ) !

25
10 (
).
6 ( KARKAR) , 60% 70% ,
. ,
,
.

2 ( )
7 : 38.


7 ( )
1
.


3 ( )
1
2

A=(

ZE.
8 ( KARKAR)

.

3
5
7
97
99
) + ( ) + ... + (

)
4
6 8
98 100

1. , .

B=

2. .

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ ... +
)( + +
+ ... +
),
2 6 10
98
4 8 12
100

A + B.
,
4 ( parmenides51)
492
23%. 13%,
;

9 ( )

, 1 2 :

x2 x + = 0
:
3 1 2 2 =

10 ( irakleios)
m

5 ( )
. 6m
1m ,
.
;

x2 2(m + 1)x + m2 = 0
(0, 2);

14 ( )

x3 x2 + 27x 3

(x + x)2 = 6

11 ( KARKAR) ABC 
B = 70


C = 60 . S , B
SC =
100 S B = S C . CS , BS AB, AC D, E
 =
. S DE
.

,
15 ( KARKAR) BC
BC ,

BC . BC.
BC !

12 ( ) AB
B = E.
A = E.

16 ( KARKAR) D AB
ABC, (AB = AC), ,
AC E, BC Z .
AD = CZ , E BC ,
AB.
:

, D ;

,
13 ( )
1 , 2 , ..., 2+1 ,
:

1 3 21
...

2 4 2

,
17 ( KARKAR) S
1
1
y = x, A y = x
2
2
: (S A) = 6. M
S A.

1
.
2+1

18 ( )

x2 y2
C1 : 2 2 = 1 C2 : x2 + y2 = a2 a, b > 0.
a
b
K(x0 , y0 ), x0 > 0, C2
b
( ) : y = x C1 , C2 K
a
E .

, , ,
23 ( )
f : R R :

lim
x2

f (x)
= 3.
x2

:
,

lim
x2

19 ( ) X
t1 , t2 , ..., tv , x  0 , R


g (x) =

x(t1 +t2 +...+tv )2v x


,
x2 4
v x
2

x=2

0<x2

f (x)
.
sin(x)

24 ( ) f
R 1 1 :


.

f (x) f (1 x) = f (ax + b),

x R

1. g xo = 2 , = 21 .

1. a = 0

2. g

A(3, 20) , vi=1 ti = 100.

2. f (b)  0

3.
i=1 ti fi = 1, fi
, v .

4. f R.

v

3. f (1 b) = 1

20 ( )
s, s  0.

R 0 < 2 s v.

, ,

25 (

)
R, f

, ,

f (x + f (x)) = f (x)

(1)

1. f

21 ( ) z, w
4|z|2 2zw
= 1,

x R

2. (1)

|w|2 2zw = 3.

3. f a, b a < b.
u (a, b) f (u)  0.

1. |2z w| = 2.
2. z w
,
.

26 ( )
f [4, 10]
f (A) = [1, 5] f (4) = 2, f (10) = 4.
1 , 2 (4, 10) : f (1 ) = f (2 ) = 0.

3. |6z + w|.
4.
z w.

, ,

22 ( ) f
R, f (x)  0 x R

|z|

f (x)dx = 0

27 ( ) f : [0, 1] [0, +)
,

f (1 ) = 1 .

f 2 (t) 1 + 2

1. f (x) > 0.

f (u)du, t [0, 1].


0

f (t) t + 1, t [0, 1].

2. z.

(|z + z| 3) x + x
.
(|z z| 3) x2 + x
4. f x x x = 0 x = 1
|z + 2z|,
 x
f (t)dt = 3 x2 + 6 x 6
3

28 ( ) f
[0, 1]

3. lim

f (t)dt
x

1 x2
x [0, 1].
2

( f (x))2 dx

(0, 1).

x f (x)dx.
0

33 ( )
f : (0, +) R
, ,

29 ( ) :

sin(cos x) = x
.
;


f (x) x f (y)
x
=
x, y (0, +)

y
y
y2

1, f (1) = 1.

cos(sin x) = x

34 ( )
ABC I . BI, CI AC, AB
B , C . AB AC , AI 2 A
, .

30 ( ) z w  2
2z 1
.
z+1

|z 1| = 1 w =

f (x) = ln x

Juniors,
- -

|w| x.

1. f ,
2. f ,

35 ( ) a > 1,
f : R (0, +)

3. f ,

4. lim x2 f 1 (x) .

1. f (x) ax , x R

x0

2. f (x + y) f (x) f (y), x, y R.
, ,

36 ( )

31 ( )
f : R R,

2 x+1 = 2[x] + 2{x} .

f (0) = 1
ex f (x) = f 2 (x) x R.
Juniors,
32 ( ) f : R

R f (x) =

et dt
2

37 ( )
ABCD BCD, DAB
80o , 40o , . BC = CD = DA,
ABC = x.

g : R R

ex (1+t )
dt.
1 + t2
2

g(x) =
0

1. x0 R,

lim

xx0

ex

2 (1+t 2 )

dt =

ex0 (1+t ) dt.


2

2. x0 R,

g (x0 ) = 2ex0
2

x0

et dt
2

f (x) + g(x) =

x R.

3. lim g(x) = 0
x+

lim

x+

et dt =

38 ( KARKAR) 
ABC, M AC. (B, BM)
BC N. N M BA
S .
,

 AMS .

44 ( ) a, b, c
a + b + c = 1,

1+b
1+c
1
1+a

b+c

c+a

a+b

abc


45 ( vzf)

,
.
46 ( Vojtech
Jarnk 1997)
a . d|(a2 + 2)
d 1 mod 8 d 3 mod 8.

Seniors,
- -

47 ( ) :

39 ( ) n 17
.
n .


ac
1

b

40 ( ) P,
,


P(0) = 0 P (x + 1)3 = (P(x) + 1)3 .

ab
1


bc

1 = (a b)(b c)(c a).

a

48 ( ) G
a, b G a2 b = ba2 =

ab = ba.

() G 2n , .
() .

Seniors,
41 ( )
ABCD AB = AD B = D = 90o . DC, BC,
E, Z , AE, DZ .
BE AZ.


49 ( )

42 ( ) I
 ABC IA, IB, IC
D, E, Z ,

+

(2n)
n=1

IA IB IC
+
+
3
ID IE IZ

2n

(s) Riemann.

 1+ 5 

50 ( ) a = ln
:

1.

43 ( - 1995) , :

+

(1)n1
4a
1
2n
= +
n=1

2.

+

n=1

(.
), ,

.

n1

(1)
2a
2n
= .
5
n n


,
.

5 5

51 ( )
9.999
.

56 ( KARKAR) D
ABCD DA ,
S . CT S D S A, S B
Q, P . CP = PQ.

52 ( )
n

a=n+3

b = n2 + 3

()
53 ( ) :

x5 40 x4 + Px3 + Qx2 + Rx + S = 0
.
10.
|S |.
54 ( )

ee

e .

,
55 ( KARKAR) (O) (K)
A, B .
A, B T . S (O)
S T C . S A
(K) P, AC Q. S T
PQ.

57 ( )
f, g C[x], .
f 2 (x) + g2 (x) r C,

( f (r))2 + (g (r))2 = 0.

58 ( )
Cauchy. a1 , a2 , ..., an

a1 + a2 + ... + an
n a1 a2 ...an
n
.

, ,
.

:
1 ( )
(
) !

25 10 (
).

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF44&tF18414

( ) A
, B 10 A B ,

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF44&tF19577

(KARKAR)
12 , 30o ,
.
360o 60 ,
6 .
7.38 , 19o ,
210 + 19 = 229 ,
6 38 = 228 .
!

A + 3 B + 5(10 A B) = 25

50 4A 2B = 25,
( F ).
2 ( )
7 : 38.

:
[ + ]

3 ( )
1
2

3
4

5
6

7
8

A = ( ) + ( ) + ... + (

97
99

)
98 100

B=

1
1
5 1
9
1
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+
2 2
6 6
10 10

97
1
3
1
7
1
11
1
+
+
+
+
+

...
98 98
4 4
8 8
12 12

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ ... + ) ( + +
+ ... +
),
2 6 10
98
4 8 12
100

99
1
+
=

100 100

A + B.

= 1 + 1 + 1 +...+ 1 1 1 ... 1 = 0
25 25 .

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/posting.php?modeFquote&fF33&pF113111

4 ( parmenides51)
492
23%.
13%,
;

( ) :

1 3
5 7
A+B=

+
+ ...
2 4
6 8

1 1
97
99
1

+ +
+ ...
+
+
98 100
2 6 10
1
1
1
1
1

+ +
+ ... +

=
+
98
4 8 12
100

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/posting.php?modeFquote&fF33&pF105629

( ) 492
,
( ), 23 % .
23
492
.
100
, 492
1 + 0, 23 = 1, 23. ,
492 : 1, 23 = 400 .
, 13 % , (
) 400 1, 13 = 452 .

[ ]
1 3 5 7
+ + ...
2 4 6 8
97
99
1
1
1

+ + +
+ ...
+
98 100 2 6 10
1
1
1
1
1

...
=
+
98 4 8 12
100

:
5 ( )
.
6m
1m ,
.
;

(R 1)2 = (R 1)(R 1) = R2 R R + 1 = R2 2R + 1.
6 ( KARKAR)
, 60% 70%
, .
,
,
.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF34&tF22414

( ) a, k
.
0, 6a
0, 7k. , :

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF34&tF22032

( ) R
, K PQ AB,

0, 6a = 0, 7k

KP = R, KQ = KB QB = R 1.

k=

KPQ :

KP = KQ + PQ
2

6a = 7k

6a
.
7

(2)

, :

: 0, 6a+0, 7k = 0, 6a+0, 6a = 1, 2a .

R2 = (R 1)2 + 62
R2 = R2 2R + 1 + 36

2R = 37

(2)

a+k = a+

AB = 37.

6a
7a + 6a
13a
=
=
7
7
7

, :

, 37m.
: (ab)2 =
a2 2ab + b2 ,

p=

1, 2a
13a
7

8, 4a
8, 4
=
13a
13

840
% 64, 6%.
13

:
7 ( )
1 .

AK EZ//K Z
AK (5).
(3),(4),(6)

ZH = ZE + EH =
K M K
=
+ K
2

2
3K
=

KM
2

K =

ZE =

ZE.

1 ( )
A K M .
ZE K.
1
K = .
K A .
3
1
ZE = .
6

1
.
6

k2 k
.
k2 1
=
2
,
10 99

(4)

k2 1
2

99

20 k2 1 198

(5)

AK M ZH//K M H
AM .

ZE =

( + 1)2 2 = k2 2 + 1 = k2 .

(3)

10

KM

( ) , + 1
, .

Z AK

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF35&tF17146

A , B , H K, E .

2.
.

180
AB AB

KM

1. ,
.

2 (Parmenides 51)
A ,K M H
AB, ZE .

ZH =

KM

8 ( KARKAR)
.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF35&tF19335

EH = K

KM

21 k2 199
21 k

199

4, . . . k 14, . . . .

(6)

k 5 7 9 11 13.
10

132 1
= 84 + 1 = 85
2
2
85 842 = 169 = 132 .

85
84.
k

.
(61, 60), (41, 40), (25, 24)
(13, 12).

.

k = 13 =

11

:
9 ( )

,
1 2 :


,
, :

(31 22 = 32 21 = )

(7)
0

(31 22 ) (32 21 ) = 0

2 4 0

131 2 6 2 + 2 (1 + 2 ) + 2 = 0
1
2

2 4 0

25 62 = 0

62

= 25

2 4 62 0
25

62 = 25
62 = 25

2 0

x2 x + = 0
:
31 22 =

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF19&tF22435

1 ( ) .
Vieta:
1 + 2 = , 31 22 =
:

1 =

3
3
2
, 2 =
= .
5
5
5
3

, 1 2 = , 5 5 =
():
62
= ,

25
1
= 2 4 1 =
2
25
:

1 =
51

+ 51
2

3
5

62
25

62 = 25
.
10 ( irakleios)
m

x2 2(m + 1)x + m2 = 0
(0, 2);

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF19&tF23137

( ) m = 0
: x2 2 x = 0 x1 = 0, x2 = 2
.
m  0. :

2 ( ) :

= 2 4,

(9)

()( 21 + 22 = (1 + 2 )2 21 2 )

2
31 22 = .
2
5

62
= .
,
25

1 =

(8)

()

D = b2 4ac = 4(2m + 1)
:

(7)

1 + 2 = ,

(8)

1 2 = .

(9)

1
2

D>0m> .
12


1
: : D = 0 m =
2
1
b
: x =
= (0, 2)
2a
2
1
m = .
2
D > 0
x1 , x2 x1 < x2 .
0 2
. :

2
:

a f (2) < 0 m(m 4) < 0 m (0, 4) .


m (0, 4) 2
0 .
(0, 2)
.
m
:

f (0) = m2 > 0

 
1
A=
(0, 4).

0 .
:
f (2) = m2 4m = m(m 4).

13

:
11 ( KARKAR) ABC
 = 60 .

B = 70 C
S C = 100 S B = S C . CS , BS
S , B
AB, AC D, E .
 =
.
S DE

= ZDE ZDC
DZ=ZC

ZDE DCZ

= 30 .
0

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF20&tF22214

2 ( )

1 ( )
BS C
,

DBC
B = D = 700 , BEC = 800
ECS ,

S C = CE.

(10)

ECZ . (10)
S CZ ,

S ZC = 700 = ABC
S Z//BD (BZS D )
DZ = BS = ZE

DZE
DZE = DZS + S ZE = DBS + S ZE = 40 0 .
14



S BC 100 , 40 , 40 ,



CBD 40 , 70 , 70



CS E 20 , 80 , 80 .
BE EZ = EC ,
ECZ, S BC (
 = 60 ,
CZ = CB = CD) DCZ
CDZ . DE CZ ,
= 30 .

K//AB AKB ,
AK = B = E K
( ).
K = 

AK = E = 1200 AK, E
( ), A = E.

12 ( )
AB
B = E. A = E.

2 ( )

AB 60
AZ = 60 ,
A ( AZ). A = AZ 
AZ
E, Z ( ) E = Z = A.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF20&tF21523

: KARKAR
.

1 ( )

15

:
13 ( )
1 , 2 , ..., 2+1
, :

1 3 21
...

2 4 2

2 ( ) a, b, c ..,

ac a+c
= b.

2

1
.
2+1

a1 a3  a2 ,

a3 a5  a4 , ...,

a2n1 a2n+1  a2n

a1 (a3 a5 ...a2n1 ) a2n+1 a2 a4 ...a2n

1 ( )

a1 a3 a22

a (a + 2) (a + 2)

a2 + 2a a2 + 2a + 2 0 2

a1
a2n+1 a2 a4 ...a2n

3 ( ) ,

.

a3 a5 a24
(a + 2) (a + 4) (a + 3)2

i1 i+1 2i

a2 + 6a + 82 a2 + 6a + 92 0 2

i = 2, 3, ..., 2.

a21 a2+1  a22

x =

(a + (2 2) ) (a + 2)  (a + (2 1) )2


a2 + 2 (2 1) a + 42 4 2 

a2 + 2 (2 1) a + 42 4 + 1 2

1 3 ...21
2 4 ...2

x2 =

0  2

1 (1 3 )...(23 21 )21

22 24 ...22

1 22 24 ...222 21
22 24 ...22

1
x 
2+1

a1

a1
a1 a3  a22 a1 a3  a2

a2
a3

a3

a3
2
a3 a5  a4 a3 a5  a4

a4
a5

....................................

a21 a2+1 a22

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF21&tF23056

a21
a21 a2+1 a2
a2

=


1 21

22
1
2+1

14 (

x3 x2 + 27x 3

a21

a2+1

a21
a1 a3

...
a2 a4
a2

(x + x)2 = 6

a1
a3
a21
a1
 ...
=
a3
a5
a2+1
a2+1

.
16

27a = r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 3


3

r12 r22 r32



3
3
= 3 92 a2 = 3 9(r1 + r2 + r3 )2 a2
(1) 
3
3 9 34 a3 = 27a

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF21&tF2114

( )
Vieta r1 , r2 , r3 ,

.

r1 r2 =


r2 r3 = r3 r1 r1 = r2 = r3 = .
3

r1 + r2 + r3 = r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 = 27a r1 r2 r3 = 3a
-

r1 + r2 + r3 3 3 r1 r2 r3 = 3 3a = 3 3 3(r1 + r2 + r3 )a

a =
x + x =


(r1 + r2 + r3 )2 34 a (1)




2 x +

17

34

2 x +


4

> 1 .

:
15 ( KARKAR)
BC BC ,
BC .

2 ( )

BC. BC !

AB = BC = CA = BD = DC

BS = S T = T C, K AS BD

L AT DC.

BK =

BD
2

BC 
2

DBC =

BK = K L = L C, CK BD,

3
BL CD.

. BC

K , L K K L L.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF22&pF116634#p116634

1 ( ) O BC .
BOC AB : 2 = a : 2
BOK CS A

BK : AC = 0, 5

BS = 0, 5S C =

1
1
BC = a
3
3

TC = 31 a S T = 31 a

16 ( KARKAR) D
AB ABC, (AB = AC),
, AC E ,
BC Z .
AD = CZ , E
BC , AB.
:
, D ;
18

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF22&pF117040#p117040

1 ( ) .
BD
ABC EC
AE = BZ = cosB (1)
sinC = sinB =

DE
(3)
sinA =
AE

ES
(2)
EC

M
MA m
=
M Od
MB
n

sinA
=
(3) : (2)
sinB

DE
AE
ES
EC


.
2) .

sinA DE EC (1)
=

sinB ES AE
DE
sinA
= cosB

sinB
ES
sinA
DE
=
ES
sinB cosB
.

sinA BC
=
sinB AC

cosB

AC
BC

=2

AC
BC

DE
=2
ES



: OA1 = m, OB1 = n


M , ,
.
3) :
.

2 ( )
D
E
, E
B 1 : 2.
:
1) .
19

4 ( ) AM
 ABC (AB = AC)
BM =


.
: .



.
3 (KARKAR) (. )
DA = ZC , :

 ) :
( CBA
BD
BD
ZB
=
= BC
AB BM
2
BD
ZB
=2
:
AB
BC

(2)

 ADE,  ABC
 :
BAC
(ADE) AD AE
=
(ABC)
AB AC

DB
=
ZB

(*):

EC = EA

: (1).

 ZDB  AMB

DE
ES
, EA =
EC =

EC DB
=
()
EA
ZB
AM , ,

BC

AC=AB

(ADE) AD AE
=
: (3)
(ABC)
AB2

DE
ES
=

DE
DE
ES =
ES =
2
2

 ECZ,  ABC
 + ACB
 = 1800 () :
ECZ
(ECZ) CE CZ
=
(ABC) CB AC

AC=AB,CZ=AD

(ECZ) CE AD
: (4)
=
(ABC) CB AB

(3) : (4)

(ADE)
(ABC)
(ECZ)
(ABC)

ADAE
AB2 AC=AB

CEAD
CBAB

20

(ADE) CB AE
: (5)
=
(ECZ) AB CE

 ABC
ZED :
1=

ZB CE AD ZC=AD

ZC AE DB
ZB CE

: (6)
1=
DB AE

(ADE) BC AE ZB CE

=
(ECZ) AB CE BC AE

(5) (6)

(ADE)
(ECZ)

ED
ES (

ED
=
ES
BD
ED
=2
ES
BC

() ,
E AC.  ABC
DEZ,

AD, CZ)

BD
ZB BC (2): ZB
AB =2 BC

AB BD
BC

= 2 ED = 2ES
BD

DA ZB EC

= 1 =
DB ZC EA

.
4 ( )

ZB
EA
=
, (1 )
EC DB
F , C AB
CF  ZD, ,
BC
BC
EA
ZB
=
, (2) (1), (2) =
=
, (3)
DB
BF
EC
BF

E :
P ABCP
Q
AP, PQ = BF. P
CQ,
AC E,
(3). , D
E AB, AD = CZ ,
Z BC DE () .
5 ( ) CT , K
D AM , N AB
EN  BC , I EN AM L
AC T L  BC .
ADK, BDZ CT  DZ , :

 DBZ
AEC, ,

ED CZ AB

= 1 =
EZ CB AD
ED EZ
=
, (1 )
BC
AB

BD T D
DK
=
=
DK = T D
AD
BZ
ZC

( AD = CZ ).
 MAB,  S EZ
ES
EZ
2ES
=
=
, (2) ( BC = 2BM ).

AB

BM

(1), (2)


T K AT
L
ADK, AIE , :

BC

AT
AK AD AT
=
=
=
AI
AE
AC
AB

ED 2ES
=
=
=
BC
BC
ED = 2ES , (3)

, I
ABC , K AT L

() .
21

NE
AT
. EI = EC =
,
AB
2
ES C, EDN
ES
1

= . , E
ED
2
A

,
ABC .

22

:
17 (

KARKAR) S
1
y = x, A
2
1
y = x : (S A) = 6.
2
M S A.




MA = 3

2
x1 + x2 2
x1 x2
1
+ x2
=3
x2
2

 x x 2
2
1
2

 x + x 2
2
1
4

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF23&tF21532

x2M
S (2, ) ,

4y2M

1 ( )

A (2, ) ,

 x 2

(2yM )2 +

62

M (x, y) .

x2M
36

=9
=9
=1

y2M
+
2 = 1,
3
2

2a = 12, 2b = 3.
:

18 ( )

2 2

x=

= x

+ = 2y

y=

x2 y2

= 1 C2 : x2 + y2 = a2
a2 b2
a, b > 0. K(x0 , y0 ), x0 > 0,
b
C2 ( ) : y = x C1 ,
a
C2 K
E .
C1 :

:
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF23&tF21164

1 ( )
K(x0 , y0 )

(S A)2 = 62
( )2 + (2 + 2)2 = 36

x0 =

x + (4y) = 36
2

x2
36

x2
62

y2
36
16
2

a2 + b2

a2
ba
ba
y0 =
=
2
2

a +b

(
E(, 0)
). K
xx0 + yy0 = a2

=1

y
+
2 = 1.
3
2

a2

. ( E(, 0)
x0 > 0).
E(, 0) x0 = a2 x0 =

2 ( ) S x1 ,

x + x x x 
1
2
1
2
,
.
M

a2

x1 
2


x2 
, A x2 , .
2

2 ( ) C2

K xx0 + yy0 = a2 . y0 = x0
a

2
4
S A = 6 :

23

E(c, 0), :
x20 + y20 = a2
b2
+ 2 x20 = a2
a
a2 x20 + b2 x20 = a4 .

cx0 = a2

x20

c2 x20 = a4
(a2 + b2 )x20 = a4 ,

(11)

(11).

24

:
19 ( )
X t1 , t2 , ..., tv ,
x  0 , R


g (x) =

x(t1 +t2 +...+tv )2v x


,
x2 4
v x

x=2

0<x2

2.

g(3) = 20
3v x 2v x
= 20
94


.

(12)

v x = 100

1. g xo = 2 ,
= 21 .

t1 + t2 + ... + tv = 100
v

ti = 100.

2. g

A(3, 20) , vi=1 ti = 100.

i=1

3. vi=1 ti fi = 1, fi
, v
.

3.
:

v


ti fi = 1

i=1

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF18&tF21166&startF20

t1 f1 + t2 f2 + ... + tv fv = 1
v1
v2
vv
t1 + t2 + ... + tv = 1
v
v
v
t1 v1 + t2 v2 + ... + tv vv = v

1 ( )
1.

t1 + t2 + ... + tv

v
t1 + t2 + ... + tv = v x

t1 + t2 + ... + tv = v

x =

v = 100.
(12)

x(t +t +...+t )2v x

1 2 x2 4 v
g (x) =

v x

20 ( )
s, s  0.

R 0 < 2 s v.

,0 < x  2
.
,x=2

x(t1 + t2 + ... + tv ) 2v x
x2
x2 4
v x (x 2)
= lim
x2 (x 2)(x + 2)
v x
v x
=
= lim
x2 (x + 2)
4

lim g(x) = lim

x2

g(2) =

v x
2

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF18&tF5875

1 ( ) :

R = tmax tmin

= (tmax x) (tmin x)

xo = 2
v x
4

R = (tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2 2 (tmax x) (tmin x) .


2

v x
2

1
2

= .

:
25

, . (
a < x < < x < a ). ti , i = 1, 2, ...,

[(tmax x) + (tmin x)]2 0

, :

(tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2 +




2 (tmax x ) (tmin x) > 0

s2 =

2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x )2 (tmax x)2

(ti x )2 .

i=1

+ (tmin x)2

ti

2 (tmax x) (tmin x)


(ti x )2 <

2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x )2 R2

 

2 (tmax x) + (tmin x )
2

i=1

(tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2

(ti x)2

(ti x )2 < s2

| ti x | < s .

R.

(ti x)2

i=1


 2 
(ti x)2
2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2
i=1


2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2 2s2
 


2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2 s 2

:
R s 2

| tmax x | < s

tmax x < s

tmax < s + x

(13)

| tmin x | < s

x tmin < s

tmin > x s .

(14)

0

, 3
.

(13),(14) :

tmax tmin < 2 s R < 2 s .

2 ( ) s  0
2

26

:
21 ( )
z, w
4|z|2 2zw = 1,

2.

|w|2 2zw = 3
ww 2zw = 3

|w|2 2zw = 3.

w(w 2z) = 3

1. |2z w| = 2.

|w| |w 2z| = 3
2 |w| = 3

2. z w
,
.

|w| =

3
2

3. |6z + w|.

4 |z|2 2zw = 1

4.
z w.

zw=wz

4zz 2zw = 1
4zz 2zw = 1
2z(2z w) = 1
1

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF51&tF21713&startF60

|2z| |2z w| = 1
4 |z| = 1
1
|z| =
4

( )
1.

z
1
1 = ,
4
w
3
2 =
2

4 |z|2 2zw = 1
2zw = 4 |z|2 1

4 |z|2 1
R.
zw =
2

3.

zw = zw =

zw = zw

1
4 16
1

1
4

1
2

43
2

|6z + w|2 = (6z + w)(6z + w)

|2z w| = (2z w)(2z w)


2

= 36zz + 6zw + 6wz + ww

= 4zz 2zw 2wz + ww

zw=zw

==== 36 |z|2 + 12zw + |w|2



36
3
9
=
+ 12 +

= 4 |z| 2zw + |w| 2zw


2

= 4 |z|2 2zw + |w|2 2zw

16
8
9 18 9
=
+
4
4
4
=0

= 4.

|2z w| = 2
27

3
8

|6z + w| = 0. A
6z B w, A B.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF51&tF21713&startF100

4.

( )
1. f x 
.
f (1) = 1 > 0, f (x) > 0 x 

|z w|2 = (z w)(z w)
= zz zw wz + ww
zw=wz

==== |z|2 2zw + |w|2



1
3
9
=
2 +
16
8
1
3 9
=
+ +
16 4 4
1
=3+
16
49
=
16

|z|
1

f (x) > 0 x  |z| = 1.


z
.
3. z = a + bi, a, b  |z + z| = 2 |a|
|z z| = 2 |b|.

7
.
4

|z w| =

(|z + z| 3) x3 + x
=
x (|z z| 3) x2 + x
(2 |a| 3) x3 + x
=
lim
x (2 |b| 3) x2 + x
(2 |a| 3) x3
=
lim
x (2 |b| 3) x2


2 |a| 3
x = .
lim
x 2 |b| 3
lim

7
= .
4
: 3
A 6z B w
, z,
, O, B

|z w|min = |z w|max =

OB O .

: z
3
|a| 1 < , 2 |a| 3 < 0.
2
2 |b| 3 < 0.

3 1
7
|z w| = B = BO + O = + = .
2

4. C f
x = 0, x = 1

22 ( )
f R, f (x)  0 x R

|z|

f (x) dx = 0 x 

2.

f (x)dx = 0

1

f (x) dx 1 f (x) > 0

f (1 ) = 1 .

x .

1. f (x) > 0.

1
f (x) dx < |z + 2z|

2. z.

(|z + z| 3) x3 + x
.
x (|z z| 3) x2 + x

|z| + 2 |z|

3. lim

= |z| + 2 |z|

4. f x x x = 0
x = 1 |z + 2z|,

= 3 |z|
= 3.

f (t)dt = 3 x2 + 6 x 6

1

(0, 1).

f (x) dx 3 < 0.
0

28

(15)

x
h (x) =

1

f (t) dt 3 x 6 x + 6
2

h (0) = 6 > 0 h (1) =

x [0, 1]. h (x) [0, 1]

x

x

(15).

f (t) dt ( f (x)

Bolzano,
xo (0, 1)

xo

f (t) dt ) 3 x2 6 x + 6

f (x) dx 3 < 0

h (xo ) = 0

( ).

f (t) dt 3t2 6t + 6 = 0.
0

29

:
1. a = 0

23 ( )
f : R R :

2. f (b)  0

f (x)
lim
= 3.
x2 x 2
:

3. f (1 b) = 1
4. f R.

f (x)
.
x2 sin(x)
lim

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF52&tF11884
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF52&tF10921

1 ( )

1 ( )

1. x = 0, x = 1 :

f (x)
=
x2 sin(x)
lim

f (x)
x2
lim
x2 sin(x)
x2

f (1) f (0) = f (a + b) = f (b),


f 1 1,

sin(x)
x2 x 2
sin(u)
= lim
u0
u
sin(u)

= lim
u0
u
= .
=

lim

a + b = b a = 0.
2. : f (x) f (1 x) = f (b). f (b) = 0,
f (x) f (1 x) = 0. x = 0, x = 2, :
f (0) = 0 f (1) = 0

2 ( )

f (2) = 0 f (1) = 0.

f (x)
f (x) x 2
= lim

x2 sin 2x
x2 x 2 sin x
x2
f (x)

= lim
x2 x 2 sin (2 x)
f (x)
x2
= lim
x2 x 2 sin (x 2)


(x 2) 1
f (x)
lim
= lim
x2 x 2 x2 sin (x 2)

lim

f (0) = f (2)
f (0) = f (1)
f (1) = f (2)
f (1) = f (1)

f 1 1,
0=2

24 ( )
f R 1 1
:

f (x) f (1 x) = f (ax + b),

2 = 1 1 = 2

1 = 1 ,

, f (b)  0.
3. x = b, :

x R

f (b) f (1 b) = f (b) f (1 b) = 1.

:
30

4. x0 R, f (x0 ) = 0.
x = x0 , :

2 ( )
2. f (b) = 0 x = 0

f (x) f (1 x) = f (x0 ) f (x) f (1 x) = 0.

f (0) = 0 f (1) = 0 b = 0 b = 1

x = 2, x = 3

x = 3

f (2) = 0 f (1) = 0
f (3) = 0 f (2) = 0,

f (3) = 0 f (2) = 0 b = 3 b = 2

f (2) = f (x0 )

f (1) = f (x0 )

f (3) = f (x0 )

f (2) = f (x0 )

4. f
k
0 x = k 0 = f (b) .

R.

f 1 1,

2 = x0

1 = x0

3 = x0

2 = x0 ,

3 (KARKAR)
2. f (b) = 0.

f (1/2) f (1/2) = 0
f (1) f (0) = 0,
f (1/2) = 0 f (1), f (0)
0, .

2 = x0 = 3

2 = x0 = 2

1 = x0 = 3

1 = x0 = 2,

3. x = b

, x0
R f (x0 ) = 0, 0
, f (A)  R

4. f (x) = 0 x f (b) = 0 .

31

:
25 ( ) f
R,
f
f (x + f (x)) = f (x)
x R
(1)

x.

. ,
...
.
f (x)

1. f

(
) x + f (x)
A x B (1)
f (A) = f (B) Rolle

2.
(1)
3. f a, b a < b.
u (a, b)
f (u)  0.


f (x)  0, x R
... f (x)  0 :
[A, B] [B, A]

x R
Rolle f [A, B] :
f () = 0 f (x)  0 x R.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF53&tF22417

1 ( )
2.
.... ;
.

1.
1
f (x) . (
)

f (x) = c
(1)

. . .
(
) :
f (x)

f
(1) f .

( )
2 . f (x)  x R
x R : f (x) = 0.

deg( f ) = n > 2, deg( f ) = n 1


deg(x + f (x)) = n 1, n > 2 0, 1, 2.


.. f (x)
. f (x) f (x) .
. 1 1

n(n 1) = n > 2
n = 0 f (x) = c

f (1)
x + f (x)
A x B f (A) = f (B), f :
1 1

n = 1 f (x) = ax + b, a  0.
n = 2 f (x) = ax2 + bx + c...
a = 1, b = 0, c = 0 f (x) = x2 ...

A = B x + f (x) = x f (x) = 0
32

3. f (a) = f (b) = 0

(2)

f (x) = 0, x (a, b).

: u (a, b) f (u)  0

f (x) < 0
b.

1 f
1 1 (a, b)
R.
y (a, b) y + f (y) (a, b)
f 1 1.

26 ( )
f
[4, 10] f (A) = [1, 5]
f (4) = 2, f (10) = 4.
1 , 2 (4, 10) : f (1 ) = f (2 ) = 0.

f (x)

(a, b)

f (x) > 0

(2)

(
f ,
) a < x + f (x) <?
b.
x
, x
x + f (x).

( )
x1 , x2
[4, 10]


f (x)

a x + f (x).
; . (


).

1 < f (4) < 5 1 < f (10) < 5


x1 , x2 (4, 10), , Fermat
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = 0
f (x1 ) = 1, f (x2 ) = 5 x1 < x2 .
. ()

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF53&tF22505

1 = f (x1 ) f (x) f (x2 ) = 5, x [4, 10]

a, b (x1 , x2 ) : f (a) = 2, f (b) = 4.

lim (x + f (x)) = a + f (a) = a + 0 = a.

1. a < b 2 Rolle [4, a] [b, 10]

xa+

x+ f (x) a
b.

2. b < a () [a, x2 ], [x1 , b]

x0 (a, b) : x0 + f (x0 ) < b

c > a : f (c) = 4 d < b : f (d) = 2

a < x0 + f (x0 )
x0 , x0 + f (x0 ) (a, b) f 1 1
(1)

2 Rolle [4, d] [c, 10]


.

x0 + f (x0 ) = x0 f (x0 ) = 0

( a = b 2 = 4).

33

:
27 ( )
f : [0, 1] [0, +) ,

!
!
!
"
g (t) =

t

1+2

f (u)du t, t [0, 1] g (0) = 1.


0

f (t) 1 + 2

f (u)du, t [0, 1].

g
[0, x] x (0, 1] g (t) 0, t [0, 1].

(0, x)

g (x) g (0)
g () =
x0

f (t) t + 1, t [0, 1].

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF54&tF23072

( )
f , f (t) 0 t [0, 1]

1+2

x
x(0,1]

f (u)du 0

!
!
!
"

x

1+2

t
1+2

f (u)du x 1

t
2

#x

!
!
!
"

f (u)du > 0

f (u)du x 1 0
0

x

1+2

f (u)du x + 1
0

t
f (t) 1 + 2

!
!
!
"

f (u)du

f (t)

t

1+2

!
!
!
"

f (u)du

t = 0

t

f 2 (t) 1 + 2

t

1+2

f (t)
1+2

#t

f (u)du .
0

f (u)du

.
28 ( )
f [0, 1]

f (u)du

f (t) t + 1 t (0, 1] .

f (t)0

f (t)

1+2
0

!
!
!
"
| f (t)|

t

f (u)du

f (t)dt

1 x2
x [0, 1].
2


!
!

!
t
"

1 + 2
f (u)du t 0

( f (x)) dx
2

34

x f (x)dx.
0

:
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF54&tF2583

1

( )
:

1 1

1

f (t)dt
0

( f (x) x f (x))dx

1 x2
dx
2

(x)

1
+

f (t)dt

x [0, 1]

f 2 (x) 2 x f (x) + x2 0,

x [0, 1]

f (x) x f (x) x f (x) x2 ,

1

1
f (x)dx
2

(2)
0

( f (x) x)2 0,

1
3

( f 2 (x) x f (x))dx 0

x f (x)dx

1

1
x f (x)dx
3
1
x f (x)dx
3

1

x2 dx

(2) 1 1
= 0.

+1
f (t)dt

1

1

1

( f 2 (x) x f (x))dx

1
x f (x)dx

1

1

1
2

x [0, 1]

35

x f (x)dx.
0

:
29 ( )
:

sin(cos x) = x

g [1, 1]
cos(sin x) (
) x ()

cos(sin x) = x

f (x) = cos x sin(sin x) 1,

.
;

g (x) < 0, x [1, 1] cos x, sin(sin x)


(1, 1), g ,
.
,
g 0,

( - )
sin(cos x) = x ,
[1, 1] sin(cos x) [1, 1].

g(0) = 1 > 0



2
2
<
g
< 0,
= cos

x [1, 1].

f [1, 1]
sin(cos x) (
) x ()

Bolzano




g(x) = 0 0,

,
4
(1, 1),
.
x1 x2
.

f (x) = sin x cos(cos x) 1, x [1, 1].


f (x) < 0, x [1, 1] sin x, cos(cos x)
(1, 1), f ,
.
,
f 0,

[1, 1] 4
cos(sin x) ( ) x
()

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF55&pF116855#p116855

f (x) = sin(cos x) x,

x [1, 1].

x1 = sin(cos x1 ) = |sin(cos x1 )| < |cos x1 | = cos x1 ,

[1, 1] 4
sin(cos x) ( ) x
()

x1 < cos x1

(3)

f (0) = sin 1 > 0



2
2
<
f
< 0,
= sin
4

Bolzano

0 < sin x2 < x2 <

cos(sin x2 ) > cos x2




f (x) = 0 0,

x2 = cos(sin x2 ) > cos x2 ,

,
4
(1, 1),
.
cos(sin x) = x ,
[1, 1] cos(sin x) [1, 1].

g(x) = cos(sin x) x,

x2 > cos x2 .

x1 x2 ,
(3)

(4)

x1 < cos x1 cos x2 < x2 x1 < x2 ,


.

x1 < x2 .

x [1, 1].
36

(4)

30 ( )
z w  2

|z 1| = 1 w =

2z 1
.
z+1

f (x) = ln x

( ) f
.
3.
f , ,


|w| x.

lim+ f (x) = lim+ ln x 1 x =

1. f ,

x0

2. f ,

3. f ,

2 1

4. lim x f
x0

x0

f (1) = ln 1

(x) .

11=0

f .
,
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF55&pF113735#p113735

f () = (, 0] .

( )
1. w :

w=

4. ( ). f
( )
(, 0] (0, 1],

w+1
2z 1
,
z=
z+1
2w

f (1) = 0 f 1 (0) = 1



1
= 1 |2w 1| = |w 2|
|z 1| = 1 2w+

1
w
(2w 1) (2w 1) = (w 2) (w 2)
ww = 1
|w| = 1
D f = (0, 1]

2. : f (x) = ln x 1 x,
x (0, 1)

f (x) =

2 1x

lim f 1 (x) = 1.

x0


lim x2 f 1 (x) = 0 1 = 0.

x0

> 0,

37

:
31 ( )
f : R R,

ex f (x) = f 2 (x)
f (x) ex f (x) f
#x

#x
et f (t)dt
et f (t)dt

f (x) e0
e0
f

f (x)
x
# t

f (0) = 1
ex f (x) = f 2 (x) x R.

(x) = 0
(x) = 0

= 0

e f (t)dt

e0
f (x)
#x

= c.

et f (t)dt

e0

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF56&pF113616

x = 0 c = 1.
1 ( ) ,

. x0 R f (x0 )  0.

#x

f (x)
#x

= 1 f (x) = e0

I
.

ex f (x) = f 2 (x)
f (x)
= ex
f 2 (x)


 
1
= ex

f (x)

f (x)
= ex , x I
f 2 (x)


1
= ex , x I

f (x)
1

ex + c

I
, a, f (a) = 0.
0 = f (a) = lim
xa

ex + c

= ex + m.
f (x)
x = 0 m = 0

, x I

<0

et f (t)dt

e0
x R.

f J
x0 f (x) f (x0 )
x J .

f (x) =

et f (t)dt

f (x)

= ex f (x) = ex

xR

Zaris


.

.
I = R
c = 0.

32 ( )

f : R R f (x) =

f (x) = ex , x R,
.


g(x) =
0

38

dt

2 ( )

t2

ex (1+t )
dt.
1 + t2
2

g : R R

1. x0 R,

lim

x2 (1+t2 )

xx0

2.

dt =

g(x) g(x0 )
=
x x0

ex0 (1+t ) dt.


2

1 + t2

x20

x0

g (x0 ) = 2e

g(x) g(x0 )
2
lim
= 2 x0 ex0
x x0
xx0

x R.

x+

lim

x+

t2

dt =

1. t [0, 1] x0 R.

e
ex

B x = max{x2 (1 + t2 ), x20 (1 + t2 )}.



ex
[A x , B x ]
2

ex0 (1+t
x x0

(1+t2 )

= e (x + x0 )(1 + t2 )

= (t, x) x20 (1 + t2 ), x2 (1 + t2 ) .

ex

(x + x0 ) > 0,

ex (1+t ) ex0 (1+t )

= 2
x (1 + t2 ) x20 (1 + t2 )
2

ex (1+t ) ex0 (1+t )

x2 (1 + t2 ) x20 (1 + t2 )
2

ex (1+t ) ex0 (1+t )

= 2
x (1 + t2 ) x20 (1 + t2 )
2

A x = min{x2 (1 + t2 ), x20 (1 + t2 )}

x20 (1+t2 )

e(x0 t) dt.


t2 )

( )

x2 (1+t2 )

x0 0, x x0 x < 0.
,
t [0, 1],

ex x20 (1 +t2 ), x2 (1 +

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF56&pF113616

e =

3. lim g(x) = 0

= (t, x) (A x , B x ).

ex

 1

 1

x2 (1+t2 )
x20 (1+t2 )
e
dt
e
dt
0
0

0
 1

x2 (1+t2 )
x20 (1+t2 )

e
dt
e



0

= |x
2

x20 |

e (1 + t2 )dt

ex

xx0

ex

(1+t2 )

dt =

(x + x0 )(1 + t2 ) <
ex0 (1+t
x x0

(1+t2 )

ex0 (1+t ) (x + x0 )(1 + t2 )


2

(1+t2 )

ex

lim

(x + x0 )(1 + t2 ) <

ex0 (1+t ) (x + x0 )(1 + t2 ),

xx0

(1+t2 )

e (x + x0 )(1 + t2 ) <

 2|x2 x20 | 0,


f (x) + g(x) =

ex0 (1+t )
dt.
x x0

(1+t2 )

et dt

ex

2. x0 R,

ex0 (1+t ) dt.


2

39

<

(x + x0 )

ex

(1+t2 )

ex

(1+t2 )

g(x) g(x0 )
x x0

dt <


0

1 + t2

c = f (0) + g(0)
 1
1
dt
=
1
+
t2
0
 /4
1
1
t=tan x

dx
=
2
1 + tan x cos2 x
0
 /4
=
1 dx

ex0 (1+t )
dt <
x x0

(x + x0 )

ex0 (1+t ) dt
2

(5)

x x0 ,
1,

lim

xx0

g(x) g(x0 )
2
= 2 x0 ex0
x x0

e(x0 t) dt.
2

f (x) + g(x) =

x0 > 0,
, (5)
.

g (x) = 2 xex

x2

xt=u

0

= 2e

ex , f
R, 2

x2

( f (x) + g(x)) = 2e

ex (1+0)
dt
1 + t2
0
 1
1
x2
dt
=e
2
0 1+t
2 x+
0.
= ex

du.

ex (1+t )
dt
1 + t2

u2

x R.

0 g(x)

e(xt) dt
x

3.

x R

t2

e
0

2ex

dt


2 , lim f (x) + g(x) =

eu du
2

lim f (x) = lim

= 0,

x+

x+

lim

x+

f (x) + g(x) = c x R.

40

x2

e
0

x+

ex

:
33 ( )
f : (0, +) R

cos


x
f (x) x f (y)
f
x, y (0, +)
=

y
y
y2

A
2


=

=

1, f (1) = 1.

cos

A
2


=

( ) x > e

2 ln x > 2 > 1, x2 ln x x > 0.

x2 ln x
.
ex

b2 c2
(a+b)(a+c)
bc(sa)
s

0
x +.
, 2(ln x)2 x .
( , ..
2(ln x)2 x
1 .
l Hospital

<1

a2 < b2 + c2
A < 90 .
.
2 ( )
, .
AD I
ABC ,
ABD

1 ( )

bc
.
a+b

AI =

, IKAB,

AK
A sa
cos =
cos =
2
AI
2
AI

AB AC
<1
AI 2

a3 < ab2 + ac2

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF69&tF19524

bc (s a)
.
s

34 ( )

ABC I .


BI, CI AC, AB B , C .
AB AC ,
AI 2 A
, .

AC =

(7)

bcs
<1
(a + b) (a + c) (s a)
bc (a + b + c) < (a + b) (a + c) (b + c a)

s (s a)
.
bc

AB AC < AI 2

x e ln x e

bc
a+c

b2 +c2 a2
2bc

, :

AB =

1+

(b + c)2 a2

4bc

AI 2 =

x2 ln x
x2 ln x
x2 ln x x

().
(ln x)x + x (ln x)x + x (ln x)x

() <

1 + cos A
=
2

(6) (7) :

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?pF78536

0<

cAD
.
BD + c

BD =

(6)

ac
.
b+c

s ABC.
, :

AI =
41

AD (b + c) AD (b + c)
=
.
a+b+c
2s

AI 2 =

,
.

(b + c)
AD2 .
2
(2 s)
2

AD2 =

4bcs (s a)

(b + c)

AI 2 =

bc (s a)
.
s

42

,
,

:
x0 R f (x0 ) > ax0 , 2.

35 ( )
a > 1, f : R (0, +)

1 = f (0) = f (x0 x0 ) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) > ax0 ax0 = 1,

1. f (x) ax , x R

2. f (x) = ax , x R.

2. f (x + y) f (x) f (y), x, y R.

36 ( )

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF109&tF21529

2x+1 = 2[x] + 2{x} .

1 ( ) g(x) = loga f (x),


g(x) x

(8)

g(x + y) g(x) + g(y)

(9)

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF109&tF20461

1 ( ) x =

[x] + {x}

(8),(9) x = y = 0

0 g(0) 0

(10)

(9) y x (10)
g(x) + g(x) 0 g(x) g(x),
(1)

2[x] =

f (y) =

x x g(x) x
, (8) g(x) = x
x.
,
f (x) = ax . 2 ( ) -

2 2{x} 1

(14)

y
y [1, 2) .
2y 1

f [1, 2)


f ([1, 2)) =

: 1. x = 0

2
,1 .
3

[x]
(14) [x] 1 2[x] 2 [x] 1
2[x] 0
f .

[x] = 0 2{x} = 1
{x} = 0
x = 0.

(11)

2. x = y = 0

f (0) f 2 (0)
f 2 (0) f (0) 0
f (0) ( f (0) 1) 0
f (0) 1

2{x}

2{x} = y 1 y < 2

g(x) x g(x) x.

f (0) 1

(13)

0 {x} < 1
(13) :

g(0) = 0

2[x] 2 2{x} 1 = 2{x}

2 ( )

(12)

x  0 2x 2[x] = 2{x} 2x

(11) (12) f (0) = 1.


43

x < 0 2x+1  2 2[x]+{x} 2x  2x 2x  1

2x 2[x]  0  2{x} 2x

x = {x} = [x]

.
x = 0.

x = 0.

44

:
KB = KD = BC = CD = DA , (3)

37 ( )
ABCD
BCD, DAB 80o , 40o , .
BC = CD = DA,
ABC = x.

(2) DAB = 40o ,


(K, KB) A, D
KB = KD.
 KAD KA =
KD = CD = AD AKD = 60 o =
ABD = 30o , (4)

, ABC = ABD + DBC = 30 o + 50o = 80o =


x = 80o .
2 ( )
DCB AB
G BD (
 CDD ), E.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF110&tF19142

1 ( ) K,
C M BD KBCD BC = CD
,
.

GAD, GCD 40o


CD = DA, GD
AC AGC.
AGD = DGC = CGB = 60 o , (1)

DBC = 50o

BCK

BCD
2

40o

(1)  BGC ABC =


180o BCGCGB = 80o = x = 80o
.

, (1 )
KBCD DKB = BCD =
DKB = 80o , (2)

3 ( ) BD.

45

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF110&tF20616

1 ( ) :

 BDC DCB = 80o BC = DC = a


= DBC = CDB = 50o
. :

BC
BD
=
=
80o
50o

BD
a

80o
50o

240o 40o
(90o 50o )

240o

= AM =

 ABD . :
BD
40o

AD
ABD

BD
a

2 3
a
2

40o
ABD

= 240o = ABD =

: BM = BN =

, ABD < 140o , :


40o
ABD

a 2
2

NC = a a

3
=
2


 ABC N MS

1
= ABD = 30o
2

BN CM AS

=1
NC
MA S B

a 3
AS
31
2

= AS = a
=
, (1 )

4
a( 2 3 ) AS + a
:

, x = 50o + 30o = 80o


38 ( KARKAR)
 ABC, M AC.
(B, BM) BC N.
N M BA S .
,
 AMS .

S M

 S BM S M =

6
, (2)
a
4
:

x = 180o 60o = 120o , (3)


(
)
:

cos y =

= y = 45o , (4)
: S MA = 180o 120o 45o = 15o , (5)
2
2


 BMA  S MA
:

(AMB)
SA
(AS M)
(AMB) = ... =
=
= (AS M) =
S
A
AB
AB

3 3 2
a ( (1)
32
)

46

2) MDS B. AMD (60o , 30o , 90o )

2 ( ) 1) BM
- -  ABC
a, (
- ) N MC = S MA =

NBM

MAS = 120o MS A = 45o

AM =
(

= 15
o

, AD =

30o

, AS =

a 3

) MD = DS =

31

a 3
4

4
4
4

 S DM

a 6
S M =
4

2
AS MD a 3 3
3) (AMS ) =
=
2
32

47

, ,

:
n 17 .

39 ( )
n 17 .
n .

40 ( )
P,

, P(0) = 0
3
P (x + 1) = (P(x) + 1)3 .

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF111&tF14393

( ) n = 1, 4, 9
n .

m n ,
m
m n ,

m+(n 1) .
1 + 3k + 8l ,
k, l . l = 0, 1, 2 1 + 3k + 8l
n n 17 (

(mod 3)).

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF111&tF15622

( ) x = 0 P(1) = 1.
x1 = 1 xn+1 = (xn + 1)3
n 1. P(xn ) = xn
xn > 0 n 1.
xn+1 > xn n 1,
{xn }n1 P,
P(x) x. ,
, , P(x) = x.

48

41 ( )
ABCD AB = AD B = D = 90 o .
DC, BC, E, Z ,
AE, DZ .

BE AZ.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF112&tF22060

BZ AZ ,
: (AZ )(AZ) =

1 ( )
(
) (AE)2 (AB)2 = (ZE)2 (ZB)2 , (1)
AE DZ = (AZ)2 (AD)2 = (ZE)2 (DE)2 , (2)

(AE )(AE) = (AD)2 = (AD)2 = (AB)2

4 ( )
(A, AD = AB), ED, ZB
DZ AE .
, E
DZ , Z
, BE .

, BE AZ
.

(2) = (AB)2 + (ZB)2 (AD)2 = (ZE)2 (AE)2 +


(AD)2 , (3)
(3) AB = AD = (1)
.

42 ( )
I  ABC
IA, IB, IC
D, E, Z ,

2 ( )
A w = (AB)2 = (AD)2 .

IA IB IC
+
+
3
ID IE IZ

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF112&tF22976

1 ( )  BID

BC DC
C1 C2 , AD AB ,
E E ( C1 AE )
E , D, E Z .
Z Z , Z
C2 , BC .
ABZE
(), B, Z E
( ),
BE AZ .

, BID = IBD =

ID = BD.

3 ( ) E ,
AE, DZ EZ , AZ (
2 ).

A + B
2

 BKD,  ABD :

49

IA
b+c
AI + ID
c
AD AB
=
=
= ac =
+1 =
BD BK
ID
ID
a
b+c
IA b c
= + 1.
=
ID a a
IB c a
IC a b
= + 1
= + 1.
:
IE b b
IZ
c c
IA IB IC
+
+
=

:
ID IE IZ


a
b
b
c
c
a
b + a + c + b + a + c 3

IA IB IC
+
+
=
ID IE IZ
(IA)2
(IB)2
(IC)2
+
+
=
(IA)(ID) (IB)(IE) (IC)(IZ)
(IA)2 + (IB)2 + (IC)2
.
2Rr

(IA)2 + (IB)2 + (IC)2 6Rr.


2 + 2 + 2 3 = 3.

(IA)2 + (IB)2 + (IC)2 = s2 + r2 8Rr ( ..


(IA)2 = r2 + (s a)2 ).

2 ( )
Euler

, s2 + r2 8Rr 6Rr,
s2 14Rr r2 .

(IA)(ID) = R2 (IO)2 = 2Rr


(IB)(IE) = (IC)(IZ) = 2Rr

,
s 16Rr 5r2 R 2r. ( Gerretsen Euler,
).
2

50

:
43 ( 1995)
, :



.
a + 3b + c 6.
(a, b, c):


(.

), ,

() (1, 3, 0)

() (2, 1, 1)
() (2, 2, 0)


,
.

d, e, f
4,5,6. (),
, d 3.

e + 3 f 6. d + e + f = 5
d = 3, e = 0, f = 2.

. ()
d 4 e + 3 f
6. d + e + f 6, .
(), a + 3b + c = 6,

.



.

.
.


.

. d 3
().

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?pF116050

( )
18.
18 (
)
.
18.


.

10.
.
X

X
X
X
X

.
, ,
4 .
a, b, c
,
3a + b 6
( )

44 ( )
a, b, c
a + b + c = 1,
1+c
1
1+a 1+b
+
+

.
b + c c + a a + b abc

51


3 -
ab + ac + bc 3 a2 b2 c2
3
: 3 a2 b2 c2 3abc
a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 a, b, c (0, 1)
2 ( )

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?pF118939

1 ( ) :
1+a
1+b
1+c
1
+
+


1a
1b
1c
abc

3abc (ab + bc + ac) (a + b + c) + 3


1

(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)
abc
3abc (ab + bc + ac) + 2

abc

1+a

b+c

(b + c)(a + c)(a + b)
abc

=
=

-
(-)

(b + c)(a + c)(a + b) 8abc


(b + c)(a + c)(a + b)
8
abc

b+c
 bc
(a2 + a)
(a2 + a)
b+c
4


2ab + (b + c)a2


2ab +


(1 a)a2
4

(a + b + c)2
4

a3

()

1
4

1
9

()

3
3
3
3 a + b + c
a+b+c
1

a3 + b3 + c3

: 8 3abc (ab + bc + ac) + 2


6 + ab + ac + bc 3abc

52

2
9

:
a1 = b1 = 1 . a3 = b3
(
) a3 = 0 b3 = 2

45 ( vzf)

,
.

S (x) = x + x2 + x2 + x3 + x3 + x4

T (x) = x + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x8 .

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF59&tF21407

: (1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4)
(1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8).

( )
61 (x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 ).
r1 , . . . , r6
s1 , . . . , s6

46 ( Vojtech
Jarnk

1997) a .
d|(a2 + 2) d 1 mod 8 d 3 mod 8.



(
xri )(
xsi ) = (x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 )2


.


T (x) = xri S (x) = x si ,

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF59&tF23187

( ) p
d. a2 2 mod p, , p
, Legendre ( p2 ) 1.
,

p1
p2 1
1 2
2
=
= (1) 2 (1) 8 .

S T = (x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 )2 .
Z[x]

(x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 ) = x(1 + x)(1 x + x2 )(1 + x + x2 ).

p 1
2

p1

p 5 mod 8 8 2
, .

T (x) = xa1 (1 + x)a2 (1 x + x2 )a3 (1 + x + x2 )a4

p 7 mod 8

p2 1

p1

2 ,
.
d 1 mod 8
3 mod 8. , 32 1 mod 8
d.

S (x) = xb1 (1 + x)b2 (1 x + x2 )b3 (1 + x + x2 )b4


ai + bi = 2 i. T (1) = S (1) = 6
a2 = a4 = b2 = b4 = 1.

53

:
47 ( )
:

() G 2n ,
.



ac ab bc
1

1
1 = (a b)(b c)(c a).

b c a

() .

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF10&tF21186
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF10&tF22610

( - )
1 ( )



xc xb bc

1
1 .
f (x) = 1
b c x

()
. , a G
|G|

,
. f (b) = f (c) = 0

.
, f (x) = k(x b)(x c).



0 0 bc
f (0) = 1 1 1 = bc(c b),
b c 0

2n

22

..

.2

= a = ./01
a
= e.
n

b G eb = b = be
b G
22

..

.2

22

..

.2

a
b
b a./01 = ./01
n

k = c b.
, f (x) = (c b)(x
b)(x c) .


.
22

2 ( )

..

.
22

..

b ./01
a
= ./01
a
b.
n1




ac ab bc ac ab ac bc ac


1
1
1 = 1
0
0



b c a b
cb
a b


a(b c) c(b a)
=
cb
a b

n1

, n
ab = ba a, b G G
.
()
x3 = 1 x.
a2 b = ba2 a(a2 b)a = a(ba2 )a

= a(b c)(a b) + c(c b)(b a)

ba = ab.

= a(b c)(a b) + c(b c)(a b)

1 a b

0 1 c a, b, c {0, 1, 2}

0 0 1
mod 3. .

= (c a)(b c)(a b).


48 ( )
G a, b G
a2 b = ba2 = ab = ba.

54

:
+


49 ( )

+


(2n)
2n

n=1

(2m) x2m =

m=1

2 2 cot 2/2
4

(s) Riemann.

 1+

5

, :

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF9&tF13167

an =
1
2

+


n=1

cos(xt) cos(nt) dt =

1. ( ) (
):
+

(n!)2 4n x2n+2
= arcsin2 (x) .
(n
+
1) (2n + 1)!
n=0

+


sin x 
2 x sin x cos(nt)
+
(1)n+1
.
x
(n2 x2 )
n=1

n=1

x
=
2
n x2

+
2

n=1

+ 
+  2m

x
n=1 m=1

n2
=

+ n 2n

d2
4 x
1
2n
= 2 (arcsin2 (x)) ==
dx
n=0

2
1 x2

4 x2 x

2 x arcsin(x)

====

(1 x2 ) 1 x2

 x 
+

4 x + x arcsin 2
xn
2n
= 4
,

(
4

x)
4

x
n=0 n
x = 1

 
+

5 + i arcsin 2i 2
(1)n
2n
= 4
==

x
.
x2

+


2n
= arcsin2 (x)

t = sin x

cot x =

4n x2n+2

(2n + 2) (2n + 1)

n=0

Fourier f x (t) t R
, f x () = fx ()
an = O(1/n).

(1)n1
2a
2n
= .
5
n n

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF9&tF15033

n=1

+


5 5

an cos(nt) ,

sin((n x))
=

n+x
nx


2 x sin x
(1)n sin x sin x

= (1)n+1
.

n+x
nx
(n2 x2 )

cos(xt) =

n=1
+


2.

3
cos((x + n) t) + cos((n x) t) dt =

1 sin((n + x))

+

(1)n1
4a
1
2n
= +

1.

( ) x R |x| < 1.
Fourier f x (t) = cos(xt)
t [, ]

a0

50 ( ) a =

ln

fx (t) =

1 x cot(x)
2

n=0

(2m) x .
2m

5 5

5 arcsinh

1

5 5

m=1

|x| < 1
.

3

==

4
4a
.
5 5 5

+
+


(1)n1
(1)n
2n
=
2n
=
n=1

55

n=1

 (1)n

4a
1

2n
1 = + .
5 5 5
n=0

2. ( )

+
+
+


(1)n1
(1)n  (1)n (n!)2
=
2n
=
2n
=
n (2n)!
n=1 n n
n=1 n n
n=1

n=1

n (2n + 1)

(1)n xn (1 x)n1 dx =

 1
+

1 
n
n
(1) (x (1 x)) dx =

0 1 x n=1

 1
+

1 
(x (x 1))n dx =

0 1 x n=1
 1
 1
x2 x
1
x
dx =
dx =
2
2
0 1 x x x1
0 x x1
 
 
2 ln 1+2 5
ln 3+2 5
2a
=
= . 

1 : ,
2 : arcsin(i x) = i arcsinh (x)
,

1
1+ 5
3 : arcsinh 2 = ln 2 .

+

(1)n n (n + 1) (n)

n=1

+ 


56

:
51 ( )
9.999 .

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF63&tF23284

( ) n
n+ 3, n2 + 3
,

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF63&tF23220

( )
6 mod 9.
( )
0, 1, . . . 8 mod 9
0, 1, 4, 0, 7, 7, 0, 4, 1 mod 9.
9999
6666 6 mod 9.
3 9
.

(n + 3) n2 + 3 = n3 + 3n2 + 3n + 9
= (n + 1)3 + 8.

(n + 1)3 < (n + 1)3 + 8 < (n + 3)3


n < 3 n > 1.

52 ( )
n

a=n+3

(n + 1)3 (n + 3)3
(n + 2)3 . (n + 1)3 + 8 = (n + 2)3


3n2 + 9n = 1.
n = 3, 2, 1.
n + 3, n2 + 3 .

b = n2 + 3
.

57

:
53 ( )
:

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF27&tF22605

x5 40 x4 + Px3 + Qx2 + Rx + S = 0

1 (

.

10. |S |.

f (x) =

a a
, , a, ak, ak2 .
k2 k

k2

a k2

ee > e .

+ 1 + k + k2 = 40.

2 ( )
f (x) = x ln x 2 x

x > e.


+ 1 + k + k2 = 10.

a2 =
4 |a| = 2.
a5
|S | = |a|5 = 25 = 32.

f () > f (e)
ln 2 > e
ln + e > 2
ln( ee ) > ln e2

54 ( )

ee

x>0

f () > f (e) = 0 f () > 0

,
10
1

1
(ln x 1).
2

f x > e

Vieta
40 S .

e
ln x x + ,

f (x) =

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF27&tF22408

e .

58

ee > e2
ee > e .

:
55 ( KARKAR) (O)
(K) A, B .
A, B T .
S (O) S T
C . S A
(K) P, AC Q. S T
PQ.

2 ( )
OK (O), (K)
AB
T A = T B
( (O)) T
AB O, T , K .
 = BAQ
 = BS

M S BMP
BPM
,
 = S
T K MB T

KB = APB
MB.
S BMP T K MB
 = BS

 K
B = AT

A = AOT
MB = OT
O,
BMQ
MQ = 900 :
, K
K M PQ M
PQ.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?pF115044#p115044

1 ( )
PCAMS Q B
Miquel.

 = BS


S PMB BPQ
C
 = BCS
.
BCMQ BQM
S BC
PBQ.

S ACB BA S BC .
M CS

BC = ABS
 (1).

M

BCMQ

56 ( KARKAR)
D ABCD DA
, S . CT
S D S A, S B Q, P .
CP = PQ.

(1)

BC .

 = QCM
 = S
=M
QBM
CA = ABS

S BC PBQ
BC M M
 = M

QBM
.
59

2 ( ) S X (
X A ) (D)
D AD E AC S B
F (D) S B.
AC B
(D) S , E, F, B,
C.S EFB
.
, XS Q = S CE QS P =
ECF PS C = FCB
S .XQPC .

, CQ  S X CP = PQ
.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF62&tF22133

1 ( ) F (D) S B
CK = KA BC 2 = BK BD = BF BS ,
S , F , K , D .
KFS = KDT = KCP K , F , P, C .
KPF = KCF = AS F KP  AQ,
CK = KA CP = PQ.

60

:
57 ( )
f, g C[x],
. f 2 (x) + g2 (x)
r C,

58 ( )
Cauchy.
a1 , a2 , ..., an

a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1 a2 ...an
n

( f (r))2 + (g (r))2 = 0.


.

,
,
.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF60&tF23507

( ) :

f 2 (x) + g2 (x) = (x r)2 P(x)

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF60&tF17875

( f 2 (r) + g2 (r) = 0 )
x :

1 ( )

.
,
. , (
) George Polya.
,
.
:

f (x) f (x) + g(x)g (x) = (x r)P(x) + (x r)2 P (x)


:

f (r) f (r) + g(r)g (r) = 0

a1 + a2 + ... + an
 n a1 a2 ...an
./01
n
./01

f (r) = g(r) = 0

ex1 x

f (r)  0

x = 1

g(r)
g (r)
f (r) =
f (r)

xi
,
A
x1

x1
A

x2

x2
A

xn

xn
A

e A 1

+2
g(r)

2

2
g (r) + (g (r))2
( f (r)) + (g (r)) =
f (r)
f 2 (r) + g2 (r)
= [g (r)]2
f 2 (r)
= 0.

e A 1
...

e A 1


g(r)  0

e0
61

x1 x2 ...xn
Gn

A G.
An
An



Cauchy
.

Jensen (
).
2 ( )
Jensen

2.

x1 + x2 + ... + xn n
x1 x2 ...xn
n


.

f (x) = lnx, x > 0


f (x) =

x2

a=

x1 + x2 + ... + xn
n

, x>0

min xi a max x j
i, j xi < a < x j
, xi xi = a
x j xj = xi + x j a .

. :

x1 + x2 + + xn
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f (xn )
f(
)
n
n
x1 + x2 + + xn
ln(x1 x2 . . . xn )
ln(
)
n
n
ln(x1 x2 . . . xn )  ln (

n

(x1 x2 . . . xn ) 

xi xj = a(xi + x j a) = xi x j + (x j a)(a xi ) > xi x j

x1 + x2 + . . . + xn n
)
n

.
, ,
xi a .
, a
,
, .
4 ( )

Cauchy
3 .
1 n = 2

x1 + x2 + . . . + xn
n


3 ( )
,
.
1. xi > 0 ,

c=

x1 x2 ...xn

x1 + x2

x1
x1 x2
x1 x2 x3
x1 ...xn
a1 = , a2 = 2 , a3 =
.....an =
=1
3
c
cn
c
c

b1 =

, b2 =

, bn =

x1 x2


(x1 x2 )2 0

2 n = 2k , k N

. k = 1 1
k 2
l
1 l k 1.

=1
a1
a2
an
ai , bi
:

a1 b1 + a2 b2 ... + an bn a1 bn + a2 b1 + a3 b2 + ... + an bn 1

x1 + x2 + + x2k

2k

xn
x1 x2
1 + 1 + 1... + 1
+ ... +
c
c
c

x1 +x2 ++x2k1
2k1

x1 + ...xn
x1 + ... + xn
c
n
c
n

2k1

x2k1 +1 +x2k1 +2 ++x2k


2k1

x1 x2 x2k1 +

2k1

2
62

=


x2k1 +1 x2k1 +2 x2k

2k1

k
1
x1 x2 x2k1 2 x2k1 +1 x2k1 +2 x2k =

2k
x1 x2 x2k

x1 xn
.
(*)
.
xi
x1 xn .
x1 xn

2
3 n  2k
n 2 ,
m 2 n . x x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , mn xn+1 , xn+2 , . . . , xn xn+1 = xn+2 = . . . = xm = x.
:
: x
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn

x=

:
;
(x1 , . . . , xn ) Rn : x1 , . . . , xn 0 x1 + + xn = 1
( )
Rn .
6 ( )
:
: a1 , a2 , ..., an a1 a2 ...an = 1
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
n.
( ):
n. n = 1
. n = k.
n = k + 1.

1 2 k k+1 = 1

x1 + x2 + + xn + (m n)x
m

x=

x1 + x2 + + xn + (m n)x
=
m

x1 + x2 + + xn + xn+1 + xn+2 + + xm ()



m

m
x1 x2 xn xn+1 xn+2 xm =

m
x1 x2 xn xmn

1 + 2 + + k + k+1 k + 1

() :

2
m 2.

m
x x1 x2 xn xmn
n
m x
x1 x2 xn
.
5 ( )
n = 1 n 
2. x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
x1 + + xn = 1 , x1 xn  (1/n)n
x1 = = xn = 1/n .
x1 = a1 /(a1 + + an ), . . . , xn =
an /(a1 + + an ) .
, x1 , . . . , xn
x1 + + xn = 1 x1 xn
. (*)
xi . x1 = =
xn .
x1  x2 .

x 1 = x 2 =

1 2 (k k+1 ) = 1
k 1 , 2 , , (k k+1 )
1
k :

1 + 2 + + (k k+1 ) k

x1 + x2

1 + 2 + + k + k+1 k + 1

2
:

x 1 + x 2 + x3 + + xn = 1

1 , 2 , , k , k+1 1
1
1

1
1.
k 1, k+1 1.

x 1 x 2 x3 xn (x1 x2 x3 xn ) =

 x x 2
1
2
2

1 + 2 + + k + k+1 1 + 2 + + (k k+1 ) + 1
x3 ...xn

>0

k + k+1 k k+1 1 0
63

. Newman, D. J. Classroom Notes: Arithmetic, Geometric Inequality. Amer. Math. Monthly 67 (1960), no. 9, 886
n . n = 1 .
n = k .
n = k + 1
x1 xk+1 = 1 . xk+1  1 .

k + k+1 k k+1 1 = (k 1) (1 k+1 ) 0


n
1
, ...., n
1 ...n
1 ...n

x1 xk =

7 ( ) Proofs
from THE BOOK M.Aigner G.Ziegler
H. Alzer (1996)

p

x1 + + xk  k

a1 , a2 , . . . , an , p1 , p2 , . . . , pn

k
xk+1

a1 1 a2 2 an n p1 a1 + p2 a2 + + pn an ,
n


xk+1

x1 + + xk + xk+1  k

pi = 1.

i=1

k
+ xk+1
xk+1

x  1 ,

A := p1 a1 + p2 a2 + + pn an

k
k + x  k + 1
x

G := a1 1 a2 2 an n .
,

,
,

a1 a2 an .

k
k + x
x

a1 G an ,
k {1, 2, . . . , n 1} , ak G ak+1 .

k

i=1

 G
pi

ai

dt +

 ai

n


pi

i=k+1

.
Bernoulli


dt 0 (1)

(1 + y)r  1 + ry


.
(1)
n

i=1
n


ai
pi

dt 

n

i=1

ai
pi

y  0 r . (
.)

y = k x r = k + 1

x k x  1 + (k + 1)( k x 1) = (k + 1) k x k

dt

k x .
9 ( )
P.S.Bullen Handbook of Means and their Inequalities (2003), 74
- . , ...
A.Hurwitz (1891) , .

ai G 

pi
pi (ln ai ln G)
G
i=1
i=1
n

< pi
A
1  ln
ai ln G = 0
G
i=1
n

AG
!
,
(1) ,
a1 = a2 = = an = G.
8 ( ) .

f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
n x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ,
64

P ( f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )) :=

1
(1 + 2 + + n1 ) ,
2n!



f x(1) , x(2) , . . . , x(n) ,

S n

(
n! )

xn1 + xn2 + + xnn


x1 x2 xn 0,
n


- .
10 (liolios19)

:

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn .
,

f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = x1 x2 xn ,


n
f (x1 ) = x1 + x2 + + xn n x1 x2 xn )

P ( f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )) = n!x1 x2 xn ,

x1 , x2 , , xn > 0 n N :

f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = xn1 ,

f (x1 ) = 1 (x1 )

P ( f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )) = (n 1)! x1 + x2 + +
n

xnn

1n

(x2 x3 xn ) n

f (x1 ) 0 x1 (x2 x3 xn )1/(n1)

k , k {1, 2, . . . , n 1} ,
:

( n1 0 )
f (x1 )
1
x1 = (x2 x3 xn ) n1 :

(x1 x2 ) x3 x4 xk+1 .
k := P xnk
xnk
1
2

(x2 x3 xn ) n1 + x2 + xn n((x2 x3 xn ) n1 x2 x3 xn ) n
n

= x2 + xn (n 1)(x2 x3 xn ) n1

g(x2 ) = x2 + xn (n 1)(x2 x3 xn )1/(n1)

x1 = x2 = = xn .
,

1
1
(x1 x2 ) =
1 := P xn
xn
1
2

1
n1
x
x

P
x

P xn1 + P xn2 P xn
2
1
1
2

1
1 = 2P xn1 2P xn
1 x2

x2 = (x3 x4 xn )1/(n2)

xn = xn1 ,

xn2 =

2 = 2P x1 x2 2P x1 x2 x3 ,

2
n2
3 = 2P xn
1 x2 x3 2P x1 x2 x3 x4 ,
n1

n2

= (x2 x3 xn ) n1 + x2 + xn n((x2 x3 xn ) n1 ) n

k {1, 2, . . . , n 1} xi 0
i {1, 2, . . . , n} , k (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) 0. ,

k (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) =

2
nk+1
P (x1 x2 ) x1
+ + x2nk+1 x3 x4 xk+1 0

xn xn1 = xn

x1 = x2 = = xn

( ),
0.


.
11 ( )

..
.

n1 = 2P x21 x2 x3 xn1 2P (x1 x2 xn ) .



1 + 2 + + n1 = 2P xn1 2P (x1 x2 xn ) ,

a1 + a2 + ... + an n n a1 a2 ...an (1)

xn1 + xn2 + + xnn


x1 x2 xn =
n

a1 , a2 , ..., an
65

b1 + b2 + ... + bn > n

(1) ln x
: a1 = a2 = ... = an = 0
a1 , a2 , ..., an > 0
a1 = a2 = ... = an (1) .
a1 , a2 , ..., an
. :

M=

an
a1 a2
+
+ ... +
>n
M M
M
a1 + a2 + ... + an > n.M

a1 + a2 + ... + an > n n a1 a2 ...an

a1 a2 ...an
:

ak
bk = , k = 1, 2, ..., n
M
: b1 b2 ...bn = 1
b1 , b2 , ..., bn 1 .

a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1 a2 ...an
n
:

a1 = a2 = ... = an

f (x) = b1x + b2x + ... + bnx , x R


:

f (x) = b1x ln b1 + b2x ln b2 + ... + bnx ln bn


f (x) = b1x (ln b1 )2 + b2x (ln b2 )2 + ... + bnx (ln bn )2 > 0, x R

1. G.Hardy, E. Littlewood, G. Polya, Inequalities,


Cambridge Mathematical Library

f R ,
x > 0 :

2. E.F. Beckenbach,
Springer Verlag

f (x) > f (0) = ln b1 + ln b2 + ... + ln bn

R.

Bellman,

Inequalities,

3. P.S. Bullen, Handbook of Means and their Inequalities, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

= ln(b1 b2 ...bn ) = ln 1 = 0
f [0, + ) f
:
[0, + ).

4. M.Aigner, G.Ziegler, Proofs from THE BOOK,


Springer Verlag

f (1) > f (0)

66

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