Introduction to Cisco IOS

LogicaCMG CCNA course

Global Training department

Introduction to Cisco IOS

Objectives

Introduction to Cisco Routers

Memory Interfaces Initializing

Managing Cisco Routers

Access Modes User Interface

Configuring Cisco Routers Cisco Discovery Protocol

Introduction to Cisco IOS

Memory on Cisco routers

RAM RAM

NVRAM

Flash

ROM

Is used during normal operation

NVRAM
Stores configuration

Flash
Stores image(s)

ROM
Stores ROM-image (BIOS)
Introduction to Cisco IOS 3

Memory on Cisco routers

CoreRouter2#sh ver Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.2(23), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2) Copyright (c) 1986-2004 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Wed 28-Jan-04 17:48 by kellmill Image text-base: 0x8000808C, data-base: 0x80A1C284 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) CoreRouter2 uptime is 1 week, 2 hours, 55 minutes System returned to ROM by power-on System image file is "flash:c2600-i-mz.122-23.bin" cisco 2611 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x203) with 45056K/4096K bytes of memory. Processor board ID JAD04370AXG (3468462565) M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49 Bridging software. X.25 software, Version 3.0.0. 2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 2 Serial network interface(s) 16 terminal line(s) 32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory. 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write) Configuration register is 0x2102

Introduction to Cisco IOS

Initializing

Load IOS Subset RUN RXboot Image Load from ROM Read NVRAM Load from flash Load from TFTP

POST

CHECK CONFIG REG

Load IOS

CHECK CONFIG REG

SEARCH CONFIG FILE not found Run auto setup

Load config

Enter ROM Monitor Mode

Introduction to Cisco IOS

Configuration-register
16-bit register
Normal value is 0x2102 Ignore startup-configuration (pw-recovery) value is 0x2142

Other combinations; to specify system boot order

0x2100 - Rommon 0x2101 - RxBoot 0x2102 - Normal IOS

Use show version to display value config register Use config-register global configuration command to set the value from a running system
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Configuring the system boot file

Specify boot options in startup-config, e.g. to boot from:
flash: tftp: rom: boot system flash:filename boot system tftp filename tftp-server-ip boot system rom flash: tftp c2600-ip-plus 255.255.255.255 tftp c2600-ip-plus 172.16.10.2 rom

Examples:
boot boot boot boot system system system system

Use copy tftp flash to copy IOS to a Cisco device Use show flash: to display stored files in flash

Introduction to Cisco IOS

Access to the router

Console
COM port on computer to RJ45 Console port router Roll-over console cable

Telnet
Interface must be reachable via IP Using a Terminal Emulator

Auxiliary port
Often used for Asynchronous dial access Can also be used as a normal console port

Introduction to Cisco IOS

Access Modes
User Exec Mode
limited control Router>

Privileged Exec Mode

full control Router#

Setup mode
When there is no startup-config

Rxboot mode
if IOS load failure Router(boot)>

ROM monitor mode

rommon 1 >
Introduction to Cisco IOS 9

Access Modes diagram

Console/AUX Telnet
RT1(config)#int fa0/0 RT1(config-if)# RT1(config)#line con 0 RT1(config-line)#

RT1>enable RT1#

RT1#config t RT1(config)#

User EXEC Mode

Privileged EXEC Mode

Global configuration Mode

Line configuration Mode Interface configuration mode

RT1#disable RT1>

RT1(config)#exit RT1#

RT1(config-if)#exit RT1(config)# RT1(config-line)#exit RT1(config)#

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User Interface
? Ctrl+p Ctrl+n tab Ctrl+a Ctrl+e

- gives (sub)command explanation/parameter options - or arrow up, recalls last command(s) - or arrow down, recalls next command - entry completion - cursor to (command)line start - cursor to (command)line end

show history - shows previously used commands

terminal history size lines - sets recall buffer (default=10) Ctrl+r - recall current command Ctrl+shift+6,x break sequence, returns to the first session Ctrl+shift+6,xx returns to previous session, instead of the first
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Viewing Router/Switch Status

Router#show version RAM

Router#show flash NVRAM

Router#show interfaces Flash

Internetwork Operating System

Dynamic Running Configuration Programs Information

Tables and Buffers

I n t e OS images r Backup Configuration and stored f a routing File c tables e s

Router#show processes CPU Router#show protocols

Router#show mem Router#show ip route Router#show startup-config

Router#show running-config

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Switch# show interface fa0/1

FastEthernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up (connected) Hardware is Fast Ethernet, address is 000d.653b.4341 (bia 000d.653b.4341) MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 sec) Full-duplex, 100Mb/s input flow-control is unsupported output flow-control is unsupported ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00 Last input 00:00:01, output 00:00:04, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue: 0/40 (size/max) 5 minute input rate 1000 bits/sec, 1 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 922345 packets input, 141140805 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 854152 broadcasts (0 multicast) 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles 0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored 0 watchdog, 715978 multicast, 0 pause input 0 input packets with dribble condition detected 102307 packets output, 10217308 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets 0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred 0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier, 0 PAUSE output 0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out

Introduction to Cisco IOS

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Understanding show interface

Switch#sh int fa0/1 FastEthernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
.

Layer 1 working then FastEthernet0/1 is up

Layer 2 working then Line protocol is up
IF Administratively disabled Interface (L1) /Physical layer problem Line protocol (L2) /Datalink layer problem Working THEN Interface is administratively down, line protocol is down

Interface is down, line protocol is down (not connected)

Interface is up, line protocol is down

Interface is up, line protocol is up (connected)

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Introduction to Cisco IOS

Router/Switch configuration
Start configuring by typing in privileged mode (#)
configure terminal (or short: conf t)

Use no <command> to remove configuration commands Commands are effectuated/executed directly after pressing Enter Use ^z or end or exit to exit (sub)config mode Display active configuration show running-config

Display saved startup configuration show startup-config Save active (modified) configuration using copy running-config startup-config (preferred) write memory (or short: wr , is outdated command!)

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Managing configuration files

Copy startup-config tftp

TFTP

Copy tftp startup-config

NVRAM

RAM
Introduction to Cisco IOS 16

Configuring Comments
Give the device a name
Router(config)# hostname Router5 Router5(config)#

Use descriptions on interfaces

description Frame Relay line to Amsterdam

Use banners
banner motd # Unauthorized access is rewarded! #

banner exec
banner login
Introduction to Cisco IOS 17

Configuring Ethernet Interfaces

router#configure terminal router(config)# interface Ethernet 0 router(config-if)# description connection to router1 router(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 router(config-if)# no shut router(config-if)# exit router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1 router(config-if)# description VLAN 2 Ethernet router(config-if)# ip address 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.0 router(config-if)# duplex full router(config-if)# speed 100 router(config-if)# no shut router(config-if)# exit
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Configuring Serial Interfaces (1/2)

Serial lines require a clock signal The DCE side provide the clock signal When using a null-modem cable, then specify a clock on the DCE side (normally only used in lab environments) To check if a serial interface is DTE or DCE: show controllers serial 0
router5#show controllers serial 0/0 Interface Serial0/0 Hardware is PowerQUICC MPC860 DTE V.35 TX and RX clocks detected. idb at 0x811C0484, driver data structure at 0x811C7F18 SCC Registers: General [GSMR]=0x2:0x00000030, Protocol-specific [PSMR]=0x8 Events [SCCE]=0x0000, Mask [SCCM]=0x001F, Status [SCCS]=0x06 Transmit on Demand [TODR]=0x0, Data Sync [DSR]=0x7E7E Interrupt Registers:
Introduction to Cisco IOS 19

Configuring Serial Interfaces (2/2)

DTE Cable: router#configure terminal router(config)# interface serial 0 router(config-if)# description connection to Amsterdam router(config-if)# ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.252 router(config-if)# bandwidth 64 router(config-if)# no shut DCE cable: router#configure terminal router(config)# interface serial 0 router(config-if)# description connection to Utrecht router(config-if)# ip address 10.1.2.2 255.255.255.252 router(config-if)# bandwidth 64 router(config-if)# clock rate 64000 router(config-if)# no shut
Introduction to Cisco IOS 20

Configuring DNS
DNS lookups are enabled by default, to disable type:
no ip domain-lookup

Specify DNS server:

ip name-server <address 1> {<address2>, }

Create a local hosts table:

ip host <name> [tcp port] <ip address>

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Cisco Discovery Protocol

Cisco proprietary protocol Used to discover directly connected Cisco devices Provides additional information like:
device id address list port id

capabilities list
version platform layer 3 addressing
Introduction to Cisco IOS 22

Cisco Discovery Protocol

router4>sh cdp neigh detail ------------------------Device ID: Router1 Entry address(es): IP address: 172.16.2.6 Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router Interface: Serial0/0, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial0 Holdtime : 156 sec Version : Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-AJS40-L), Version 11.3(6), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Copyright (c) 1986-1998 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Tue 06-Oct-98 23:17 by kpma
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Other Useful troubleshooting tools

ping traceroute

debug

Introduction to Cisco IOS

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Ping
router4>ping % Incomplete command. router4#ping Protocol [ip]: Target IP address: 172.16.10.3 Repeat count [5]: Datagram size [100]: Timeout in seconds [2]: Extended commands [n]: y Source address or interface: 172.16.10.4 Type of service [0]: Set DF bit in IP header? [no]: yes Validate reply data? [no]: Data pattern [0xABCD]: Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]: Sweep range of sizes [n]: Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.10.3, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/4 ms
Introduction to Cisco IOS 25

ICMP echo response codes

. Nothing was received before echo request timed-out

! ICMP echo reply received (0)

? Unknown packet received M ICMP cant fragMent message received

N ICMP Network unreachable message received

P ICMP Port unreachable message received Q ICMP source Quench message received U ICMP destination Unreachable message received

Introduction to Cisco IOS

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Traceroute
CoreRouter2#traceroute Protocol [ip]: Target IP address: 192.168.1.1 Source address: Numeric display [n]: Timeout in seconds [3]: Probe count [3]: Minimum Time to Live [1]: Maximum Time to Live [30]: Port Number [33434]: Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]: Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 192.168.1.1
1 router1 (10.0.0.1) 4 msec 4 msec 4 msec 2 * * * 3 * *
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Debug
Debug is CPU intensive Use un all to disable debugging Be very specific in what you want to debug
CoreRouter3#debug isdn q921 ISDN Q921 packets debugging is on CoreRouter3# 1w0d: ISDN BR1/0: RX <- RRp sapi=0 tei=82 nr=0 1w0d: ISDN BR1/2: RX <- RRp sapi=0 tei=82 nr=0 1w0d: ISDN BR1/0: TX -> RRf sapi=0 tei=82 nr=0 1w0d: ISDN BR1/2: TX -> RRf sapi=0 tei=82 nr=0 1w0d: ISDN BR1/3: RX <- RRp sapi=0 tei=82 nr=0 1w0d: ISDN BR1/3: TX -> RRp sapi=0 tei=82 nr=0 1w0d: ISDN BR1/3: TX -> RRf sapi=0 tei=82 nr=0 1w0d: ISDN BR1/3: RX <- RRf sapi=0 tei=82 nr=0 CoreRouter3#un all All possible debugging has been turned off CoreRouter3#
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Summary

In this chapter you learned how to:

Identify different pieces of hardware within Cisco devices Navigate through different levels of the Operating environment Learned how to use the various troubleshooting tools inside IOS

Introduction to Cisco IOS

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