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P.V. Viswanath
The Value of the firm is the sum of the discounted present values of FCFF plus current cash. If we can assume that the cashflows are unaffected by the choice of financing mix, then
P.V. Viswanath
Start with the current equity beta and compute the firms asset beta. Compute the firms levered beta for different debt ratio levels and use this to figure out the cost of equity capital at the different debt ratio levels.
P.V. Viswanath
compute a financial ratio(s) such as the interest coverage ratio (EBIT/Interest expenses) to measure default risk; use that ratio(s) to estimate a synthetic bond rating for the firm. Add on a default spread based on the estimated rating to the risk-free rate to get the pre-tax cost of debt. Apply the marginal tax rate to get the after-tax cost of debt, keeping in mind that the marginal tax rate might decrease as we increase the amount of debt-related income deductions for tax purposes.
Weight the costs of debt and equity based on the proportions used of each type. Choose the debt ratio that minimizes the WACC.
P.V. Viswanath 4
5.5
6.5 8.50
6.499999
8.499999 100000
A+
AA AAA
0.70%
0.50% 0.35%
P.V. Viswanath
Constrained Approach
The unconstrained approach is problematic because agency costs are going to increase as the debt ratio goes up and as the bond rating goes down. To keep a limit on these costs, the firm might want to put a constraint on the lowest bond rating allowed. Use normalized operating income to estimate bond ratings so that temporarily depressed income does not yield an overly low optimal debt ratio. Lower estimates of operating income for higher debt ratios due to indirect bankruptcy costs.
P.V. Viswanath
Example
Problem 12, Chapter 19 from Damodaran, Corporate Finance, Theory and Practice You have been asked by JJ Corporation, a California-based firm that manufactures and services digital satellite television systems, to evaluate its capital structure. They currently have 70 million shares outstanding trading at $10 per share. In addition, it has 500,000 ten-year convertible bonds, with a coupon rate of 8%, trading at $1000 per bond. JJ Corporation is rated BBB, and the interest rate on BBB straight bonds is currently 10%. The beta for the company is 1.2, and the current risk-free rate is 6%. The tax rate is 40%.
P.V. Viswanath
WACC Computation
b. What is the firm's current weighted average cost of capital? Solution: The required rate of return on the equity, using the CAPM is .06 + 1.2(0.055) = 12.6%. The WACC = (.5741/1.5741)(1-0.4)10% + (1/1.5741)12.6% = 10.192%, using the data from the previous section.
P.V. Viswanath
Buy back $100 million Pay $100 million in dividends Invest $50 million in a project with a NPV of $25 million. The effect of this additional borrowing will be a drop in the bond rating to B, which currently carries an interest rate of 11%.
c. What will be the firm's cost of equity after this additional borrowing?
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P.V. Viswanath
11
P.V. Viswanath
12