TRNG I HC NNG LM HU D N HP TC VIT NAM H LAN

BI GING

K THUT TRNG NM

Ngi bin son: ThS. Nguyn B Hai

Hu, 08/2009

MC LC Trang Bi I. M U I. S lc lch s ngh trng nm n ..........................................................................1 II. ngha ca nm n trong i sng con ngi ......................................................1 Bi II. SINH HC NM I. Hnh thi.......................................................................................................................3 II. H thng phn loi nm ............................................................................................4 III. Sinh l nm ...............................................................................................................9 Bi III. TO GING V TN TR GING NM NUI TRNG I. To ging v tn tr ging cp 1 .............................................................................6 II. Lm ging v nhn ging cp 2...............................................................................8 III. C s vt cht phng nui cy ging .................................................................... 9 Bi IV. K THUT TRNG MT S LOI NM N PH BIN I. K thut trng Nm m (Agaricus)........................................................................20 II. K thut trng Nm s (Pleurotus).......................................................................24 III. K thut trng Nm rm (Volvariella)................................................................28 IV. K thut rng Mc nh (Auricularia)..................................................................33 V. K thut trng Nm hng (Lentinus) .................................................................37 VI. K thut trng mt s loi nm khc ..................................................................41 1. Ngn nh (Tremella fuciformis Berk.)...............................................................41 2. Nm phin tm (Stropharia rugoso anmilata).................................................42 3. Nm ma ng (Flammulina velutipes)...........................................................44 Bi V. THU HI, CT GI V CH BIN NM. I. Thu hi nm ...............................................................................................................47 II. Ct gi nm ..............................................................................................................47 III. Ch bin nm ..........................................................................................................49

Bi I M U I. S lc lch s ngh trng nm n. T thi tin s con ngi bit hi lm nm trong thin nhin lm thc n. Thi Hy lp c i, nm lun lun chim v tr danh d trong thc n ca cc bui yn tic. Vic trng nm n c con ngi tin hnh cch y khong trn 2000 nm. phng ng nh Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Vit Nam... con ngi bit trng nm hng v nm rm cch y khong 2000 nm. phng Ty, theo Athnans, vic trng nm n c bt u vo th k th III. Thi k Trung c, chu u cng nh cc ni khc, khoa hc ni chung cng nh nm hc ni ring hu nh b qun lng. Ti khong gia th k XVII (1650) nhng ngi ngoi Pari bt u trng nm m th nm n li tr thnh ngun thc phm quan trng. Php l nc c coi l c quyn v cng nghip sn xut nm m cho ti u th k XX (1920). Mi ti cui th k XIX v nhng thp k va qua con ngi mi bt u vi nhng thm d trng cc loi nm n khc, c bit l cc loi nm sng trn g. Sn xut nm n trn th gii ang ngy cng pht trin mnh m. nhiu nc pht trin nh H Lan, Php, Italia, Nht Bn, M, c... ngh trng nm c c gii ho cao, t khu x l nguyn liu n thu hi, ch bin nm u do my mc thc hin. Cc khu vc chu nh i Loan, Trung Quc, Malaixia, Indonexia, Singapo, Triu Tin, Thi Lan... ngh trng nm cng pht trin rt mnh m. Cc loi nm n c nui trng ph bin hin nay thuc cc chi Nm m (Agaricus), Nm hng (Lentinus), Nm rm (Volvariella), Nm s (Pleurotus), Mc nh (Auricularia)... ca ngnh Nm m (Basidiomycota). II. ngha ca nm n trong i sng con ngi. Ngy nay vi s i mi trong quan nim v s dinh dng ng cch v hp l l khng cn nhiu nng lng, khng cn mang trn mnh mt lng m d tr khng cn thit m l cn ngun dinh dng sinh hc c gi tr cao, thch hp vi con ngi ang gim dn lao ng c bp v ang gia tng hot ng tr tu. Vi yu cu v ngun dinh dng nh vy th nm c th ng vai tr ht sc quan trng cho con ngi. - Trc ht, nm l ngun dinh dng c gi tr cao, thch hp cho con ngi. Trong qu th nm ti hm lng nc ti 90%, cht kh ch c 10 -12%. Hm lng protein thay i tu tng loi nm khc nhau, thp nht l mc nh (4 9%) v cao nht l nm m (44%). Trong tng lng axit amin ca nm th c ti 15 - 40% l cc axit amin khng thay th, 25 - 35% l cc axit amin t do. Lng cht bo trong nm rt thp, khong 15 - 20% (nm m ch 2 - 8%). Nm ti cha hm lng gluxit kh cao (3 - 28%) trong c ng pentoza (xiloza, riboza), hexoza (glucoza, galactoza, manoza), dixaccarit (saccaroza), ng amin, ng ru (monitola v iositola)..., hm lng cht x khong 3 - 32%. c bit, trong

nm cha rt nhiu vitamin (B1, B2, B6, B12, D2, H, PP, C...) v mui khong (Ca, K, P...). Trong nm cn c cc cht thm, cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc lm nn nhng hng v ring bit v hp dn cho con ngi. Tm li, nm c lng m thp hn ng vt nhng cao hn thc vt, ngho nng lng nhng giu vitamin v mui khong, thch hp vi nhu cu dinh dng ca con ngi trong giai on hin nay, nht l vi nhng ngi lm vic tr c, t vn ng. - Mt ngha ht sc quan trng ca nm l lm thuc cha bnh. T thi trung c con ngi bit s dng nm Polyporus populinus lm thuc cm mu, cha bnh lao phi, t thp, vng da, ph thng (do trong nm cha axit agarichinic). Bo t ca nm Fungus bovista c dng iu tr cc vt thng nng v cm mu sau m. Nm nm c tranh (Agaricus campestris) c dng cha bnh i ng, rn cn. Mc nh (nm tai mo) c ngi phng ng dng lm thuc cha bnh l, to bn, rong huyt. Nm phc linh (Poria cocos) c tc dng an thn. Nm linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum) cha mn nht... Gn y ngi ta cn nhc n kh nng cha bnh ung th ca nm (c bit l ca cc loi Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis anosa, Inonotus obliquus v Phellinus igniarius). Cc tc gi Nht Bn c kt qu v tc dng cha ung th, lm gim lng cholesterol trong mu ca nm hng (Lentinus edodes). Phn ln cc khng sinh hin c con ngi s dng l do chit xut t nm (v d: penicilin, streptomicin, tetracilin...). - Mt mt rt ng k ca nm l gii quyt ngun thc n cho chn nui. Ngi ta c th cho thm vo rm r mt s cht m n gin, sau cho rm r ln men v cui cng cy nm vo. Si nm mc xuyn sut gi th trong vng 14 21 ngy v tr thnh nm thc n cho vt nui c mi thm, d s dng. Cng c th cy vo rm r mt s loi nm mc trn g, nm s phn hu xenluloza thnh nhng cht c gi tr nh m d tiu, cc vitamin... ri s dng lm thc n cho vt nui. - Nm c vai tr quan trng i vi ngh trng rng. Cho ti nay chng ta bit c hng trm loi nm n c quan h cng sinh vi nhiu loi thc vt bc cao bao gm cc cy g rng, cy n qu, cy cnh, cy thuc cng nh cc cy lng thc. Nm gip cho thc vt ly c nc v mui khong cn thc vt cung cp cho nm thc n hu c. Nhiu loi nm c kh nng to r nm c lit vo loi nm n qu gi (nm Amanita caesarea - nm vua v nm Tuber melanosporum). Mt trong nhng bin php k thut trng rng quan trng nht nhng vng t hoang mc hay i ni trc l trng thng ch ng to ra r nm cng sinh. - Mt khc, pht trin ngh trng nm l gp phn tch cc gii quyt cc ph thi trong nng nghip, lm nghip v cng nghip, trn c s gp phn bo v mi trng v xc lp cn bng sinh thi cho mi trng sng ca con ngi. Hn mt na tng lng sinh khi do cy to ra l ph thi nh rm r, thn cy, l cy, cnh hoc gc r v c nhng ph liu ca nhng qu trnh nng lm v cng nghip. Chng l nhng cht thi cha c s dng v c nguy c l nhng tc

nhn gy nhim mi trng sng ca con ngi. Hin nay, con ngi xy dng cng ngh nui trng nm n thch hp trn cc ph thi ny.

Bi II SINH HC NM I. Hnh thi nm. 1. Th dinh dng. C th nm khng phi l cy nm hay ci nm m chng ta nhn thy hng ngy. C th nm l h si nm (mycelium) gm nhng si nm c kch thc hin vi, phn nhnh, mc len li trong gi th (g, l mc, rm r hay t, mn...). Trong h si, mi si nm (hyphae) c hnh ng, phn nhnh vi mng rn chc bao bc, cha ni cht bn trong v c th c hoc khng c vch ngn. H si khng vch ngn thng l si n bo cha nhiu nhn (hp bo). H si c vch ngn, to thnh nhiu t bo c gi l si a bo. Vch ngn ca si nm (mng ngang t bo) c cu to ging mng nguyn sinh cht nhng c mt l thng gia, c th l thng n gin hoc l thng phc tp c np y. Mt s loi nm, trong nhng iu kin nht nh, si nm bn cht li vi nhau to nn nhng bin dng nh th hnh r hoc hch nm. Th hnh r do cc si nm xp song song v bn li vi nhau, c ng knh t vi mm n 1cm v chiu di c th t ti vi chc mt. R nm c sc chng chu tt vi iu kin khc nghit ca mi trng. Hch nm l c quan ngh a bo ca nhiu loi nm c kch thc t vi mm cho t vi chc cm. Hch nm c cu to gm lp v ngoi l nhng t bo c mng dy, bn trong l nhng t bo mng mng. Hch nm cng l t chc c kh nng chng chu tt vi iu kin khc nghit ca mi trng. 2. Cu trc t bo nm. Mng t bo nm c thnh phn phc tp v c bn khc nhau cc nhm nm khc nhau. Bn cnh nhng thnh phn chnh, tng nhm nm mng t bo cn c caloza (hp cht ging lignin) v cc hp cht khc. Trong thnh phn cu to mng t bo nm khng bao gi cha n c mt cht no m lun lun gm nhiu cht lm thnh mt phc h.

Bng 1: Thnh phn ca mng t bo cc nhm nm khc nhau.

THNH PHN HA HC CA MNG NHM PHN LOI NM I DIN

I. Xenluloza glycogen II. Xenluloza glic II. Xenluloza - Chitin IV. Chitin - Chitosan

Acrasiales Comycetes Hyphochytridiomycetes Ygomycetes Chytridiomycetes V. Mannan glucan Hemiascomycetes VI. Chitin - Mannan Heterobasidiomycetes VII. Galactoza nine - Trichomycetes Galactoza polymers

Polysphondylilum Phytophthora Rhigidiomyces Mucor, Phycomyces Allomyces Candida Rhodotorula Amoebidium

Bn trong mng l t bo cht v nhn. Nhn gm hch nhn v si nhim sc, to nn th nhim sc trong qu trnh phn chia t bo. Trong t bo cht c cc bo quan ging nh mi t bo c nhn chnh thc khc. nhng t bo gi c khng bo ln, cc ht d tr du m cng ln hn. II. H thng phn loi nm. 1. S lc H thng gii Nm H thng gii Nm (Mycetalia - Fungi) c trnh by k trong cc gio trnh v H thng hc nm, c bit trong cun Nm ln Vit Nam, tp I (Trnh Tam Kit, 1981) v cun Sinh hc v k thut trng nm n (Trnh Tam Kit (ch bin), 1986). Ti liu ny ch cp khi qut v gii Nm, ch yu gii thiu v tr phn loi ca mt s loi nm n ang c nui trng ph bin. Gii Nm (Mycetalia - Fungi) c chia lm 4 gii ph: Gii ph Nm nhy - Gymnomycetoida; gii ph Nm to - Phycomycetoida; gii ph Restomycetoida v gii ph Nm tht - Eumycetoida. 1.1. Gii ph Nm nhy - Gymnomycetoida. Gii ph Nm nhy - Gymnomycetoida c c im c th l mt khi cht nguyn sinh ln, dng cng bo, c mu vng hoc mu hng, kch thc c th ti vi dm, di chuyn ging nh di chuyn ca amp. Nm nhy phn b nhng ni m thp, ti tm (nh hc cy mc, v cy...). 1.2. Gii ph Nm to - Phycomycetoida. Gii ph Nm to - Phycomycetoida c c im l giai on dinh dng dng si khng c vch ngn, sng bm v ch hnh thnh vch ngn khi to nn c quan sinh sn. Gii ph ny ch gm mt ngnh Phycomycota v mt lp Phycomycetes, sng hoi sinh, phn b c di nc v trn cn, gy bnh cho trng c v c con. Mt s tc gi tch gii ph ny ra khi gii nm nhng a s vn trong gii nm. 1.3. Gii ph Restomycetoida. Gii ny gm nhng nm n bo, nc hoc cn, sng hoi sinh hay k sinh trn c th to hoc thc vt bc cao. Gii ph Restomycetoida gm 3 ngnh: ngnh nm mt tin mao dnh pha trc - Hyphochytridiomycota, ngnh Plasmodiophoromycota v ngnh Nm lng - Trichomycota. 1.4. Gii ph Nm tht - Eumycetoida. Gii ph Nm tht - Eumycetoida c th dinh dng in hnh l dng si, phn nhnh, c vch ngn hoc khng, mng t bo gm ch yu l kitin, sinh sn v tnh bng bo t, sinh sn hu tnh bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. Nm tht nguyn thu sng nc, cn tin ho cao hn th sng cn. Gii ph Nm tht c chia lm mt s ngnh nh sau: ngnh Nm mt tin mao dnh pha sau - Chytridiomycota, ngnh Nm tip hp - Zygomycota, ngnh Nm men - Endomycota, ngnh Nm nang - Ascomycota v ngnh Nm m (Nm gi) - Basidiomycota.

Trong cc ngnh ca gii ph Nm tht th ngnh Nm m (Nm gi Basidiomycota) vi ngha nui trng l ngnh ang c quan tm hn c. Chng ta gii thiu chi tit hn v h thng ngnh Nm m (Nm gi). 2. S lc H thng ngnh Nm m - Basidiomycota. Ngnh Nm m (Nm gi - Basidiomycota) c c im l c th nm c dng si phn nhnh. Giai on t bo hai nhn chim phn ln chu trnh sng. Sinh sn v tnh bng bo t, sinh sn hu tnh bng bo t gi (basidiospore) hnh thnh trn gi (basidie). Ngnh Nm m - Basidiomycota gm 3 lp: lp Gasteromycetes, lp Phragmobasidiomycetes v lp Hymenomycetes. 2.1. Lp Phragmobasidiomycetes. Lp Phragmobasidiomycetes c c im l c m hnh thnh t bo t ngh hay t si nm vi vch ngn ngang hoc dc. Lp ny c chia lm 2 phn lp, gm cc b: 2.1.1. B Uredinales (Nm r): Si Nm khng c kho, sng gia t bo cy ch. Nm r l nhng dng k sinh bt buc. B gm 126 chi vi khong 5000 loi. 2.1.2. B Ustilaginales (Nm than): B gm nhng nm c h si a bo, xuyn sut cy ch hay xung quanh ni nhim bnh, c vch ngn vi l thng n gin, bo t than (chlamydaspore). Nm than l nhng nm k sinh hoc hoi sinh, gy bnh than cho thc vt. Nm than c chia lm 48 chi vi 850 loi, phn b khp ni trn th gii. 2.1.3. B Sporidiobolales: B gm nhng nm c c th dng nm men mt nhn hay dng si hai nhn, c kho. Sinh sn v tnh bng bo t. 2.1.4. B Tremellales (Ngn nh): B gm 20 chi vi 20 loi. 2.1.5. B Auriculariales (Mc nh): Qu th cht keo, m hoc ng. Bo t gi hnh tr, phn trn c vch ngn, to thnh 1 - 4 t bo, mi t bo mang 1 tiu bnh v 1 gi bo t. B Mc nh gm 21 chi vi 100 loi. 2.1.6. B Septobaridiales: B gm nhng nm sng cng sinh vi cn trng cnh vy v phn b nhiu nhng vng m. 2.2. Lp Hymenomycetes. Lp Hymenomycetes c c im: si nm c vch ngn vi l thng phc tp, thng c kho. Sng hoi sinh hay k sinh. Lp ny gm hu ht cc nm ln hin nay. Lp ny gm cc b sau: 2.2.1. B Exobasidiales (Nm gi ngoi): Gm nhng nm khng c qu th. B ny ch gm 1 h vi 4 chi. 2.2.2. B Dacrymycetales: Nm gi hnh chc sng (ch Y). Qu th mu sng, nhn hay nhn nheo, phn m trn hnh chc sng mang 2 tiu bnh to di vi 2 gi bo t. B ny gm 1 h vi mt s t chi. 2.2.3. B Tulasnellales: Gm mt s nm sng trn g mc, gi c tiu bnh phnh to. B ny ch c 1 h vi 2 chi v mt s t loi. 2.2.4. B Poriales (Nm l): Gm nhng nm c qu th bng cht sp, cht b, lie v g, c dng tri n dng cun ngc, dng m c cung. Gm cc nm thng sng trn g hay trn t c nhiu cn b thc vt. B ny gm 15 h vi nhiu chi

v loi. Quan trng nht trong b Nm l l h nm Linh chi Ganodermataceae vi khong 300 loi, trong ph bin nht trong nui trng l loi Ganoderma lucidum. 2.2.5. B Cantharellales (Nm kn): Qu th thng cht tht, dng m, dng tn, dng kn, dng chu hoc dng san h.... B ny gm 12 h vi nhiu chi v loi khc nhau. 2.2.6. B Polyporales (Nm nhiu l): B gm nhng nm c qu th cht tht khi non, sau cht tht cng to thnh cht b, si nm thng c kho, qu th dng phin hay dng ng. B gm cc h: h Polyporaceae vi cc chi Polyporus, Lentinus, Pleurotus v Panus; h Schizephyllaceae ch c 1 chi Schizophyllum. 2.2.7. B Agaricales (Nm tn): Qu th dng tn, cht tht thi ra, c to thnh t si nm ng nht. Gi bo t c nhiu dng, kch thc khc nhau. B Agaricales gm nhiu h: Hypophoraceae, Tricholomataceae, Rhodophyllaceae, Cortinariaceae, Crepidotaceae, Amanitaceae, Pluteaceae (Volvariaceae - Nm rm), Lepiotaceae, Agaricaceae (Nm m), Secotiaceae, Strophariaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Coprinaceae. 2.2.8. B Russulales (Nm ng): Qu th dng tn, cht tht xp do si nm v cc th dng ti to thnh. Bo t thng sn si hay c gai. B ny c 1 h Russutaceae vi 2 chi Russula v Lactarius. 2.3. Lp Gasteromycetes (Nm bao). Lp Gasteromycetes (Nm bao) c c im l qu th ng, bn ngoi l lp v, phn trong l m nc. Bo t gi khng pht tn ch ng. Gm cc nm sng trn t, trn g hay trn cc cn b hu c khc. Nm bao phn b khp trn th gii, c bit chu c v cc nc c kh hu kh hn. Lp Nm bao gm 150 chi v 700 loi, thuc cc b: 2.3.1. B Sclerodermatales (Nm trng v cng): Qu th dng trng, dng c, c v cng bao bc xung quanh. M tht thng c mu ti. Gm 2 h: Sclerodermataceae, Astraceae. 2.3.2. B Tulostomatales: Gm 2 h: Phelloriniaceae v Tulostomataceae. 2.3.3. B Melanogastrales: Qu th hnh thnh di mt t, dng tht, mu ti. Bo t mu ti. Gm cc h: Melanogastraceae, Torrendiaceae phn b khp th gii. 2.3.4. B Rhizopogonales: Qu th dng c, nm trong t, khi gi l mt phn ln khi mt t. Trn b mt qu th c r si nm. M tht mu tm. B ny ch c mt h Rhizopogonaceae. 2.3.5. B Nidulariales (Nm t chim): Qu th khi gi c dng cc do phn mng nh mt i. Phn m tht chuyn thnh cc khi tht ph mng cha gi bo t bn trong. B ny gm cc h: Nidulariaceae, Sphaerobolaceae. 2.3.6. B Lycoperdales (Nm trng): Qu th c 2 lp v mng, m tht, bo t mu sng. B ny gm cc h: Mycenastraceae, Lycoperdaceae, Battarraceae, Arachniaceae. 2.3.7. B Geastrales (Nm sao t): Ch c 1 h Geatraceae. 2.3.8. B Hymenogastrales gm 2 h (Hymenogastraceae, Hydragiaceae)

2.3.9. B Gastrosporales ch c 1 h v 1 loi. 2.3.10. B Gauteriales: Qu th hnh thnh di t, dng c, m tht, bo t c kha dc. B ny ch c 1 h Gauteriaceae vi 1 chi Gauterium. 2.3.11. B Phallales: Qu th non dng trng, c v bao quanh, khi chn ph v v, bo t thng c mi hi, nm trong dch nhy. B ny gm cc h: Hysterangiaceae, Clathraceae, Phallaceae. 2.3.12. B Dicaryophyphales (Nm si 2 nhn): Gm nhng nm ch c h si dinh dng 2 nhn, khng sinh sn bng bo t. B ch c 1 chi Rhizoctonia. 2.3.13. B Endobasidiomycetales (Rhodotorulales): Gm nhng nm gi cha hon chnh, c dng nm men, ch c 1 chi Rhodotorula. 2.3.14. B Sporobolomycetales: Th dinh dng dng nm men hay si gi. Sinh sn v tnh bng s ny chi. Trn y l h thng phn loi nm theo Whitaker (1969), Takhtajan (1974), Trnh Tam Kit (1981). 3. Mt s loi nm n c nui trng ph bin hin nay. Nhng nm hin ang c nui trng thuc h thng Nm ln (Trnh Tam Kit, 1981), gm nhng nm c kh nng sinh bo t vi qu th t kch thc ln hn 4 mm tr ln. Hu ht cc loi nm n ang c nui trng hin nay u thuc ngnh Nm m (Nm gi - Basidiomycota): 3.1. Nm trng ln - Calvatia lilacina: Nm trng ln (C. lilacina) thuc h Nm trng (Lycoperdaceae), b Nm trng (Lycoperdales), lp Nm bao (Gasteromycetes). Nm trng ln thng mc trn ng c, bi c, ven ng vo ma nng m (nht l sau khi ma), n rt ngon. 3.2. Nm rm - Volvariella volvacea (syn. Volvaria volvacea): Nm rm (Vol. Volvacea) thuc h Nm rm - Volvariaceae (Pluteaceae), b Nm tn (Agaricales), lp Hymenomycetes. Nm rm mc ch yu trn rm r mc hay trn t nhiu mn. min Bc mc t thng 4 n thng 11, min Nam mc quanh nm. y l loi nm n ngon, c nhn dn ta thu hi trong t nhin v cng c nui trng ch ng nhiu c s. 3.3. Nm m - Agaricus bisporus: Nm m (A. bisporus) thuc h Nm m (Agaricaceae), b Nm tn (Agaricales), lp Hymenomycetes. Nm m c qu th l cht tht dy, m mu nu nht, c vng trn cung. Nm mc trong nh cha phn, nh kn hay trn ng c t nhin. y l loi nm qu, ang c nui trng nc ta v ma lnh. 3.4. Nm c tranh - Agaricus campestris: Nm c tranh (A. campestris) thuc h Nm m (Agaricaceae), b Nm tn (Agaricales), lp Hymenomycetes. Nm c c im m nm mu trng, v gi chuyn sang mu nu vng. Phin nm lc u trng sau chuyn sang hng. Cung mu trng. Tht mu trng, c khi hng. Nm thng mc trn ng c, bi c, ven , b rung, ven ng, ni chn th tru b hay trn rung canh tc c nhiu cht hu c. Nm mc vo ma xun, h v thu, l loi nm n qu. 3.5. Nm - Macrolepiota rachodes:

Nm (M. rachodes) thuc h Nm m (Agaricaceae), b Nm tn (Agaricales), lp Hymenomycetes. Nm c c im m nm lc u c hnh chung phng, sau cun ln dng bn cu, khi non mu xm, nu hoc tm, ln ln rch dn ra. Phin nm dy, mu trng. Cung nm khng nt ra nh m, mu trng. Nm mc nhiu vo ma thu trn t rng v t nhiu mn cc bi c v trong cng vin. y l loi nm c gi tr. 3.6. Nm s tm (nm hng chn ngn) - Pleurotus ostreatus: Nm s tm (P. ostreatus) thuc h Nm nhiu l (Polyporaceae), b Nm nhiu l (Polyporales), lp Hymenomycetes. Nm s tm c qu th dng s vi cung ngn, m mu ti (xm hoc tm). Tht nm mu trng, lc u nc v sau gi th dai. Nm s tm sng trn g mc hay k sinh trn cy l rng vo u xun v cui thu. y l loi nm qu, ang c nui trng nhiu ni trn th gii (Hungari, CHLB c...). 3.7. Nm s trng - Pleurotus pulmonarius: Nm s trng (P. pulmonarius) thuc h Nm nhiu l (Polyporaceae), b Nm nhiu l (Polyporales), lp Hymenomycetes. Nm s trng c qu th dng s, mu trng, phin trng mc men xung. M hnh phu nng, lch, hnh s n hnh tha, mt m nhn, phng. Cung ngn, mu trng c khi c sc thi vng. Nm s trng mc trn g mc ca cc cy l rng, thng mc thnh tng bi, mc nhiu vo ma nng m. y l loi nm n qu, c nui trng nc ta. 3.8. Nm tai bn c vng - Pleurotus sajo-caju (Lentinus sajo-caju): Nm tai bn c vng (P. sajo-caju) thuc h Nm nhiu l (Polyporaceae), b Nm nhiu l (Polyporales), lp Hymenomycetes. Nm tai bn c vng c qu th dng phu nng. Cht tht mm khi non, c vng ln mu trng trn cung ngn. M dng bn cu lch. Nm tai bn c vng mc trn g mc, thng thnh tng m v mc nhiu vo ma nng m. y l loi nm n qu. Mt s nc nui rng ch ng (n , i Loan...). 3.9. Nm hng - Lentinus edodes (syn. Cortinellus edodes): Nm hng (L. edodes) thuc h Nm nhiu l (Polyporaceae), b Nm nhiu l (Polyporales), lp Hymenomycetes. Nm hng c qu th c cung vi m dng bn cu ph mn trng khi non, khi kh c mi thm. Mc nhiu trn g d, sau sau, mu ch... thng mc thnh tng m v ch mc khi v cy cn bm vo g. Nm hng thng ch mc vng rng ni cao nh Sapa v c th cho qu th c vo nhng thng u h (5 - 6). y l loi nm qu ang c nui trng ph bin ng Nam v nhiu nc khc trn th gii. 3.10. Mc nh lng th (nm tai g lng th) - Auricularia polytricha: Mc nh lng th (A. polytricha) thuc h Mc nh (Auriculariaceae), b Mc nh (Auriculariales), lp Phragmobasidiomycetes. Mc nh lng th thng mc trn g cy l rng, rt t khi trn cy l kim, mc quanh nm nc ta, c nhn dn ta thu hi t ngn xa, nui trng cho nng sut cao. 3.11. Mc nh lng mn (nm tai g lng mn) - Auricularia auricula: Mc nh lng mn (A. auricula) thuc h Mc nh (Auriculariaceae), b Mc nh (Auriculariales), lp Phragmobasidiomycetes. Mc nh lng mn thng mc

khi tri m, trn g mc, phn b rng, c nhn dn ta thu hi lm thc phm, ang c nui trng ch ng . 3.12. Nm kn vng - Cantharellus cibarius: Nm kn vng (Cantharellus cibarius) thuc h Nm kn (Cantharellaceae = Hydnaceae), b Nm kn (Cantharellales), lp Hymenomycetes. Nm kn vng vi qu th mu vng n mu da cam, m dng loa kn, dy; tht mu trng n vng, c mi d chu. Nm mc trn t rng nhiu mn, t ti xp, nht l rng si, d, thng thnh tng m ln. y l loi nm n qu nhng nhn dn ta cha quen thu hi v s dng. 3.13. Nm vua (Nm Amanita vng da cam) - Amanita caesarea: Nm vua (A. caesarea) thuc h Nm vua (Amanitaceae), b Nm tn (Agaricales), lp Hymenomycetes. Qu th c mu da cam n vng, phin mu vng, cung, tht v vng u c mu vng, ch c bao gc mu trng. M nm mu , da cam n vng, lc u ph trong bao chung dng trng. Tht nm mu trng vng, mi thm v du. Nm vua thng gp vo ma h v thu, trong rng si, d, trn t xp, kh khng ngp nc. y l loi nm n qu nhng nhn dn e s khng dm n v cho l nm c. III. Sinh l nm. 1. S sinh trng ca nm. 1.1. c im sinh trng ca si nm. - S s sinh trng ca si nm (s mc ca si nm) c tin hnh ch yu bng s ko di ca phn nh si nm. nh si nm bao gm phn u tn cng (nh) ca si nm vi di khong 50 - 100m. Phn ny khng c nhn t bo. Ton b nhn t bo nm nm pha sau si nm. Cu trc ca phn nh si nm bao gm nhng b phn ch yu sau: th nh nm tn cng ca si nm, ging nh chic m khng c kh nng ko di. Sau th nh l phn hp th cc mnh v tng hp cc mnh, gia th nh v phn ny c mt vng cu to rt mm v mt c hc. Tip theo phn hp th l vng () bn vng hn, y s ko di si cn c tip tc. Sau vng () l n vng () c cu to vng chc do mng t bo dy ln to nn b khung vng chc, vng ny khng cn kh nng ko di si c. Cc hp cht hu c c tng hp t cc phn khc nhau trn si nm, cc cht mi c hp th t nhng phn gi ca si nm u c vn chuyn ti nh si nm phc v qu trnh ko di ca si nm. nh si nm, cc qu trnh tng hp din ra mnh hn nhiu so vi cc phn khc trn si nm. Phn nh khc phn k cn l nh giu ARN, giu cc protein cha arginin, tyrozin, histidin, cc protein cha nhm -SH v rt t glycogen. Hm lng protein phn u rt giu c lin quan n qu trnh tng hp mnh m phn nh v mt khc l do s vn chuyn t cc phn pha sau ti phc v qu trnh ko di si nm. Hm lng glycogen thp phn nh c l c lin quan ti vic to thnh mng ca nhng phn mi sinh ra. V s tp trung mnh m cho qu trnh sinh trng nh vy, cho nn tc sinh trng ca nm l rt ln, c th t ti 3,6 - 3,8 mm/gi (nm Neurospora, Ryan, 1943).

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- S sinh trng ca si nm l v hn. - Si nm sinh trng khng ch bng s ko di ra nh m cn km theo l s phn nhnh lin tc theo hng ngn t phn sau nh si nm, c th s ko di din ra ngay vng v . S phn nhnh din ra trc ht bi s lm mm mng t bo, ch trc y vng chc. Cc nhnh si bn s pht trin t nhng ch ny. Mc d c s phn nhnh nhng u th nh bao gi cng c th hin, ngha l s ko di theo nh chnh chim u th so vi cc nhnh bn. T si chnh s to ra si bn cp 1, t si bn cp 1 s to ra si bn cp 2, ri cp 3... Si chnh lun lun di hn so vi nhnh bn ca n v v vy ton b h thng si sinh ra t 1 si chnh c dng ging nh mt cy thng vi cc cnh ca n. S mc ca nm trn ton b h si (mycelium) c hnh thnh t bo t nm hay t mt phn ca m nm trn mi trng rn, ng nht v dinh dng v cc iu kin mi trng kt qu s hnh thnh mt khun lc (kolonie) hnh trn. Khun lc c to nn t nhiu si chnh v si phn nhnh cc cp. Phn non nht l nh si nm v th trong hnh trn khun lc th pha ngoi cng cng l phn non nht ca khun lc. 1.2. Vai tr ca ngun dinh dng v cc yu t ngoi cnh i vi sinh trng nm. 1.2.1. Ngun dinh dng. + Dinh dng cacbon: Khong mt na khi lng kh ca nm c to thnh t cacbon. Cacbon c i hi vi mt lng ln hn bt c nguyn t no khc, v vy dinh dng cacbon c tm quan trng bc nht i vi sinh trng v pht trin ca nm. Ngun cacbon ca nm bao gm gluxit (ng n, cc oligosacarit, polysaccharit), cc axit hu c v CO2, trong quan trng nht l gluxit. Cc loi ng n dng D (c bit l D-glucoza, D-fructoza, D-manoza...) c ngha rt ln i vi s mc ca si nm. ng i (maltoza, cellobioza) c s dng rng ri cho nhiu loi nm khc nhau, ch c mt s nm s dng sacaroza v lactoza. Cc polysacarit (cc pentosan - polyme ca pentoza, glycogen, tinh bt, xenluloza, pectin...) l ngun ccbon (trong tinh bt v xenluloza) c s dng ch yu ca nm. + Dinh dng nit (nitrogen): Nit l thnh phn cu to ca nhiu hp cht quan trng trong c th nh protein, axit nucleic, vitamin.... Ngun nit ph bin nht cho nm l nitrat (NO3-) v amn. Ngc li, nitrit (NO2-) rt c i vi nhiu loi nm khc nhau (ch c 1 s t loi s dng c nitrit). Ngun m hu c cho nm bao gm cc axit amin, protein v cc peptit. Mt trong nhng ngun m thch hp nht cho nm l ur v ur cng l nhn t quan trng trong vic to nguyn liu trng nm m. Mt s tc gi cho rng: Nm n (nm hng chn ngn - Pleurotus ostreatus) c kh nng c nh nit khng kh. + Dinh dng khong: Cc nguyn t khong quan trng nht i vi nm gm: phosphor, lu hunh, kali, canxi, magnh, silic, clo, nhm, st, v km. Cc

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nguyn t ny ni chung c nm hp th di dng v c. S hp th phosphor ch hon ton khi c mt O2, v nu thiu phosphor s dn ti s km hm hp th glucoza v qu trnh h hp ca nm. Lu hunh c hp thu di dng sunphat. Magnh v st cng c hp th qua mng ging nh sunphat... Cc nguyn t vi lng (mangan, molipden, bo...) nhn chung c nm i hi nng rt thp (0,001 - 0,5 ppm) nhng chng l nhng nhn t quan trng cho vic hot ho cc enzym, tng hp vitamin v cc qu trnh trao i cht khc nhau ca nm. + Vitamin: Vitamin l nhng hp cht hu c c vai tr nh l coenzim tham gia vo cu to ca enzym xc tc cho cc phn ng ho sinh trong cc qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo. Nhiu loi nm c kh nng t tng hp vitamin, tuy nhin c nhiu loi nm khng c kh nng t tng hp vitamin, chng i hi phi c a vo mi trng nui cy v hp thu di dng sn c t mi trng. Nhng vitamin cn cho s sinh trng si nm v hnh thnh qu th gm: B1, B2, B6, B12, biotin, K... 1.2.2. Cc yu t ngoi cnh. Bn cnh cc ngun dinh dng, cc yu t ngoi cnh cng nh hng ln n s sinh trng pht trin ca nm. Cc yu t ngoi cnh bao gm: nhit , m, nh sng, pH... + Nhit : Nhit l nhn t ht sc quan trng trong vic xc nh tc sinh trng ca si nm. Mt vi loi nm c th mc nhit thp (t -5 n +8OC nh cc loi thuc chi Cladosporium, Sporotrichum). Phn ln cc nm c nhit ti thch t 15 30OC. Mt s nm khc li c nhit ti thch cao khc thng (40 OC) v vn cn kh nng mc nhit 44 OC. im cht ca nhiu loi nm nm trong khong 50 60OC. + Nc: Nc cn thit cho s sng ca nm ch yu thng qua m. Phn ln cc loi nm cn m nguyn liu tt nht l 68 - 70% ( m 68 - 70% c gi l m tiu chun). m khng kh i hi cho a s cc loi nm thng rt cao (thng thng trn 80%), ch c mt s t loi c kh nng mc m khng kh di 80% v rt t loi di 60%. + Cc cht kh: Nm rt cn O2 nhng nhu cu v O2 ca cc loi nm rt khc nhau. Hm lng CO2 trong mi trng c nh hng thc y tc mc ca si nm m v nm s ( nm s, nng CO2 mi trng ln n 28% si vn c kh nng mc) nhng khi nng CO2 cao qu c th khng cho qu th. + pH: pH mi trng c ngha to ln i vi s mc ca si nm v pH thch hp cho cc loi nm khc nhau l khng nh nhau. Nhn chung cc nm sng trn g v k sinh trn thc vt a pH axit (khong 6 - 5 - 4). Cc nm mc trn t hoc trn rm r (nh nm m, nm rm) c pH thch hp vng trung tnh hoc hi kim. Nm hng chn ngn c th pht trin tt pH = 5 7. C mt s t loi nm c kh nng t iu chnh pH. + nh sng: nh sng dng nh c hi cho s sinh trng ca si nm. V th, trong pha si ngi ta thng nm mc trong ti. 2. S hnh thnh qu th nm.

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2.1. S hnh thnh qu th mt s loi nm n S hnh thnh qu th mt s loi nm n tri qua nhiu giai on, c th c tm tt nh sau: - Qu th b Nm tn - Agaricales (nm m, nm rm...): Giai on si bn kt: Giai on si bn kt hay cn gi l giai on trc mm qu th. H si nm (mycelium) mc su trong gi th v mt phn lan trn b mt. Ti mt giai on nht nh, ph thuc vo tng loi v ph thuc mi trng, trn h si c s bn kt ca cc si dinh dng c gi l giai on trc mm qu th (Giai on si bn kt). Lc ny bng mt thng vn cn phn bit c tng si nm hay b si nm bn kt li dng t chim. Giai on mm qu th: Tip theo giai on si bn kt l giai on mm qu th hnh cu, mu trng (Primodrum) cha c s phn cc. Giai on trng nm: Cc mm qu th phn cc to thnh trng nm hnh trn, c s phn bit gc v ngn. Giai on qu th hon chnh: T trng nm dn dn pht trin tht li gia hnh thnh cung, m nm, phin nm. l qu th hon chnh. i vi Nm m (Agaricus): M c ln dn ln dng gi bn cu, cung di ra nng m dn ln khi mt t ph trn gi th. Cui cng mp m tch ra khi bao ring l phin nm ra v li 1 vng nm bao quanh cung. Mp m khi cn non th cun vo trong, phin nm t mu trng chuyn dn sang mu hng. Sau m tr nn phng, mp thng ra, phin chuyn sang mu nu, en. Qu th nm thnh thc c kh nng phng bo t mu en vo khng gian. i vi Nm rm (Volvariella): S hnh thnh qu th nm rm cng tng t nh nm m, ch khc l nm hnh thnh bao chung, bao ton b qu th khi cn non. Khi nm c dng trng, m nm c cung a ln pha trn cng bao chung, sau bao chung c ph v, li bao gc hnh i hoa chn cung nm v m nm c gii phng hnh thnh bo t. - Qu th Nm nhiu l - Polyporales (nm hng, nm s): Qu trnh hnh thnh qu th Nm nhiu l nhn chung cng tri qua cc giai on chnh: si bn kt, mm qu th, nhng mm qu th c dng hnh mng tre, sau nh ca mm nm to ra dng u inh, phn ho thnh m v cung ca nm non. Tip theo, phn di m phn ho to nn phin nm sinh bo t thng c mu trng. nm s (nm hng chn ngn) giai on mm nm hnh thnh c th n c hoc thnh tng cm c gc chung, v sau pht trin thnh tng cm nm trng thnh. - Qu th Mc nh - Auricularia: S hnh thnh qu th mc nh cng din ra qua cc giai on: si bn kt, mm qu th, trng nm dng khi cu chm phn cc, dng cu phn cc ri lm pha trn xung to nn lp sinh sn v dt li cho ra qu th trng thnh. 2.2. Cc nhn t nh hng n s hnh thnh qu th nm. Cc tc nhn iu khin s hnh thnh qu th nm ni chung v nm n ni ring c th c chia lm 3 nhm:

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+ Quan trng nht l cc yu t ngoi cnh bao gm nhit , m, nh sng, pH, nng CO2 cng nh tc gi v cc vi sinh vt khc cng chung sng trong h sinh thi. Nhit l nhn t ht sc quan trng nh hng n s hnh thnh v pht trin qu th nm. Mi loi nm n c mt nhu cu nht nh v nhit cho s hnh thnh v pht trin qu th. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh qu th nm yu cu m khng kh rt cao v cn c s lun chuyn khng kh (thng thong khng kh). hnh thnh qu th nm cn c nh sng vi bc sng thch hp (tr Nm m - Agaricus khng cn nh sng). Trng hp thiu nh sng v thiu dng kh c th dn ti qu th d dng v gy tht thu ln. + Nhm nhn t th 2 l cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho i sng ca nm ni chung v cho s hnh thnh qu th ni ring. Nhu cu dinh dng i vi s hnh thnh qu th nm cng tng t nh i vi s mc ca si, bao gm cacbon, nit, cc cht khong a lng v vi lng, vitamin v cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc. Tuy vy, trong qu trnh hnh thnh qu th, t l C/N trong mi trng c tm quan trng c bit. Tu mi loi m t l ny yu cu khc nhau. + Nhm th 3 l vai tr iu khin ca cc hormon, ca s iu ho hot ng ng m ca cc gen v qu trnh trao i cht ca nm. 3. Sinh sn ca nm. Sinh sn l qu trnh to nn c th mi m bo cho loi tn ti theo thi gian. Sinh sn ca nm gm: sinh sn sinh dng, sinh sn v tnh v sinh sn hu tnh. 3.1. Sinh sn sinh dng. Sinh sn sinh dng l hnh thc sinh sn t mt phn hoc mt t bo sinh dng (khng chuyn ho sinh sn) trn c th m pht trin thnh mt c th mi. Nm sinh sn sinh dng bng nhiu hnh thc. - Sinh sn sinh dng bng si nm. T mt on si nm ring r c th d dng pht trin thnh mt h si nm. - Sinh sn sinh dng bng s ny chi thng gp nm men. T t bo sinh dng, ny ra mt chi nh. T chi ny s pht trin thnh c th mi. - Sinh sn sinh dng bng bo t phn (hay bo t t). Bo t phn c hnh thnh t nhng t bo c mng mng c tch ra t u si nm, khng chuyn ho lm nhim v sinh sn. T pht trin thnh h si nm. Hnh thc ny c trng cho cc nm sng trong nc. - Sinh sn sinh dng bng bo t vch dy. Mt s nm nh nm mc c kh nng hnh thnh nhng bo t vch dy t nhng t bo khng chuyn ho lm nhim v sinh sn. l nhng t bo c hnh trn, mng dy, bn trong cha nhiu cht d tr v c kh nng chng chu tt. Gp iu kin thun li, t bo t vch dy s ny mm v pht trin thnh h si nm mi. 3.2. Sinh sn v tnh.

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Sinh sn v tnh l hnh thc sinh sn bng bo t chuyn ho lm nhim v sinh sn. Sinh sn v tnh l hnh thc ph bin nht nm. Bo t c hnh thnh trong th sinh bo t (ti bo t). Ti bo t c hnh thnh trn cung sinh bo t. Nhng bo t ny c gi l bo t kn (angiospore) hay bo t sinh bn trong (endospore). Khi ti bo t v ra, cc bo t bn ra ngoi v ny mm ri pht trin thnh h si nm mi. Bo t cng c th c hnh thnh t bn ngoi cc t bo sinh ra chng, trn cung sinh bo t v c gi l bo t ngoi (exospore) hay bo t bi, bo t nh (conidie). T bo sinh bo t trong trng hp ny c gi l th bnh. Bo t nh c sinh trn cung bo t, tch bit vi c th sinh dng bng vch ngn. Cung bo t nh c th hnh thnh n c hay tp hp li thnh tng b v c gi l th b (synnema) hoc dnh li thnh th dnh (sporodochium). Mt s nm, cc cung bo t nh c to nn trong th dng gi hoc dng r, gm mt lp cung bo t bi ken st nhau v hnh thnh bo t nh (conidie) pha trn. Mt s nm khc, cc cung bo t nh xp trong cc th dng gi c l m pha trn nh c gi l th gi. 3.3. Sinh sn hu tnh. Sinh sn hu tnh l qu trnh sinh sn c s kt hp nhn ca 2 t bo khc tnh. Sinh sn hu tnh nm gm 3 pha: pha kt hp cht nguyn sinh, pha kt hp nhn, v pha phn bo gim nhim xy ra ngay sau khi th tinh. Nm n thuc nm bc cao, trong qu trnh sinh sn hu tnh, trc ht l s kt hp cht nguyn sinh. S kt hp nhn khng xy ra cng vi s kt hp cht nguyn sinh m phi qua giai on trung gian. giai on ny nhn phn chia ri t sp xp li thnh cp nhn (song nhn) - t bo 2 nhn. V sau 2 nhn kt hp to thnh nhn lng bi. Nhn lng bi phn chia gim nhim ngay to thnh nhn n bi th cp sau hnh thnh cc bo t n bi. Bo t n bi nm trong t bo c bit c gi l ti bo t. Bo t n bi c to thnh bng cch ngoi sinh (exospore), c gi l bo t gi (bo t m - basidiospore) cn t bo cha bo t c gi l gi (m-basidium). Nhn chung cc loi bo t ca s sinh sn hu tnh u c sc sng cao, c kh nng chu ng c vi cc iu kin khc nghit v lu di trong t nhin. 4. Chu trnh sng ca nm. Chu trnh sng (chu trnh pht trin) hay l vng i ca nm bao gm cc giai on sinh trng v pht trin k tip nhau theo mt trnh t nht nh tr li giai on ban u (giai on ban u ca nm thng l bo t). Chu trnh sng ca nm gm cc giai on: Giai on sinh trng (th sinh dng), giai on sinh sn v tnh v giai on sinh sn hu tnh. Nhng nm pht trin y cc giai on nh vy c gi l chu trnh pht trin hon ton. Tuy nhin, nhiu loi nm do c im pht trin v do nh hng ca cc iu kin ngoi cnh m trong chu trnh pht trin khng tn ti giai on sinh sn hu tnh, ch c giai on sinh sn v tnh. l chu trnh pht trin khng hon ton. a s nm bc cao, trong chu trnh pht trin u c s thay th mt cch c quy lut ca 3 giai on: giai on n bi, giai on t bo cha 2 nhn (song

15

nhn) v giai on lng bi. Giai on lng bi rt ngn, cn giai on n bi v giai on t bo cha 2 nhn thng rt di. Cc loi nm ang c nui trng hin nay hu ht u thuc ngnh Nm m (Nm gi - Basidiomycota). Chu trnh sng ca Basidiomycota c tm tt nh sau: Cc bo t m (bo t gi) n bi (1n) khc tnh (+) v (-) pht tn, ri vo iu kin thun li th ny mm thnh nhng si nm s cp (+) v (-). Khi 2 si nm s cp khc tnh tip gip vi nhau th mt t bo trn 2 si s sinh ra 1 ng thng sang t bo si nm kia, nhn v t bo cht s chui qua phi hp vi t bo kia nhng ch c s kt hp cht nguyn sinh cn nhn khng kt hp to thnh mt t bo 2 nhn (song nhn). T pht trin thnh si nm th cp. H si th cp c kh nng sinh trng v hn v chim hu nh ton b i sng ca nm. Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, h si th cp bn li thnh qu th. Trn u mt s si th cp 2 nhn s xy ra qu trnh hnh thnh m (gi - basidium), l c quan sinh bo t ca nm. Qu trnh hnh thnh m (gi) din ra nh sau: Khi t bo u si nm th cp chun b phn chia th on gia xut hin 1 ng nh. ng ny mc hng v pha gc t bo. Mt nhn s chui vo trong ng. Sau mi nhn tin hnh phn chia (mt ln) to ra 4 nhn trong mt t bo. Mt nhn con trong ng v mt nhn con phn gc s chuyn v pha nh t bo. Tip theo l s xut hin 2 vch ngn to nn 3 t bo: 1 t bo 2 nhn nh, 1 t bo mt nhn gc v mt t bo mt nhn bn cnh. T bo 2 nhn nh s pht trin thnh m, cn 2 t bo kia s kt hp vi nhau to thnh 1 t bo 2 nhn gc. Vt tch cn li ca ng ni gia 2 t bo c gi l kho (cu ni). Khi hnh thnh m, 2 nhn ca t bo nh kt hp vi nhau to thnh th lng bi. Sau nhn lng bi phn chia lin tip 2 ln, ln u gim nhim kt qu to ra 4 nhn n bi. T bo phnh to ra, trn u hnh thnh 4 cung nh (th bnh). Mi nhn con chui vo mt th bnh, pht trin thnh 1 bo t gi. Bo t gi v sau s pht trin thnh si nm s cp (+) v (-).

16

Si s cp (+) Bo t m (1n) sinh n)) Si s cp (-) H si th cp hai nhn Kt hp cht nguyn (T bo hai nhn (n +

m (1n) kt) Kt hp nhn v gim nhim

Qu th (si bn

S 1: Chu trnh sng ca Nm m - Basidiomycota. Nm c c im ca chu trnh sng ca nm c ngha rt ln trong cng tc nghin cu sinh hc nm cng nh trong vic nui trng nm n v phng tr s pht trin ca nm bnh.

17

Bi III TO GING V TN TR GING NM NUI TRNG I. To ging v tn tr ging cp 1. 1. Khi nim ging cp 1. Ging cp 1 l ging c nui cy trn mi trng rn ng nht v dinh dng (mi trng thch). Ging cp 1 c s dng cy chuyn to thnh ging cp 2. T ging cp 1 ban u, bng phng php nui cy m cng c th cy chuyn to ra cc th h ging cp 1 tip theo. 2. To ging cp 1. Ngi ta c th to ging nm cp 1 bng s phn lp bo t nm, hoc nui cy t m qu th hoc nui cy t si nm trong c cht, da trn kh nng sinh sn v tnh v sinh sn sinh dng ca nm, bng phng php nui cy m t bo. 2.1. To ging bng phng php phn lp bo t nm. S phn lp bo t nm da trn kh nng sinh sn v tnh ca nm, bng phng php nui cy t bo. Trc ht to ra dch bo t trong nc ct v trng. Sau nui cy bo t trn mi trng rn ng nht (mi trng thch) trong ng nghim hoc a petri v a vo t m cho mc thnh khun lc. Ct m nm cn non cm ln u 1 dy thp cng, t vo trong mt hp thu tinh ng nc (3 - 5ml) v trng. y chung thu tinh ln trn h thng hp , 1 - 2 ngy sau, qu th trng thnh s bn bo t vo nc. Ly nc , dng que cy cy bo t ln b mt thch ca ng nghim hoc a petri, cho pht trin thnh khun lc v cy chuyn s dng. Cng c th cun qu th nm vo mt u si dy thp, u kia gi nt bng ca mt bnh tam gic, bn di c ng mt t nc v trng. Bo t bn ra s ri vo nc to ra dch bo t. Dng dch bo t ny cy gt theo cch ni trn. Mt phng php khc l s dng mt phu tam gic ri dng dy thp a qua ng phu v p phu xung mt khay bn trong c hp lng ng nc v trng. Khi bo t bn ra s phn lp nh ni trn. 2.2. To ging nm bng phng php nui cy m. Trong thc tin nui trng nm n, thng thng ngi ta to ging nm da trn kh nng sinh sn sinh dng ca nm, bng phng php nui cy m nm. i vi nm m, nm s, nm rm, phng php ny c tin hnh nh sau: Ct mt qu th nm cn non, ra bng nc ct sch s ri a vo phng nui cy v trng. Dng dao lam ct b lp ngoi cung nm ri x cung nm lm 2 na. Dng que cy v trng ly tng mnh m nm cy vo ng nghim thch

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cng hoc a petri. Cho cc ng nghim vo t m m nm phc hi v pht trin. i vi mc nh, ct cc on g trn c si mc nh trng ph kn, em kh trng mt ngoi bng cch ngm vo dung dch HgCl2 nng 0,1% trong 1 - 2 pht ri ra li bng nc v trng. Dng dao sc ct thnh tng mu nh, sau cy ln b mt thch cng. Khi si nm xut hin th em cy ngay sang ng nghim thch cng khc. Khi si nm mc trn ng thch cng ny 5 - 7 ngy li cy tip sang ng thch cng khc. Trong thc tin trng mc nh, c th s dng ngun ging cp 2 trn thc (ht thc c si mc nh) cy ln mi trng thch cng v cy chuyn lin tc nh ni trn. 3. Tn tr ging cp 1. V l thuyt, c 3 phng php tn tr ging (gi ging v bo qun ging) chnh: - Phng php th nht, c th gi ging trong ng nghim, a petri... trong phng th nghim iu kin bnh thng (nhit phng nhng khng qu cao hoc khng qu thp), c 2 - 3 thng cy li mt ln. Gi ging theo kiu ny tn cng cy v tn nguyn liu. - Phng php th 2 l ging vo t lnh, nhit thp (1OC). Bng cch ny c th gi ging trong thi gian 6 thng hoc 1 nm, thm ch c th ti 3 - 4 nm mi phi cy li, si nm phc hi vn sinh trng bnh thng. - Phng php th 3 l gi ging trong iu kin nhit rt thp (lnh su: O -196 C). Phng php ny cho php gi ging ti 20 nm mi phi cy li si nm vn c kh nng phc hi v sinh trng bnh thng. Trong thc tin nui trng nm n, ti cc c s sn xut ph bin nht c th p dng phng php u tin tn tr ging. Khi nhit phng qu cao th c th cho cc ng ging v cc ri ngm cc cc trong chu nc hoc phng su (di t) si nm sinh trng bnh thng. Khi nhit phng qu thp c th dng t m hoc bp in si m cho phng. 4. Phng php lm mi trng thch a, thch nghing. Mi trng thch a dng khi phn lp ging cp 1 t bo t nm. Mi trng thch nghing dng lm v nhn ging cp 1 t m nm v si nm. Tt c cc dng c (bnh tam gic, a Petri, ng nghim, bng, bo...) c sy kh trng 160 165OC trong thi gian 90 - 120 pht. 4.1. Lm mi trng thch a. Pha cc ho cht v nguyn liu lm mi trng cng nc thng vo bnh tam gic, loi 1000ml (hoc 500ml), un si v khuy u cho tan trit ri h la cho si nh, phn phi mi trng vo cc hp lng (a Petri) kh trng vi lng khong 1/4 chiu cao hp lng (dy 2 - 3mm). Cc hp lng c gi giy bo v em kh trng bng ni hp, 1atm (121 OC) trong thi gian 30 - 45 pht. Sau khi kh trng, ngui cho thch ng ri em cc a hp lng vo t m (37 OC) 2 - 3 ngy, khi b mt thch kh th gi bo v ct vo t lnh 4 - 10 OC s dng dn 4.2. Lm mi trng thch nghing.

19

Pha cc ho cht v nguyn liu lm mi trng cng nc thng vo xoong, un si, khuy u cho tan trit ri h la cho si nh, dng tha v phu nh ong cn thn mi trng vo cc ng nghim kh trng. Lng mi trng chim khong 1/4 chiu cao ng nghim. Sau gi thnh tng b (10 ng nghim/1b) ri em kh trng bng ni hp, 1atm (121 OC) trong thi gian 30 45 pht. Kh trng xong em lm nghing ngay, nghing sao cho mi trng cch nt bng khong 2cm (tuyt i khng c mi trng dnh nt bng), yn 12 gi (qua m), thch ng cht th gi li thnh tng b v vo t m (37 OC) 3 - 5 ngy cho kh b mt thch v loi b nhng ng nghim b nhim, sau ct vo t lnh (4 10OC) s dng dn. II. Lm ging v nhn ging cp 2. 1. Khi nim ging cp 2. Ging cp 2 l ging c nui cy trn mi trng xp, khng dng nht v dinh dng (rm r, ht thc, mn ca, que sn). T ging cp 2 c s dng trng cho thu hoch qu th. T ging cp 2 cng c th c s dng cy chuyn thnh nhiu th h ging cp 2 lin tip. Tuy nhin khng nn lm dng nhn ging cp 2 nhiu ln (khng qu 4 ln) v ging s b thoi ha. 2. Phng php lm mi trng ging cp 2. Nguyn liu lm v nhn ging cp 2 ty theo loi nm m c th s dng rm r, ht thc, mn ca, que sn 2.1. Phng php lm mi trng cp 2 bng thc ht Nguyn liu gm ht thc v cm go hoc bt ng. Mi trng thc ht ch yu lm v nhn ging cp 2 i vi nm m, nm s, mc nh. Thc ht tt ( c thu hoch t nm trc) c ngm qua m ri i sch. Cho thc vo xoong cng vi nc ngp thc v un si cho nt v thc (thi gian si khong 20 30 pht). Vt thc cho vo r, r hoc thng tre ro nc ( m t 70 75%), sau trn cm go hoc bt ng theo t l quy nh (5 10%). ng nguyn liu vo ti PP (polyetylen chu nhit) hoc chai thy tinh chu nhit, y nt bng va kh trng bng ni hp, 1atm (121 OC) trong thi gian 90 pht. Sau khi kh trng, cho nhit h xung bnh thng th c th s dng cy ging hoc ct gi nhit thp (10OC) s dng dn. 2.2. Phng php lm mi trng cp 2 bng rm r. Nguyn liu gm rm r v cm go hoc bt ng. Mi trng thc ht ch yu lm v nhn ging cp 2 i vi nm m, nm s, mc nh v nm rm. Rm r tt (si kh, mu vng ng) c ngm qua m ri vt ra ro ri bm nh 1,5 2,0cm. Trn rm vi cm go hoc bt ng theo t l quy nh (5 10%), m bo m nguyn liu t 70 75%. ng nguyn liu vo ti PP (polyetylen chu nhit), y nt bng ri kh trng bng ni hp, iu kin 1atm (121 OC) trong thi gian 90 pht. Sau khi kh trng, cho nhit h xung bnh

20

thng th c th s dng cy ging hoc ct gi cc ti nguyn liu nhit thp (10 OC) s dng dn. 3. Cy ging chm sc ging cp 2. V nguyn tc lm v nhn ging cp 2 l da trn kh nng sinh sn sinh dng bng nhng on si nm. Ngi ta c th lm ging cp 2 t ging cp 1 hoc nhn ging cp 2 t ngun ging cp 2 c sn. Lm ging cp 2 t ging cp 1 th trung bnh 1 ng ngim ging cp 1 c cy chuyn cho 1 ti ging cp 2. Nhn ging cp 2 t ngun ging cp 2 th trung bnh 1 ti ging cp 2 c th nhn cho 10 ti ging cp 2 tip theo. Mi thao tc cy ging phi c tin hnh trong iu kin v trng, tt nht l trong phng cy v trng. Sau khi cy ging, cc ti ging c t trong phng ng kn ca, ty theo loi nm m yu cu v iu kin nhit thch hp khc nhau (nm m, nm s nhit thch hp trong khong 18 - 22 OC, mc nh trong khong 20 - 25 OC, nm rm trong khong 30 - 32OC). Khi si nm sinh trng ph kn ti nguyn liu th c th s dng trng hoc tip tc nhn ging cp 2. Trng hp ging cha s dng c th ct gi iu kin nhit thp trong thi gian khng qu 30 ngy, sau 30 ngy ging b gi khng nn s dng trng. Thi gian ph kn nguyn liu i vi nm rm khong 9 - 12 ngy, cc loi nm khc trong khong 18 21 ngy. III. C s vt cht, phng nui cy ging. c th sn xut nm ging, phng th nghim chuyn dng cn phi c trang thit b v c s vt cht y : - T cy v trng - Cc dng c gm cn a, cn k thut, a petri, ng nghim, chai thu tinh, cc thu tinh, ng ong nh mc, phu thu tinh, ti nilon, bng khng thm nc, cn, que cy vi sinh vt, panh, a thu tinh, dy chun, ba cng, bo gi, xoong nu mi trng, tha ... - Ha cht v nguyn liu ty theo yu cu tng loi nm. - B phn kh trng gm ni hp, t sy, phng nui cy v trng. - B phn ging cn c phng ging hoc t m. - B phn ct gia ging cn c phng lnh (hoc t lnh chuyn dng).

21

22

Bi IV K THUT TRNG MT S LOI NM N PH BIN I. K thut trng Nm m (Agaricus). 1. c im sinh hc. Nm m (Agaricus) c 2 loi ang c nui trng ph bin, l A. bisporus v A. bitorquis. Nm m n ngon, qu, c nui trng u tin chu u. Qu th rn chc, gm m nm v cung nm phn bit nhau r rt. M nm c mu trng hoc nu, ng knh 5 - 10 cm. Khi non m nm c dng khi cu, sau pht trin thnh dng chung hoc bn cu. Tht nm mu trng, dy. Phin nm cn non c mu trng hng, v gi c mu nu en. Cung nm hnh tr, trn cung c vng nm 2 lp (v th nm m cn c tn l nm song bao). 2. Nhu cu dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh. 2.1. Nhu cu dinh dng. Nm m c c im l c h enzym proteaza hot ng mnh. - Dinh dng cacbon: Ngun cacbon trng nm m ch yu l xenluloza, hemixenluloza v lignin. - Dinh dng khong: 1 tn nguyn liu cn ti thiu t 1,6 - 2,7 kg N, 3kg K2O, 5 - 6 kg P 2O5. 2.2. iu kin ngoi cnh. Si nm m c th mc trong phm vi pH = 4 - 9 nhng thch hp nht l pH = 7 - 7,5. Nhit tt nht cho s mc si l 22 24OC, cho s hnh thnh v pht trin qu th l 16 18OC.

Bng 2. nh hng ca nhit n cc giai on pht trin nm m

Nhit k.kh (O C) Ti thch Ti thiu Ti a Gy cht G.on mc si 22 24 8 - 10 26 - 28 30 - 32 G.on to mm 16 20 8 - 10 22 - 24 26 - 28 G.on qu th 14 16 11 - 12 19 - 20 24 - 26

m nguyn liu cn cho si nm sinh trng l t 65% n 70%. m khng kh yu cu t 80% n 85%. m ln hn hay nh hn 9% so vi yu cu v ko di trong 10 ngy s nh hng khng tt n nng sut thu hoch nm. Nng CO2 cn thit trong phng trng si nm mc l 0,03%. nng CO2 cao hn s gy ko di giai on mc ca si, lm chm s to mm. i vi giai on qu th pht trin th phi tng cng s thng thong trong phng trng. nh sng khng phi l nhu cu cn thit cho nm. Si nm m c kh nng sinh trng trong bng ti.

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i vi nm m, s ra qu th ph thuc vo s c mt ca mt s loi vi khun Bacteria c trong t, nht l Pseudomonas putita. 3. K thut trng. 3.1. Nguyn liu v thi v. Nguyn liu trng nm m gm rm r, thn cy ng, li ng, tru, phn ng vt (phn nga, phn tru, b, g vt...) v mt s ph gia nh CaO, supephotphat, ur... Thi v trng nm m, cc tnh pha Bc, t Tha Thin Hu tr ra, tt nht l t thng 10 hoc 11 n thng 3 nm sau. Cc tnh pha Nam, t nng tr vo, vic trng nm m c th c kh khn hn v nhit cao. C th trng nm m trn nn t, trong nh hoc ngoi tri c mi che. 3.2. Mt s cng thc v phng php x l nguyn liu 3.2.1. Cng thc 1: - Rm r: 1 tn; - Supephotphat : 30kg ; - CaO : 20kg. - Ur : 5kg; - Sunphat amn : 20kg ; Ngm rm r no nc (30 pht), sau vt ra ro nc cho ti m 70 - 75%. B sung 5kg ur, 20kg sunphat amn ri cht ng . Thi gian l 12 ngy, o rm r 4 ln. - o ln 1 (ngy th 4): o u nguyn liu, trong ra ngoi, trn xung di v ngc li, cho NH3 bay hi bt i ri cht ng li. - o ln th 2 (ngy th 7): B sung 20kg CaO, rc kh. - o ln 3 (ngy th 10): B sung 30kg supephotphat. - o ln th 4 (ngy th 12): o u, r ti nguyn liu v a vo nh trng. 3.2.2. Cng thc 2: - Rm r : 1 tn; - Phn g (cha 2,5%N) : 150kg - Ur : 3kg; - CaO : 30kg. Ngm rm r ti no nc (30pht), sau vt ra ro nc cho ti m 70 - 75%, b sung 3kg ur v 75kg phn g ri cht ng . Thi gian l 12 ngy, trong qu trnh cn o nguyn liu 4 ln. - o ln 1 (ngy th 4): B sung nt 75kg phn g. - o ln th 2 (ngy th 7): B sung 30kg CaO, rc kh. - o ln th 3 (ngy th 10): Trn u nguyn liu v li nh c. - o ln th 4 (ngy th 12): o u, r ti v a vo nh trng. Cn lu : Khi b sung ho cht dng kh th rc thnh tng lp, c 1 lp rm dy 25 - 30 cm th rc 1 lp ho cht, cch mp 5 cm. Ngm rm no nc, ro nc

(trn ph gia) Cht ng

(ph nilon)

(3 ngy)

o ln 1 (trn ph gia)

(3ngy)

24

o, vo lung, cy ging.

o ln 3 (3 ngy) (3 ngy)

o ln 2 (trn ph gia)

S 2: Tm tt cc bc x l nguyn liu trng nm m.

3.2.3. c im nguyn liu sau khi (ln men). - V phn hu: Nguyn liu hi kh bt, mm nh len, cm bn tay. - V kt cu: Xp, bng, nguyn liu nm trong tay khi b ra li tr v trng thi ban u. - V mu sc: Nguyn liu sau khi c mu socola (nu sm). Trong nhn thy r cc vt lm m ca x khun. m t chun (68 - 70%) - Mi: C mi ca amoniac nh. - pH: 7,5 - 8 - Lng nit: 1,6 - 1,8%; - Lng photpho: 0,7 - 1,0% - Lng kali: 1,2 - 1,5%; - Lng canxi: 2,5 - 3,0% - T l C/N: 20/1 3.3. Vo lung v cy ging. 3.3.1. Vo lung. C th trng nm m trong nh, trn nn t hoc nn xi mng. Trc khi vo lung, cn kh trng nn nh bng cch ti nc vi 2% v qut sch (nu l nn t cn nn cht t nn). Lung c th rng 1 - 1,5m, di th tu chiu di nh trng. Gia cc lung c th ngn cch bng b t hoc xy gch ngn cch. Nguyn liu sau khi , nhanh chng chuyn vo nh trng v cho vo lung. Cho nguyn liu dn u trn b mt lung v nn cht, chiu dy lp nguyn liu khong 20 - 25cm, sao cho trn 1m2 b mt phng trng cha c 100 - 120kg nguyn liu . 3.3.2. Cy ging. C 2 phng thc cy ging: Cy im v cy trn vi t l ging khong 2 3% so vi khi lng nguyn liu . Cy im: Thng c p dng i vi ging si (ging trn rm), vi t l 10 - 20 lt ging cho 1 tn nguyn liu (250 - 300 gam ging/1m2 b mt nguyn liu). Ging c chia thnh tng ming nh kch thc vi cm v cy su 3 5cm, im n cch im kia 10 - 15cm, cch mp lung 5cm. Cch cy ny nhanh nhng si mc lan vo gi th lu hn (2 - 3 tun). Cy trn: Thng c p dng i vi ging ht (ging trn ht thc), vi t l 300gam ging cho 1m2 din tch. Ging c b vn v trn u vo gi th 90% s ging nh cy cn 10% th cy ri trn b mt. Sau khi cy ging xong cn ph bao ti t hoc giy bo t ln ton b b mt nguyn liu gi m v trnh nhim. Thng xuyn phun m bao ti hoc bo bng vi phun nh. 3.4. Ph t.

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Sau khi si mc kn nguyn liu th tin hnh ph t, thng l sau 16 18 ngy sau khi cy ging. Mc ch ca vic ph t: Ph t l gi m cho khi nguyn liu trng, to ra s chnh lch v nng CO2 gia khi nguyn liu bn trong v mi trng bn ngoi, kch thch s ra qu th ca nm. Yu cu i vi t dng ph: t phi sch, c kt cu ht, c kh nng ht nc tt v thng kh tt. Thng dng t tht pha ct 40%, ly su 20 30cm. t c m 65%, pH = 7,0 - 7,5. Nn to t vin c kch c 0,8 - 1,0cm. C 1m2 b mt nguyn liu cn ph mt lng khong 20 - 30kg t, m bo chiu dy lp t ph khong 2cm. 3.5. Chm sc v thu hi. 3.5.1. Thi k si: Trong pha si cn duy tr nhit ca khi nguyn liu trong khong 22 24OC, m khng kh nh trng 85%. Khng cn thng thong nhiu, 1 ngy m ca mt ln trong vng t 15 - 20 pht thng thong l . Cn thng xuyn (1 - 2 ln/ngy) ti m bo ph b mt nguyn liu. c bit vo ngy th 5 - 8 sau khi cy ging nu nhit cao qu 25 OC th phi tng cng s thng thong v ti nc cho phng trng (khng c ti trc tip qu nhiu ln b mt khi nguyn liu v s gy ng cho h si nm bn trong). 3.5.2. Thi k ph t v ra qu th: Sau khi ph t 1 - 2 ngy th ti nc, nn ti vo bui sng sm v bui chiu ti. Khi ti nc cn nga vi v ti ri nh, nhiu ln nc ngm u vo t ph. Phi ti cho nc ngm c ti lp t st nguyn liu, nhng tuyt i khng nc ngm vo nguyn liu. Khong 5 - 7 ngy sau khi ph t th mm qu th nm xut hin. Khi mm qu th xut hin cn tng cng lng nc ti (3 - 4 lt/m2 din tch). Tu thuc vo thi tit m ti 1 - 2 ln/ngy hoc hai ngy ti mt ln. Mi ngy cn m ca thng thong 2 - 3 ln, mi ln 1 gi, trnh kh CO2 tch t trong phng trng. T khi mm qu th xut hin cho n khi qua th thnh thc v thu hi khong 3 4 ngy. Trc khi thu hi nm 12 gi (qua m) khng c ti nc. 3.5.3. Thu hi nm. Thu hi nm dng cp, cha rch bao ring. Dng hai ngn tay gi nm v xoy nh tch ra khi khi nguyn liu, dng dao ct b gc dnh t. Thu hi xong phi lm v sinh nguyn liu bng cch loi b cc b r, cc phn tha ca qu th, mm b thi trn t ph. B sung t ph vo nhng ni hao ht qua qu trnh thu hi. Nm m thu hi c nhiu t, t n cch t kia khong 7 - 10 ngy. Nng sut t khong 20% khi lng nguyn liu kh, hoc 8 - 10 kg nm ti/m2 (tnh theo din tch trng).
Chun b nguyn liu X l v nguyn liu (12 ngy) Vo lung v cy ging (2-3%)

(16 ngy)

18

26

Chm sc v thu hi t 2

Thu hi t 1

Ph t v chm sc

(5 - 7ngy) S 3: Tm tt cc bc quy trnh trng nm m. Nm m sau khi thu hi cn cho vo ti PE v buc cht ming ti, c th ct gi c 24 gi. Nm m c th s dng nu ti, c th mui ct gi...

II. K thut trng Nm s (Pleurotus). 1. c im sinh hc. Nm s (Pleurotus) phn b trn ton th gii, c chia lm 4 nhm vi tng s 39 loi. Trong cc loi nm s c nui trng th nm s trng (Pleurrotus pulmonarius), nm s xm - nm s tm (Pleurotus ostreatus) l nhng loi c nui trng ph bin hn c (mt s tc gi cho rng chng l cc chng khc nhau ca mt loi P. ostreatus). Qu th nm s c dng hnh phu lch, gm 3 phn: m, phin v cung nm. Qu th thng mc tp trung thnh cm. M nm c dng phu lch hay dng s mu trng - xm, xm - nu, ng knh 5 - 12 (thm ch 20cm). Phin nm mc pha di m, men di theo cung, mu trng hoc xm. Nm s c chia lm 2 nhm: Nhm nm s a nhit cao hnh thnh qu th khong 20 30 OC v nhm nm s a nhit n ho hnh thnh qu th khong nhit 15 20 OC. Thi v thun li nht trng nm s l t thng 10 nm trc n thng 3 nm sau. 2. Nhu cu dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh. 2.1. Nhu cu dinh dng. Nm s l nm ph g, sng hoi sinh v i khi k sinh trn g h cht. c trng ca nm s l mc nhanh trn nguyn liu ca nhiu loi cy khc nhau. Nui trng nm s c th tin hnh trn g khc, gc cy, mn ca, cc ph liu nng nghip cha xenluloza - lignin nh rm r, thn ng, li ng, thn u, thn lc, cc loi c mc t nhin, cc ph liu cng nghip giy, ng ma, c ph, ch, ph liu chng ct tinh du... C th ni nm s l loi nm a thc, tng i d trng v cho nng sut cao. 2.2. iu kin ngoi cnh. Nhn chung, nhit thch hp cho sinh trng si nm s l t 18 22 OC. Nhit thch hp cho s hnh thnh qu th, tu theo nhm m c th t 15 20OC hoc t 20 25 OC. m gi th thch hp l 65 - 70%, m khng kh t 80% tr ln. pH thch hp i vi nm s l trung tnh hoc hi kim (pH = 7 7,5). nh sng khng cn thit i vi pha si nhng giai on hnh thnh qu th nm s cn c cung cp nh sng nh (nh sng khuch tn). thng

27

thong cn thit cho giai on qu th nhng khng bt buc i vi thi k mc si. 3. K thut trng. 3.1. Trng nm s trn rm r. 3.1.1. Trng trn rm r kh trng. Rm r dng lm nguyn liu phi c cht lng tt, kh, mu vng ng, khng cha cc mm bnh. Rm r c lm m bng cch ti hoc ngm trong nc vi 1,5% cho ngm nc (30 pht) th vt ra khi b, cho ro nc, cho n khi t m nguyn liu 70 - 75%. Sau trn thm cc cht ph gia nh cm go, cm ng 2 - 5%, b u 1 2%, cc loi phn hu c hoai hoc v c vi t l 1% v CaCl2 1%. m tiu chun ca hn hp nguyn liu l 68 - 70%. C th th m bng cch dng tay nm mt b r bp nh thy nc a ra k tay l va. ng bch nguyn liu bng cch cho nguyn liu vo ti PE (20-25 x 35 40cm). Nguyn liu c n cht va phi, st kht vi mng PE, vi khi lng khong 1,2 - 1,5kg/bch. Pha trn bch c nt bng bng khng thm nc v buc dy chun. Kh trng nguyn liu bng ni hp, ni hi, ni chng ct tinh du. Thi gian kh trng tu thuc vo nhit ca hi nc: 70 OC trong 3 ngy, 100 OC trong 4 - 6 gi, 121 OC trong 2 gi (120 pht). Trng hp kh trng trn 121 OC ngi ta phi dng ti PP ch khng dng ti PE, v ti PE khng chu nhit. Sau khi kh trng nhit h xung di 25OC th cy ging. Cy ging cn c tin hnh trong phng cy v trng, vi t l ging l 2 3% khi lng nguyn liu . Trong iu kin khng c phng cy v trng, c th chn thi im lc sng sm, khi khng kh yn lng, khng b xo trn cy ging. M ti nguyn liu ra ri ri ging ln trn b mt hoc dng que v trng khoan su v nht ging vo thnh tng cm cch nhau 10cm. Sau khi cy ging, chuyn cc ti sang phng trng m si. Giai on m si cn ng kn ca v duy tr nhit khong 18 22OC. Sau 2 - 3 ngy cn m ca kim tra, nu thy kh qu cn ti nc nh duy tr m cho phng trng, nhng bch b nhim cn loi b khi phng trng. Khong 18 - 21 ngy sau khi cy si nm s ph kn khi nguyn liu, to nn khi ng nht mu trng, rn chc v bn vng. Khi pha si kt thc, ngha l si nm ph kn b mt ti nguyn liu th tin hnh rch ti, p v tr ti. Dng dao lam, rch 3 - 5 ng xung quanh ti, mi ng di 2 - 3cm. p ti l thao tc nn cht khi nguyn liu lm cho mt si dy hn trc khi ra qu th. Tr ti l quay ti 180 o cho nt bng quay xung pha di (nu cc ti trng t nm ngang trn gi th khng cn thao tc tr ti). Khi rch v tr ti cn tng cng ti nc v m ca thng thong khng kh, chun b cho s hnh thnh v pht trin qu th. Sau khi rch ti 5 - 7 ngy trn mt gi th s xut hin nhng mm qu th. Lc ny c th ti nh ln khi si nm v cc mm qu th kch thch s pht trin qu th. Thng thng

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giai on ny cn ti nc v m ca 2 - 3 ln/ngy. Khi mp qu th sp thng ra l lc cn phi thu hi ngay, nu chm nm b gi. Trc khi hi nm 12 gi khng ti nc trc tip vo qu th nm.

Chun b nguyn liu

X l ng.liu bng nc vi 1,5% (30pht)

ng ng.liu vo bch (1,2 -1,5kg/ bch)

Chm sc (18-22OC, 80%, 20 - 25 ngy)

Cy ging (T l 2 - 3%)

Kh trng (1atm - 121OC/ 120 pht)

Rch ti, tr bch

(7ngy)
Thu hi t 1

Chm sc v thu hi t 2

S 4: Tm tt quy trnh trng nm s trn rm kh trng. Trng nm s trn rm r c kh trng c th cho nng sut t 40 - 60% khi lng nguyn liu kh (thm ch c th t 70%). 3.1.2. Trng trn rm r khng kh trng. Trong thc t khng phi bao gi cc c s nui trng nm n u c thit b to hi nc v phng kh trng, ni hp, ni hi... Mt khc, h gi thnh vic nui trng nm s trn rm r, ngi ta tin hnh trng trn nguyn liu khng kh trng. Phng php trng nm s trn rm r khng kh trng c tin hnh nh sau: rm r tt, em ngm trong b nc vi (vi t l 1,5% khi lng nguyn liu kh) trong thi gian 12 gi, sau vt ra cho ro nc (m bo m 70% 75%), tin hnh trong 8 - 9 ngy qua 2 ln o (4 ngy o 1 ln). Sau khi th tin hnh ng bch nguyn liu nh mc (3.1.1.) ni trn. Cy ging trong trng hp ny c chia lm 3 - 4 lp: t di ln trn c ri 1 lp ging th ph 1 lp nguyn liu 5 - 7cm (cn ch l ri ging vng gn mp nhiu hn khu vc gia). Trn cng v di cng ca khi gi th cn ri 1 lp ging ph ngoi. Khi nguyn liu sau khi cy ging c a vo phng trng, chm sc v ch qua cc giai on nh mc (3.1.1.) ni trn. Trng nm trn mi trng rm khng kh trng phi cn mt lng ging ln hn (5 - 10% khi lng nguyn liu) so vi trng trn mi trng rm c kh trng. Lng ging nhiu, mc ch l to ra s u th v mt cho si nm sinh trng nhanh v hn ch s xm nhp, s ly nhim ca cc nm tp khc.

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Trng theo phng php ny khng nn b sung cm go, b u v cc loi phn hu c vo gi th v s b sung nhng cht s dn n t l nhim bnh cao hn. S x l bng nc vi l 1 bin php chng nhim nm di mc d pH kim khng phi l thch hp cho s sinh trng ca nm s. Nm s nh c kh nng mc si nhanh v c kh nng t iu chnh pH nn c th chim lnh ton b gi th v cho ra qu th bnh thng. 3.2. Trng nm s trn mn ca. Mn ca c th dng lm nguyn liu trng nm s, trong mn ca thun loi g mm d trng hn (cao su, b ...). trng nm s trn mn ca g mm, trc ht ngi ta ti nc vo mn ca ri qua m, sau trn thm cm mn, c khi c ng saccarose ri ng vo cc ti PP (18 x 25cm) vi khi lng 2,0 - 2,5kg/bch v em kh trng bng hi nc nh ni trn (3.1.1). Mn ca tp v mn ca g cng qu trnh phi ko di hn, t 15 ngy n 1 thng. Sau khi to m mn ca, ph nilon, c 3 - 4 ngy o 1 ln, nu c mi amoniac th dng vi bt kh v ti thm nc. Ngoi ra, c th b sung thm phn hu c hoai mc hay phn v c (1 - 2%), cm... ng ti v kh trng nguyn liu cng tng t nh cc phn trn. Khi khi nguyn liu ngui, c chuyn vo phng v trng cy ging, ri chuyn vo phng ti, to nhit thch hp nui si. Khi si mc kn v xut hin mm qu th th chuyn sang nh m ti phun, to thng thong v chiu sng cho nm ra qu th. Trng nm trn mn ca, qu th ra chm hn so vi cc nguyn liu khc, ra tha nhng nm to hn v cht lng phn no cng tt hn. 3.3. Trng nm s trn g khc. Trc ht cn chn g cc cy l rng, cn ti trng nm v trng chm nht l sau 3 - 4 thng sau khi n cy. Cn lu l g phi c m thch hp, c th kim tra bng cch: ca mt 1 vi lt g, dng tay nm mn ca li ri b ra, mn ca lin kt vi nhau thnh cc, khng ri l t l t m thch hp. Nu kh qu cn phi to m bng cch ngm g trong nc hoc ti nc. Nu g qu m phi phi cho kh bt nc. Nn chn g c ng knh t 12cm tr ln v ca g thnh tng khc di 30 - 40cm. Cy ging bng 2 cch: c l hoc cy nm. Khi cy bng phng php c l, ngi ta dng khoan khoan 4 n 6 l ng knh l 2 - 3cm, su 5 - 6cm. Cc l ny c su khc nhau v xp theo hnh xoy xung quanh khc g. Sau cy ging bng cch bp vn ging v rc ging vo cc l cho ti y ming l. Dng np g c sn y ln ming l ri dng parafin gn xung quanh mp (cng c th dng giy polyetylen qun quanh) gi cho ging khi ri v chng nhim. Phng php c in nhng c hiu qu nht l cy bng cch ct khoanh hay ct ming (cy nm). Trc ht ngi ta ct mt u g dy khong 3cm, sau dng ng ln v cy 1 lp ging dy 0,5cm ln pha g va ct, dng ming g ct y li v c nh bng inh. u im ca phng php ny l si nm mc

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lan nhanh t ch cy ging dc theo cc th, nhng nhc im l lun lun phi g ng, u ct v cy ging phi ln pha trn, kh nng ri ging nhiu hn. Gn y phng php cy nm c ngi ta pht trin thm. Bng cch: dng ca ca to thnh khe gia khc g n khong gia thn, song song vi tia g. Sau cy ging vo khe va ct cho ti v g ri dng polyetylen ph kn v ng inh pha ngoi nh nu trn. Cy bng phng php ny c u im l si mc u t trung tm v 2 pha theo th g, mc nhanh v c th khc g ng hay nm tu . Cc khc g sau khi cy ging c a vo ni c iu kin thch hp cho si mc, tt nht l nhit 20 24 OC, m 80 - 90% v khng cn thng thong lm. Trong sn xut ngi ta xp g thnh tng lp, c kch thc cao nht l 1,5m, di nht l 3m v nhiu nht l 4 dy cnh nhau. Sau ph ln ng g mt lp rm sch c lm m v ph nilon ra pha ngoi. Mp nilon phi c chn k v phi c c l (l 5 - 10cm v 4 -5 l/m2).Trng hp cy ging bng phng php ct ming 1 u nht thit phi xp theo chiu thng ng vi u cy ging ln trn v che ph. Ngi ta cn c th to ra cc hm chuyn dng v xp cc khc g cy ging 3 - 4 lp ni tip nhau. Thi gian si ph thuc vo tng chng nm, vo cch cy v vo cht lng g. Khi si mc kn, ngi ta chuyn g sang khu vc thc cho ra qu th. C th chn cc khc g xung t (nhng phi ch chng mi ph hoi) ri ti nc. Theo mt s tc gi th chn g xung t s lm cho si nm tip xc t v thit lp mi quan h vi mi trng xung quanh, ht nc v mui khong t t, gip cho s hnh thnh qu th v lm tng nng sut. Vo ma m c th xp g thnh nhiu tng trn dn hay treo di dn thin l, di dn cc dy leo khc ri ti cho ra qu th. Lm nh vy nng sut vn cao m g lu mc. 3.4. Mt s im cn lu khi chm sc v thu hoch nm s. - Nguyn liu trng: Nm s l loi nm c h enzym phn hu mnh, si nm mc nhanh, kho, to ra mt lng sinh khi ln trong gi th. V vy, c th s dng nhiu loi nguyn liu c ngun gc khc nhau trng nm s. Chng ta c th trng trn nguyn liu t nhin, nguyn liu c x l cht t hoc nguyn liu c kh trng, c ln men s b. Tu tng iu kin c th, thit b v nguyn liu c sn m quyt nh vic p dng quy trnh c c nng sut cao nht. - Ging nm: Chn ging nm cn c c bit quan tm. Ging nm trng phi ng tui, non qu hoc gi qu u khng tt cho kh nng mc ca si v nng sut thu hoch. Trng hp ly ging v nu cha dng cn c bo qun trong t lnh nhng khng c qu lu. - Giai on m si: Sau khi cy ging, cc ti nm s cn c t trong mi trng thch hp cho s mc ca si. Thi k ny nhit ti thch cho s mc ca si l 18 22OC, ti cao l 25 OC v ti thp l 15 OC. S iu chnh m khng kh trong giai on ny nhn chung khng cn thit v m cc ti nm m bo cho si nm sinh trng. S thng thong khng kh trong giai on ny cng khng cn thit, c th ng kn phng trng. Sau 2 n 3 tun tu tng ging v

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tng iu kin nui trng, pha si s kt thc, si nm ph kn khi nguyn liu trng. - Giai on qu th: Nng sut nm s ph thuc vo s lng v khi lng qu th. S ra qu th nm c quyt nh bi 1 s yu t sau: Yu t di truyn ca loi. Nguyn liu v cch x l nguyn liu nui trng ng vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi nng sut thu hoch nm. Cc yu t mi trng c coi l ch yu quyt nh nng sut thu hoch nm (bao gm cc yu t sinh thi, kh hu, vi kh hu v tnh trng khng kh...). thng thong c vai tr quan trng i vi nng sut thu hoch nm s. Nu khng c s thng gi, hm lng CO2 cao ti 1 - 2% nm s s c dng m san h m khng c dng m in hnh. S lng qu th t l nghch vi cng thng thong kh. nh sng c coi l yu t khi u ca s hnh thnh mm qu th v s pht trin bnh thng ca qu th. Nu thiu nh sng ho n ton th nm khng hnh thnh qu th hoc qu th dng m so. Ngoi 2 yu t trn th nhit v m khng kh cng ng vai tr ht sc quan trng. hnh thnh qu th nm s cn m trn 80% nhng khi qu th nm trng thnh m cn thp hn 80%. a s cc loi Pleurotus cn nhit cho s ra qu th l 20 22 OC nhng P. ostreatus li cn c xc lnh 6 13OC cho s ra qu th. III. K thut trng Nm rm (Volvariella). 1. c im sinh hc. Theo Schoffer (1957) th c hn 100 loi nm rm, trong chi Volvariella c m t trn ton th gii. Loi Volvariella volvacea c nui trng rng ri hn c. Qu th nm rm gm cc b phn: bao gc, cung nm v m nm. Bao gc (volva) di, lc u cn nh v bao ly m nm. Khi qu th trng thnh, bao gc nt ra, m nm vn ln cao, li bao gc cung nm. Bao nm c mu en do c sc t melanin, mc m nht ph thuc vo nh sng. Cung nm v bn cht l mt b si nm, khi cn non th dn v mm, khi v gi x cng li, dai v kh gy. M nm hnh nn mt nhn, mu xm en gia v xm nht mp, ng knh m 6 -12cm hoc ln hn. Mt di m mang 280 - 380 phin nm thng, mp hon chnh v nh t do. Lp ngoi cng ca phin chnh l lp sinh sn c to thnh bi cc gi (m), trn cc gi mang cc bo t gi. Nm rm l loi nm n qu, phn b ch yu vng nhit i, cn nhit i v c trng t lu ng v Nam . Nm rm cng c trng chu Phi, chu u v c chu M. nc ta, t lu nhn dn ta bit thu hi nm rm mc hoang di v hin nay ang nui trng nm rm ph bin khp c nc. 2. Nhu cu dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh. Nm rm mc trn mi trng xenluloza, tt nht l trn rm r. Ngoi ra, c th trng nm rm trn cc nguyn liu khc nh bng gn, ph liu bng vi, l

32

v b chui kh, bo ty (bo lc bnh), thn v li ng, thn u, lc, b ma v mt s loi c khc... Si nm mc tt nhit 30 37OC, trong ti thch 35 O 37 OC. Tc mc ca si chm li khi nhit xung 25 OC hoc nhit tng trn 40 OC v khng mc khi nhit cao hn 45 OC hoc thp hn 15 O C. Nhit ti thch cho s hnh thnh qu th ca nm rm l 30 32 OC. Nhit cao hn lm gim nng sut, thp hn l ko di thi gian thu hoch, nhit di 20 OC khng thy s hnh thnh qu th. m nguyn liu cn thit cho s mc ca nm rm khong 65 - 70%. m khng kh cn duy tr khong 80 - 90%. Nm rm sinh trng tt nht pH trung tnh n hi kim (pH = 7 - 7,5) v kh nng thch ng vi mi trng kim cao hn mi trng axit. Thi v trng nm rm cc tnh Pha Bc (T Tha Thin Hu tr ra) tt nht l t thng 4 n thng 9 cn cc tnh ph Nam (t Nng tr vo) c th trng quanh nm. 3. K thut trng 3.1. Trng nm rm trong nh theo phng php ng bnh gc dn. 3.1.1. Nh trng. Nh trng vi mc ch l to ra vng tiu kh hu thch hp (v nhit v m) cho nm rm sinh trng v pht trin. Tu theo iu kin, c th lm nh trng bng tre, na hoc nh xy kin c. Thng thng ngi ta lm nh trng bng tre na. Din tch nh trng thng thng rng 3m, di 5m, cao 3m c th trng c 400 - 500 ti mi t (nh trng c th ln hoc nh hn, tu theo quy m sn xut). Nh trng bng tre na c lm theo kiu nh vm. Dng thn tre lm ct bao quanh nh. Pha trn (nc nh) bt khum li to thnh vm. Xung quanh nh lp 3 lp, lp trong lp bng nilon khi phun nc khng b t mc, lp gia (ngoi nilon) lp bng rm r (dy 0,1m, tht kn) gi m v nhit bn trong nh trng, lp ngoi cng lp bng nilon (ph nilon ngoi lp rm) gi cho lp rm khng b t. Trn nh v hai u nh cn phi c ca thng gi v ly nh sng cn thit. Ca vo c lm bng tre na lp rm r hoc tranh tre na, kch thc ca th tu theo din tch nh trng lm ca cho ph hp. Nn nh lun lun phi m bo kh ro, sch s, c th nn t, ct hoc xi mng. Bn trong nh lm gi trng bng tre, nhiu tng, tng di cch tng trn 35 - 40cm, tng di cng cch mt t 40cm. Nh di 5m cn lm 2 hng gi trng, mi gi cao 1,6 1,8m vi 4 tng. 3.1.2. Nguyn liu v x l nguyn liu. Rm r c ngm no nc vi 1,5% (c th dng vi phun no nc ri sau trn vi bt), ro n m 70 - 75% th cht ng . Lng rm cn 300kg tr ln m bo nhit bn trong ng t 50 60OC. Yu cu ng

33

cht cao trn nn xi mng hoc c k lt ro nc, pha ngoi ng c ph bng nilon gi m v nhit bn trong ng . Tng thi gian 7 ngy, qua 2 ln o. o ln th nht vo ngy th 4. Ngy th 7 o v trn u trng, va trn va trng. 3.1.3. ng bnh v cy ging. Khun trng nm rm c lm bng g tt, ng chc chn vi kch thc 20 x 30 x 15cm. Chun b bao polyetylen (PE) bn, ct thnh ming kch thc 45 x 60cm, mi bnh nguyn liu trng s dng 1 tm PE. t khun trng trn tm PE ri ng rm vo khun, nn tht cht (phi dng chn dm nn tht cht). Ly khun ra, gi bao PE li v dng dy nilon bn buc cht. Mi bnh nguyn liu trng c khi lng khong 2,0 - 2,5 kg nguyn liu . Cy ging theo phng php ri xen ln nguyn liu hoc n ging vo 2 u bch nguyn liu. T l ging 2 - 3%. 3.1.4. Chm sc v thu hi. nhit: Sau khi cy ging, cn cht cc bnh nm thnh ng nhit 6 7 ngy (c th trong nh trng hoc ngoi nh trng, bn ngoi ng cn ph rm kh hoc bao ti gi nhit), m bo nhit ng 35 37OC. Gc dn: Sau khi nhit 6 - 7 ngy th m ti PE, b ti PE ra v gc dn (t cc bnh nm ln gi theo tng c sn). Sau khi gc dn 6 - 7 ngy qu th nm s xut hin. Trong qu trnh trng, nu b mt bnh nm kh th cn ti nc nh (phun sng) ln b mt bnh nm v nn nh. Ch l ti nc phi rt cn thn, khng c nc ngm su vo pha trong bnh nm. Lc ny nhit trong phng trng c th t 35 37OC. H nhit phng: Khi nm bt u c hin tng xut hin qu th phi lm h nhit phng bng cch m (nhm) chn phng trng thot nhit, sao cho lc ny nhit phng trong khong 30 32OC. Thu hi: Qu th nm rm pht trin rt nhanh, t khi xut hin n khi trng thnh v thu hi ch 2 - 3 ngy. Cn thu hi nm rm dng cn bao gc, ng knh nm trng thnh khong 2 - 3cm. Qu th nm rm tip tc pht trin sau khi thu hi, v vy cn tiu th ngay, chm nht l 4 gi sau khi hi. Yu cu khi thu hi: Ch thu hi cc qu th trng thnh, dng trng trn hoc bu dc. Sau khi thu hi tip tc ti nc, chm sc thu hi t 2. Thu hi nm dng trng trn chuyn sang bu dc (elip) trc khi ph v bao chung l tt nht v giai on ny nm c gi tr dinh dng cao nht, khi m nm n lng protein s gim i. Tiu chun nm rm thng phm: qu th ang giai on trng, dng trn c nh gi cao hn c nhng hnh trng (elip) cng chp nhn c, c ng knh 2,5 - 3,5cm, mu sc p (xm em, xm sng hay trng), ti.

34

Chun b nguyn liu

Ngm nc vi 1,5% v nguyn liu (7ngy/1ln o)

ng bnh v cy ging (2,0 - 2,5kg/bnh)

H nhit phng

M ti nilon, gc dn (6 - 7 ngy)

nhit (6 - 7 ngy)

(2- 3 ngy)
Thu hi S 5. Tm tt cc bc quy trnh trng nm rm theo phng php ng bnh gc dn.

Nng sut nm rm c th t 10 - 15% khi lng nguyn liu kh nhng tp trung ch yu vo t 1 (70 - 80% tng sn lng). Nng sut nm cao hay thp tu thuc vo cht lng ging, vo k thut trng v vo kh hu (ch yu l nhit v m ca mi trng). 3.2. Trng nm rm theo phng php ng m trn nn nh. ng khun g hnh thang cn c cnh y ln 75cm x 45 cm, cnh y nh 45 cm x 30cm v cc cnh bn 50 cm. Rm r ngm cho nc, phn g hoai mc trn u vi tru cng c, ti nc t m 65 - 70%, tin hnh ng nh phn trn (3.1). Sau khi 7 ngy qua 1 ln o (vo ngy th 4) th em ng m. Phng php ng m: t khun trng nm nga, cho y ln nm pha trn, y nh pha di ng rm tht cht. C ng 1 lp rm vi chiu dy 15 - 20cm th gieo 1 lp ging. Khi ng khun v gieo ging xong th lt p khun trng ln nn c v sinh sch s v nhc khun trng khi m nm. Trc khi ph kn m nm bng nilon cn gieo 1 lp ging trn b mt m nm. Sau khi ng m xong ng ca phng trng, tt n. Cn duy tr nhit phng thch hp (35 37 OC) nm sinh trng tt. Khong 8 - 9 ngy sau si nm ph kn nguyn liu. Lc ny cn tin hnh thay i ch kh hu (h nhit

35

 bng cch m dn nilon cho thong kh) nm hnh thnh qu th. Sau khi thay i kh hu 5 - 6 ngy th cc mm qu th xut hin, nm non ri nm trng thnh. Sau khi thu hi nm cn dn v sinh, y nilon, ng kn ca, tt n, nng nhit si cho ra qu th t tip theo. 3.3. Trng nm rm ngoi tri theo phng php c truyn. 3.1. Trng theo kiu vn r v cht ng. Ngi ta thng chn cc tha rung c t tt (cu tng tt, pH trung tnh), ti tiu nc ch ng lm lung. Nn lung cao 15 - 20cm, rng 1,2m v di tu . Mp lung c nn cht khi st l, gia hi g ln nh mai ra. Mt lung phng, hi dc v pha mp trnh nc ng. Lung cn c lm trc khi trng vi ba ngy, c th rc thm vi bt phng chng cn trng c hi v nng pH. Rm r kh, vng, sng nm thnh tng b ln, gi u nhau di rnh lung, sau tho nc vo. Dng chn gim ln cc b rm r cho ngm nc. Cy ging: ging nm ly t l ra c cy thnh tng im trn b mt lung v quanh mp lung, cch nhau 15 - 20cm, cch mp lung 8 - 10cm. Mi im c lng ging bng ngn tay ci. Ly hai b r ln gp i li v b thnh b, c ng knh 15 - 20cm, ri chn ln u lung. Sau , ln lt gp tng b rm r on gia ri xp ln lung, cch mp 5cm v chch mt gc 45 o so vi mt lung. Khi xp xong lp th nht th li gieo ging nh ln u ri xp lp r th hai. Lp r ny li vo trong 5cm so vi lp di v cng chch mt gc 45O so vi mt r ca lp di nhng chiu ngc li. Khi xp v trng xong ba lp th tin hnh ph mi tm thi bng cch xp r khng gp di ln trn, thnh tng lp an cho nhau gi m v nhit. Nh vy, pha trn lung nm c thu nh dn li. Cui cng dng rm hoc r kh, di v sng b pha nh ri t ra lm i che ln lung trnh ma nng tht thng. Sau khi trng xong tho nc khi rnh, dn sch xung quanh lung v ch phng kin, mi... ph hoi. n ngy th 6 sau khi trng th phi lm mi c nh. Lc ny li tho nc vo rnh, ngm cc b rm r kh ph trn mi, gim u cho ngp nc. Sau tro ln trn lung nm, gim u v cch 40cm li 3 - 4 lt nc. Cui cng dng rm r ngm nc di rnh ph ln mt lung sao cho ni tip, xen k nhau to thnh mt lp mng mng bao ngoi cc lp rm r xung tn chn lung. Nu thi tit thch hp, ging tt, lm ng k thut nm s ra trn nn t ca lung v cc lp rm r di, thu hoch c vo ngy th 13 - 14 sau khi trng. Sau khi thu nm t 1 cn dn v sinh lung nm, ti thm nc ri ch 5 - 6 ngy sau thu nm t hai. Tu tng iu kin canh tc m c th tn thu t ba (thng ch 9 - 10% nng sut) hoc dn rm r lm phn bn. 3.2. Trng theo kiu b r v cht ng. Rm r sau khi ngm nc cho m th c b li thnh tng b c ng knh 8 - 10cm, di 50 - 60 - 80cm. Sau khi gieo ging trn lung (nu l nn t) ngi ta xp cc b rm r thnh tng lp st nhau, to nn mt mt phng u n. Tip sau li gieo ging ln lp rm r va xp cch mp 8 - 10cm ri

36

xp lp th 2, th 3, th 4... Nh vy, cc b rm r di nht c xp y, cn cc b ngn nht s c xp trn cng v li dn theo hnh thang cn. Cui cng ngi ta ph 2 bn v trn lung bng nhng tm phn tranh rm r, tranh l da hoc ci, nilon... gi nhit v m cho lung. mt vi ni, nhn dn ta cn t r xung quanh lung nm vi ba ngy sau khi trng b sung cht khong cho dinh dng ca nm v phng tr bnh hi. Nu ngm nc tt (70%) v ph ngoi tt th ngy th nht n ngy th su khng phi ti thm nc. Trng hp nm qu kh c th ti nc nh vo nhng ch cn thit. Sau 6 - 7 ngy trng, khi si nm pht trin tt ngi ta ti nh ln mt lung v hai bn mp lung gim nhit v nng cao m, to iu kin cho cc mm mng qu th nm mc. Khi cc mm mng qu th xut hin dng si bn kt li, dng ht nh mu trng th khng c ti nc trc tip na. Nu cn ti th ti vo rnh hay nn lung nc ngm dn ln hoc ti nc ln nn nh, ln tng nh trng tng m. Khi nm ln, t kch thc 3 - 5mm tr ln v c mu xm chut c th ti phun nh trc tip vo nm tng tc sinh trng. Khong 12 - 14 ngy sau c th thu hoch t u. Sau khi thu hi nm t u li dn v sinh, b sung nc v ch nm ra t hai. IV. K thut trng Mc nh (Auricularia). 1. c im sinh hc. Tt c cc loi mc nh u thuc chi Mc nh Auricularia, h Mc nh Auriculariaceae, b Mc nh Auriculariales. Ph bin hin nay trong nui trng gm cc loi: mc nh cnh dy (lng th - A. polytricha) v mc nh cnh mng (lng mn - A. auricula). a s cc loi mc nh u c m hnh tai mo (auros - tai), khi non l cht keo, khi gi v kh l dng cht sng nhng gp iu kin m t li phc hi dng keo, thm ch tip tc hnh thnh bo t. Qu th c cung ngn hoc gn nh khng cung. Lp mt m c ph lng m mt v kch thc lng l tiu chun phn loi. Pha i din vi cung mang lp sinh sn c mu nu hng, nhn hoc gn sng. Khi qu th trng thnh lp ny c ph bi bo t mu trng. T lu mc nh c coi l loi thc phm v gia v quan trng. 2. Nhu cu dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh. 2.1. Nhu cu dinh dng: Mc nh sng hoi sinh, c c tnh l c h enzym xenlulaza rt kho cho nn chng c kh nng sinh trng mnh trn cc nguyn liu giu xenluloza v lignin (rm r, v tru, mn ca hoc g cc loi cy khng c tinh du...). Trong cc ngun cacbon th mc nh s dng dextrin tt hn glucoza, th n l mantoza, saccaroza. Trong cc ngun nit tt hn c l nitrat amon, th n l sunfat amon. Mc nh c th s dng kali nitrat nhng tt hn c l nhng hp cht nit hu c. 2.2. iu kin ngoi cnh. - Nhit : Si mc nh c kh nng tn ti 15 35 OC nhng sinh trng tt nht trong khong 28 32 OC. Khi nhit cao hn 35 OC hoc thp hn 15 OC

37

th si mc nh pht trin km v cho nng sut thp. nhit khng kh cao hn 35OC mc nh mc tha, cnh mng, qu th nh. nhit thp hn 15 O C mc nh cho cnh dy nhng qu th nh v lng rt di. - m: Giai on m si mc nh cn m nguyn liu 70 - 75%. Nu m thp hn 65% si mc nh mc chm, thp hn na (nh hn 30%) si c nguy c b cht. m ln hn 80% si mc nh mc km, nu ln hn 90% si c th b cht. Khi ra qu th mc nh cn m khng kh ln hn 80%, khu vc gn qu th cn m ti 95 - 100%. - Khng kh: V mc nh chm pht trin cho nn tc ng ca khng kh ti mc nh t hn. Phng trng thng thong s m bo cho s mc si nhanh hn. Khi ra qu th mc nh khng cn thng thong nhiu, nu thong qu mc nh s b chng lng trng, di. - nh sng: nh sng khng cn thit i vi s sinh trng si mc nh (pha si tt nht l trong mi trng khng c nh sng). Nu ra ngoi sng si mc nh s sinh trng chm, nhanh b gi. Tuy vy, nh sng c tc dng kch thch mc nh ra qu th v nh sng tt nht 300 lux. Nu nh sng tha mc nh s c mu en, lng di. Nu thiu nh sng mc nh c mu trng bt, lng ngn. - pH: Mc nh c th sinh trng pH = 4 - 10. Trong pha si mc nh cn mi trng axit yu (5 - 6), giai on qu th cn pH trung tnh hoc hi kim (7 - 7,5). 3. K thut trng. 3.1. Trng mc nh trn mn ca. 3.1.1. Nguyn liu v x l nguyn liu. Mc nh c th c trng trn cc loi mn ca khc nhau (tr mn ca cc loi cy c du). - i vi nhng loi mn ca g mm thun loi, v d mn ca b , cao su th vic nui trng mc nh khng c g gp kh khn phc tp. Trc ht ti nc lm m mn ca, trn thm phn ng vt nh phn g, vt, b... vi t l 5 - 10%, m t 70 - 75%, p ng cao, ngoi nng. Sau thi gian 7 - 8 ngy o ln mt. Sau ln o th nht, trn thm 1,5% vi bt, tip 7 - 8 ngy l c th o v em trng c. - i vi mn ca tp, hn hp ca nhiu loi g cng, thm ch rt cng th trc ht cn phn hu nguyn liu nh vi sinh vt ri mi em s dng. Mn ca ca nhng loi g cng cn trn thm 0,5 - 1% sunfat amon, 4 - 6 thng, nh k 2 tun o 1 ln. ln o cui cng (trc khi trng 2 tun) cn b sung vi bt 1,5% ging nh mn ca g mm ni trn. Sau khi xong ngi ta c th b sung mt s ph gia theo cc cng thc di y kch thch si mc nhanh v cho nng sut cao hn. Cng thc 1: - Mn ca : 100kg ; - Vi bt: 0,5kg - Cm mn: 10 - 20kg ; - MgSO4: 0,1kg ; - m: 70 - 75%

38

Cng thc 2: - Mn ca : 100kg; - Bt ng: 3kg ; - Vi: 1kg ; - Cm mn: 5kg; - Sacaroza: 2kg ; - MgSO4: 0,1kg; - m: 70 - 75% Cng thc 3: - Mn ca: 100kg ; - MgSO4: 0,1kg ; - m: 70 - 75% - Ur : 0,5kg ; - Supephotphat: 1kg Cng thc 4: - Mn ca: 100kg ; - Ng hoc li ng: 2kg ; - Vi: 2kg - Cm mn: 5kg ; - B ru: 1kg ; - m: 70 - 75% 3.1.2. ng bnh, kh trng. Mn ca sau khi v b sung cc ph gia, c ng vo nhng ti nilon (18 x 25cm). Mi ti cha 1,5 - 1,8kg mn ca . Cc ti nguyn liu em kh trng bng ni p sut, nhit 121 OC (p sut 1 at) trong 120 pht. Nu s dng ni hp thng hoc l hp th c th phi ko di thi gian kh trng t 6 - 8 gi k t khi nc si. 3.1.3. Cy ging, chm sc v thu hi. Cy ging c thc hin trong iu kin v trng. Khi cc ti nguyn liu h nhit xung bnh thng (di 25 OC) th tin hnh cy ging, cho mi ti 1 tha ging (t l ging 2 - 3%), ri u b mt. Chm sc gm 2 giai on: - Giai on m si: Chuyn cc ti nguyn liu cy ging vo phng trng, treo cc ti thnh nhiu tng trong phng trng, ng kn ca, duy tr nhit 28 30 OC v khng cn thng thong. Nu tri nng v nng c th ti nc ngy 1 - 2 ln, ti ln nn, ln trn v tng nh gi m cho phng ng thi lm h bt nhit trong phng trng. Sau 25 - 30 ngy si mc lan y ti (ph kn nguyn liu), khi cn c s thng hi v tng cng thm nh sng kch thch s hnh thnh qu th. - Giai on qu th: Khi si nm mc kn nguyn liu th tin hnh rch bch v tr ti. Dng dao lam rch 4 - 5 ng di 2 - 3cm, cho nhau quanh ti, sau tr ti trn xung di v li treo ti nh ban u. T giai on ny cn tng cng thng thong, tng cng nh sng v ti nc. Dng nc sch, pH trung tnh, ti 2 - 4 ln/1ngy, ti ln nn, ln trn v tng nh sao cho m trong nh t 90 - 95%. Sau 6 - 7 ngy k t khi rch bch, mc nh s hnh thnh qu th. cho qu th mc nh pht trin dng ti a (sau 4 - 5 ngy) th thu hi. Sau khi thu hi xong t 1, ngng ti nc 7 - 8 ngy, ri ti tip tc nm s ra nhanh hn. Thi gian thu hoch c th ko di 1 - 1,5 thng. Nng sut t 0,4 - 0,7kg mc nh ti/1kg nguyn liu kh (40 - 70%).

39

Chun b nguyn liu

nguyn liu bng nc vi 1,5% , 2 tun

(7 ngy o 1 ln)

ng bch (1,5 -1,8kg/bch)

Chm sc (25 - 30 ngy)

Cy ging (T l 2 - 3%)

Kh trng (1at, 121o C, 120pht)

Rch bch, tr ti

6 - 7 ngy

Ra qu th

4 - 5 ngy

Thu hi

S 6. Tm tt quy trnh trng mc nh trn mn ca g mm. 3.2. Trng mc nh trn rm. So vi g v mn ca th rm l ngun nguyn liu ph bin, d kim; thi gian nhanh, t phi b sung cc cht dinh dng; thi gian trng v thu hoch mc nh nhanh v mc nh khng c mi hi ca g. Tuy nhin, rm thng hay b nhim tp nhng nm khc. Rm kh cn c bm nh, ti nc vi 1,5%, c th b sung 1 s cht khc, p ng , ph ni lng sau 1 - 2 ngy l trng c. Rm r sau khi b sung cc cht v xong, c ng vo ti nilon (18 x 25cm). Mi ti cha 1,0 - 1,5kg rm . Cc ti rm c kh trng nhit 121 OC (1atmotphe) trong 2 gi. Nu s dng ni hp thng hoc l hp th c th phi ko di thi gian kh trng t 3 - 4 gi k t khi nc si. Cy ging, chm sc v thu hi nh trnh by mc 3.1.2 (trng mc nh trn mn ca). 3.3. Trng mc nh trn g khc. 3.3.1. Nguyn liu. Hin nay Vit Nam mc nh ang c trng ch yu trn nhng i tng sau y: cy a bp - Ficus elastica Roxb.; cy si, cy sanh - Ficus benjamina L.; cy sung - Ficus sp.; cy ngi - Ficus hispida L.F.; cy v -Ficus auriculata Lour.; cy sn - Manihot esculenta Crante; cy mt - Artocarpus

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heterophyllus Lam; cy rui - Streblus asper Lour; cy phng v - Delonis regia Boj; cy so a - Sesbania grandiflora (L) Pers; cy b - Styraxtonkinensis Pierre; cy sau sau - Liquidamba fomosan Hance... Cht g vo lc cy m chi, khng dp, khng bong v, ct thnh tng on 30 - 120cm, nn bi vi 2 u v nhng ch b bong v, b chy xc... Cn trng ngay khi g cn ti (khng qu 2 tun sau khi cht h). 3.3.2. Khoan l. L khoan su 3 - 4cm, ng knh 1 - 1,5 cm, l cch u khc g 3 - 4cm, khoan theo hng dc quanh khc g, cc l cch nhau 10 - 15cm, cc hng so le nhau v cch nhau 5 - 10cm. 3.3.3. Cy ging. Dng que v trng n ging su xung 0,5cm, c th vo vin ging nh nt chai ri cho vo l v ly ba g xung. Sau trt mt ngoi bng sp ong, parafin, xi mng hoc t st chng thm nc. 3.3.4. g. y l khu quan trng nht trong ton b qu trnh trng, c tnh cht quyt nh nng sut mc nh. C th g trong nh hoc di bng cy, nn ni phi sch s, c lt y. Xp g kiu ci ln, cc khc cch nhau 1 - 2cm thng kh. Che ph xung quanh v pha trn trnh nng ma v khng cho gi la nhiu vo ng . Sau khi 5 - 6 ngy cn kim tra m khc g. Ma h hoc c gi la cn ti nc 2 - 3 ngy/1 ln. Trong qu trnh phi o g, c 7 ngy o 1 ln. o g t trn xung di, ngay c khi thy c mc nh mc trong qu trnh th cng co sch ri ra nc, lau cn. Sau 28 - 30 ngy ly ca ct u g xem si lan kn g cha (nu si lan kn g s c mu trng, mi thm). Thy si mc kn g th ngng ti nc, xp cc khc g cch nhau 4 - 6cm. nh th trong 7 -10 ngy cho kh g, nh vy si nm c iu kin tch lu cht dinh dng. 3.3.5. Chm sc. Khc vi giai on g ngoi tri, giai on ny cn cho g vo nh trng. Nh trng cn c kch thc 4 - 6 x 1,8m, c mi che v xung quanh lp bng c hoc tre na m bo thng thong. Gia vch v mi c khong trng 20 - 30cm che bng nilon trng c nh sng. Trong nh c x ngang cch nhau 1,5m, nn nh lt gch vn. Khi si mc kn g th ngng ti nc, 7 - 10 ngy ri em ngm g ngp trong nc 6 - 12 gi (nc c nhit 13 18 OC). Ngm nc lm cho g tng c m, dit khun, lm mm g v kch thch s ra qu th. Ngm xong vt g ra, dng ba g mnh vo u g ph v cc mng nc, xp g vo x, c th dng ti nilon ph 3 - 4 ngy cho ti khi qu th nm ra, mi ngy cn ti nc 2 - 3 ln sao cho m trong nh t trn 90%. 3.3.6. Thu hi. Ch thu hi nhng qu th dng pht trin ti a, tc l mp mng, gn ln, rt ra d dng, theo kiu hi ta. Thi gian thu hi lin tc t 30 - 45 ngy cho ti khi ch cn nhng qu th nh, cung di. Sau khi thu hi xong, em cc khc g

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vo ni c , tip khong 15 - 20 ngy, li a ra nh trng, chm sc v thu hi t tip theo. Nu mt khc g ng knh 18 - 20cm, trng mc nh t thng 3 - 4 v thu hi cho ti thng 10- 11 - 12 th c th t nng sut 3,6 - 5,2kg mc nh. 3.3.7. Mt s bnh thng gp khi trng mc nh trn g. Qu th ch ra quanh l tra ging: c th do thi gian cha cho si mc kn g hoc do ging mc trong mi trng qu nhiu cht dinh dng. Trng hp thy c nhiu nm ph g nh Trametes, Lenzites... th hi b, ngng ti nc v tch ring khc g , cch li sang khu khc. Nu thy c nm chn chim th khng nn hi m phi tch ring khc nhim, phi kh cho nm ny t cht ri cho cch li sang khu khc. Nu thy c nm mc mu trng ph ln qu th mc nh, ri chuyn qua mu vng v lm cho mc nh b thi ra ( l do nm nhy Physarum k sinh), cn co sch, phi kh, k cao g v thng thong nh trng. Nu b cc sinh vt khc nh kin, mi, rp... ph hoi, c th dng thuc dit, hoc dng nc x phng c ti trc tip, hoc dng vi bt rc trc tip. V. K thut trng Nm hng (Lentinus). Nm hng - Lentinus gm mt s loi nm n qu, c hng v c bit nh Lentinus esdodes. Trong nm hng c vitamin B12 v D2 m hu nh tt c cc loi rau n u thiu. Ngoi ra, nm hng cn cha cc hp cht c tc dng lm gim lng cholesteron trong mu, c tc dng chng ung th, st rt v kim ch hot ng ca nhiu vi sinh vt c hi. 1. c tnh sinh hc. Qu th Nm hng c dng bn cu dt, cht tht gia, khi gi th dai, gp iu kin m li phc hi dng c. Qu th khi cn non c mn trng, kh c mi thm. M nm khi non c ph bng 1 bao chung dng bt, mp m tch ra li nhng si nh bng trn cung. Lp bao chung mu trng bin thnh vy gn nh ng tm xp trn m. Khi m cn non c mu en, v sau chuyn sang mu vng nu, vng mt ong. Khi m gi v kh th c mu nht hn. Phin mu trng, nh hi men theo cung. Si nm c hai loi: c vch ngn, c kho v khng c vch ngn, mng dy. ng knh si 2,5 - 6,3 m. m (basidie) hnh chu, khng mu, thng c mng dy, kch thc 15-19 x 5,5-6,5m. Bo t (basidiospore) hnh elip, hi tht 1 u, khng mu, nhn, kch thc 2,5-3,5 x 4,5-6,5m. Nm hng sng hoi sinh trn nhng cy thn g l rng, cht, thuc h Si, h D, h u v thng gy mc trng. 2. Nhu cu dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh. 2.1. Nhu cu dinh dng. Nm hng c kh nng mc trn nhiu ngun gluxit khc nhau nh glucoza, saccharoza v ngay c trn etanol, glyxerin...

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Cc loi L-aminoaxit, ur l nhng ngun nit tt nht cho nm hng. Si nm hng mc tt trn mi trng c b sung thm 0,03 - 0,05% sunphat amon hoc 0,06% photphat amon. 2.2. iu kin ngoi cnh. - Nhit : Nm hng mc nhit 20 30OC, nhng tt nht l 25 OC. Nu nhit nh hn 5 O C v ln hn 35 OC th b dng li. nhit ln hn 45OC si nm c th b cht sau thi gian ngn. ra qu th nm hng cn nhit 14 18 OC, nu nhit nh hn 12 OC nm mc chm, tn nh, dy, nu nhit ln hn 23 OC nm mc nhiu, nm nh, cung di. - m: m cn cho si nm pht trin tt l 50 - 55%. Tuy nhin khi trng nm hng trn g m khc g tt nht l 40%. m 15 - 20% si s khng pht trin. m thch hp cho ra qu th l 85 - 90%. Nu m ln hn 90% th qu th b xp, d h hng. Nu nh hn 60% th nm ngng pht trin. - thong kh: Nm hng l loi nm pht trin chm cho nn khng i hi nhiu thong kh. - nh sng: Nm hng khng cn nhiu nh sng, khng cn nh sng trc tip. Tuy nhin nh sng gin tip gip cho qu th pht trin tt hn v mu sc to u m nm. Nu nm hng trng ch ti th qu th b, cung di, m nm c mu vng nht. nh sng cn cho nm pht trin trung bnh mi ngy chiu sng t 2 - 4 gi vi cng 330 lux. - pH: Si nm hng pht trin tt pH = 4,5 - 6,0. Nu mi trng kim si mc s rt yu. Tuy nhin khi nm ra qu th thng i hi pH khong 3,0 - 4,0. 3. K thut trng nm hng trn g. Trong ti liu ny ch cp n k thut trng nm hng Lentinus esdodes trn g. 3.1. Nguyn liu. Nm hng (Lentinus esdodes) thng ch mc trn nhng cy g l rng ngng sinh trng v t mc trn nhng cy g l kim. Cc cy g thng c s dng trng nm hng l: si cau (Quercus platycalyx), si (Pasania ducampii), si trng (Castanea mallissima), qu g (Lithocarpus cornea), chi chi (Adenanthera microsperma), cho (Engelhardta chrysolepis)... Ngoi ra c th dng nhng loi cy m trong thin nhin c nm hng mc. Nn chn nhng cy g c ng knh t 5 - 30cm nhng tin li nht l ng knh t 7 - 20cm d dng cho thao tc v vn chuyn. 3.2. Thi gian cht g v phi g. Cn cht g vo thi gian cy ngng sinh trng (thi k cy rng l), do tu tng loi v tng vng m thi gian cht cy khc nhau. Thi gian phi g: phi g l l khu khng th thiu c trong vic nui trng nm hng. Thi gian phi g tu tng loi v kch thc g. Cy g cht xung nguyn lnh phi t 20 - 30 ngy. Nu tri ma, m, thiu nh nng c th ko di thm. Phi ti khi u g c vt nt chn chim t 2 - 2,5 cm l va.

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3.3. Ca g thnh khc. Sau khi phi kh g nn ca g ngay (thnh tng on di 1m - 1,2m) trong qu trnh vn chuyn khng lm tn thng n v. 3.4. Thi gian trng. Trng nm hng c th tin hnh vi bt k thi tit no song tt nht l ma xun. 3.5. Khoan l. Dng ba c l hoc khoan l theo hng so le khi trng si nm s mc lan u hn (v si nm mc theo hng dc khc g nhanh hn hng ngang). Khong cch gia cc l 5 - 10cm, gia cc hng 5 - 7cm, cng c th thay i ph thuc vo ng knh khc g. ng knh l thng thng 1,0 - 1,5cm, chiu su l 1,5 - 1,5cm. Tng s l trn khc g ph thuc vo chiu di v ng knh khc g. Bng 3: Khong cch cc hng v cc l theo ng knh khc g. ng knh khc S hng l trn 1 Khong cch cc Khong cch cc g (cm) khc g hng l (cm) l (cm) 7 4 5 10 9 5 5 10 12 6 6 12 15 7 6 12 18 8 7 15 20 9 7 15 3.6. Xp g v chm sc. V giai on si ca nm hng pht trin vo g chm v cn c chm sc cn thn, cho nn ni g cy ging cn nhng iu kin sau y: - Ni phi thong kh, mt m, c kh nng thot nc tt, v sinh sch s, phng nhim nm khc v mi xng. - Phi m bo m khng kh 60 - 70%. - Phi c che chn tt, khng nh sng chiu trc tip ln ng , trnh c nc ma, ngn c gi. - Gn ngun nc ti. 3.6.1. Xp g . C th xp ng hay xp nm. Nu xp ng: di nn t nn ri 1 lp si hoc gch vn 5 - 7cm, trnh u g tip xc trc tip vi t; xp khong 100 150 khc g lm 1 ng, buc dy chng trnh x xt, pha trn ph 1 lp cnh cy nh, dy 20cm, sau ph nilon hoc chiu ci ln trn v xung quanh. Nu xp theo kiu nm ngang: nn lt bng gch hoc b tng dy 15 - 20cm, sau xp g theo kiu ci ln cao 1,5 - 2m, chiu cao ng ph thuc vo cao ni , sau cng ph cnh cy nh, dy 20cm, ph nilon hoc chiu ci pha trn v ngoi cng. 3.6.2. Chm sc.

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Nu tri khng ma v qu kh ( m pha trong ng khng t 60%) th phi ti nc 5 ngy/ln. Ngc li, nu tri ma qu nhiu th phi m phn che v ch ph bng nilon. Nu m khng kh phn di v phn trn ng g qu chnh lch th 4 - 6 ngy cn o g 1 ln. Nu m tng i ng u th sau 3 thng mi o ln th nht. Sau 30 - 40 ngy phi kim tra si nm n lan vo g. Nu g khng t yu cu hoc b nhiu nm khc mc phi xp ring ra ni khc xa ni . 3.6.3. Xp li g . Sau khi cy ging v theo cch xp g ln mt c khong 6 thng, ngi ta cn a g sang a im khc phng b nhim tp. Ni ln ny c bn c nhng iu kin nh ln u, ch khc l khng xp g st mt t, khng ch qu kh. Nu ni kh th nn xp cc khc g st nhau hn, nu ni m th cn xp cc khc g tha nhau hn. Khong cch gia cc khc g l 1 - 3cm (i vi xp st) hoc 4 - 6cm (i vi xp tha) v chiu cao ng l 0,7 - 1,0m. 3.6.4. Tiu chun g trng khi . + G c phm cht tt: - G khng b nm tp. - V g khng b xc v khng b bong. - u khc g nhum mu vng nu, pha di chm t c si mu trng. - Cc khc g c gim v khi lng. Khi bc v ra thy lp g bn trong hi vng trng. - Sau 8 thng cy ging si mc kn + G c phm cht km: - V khng bm cht vo g. - Si nm khng to lan vo trong, v b mn. - Trn mt g c nhiu nm tp mc. 3.7. Cho nm ra qu th v thu hi. 3.7.1. Ni xp g cho nm ra. Ni trng l nhng ni m bo c nhit 14 - 180C, m 80 - 95%, c th l trong nh trng hoc trong rng di tn l cy c che ph 20 - 30%. Ni trng trnh nhiu gi, c x ngang cch nhau 1,5m, nn phi tri si hoc gch vn, xung quanh sch s. 3.7.2. Xp g ra dn v chm sc. Khi qu th nm bt u xut hin cn xp g ra gin, vn chuyn nh nhng, trnh xy xt, xp da vo x ngang, khong cch khc l 7 - 10cm, c li i gia cc hng. Nc ti phi sch s, c pH khong 4,5 - 5,5, ti nc sao cho m khng kh t 90 - 95%. 3.7.3. Hi nm. Khi nm n 60 - 80% th hi nm l tt nht. Dng ngn tay ci v ngn tr cm cung nm vn nh. Khng c lm tn thng n si nm di,

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khng chm tay vo nm khc cha hi, khng lm bong v g, khng dng dao ct nm. 3.8. g sau khi thu hi. Sau khi thu hi nm xong li xp nh ln u, khng ti nc vo g. Trong khi cn ch m, phng g b bong v, lm v sinh trnh nhim. Khi c qu th xut hin li em ra gin ti v thu hi tip. VI. K thut trng mt s loi nm khc. 1. Ngn nh - (Tremella fuciformis Berk.). 1.1. c im sinh hc. Ngn nh cn c gi l mc nh trng. Ngn nh c dng bn dp, phn nhnh, thu mng khng theo qui lut r rng, ton b nm mu trng gn nh trong sut. Tht nm l cht keo, khi kh l cht sng nhng khi gp iu kin m t li tr v dng c. Si nm c vch mng, c kho, ng knh si 2,5 - 3,0m. Bo t hnh cu, khng mu, kch thc 5 7 x 4 - 6m. Ngn nh l loi nm c ngha kinh t ln dng xut khu vi gi cao. Trong ngn nh c 9,4% protein, 1,2% lipit, cc hp cht ng 6,5% v ngoi ra cn cha nhiu vitamin nh A, B, C, D... Trong y dc, ngn nh c coi l thuc cha mu xu, b phi, b no. Ngn nh phn b ch yu vng cn nhit i, nhit i ni cao, trn nhng thn cy cht hoc nhng cnh mc ca nhng cy l rng trong rng; trong hm m c m cao, chng c th mc n c hoc thnh cm. nc ta ngn nh mc mnh vo ma xun h, ch yu vng ni cao nh Sapa (Hong Lin Sn), nhng vng ni va v i khi c ni thp v thung lng. 2. Nhu cu dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh. - Dinh dng: Ngoi thin nhin ngn nh ch yu mc trn nhng ngun c xenluloza, hemixenluloza. Trong nui trng, ngn nh mc tt trong mi trng gm cc monosaccarit v nhng hp cht gluxit c mch cacbon ngn. Ngun nit thng l nhng amino axit. - Nhit : Bo t ngn nh c th ny mm nhit 0 OC sau 24 gi ri xung. Si ngn nh c th mc nhit 5 38 OC nhng tt nht 25 OC. Nhit thch hp cho s ra qu th l di 12OC. - m: m thch hp cho si mc trong khi nguyn liu l 60 - 68% v m khng kh thch hp cho s ra qu th l 88 - 95%. 1.3. K thut trng. 1.3.1. Nguyn liu. Nguyn liu trng ngn nh ch yu l g ca nhng cy l rng. Ngn nh c kh nng mc trn cc cy h Betulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae... G c cht vo giai on cy ngng pht trin sinh trng, ct khc ngn 80 - 120cm. ng knh cy g trung bnh 10 - 12cm. Phi cho g nt chn chim u khc, trnh bong v, bi vi vo nhng ch v bong v u khc g. 1.3.2. Khoan g.

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Khoan l theo hng xung quanh khc g, cc l cch nhau 20cm, cc hng so le, cch nhau 12 - 15cm. L khoan c ng knh 1 - 1,2 cm, su 1,8 - 2,2 cm. 1.3.3. Cy ging. Cy ging y cc l, cht va phi, dng parafin hoc sp ong ph kn. Ging thng lm bng mn ca ca nhng loi g trng, nn s dng ging 2 - 3 tun tui. 1.3.4. Chm sc v thu hi. Pha g trong phng ti nhit 20 25OC, trong thi gian 30 - 45 ngy vi m 70 - 85%. Sau 15 ngy o 1 ln , o t trn xung di, di ln trn, trong ra ngoi v lt xoay tng khc g. Sau 2 - 3 ln o cn ca u khc g kim tra kh nng mc ca si. Nu g c mu trng c, mi thm th dng ti nc, cho nhit v m gim dn, sau 15 ngy em ra chm sc cho ra qu th. Nu cha mc kn s tip. Nh trng cao 1,5 - 2m, nn lt hoc gch vn. Nc ti c pH = 5,5 6,5, sao cho m nh trng 88 - 95% v c nhit thch hp ca s ra qu th. Sau 15 - 20 ngy qu th c kch thc 5 - 7cm th tin hnh thu hi. Thi gian thu hi ko di 2 thng, sau s a cc khc g vo ni li, sau 15 ngy mang ra ti v thu hoch tip. Trong qu trnh v chm sc c th gp mt s nm bnh. Vic x l tng t nh x l nm bnh trong nui trng mc nh phn trn. 2. Nm phin tm (Stropharia rugoso Anmilata). 2.1. c tnh sinh hc. Nm phin tm Stropharia rugoso Anmilata thuc chi Stropharia, h Strophariaceae, c phm vi phn b rng ri trn th gii. Nm phin tm c gi tr dinh dng cao (cha 22% protein theo khi lng kh, hm lng cht kh trong qu th l 8%) v c nui trng nhiu nc khc nhau (CHLB c, Ba Lan, Tip Khc, Hungari, cc nc SNG...). Trng nm phin tm n gin, nguyn liu r tin (rm r), cho nng sut kh cao (10 - 16kg nm ti/m2 din tch trng vi 20 - 30kg nguyn liu). M ca nm phin tm dng trng thnh c ng knh 5 - 40cm. Qu th non c mu trng v c vy rt c trng. Qu th ln ln nhit thp cho mu trng, thot u phin c mu xm sau chuyn sang mu en nh. M ln ln li du vt trn cung, l vng ring dng mng, mu trng, xp nh bng. C 2 loi nm phin trng: Loi th nht c c trng bi khi lng qu th ln, c th ti 60 gam, trong khi qu th cc nm khc thng ch nng 10gam. Loi th 2 qu th mc thnh cm gm rt nhiu qu th, mt cm c th nng ti vi kg v qu th c mu sng hn so vi loi th nht. 2.2. Nhu cu dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh. - Dinh dng: Nm phin tm c ngun dinh dng ch yu l xenluloza v tinh bt. - Nhit : Si mc v ra qu th tt nhit 253OC. i vi thi k si rt nhy cm vi s thay i nhit khng kh. Nu nhit thp hn 20 OC si mc rt yu, nhit cao hn 30 0C si s ngng mc.

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- pH: Nm phin tm mc tt nht pH = 5,7 - 6,0. - m: m nguyn liu tt nht cho si mc l 70 - 75%. m khng kh thch hp cho nm phin tm ra qu th l 90 - 100%. - nh sng: Nm phin tm ra qu th cn nh sng cng 500 - 1000lux. - Mi quan h vi cc vi sinh vt: cn c s hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt kch thch s ra qu th. 2.3. K thut trng. 2.3.1. Nguyn liu. Rm r phi kh, sch, cn mi (nu trn 1 nm th khng nn dng) v khng b mc. 2.3.2. X l nguyn liu. Rm r c lm m bng nc ti m 70 - 75%, sau tri mng trn nn xi mng, dng bnh bm hoc zoa c vi hoa sen ti nc ln, b sung nc 2 - 3 ln trong mt ngy. i vi nhng c s sn xut ln, dng nhiu nguyn liu th phi lm t 6 - 10 ngy v o 2 - 3 ln sao cho nc thm vo mi cng rm r. Vi c s sn xut nh th rm r c lm t trong b trong 1 ngy (24 gi). 2.3.3. Vo khay. Nm phin tm c th c trng ngoi tri, ni khng c nng trc tip (rm mt) v khng c gi, hoc trng trong nh. Nguyn liu sau khi x l xong, m thch hp, cho nguyn liu vo khay g hoc nh lung ngay trn b mt t, dy khi nguyn liu 25cm, khong 20 - 30kg rm/m2 din tch trng. nh lung hoc vo khay cn phi nn cht v lm cho b mt rm bng phng. 2.3.3. Cy ging. Ging c 5 - 6 tun tui em cy vo gi th vi t l 500 - 600gam ging/1 - 1,5m2 din tch trng. Nguyn liu sau khi c ln lung hoc vo khay phi tin hnh cy ging ngay. Ging c chia thnh tng phn nh nh trng chim b cu v cy im su 5 - 8cm. Cui cng cn mt t ging rc u ln b mt lung, ri ph mt lp mn rm dy 5 - 8cm ln trn. Cy ging xong, bo v b mt gi th khng b kh v khng b nhim nn ph mt lp giy v thng xuyn c phun nc. 2.3.4. Ph t. Khi si mc kn gi th (khong 3 - 5 tun sau khi cy ging) th b lp giy ph v tin hnh ph t. t ph cn ti xp v c ht nc cao. Nguyn liu dng lm t ph l t mn v hn hp gia mn v than bn cao (vi t l 30 - 50% than bn cao). pH thch hp nht ca t ph l 5,7 - 6,0. t cn c x l bng hi nc nng 100 OC/15 - 20 pht, hoc bng focmalin (3 lt nguyn cht pha trong 20 lt nc/1m3 t, kn trong 3 ngy ri tin hnh o t, vi ngy sau th dng t ph c). m ca t ph cn 70 75%. Trc khi ph t, nu thy b mt lung b kh th phi ti nc ri tin

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hnh ph t. Ph t 1 lp dy 5cm, s dng khong 30 - 50kg t/m2 din tch t trng. 2.3.5. Chm sc. Trong thi k si mc (k t khi cy ging cho ti khi ph t) cn phi duy tr m ca lp bao ph b mt gi th. Tuyt i khng bao gi cho b mt b kh. Nhit khng kh lc ny cn 20 22OC v m l 90 - 100%, nhit gi th l 25 27OC. Cn thng xuyn ti nc trong phng. Sau khi ph t phi thng xuyn ti nc cho t ph nhng khng c nc ngm vo gi th. Sau khi ph t c 10 - 14 ngy th phi thng kh cho si mc trong gi th bng cch chc cc l vo trong lung. Bn tun sau khi ph t qu th c hnh thnh. thi k ny nm phin tm khng nhy cm vi s bin ng ca nhit m quan trong nht l s thng thong cho phng trng. Khi c mt s lng ln qu th xut hin trn b mt gi th th phi tng cng s ln thng thong trong mt ngy. Cn ti 1,5 lt nc cho 1m2 din tch trng, ti cho nc thm ht su ca lp t ph. 2.3.6. Thu hoch. Bnh thng t khi mm nm xut hin cho ti khi thu hi khong 10 - 12 ngy. Thu hi nhng qu th dng cp, cha rch mng ring. Dng tay tch v hi nh, sau ct b gc c t i. Nng sut t trung bnh 1,6kg/1m2 ( CHLB c t 2,2 - 3,3kg/m2). Mt s iu cn lu khi nui trng nm phin tm: - Tuyt i khng c b sung cc ho cht cng nh cc loi phn vo trong gi th trng. - Khng c x l gi th cng nh khng iu chnh pH ca t ph bng CaSO4 hoc CaO hoc nc vi... 3. Nm ma ng (Flammulina velutipes). 3.1. c tnh sinh hc. Nm Flammulina velutipes l loi nm a lnh, c trng ch yu trong ma ng, mt s ni cn gi l nm kim chm. Nm Flammulina velutipes c qu th nh, m c ng knh 2 - 5cm, hnh bn cu hoc li giai on non, sau m m t t v pht trin bng phng giai on trng thnh v gi. Mt m nm b nht khi t v c mu nu vng hoc nu bn, mp m thng c mu nu sng. Tht nm hu nh trng, phin nm mu trng hoc kem sng. Cung nm cng, di 5 - 18cm. Phn ln cung c mu nu bn, phn trn dn dn tr nn mu nu sng. giai on non cung c li g v gn nh c, giai on gi cung tr nn rng gia, phn gc ko di v m vo gia g ging nh r. Si nm khng mu, khng c tinh bt, c vch ngn, c kho. Bo t khng mu, hnh elip, kch thc 5,5 - 6,5x3 - 4m.

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Nm Flammulina velutipes l loi nm ph g, thng mc trn thn hoc gc cy l rng. Nm pht trin mnh t cui ma thu ti u ma xun gy nn s mc trng. Nm Flammulina velutipes phn b rng khp trn th gii. nc ta thng gp mc nhiu vng pha bc nh Sapa, Phanxipang t thng 9 n thng 5. y l loi nm thm ngon. Thnh phn dinh dng gm 53% protein; 5,8% lipit; 3,3% cc hp cht x; 7,6% cc hp cht khong (tnh theo khi lng kh) v c tc dng chng ung th. Hin nay nhiu nc, nm Flammulina velutipes ang c nui trng vi quy m ln. 3.2. Nhu cu dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh. - Dinh dng: Nm Flammulina velutipes mc ngoi thin nhin ch yu trn ngun c hn hp xenluloza, lignin v cc monosaccarit. Trong nui trng, ngoi ngun cacbon th cc amino axit l nhng ngun nit thch hp cho s mc v s ra qu th. Cc hp cht v c c cha cc ion Mg2+, PO43- c nh hng n s mc ca si v ko di s to qu th, ion P 3+ khng th thiu khi hnh thnh qu th . Ngoi ra cn cc nguyn t nh Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu,Co, B, Ca, cc vitamin nh thiamin cho s mc. - Nhit : Nm Flammulina velutipes mc bin nhit tng i rng 4 34OC. Tuy nhin, nhit thch hp nht cho s mc si l 24 26OC. Khi nhit xung thp di 3 4 OC si mc chm v hu nh dng li nhng khng cht. Ngc li, khi nhit cao hn 34 OC th si s b cht rt nhanh. Nhit thch hp cho s ra qu th l 10 18 OC nhng ti thch l 12 15OC. Nhit di 10 OC s c ch s ra qu th, cn nhit ln hn 18 OC s ra qu th s b ko di. - m: m nguyn liu cn thit cho s mc si nm Flammulina velutipes l 60 - 65%, m khng kh l 75 - 85%. m khng kh thch hp cho s ra qu th l 85 - 95%. - Khng kh: Nm Flammulina velutipes l loi hiu kh, do cn thng thong v m nng oxi cao hn nhng loi nm khc. Khi nng CO2 cao (0,06 - 4,9%) s lm gim ng knh m nm. Nu nng CO2 cao ngay t giai on u ca s hnh thnh qu th th m nm c th khng c to thnh. - nh sng: nh sng c tc dng kch thch s ra qu th ca nm ma ng. Cng nh sng ti thiu l 300 lux. Nu nh sng chiu lin tc trong thi gian ra qu th th m nm c mu nu. - pH: S mc ca nm ma ng - Flammulina velutipes thch hp pH = 6 - 7. Khi ra qu th nc ti thch hp c pH = 6,5 - 7,0. 3.3. K thut trng. 3.3.1. Nguyn liu.

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Trc y nm Flammulina velutipes c nui trng trn g theo cc cng on ging nh nui trng cc loi nm khc. Nhng hin nay nguyn liu nui trng nm Flammulina velutipes ch yu tin hnh trn mn ca ca nhng cy l rng. Mn ca sch, phi kh, b sung thm 15 - 20% cm go hoc cm ng. Sau trn u, ti nc sao cho m t 58 - 65%, pH = 6 - 7. Nguyn liu c cho vo nhng ti nilon vi th tch 800 - 1000ml, lm nt bng kiu nt chai, to c chai bng ng nha hoc tre na, bc giy pha trn trnh t nt bng khi kh trng. Nu ti chu nhit th c th kh trng trong ni p sut 120 OC trong 60 pht. Nu ti khng chu c nhit th kh trng trong ni hp thng nhit 90 100OC trong 3 - 4 gi. 3.3.2. Cy ging. Sau khi khi mn ca trong ti h nhit xung 20 OC th bt u cy ging. T l ging cy l 1/40 khi lng nguyn liu. Ging nn lm trn mn ca, ly ging va mc kn gi th cy. Nu ging qu non hoc qu gi u ko di pha si v kh hnh thnh qu th. Tt nht l ging 2 - 3 tun tui. 3.3.3. Chm sc. - Giai on si. Giai on si c t trong ti vi nhit phng 18 22OC, sau 20 - 25 ngy si s mc kn 90% khi mn ca trong ti. Lc ny h nhit phng xung 10 12 OC v tng m ln 80 - 85%. iu kin ny qu th s hnh thnh v sau 5 - 7 ngy qu th cao 2cm. - Giai on qu th. a cc ti sang phng trng c nh sng. Ti y, gi cho nhit 5 - 80C, m 75 - 80%. Khi qu th vt ming ti 2 - 3cm ngi ta dng giy bo qun trn b qu th li. Khi qu th mc di 13 - 15cm (tc l sau khong 50 - 60 ngy) ngi ta b giy bo ra. Qu th s pht trin dng b hnh phu, sau 4 - 5 ngy th thu hi c. Nng sut trung bnh ca nm ma ng trn mn ca, hi ln u t 100 140 gam/ mi ti 500 - 800 gam mn ca, hi ln th 2 t 30 - 50 gam/mi ti.

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Bi V THU HI, CT GI V CH BIN NM

I. Thu hi nm. Vic thu hi, ct gi v ch bin nm ng vai tr rt quan trng trong ton b tin trnh sn xut nm. Thi im thu hi nm hon ton khng ph thuc vo ln ca qu th m ph thuc vo tui (giai on pht trin) v nhu cu tiu dng. Mt s nguyn tc thu hi nm, nh sau: - Khi thu hi cn nh nhng, khng lm nh hng n cc nm khc mc bn cnh. Trng hp nm mc thnh cm ln nn hi c cm, trnh li, gy thi lan truyn trong ton b lung nm. Khi thu hi c th dng dao ct cung, nhng khng bao gi li mt phn cung trn lung v nh vy s gy nhim phng trng qua vt thng. - i vi nm m ngi ta thu hi nm khi cn mng bao ring, bao phin nm. Nu thu nm lm ging hay ng hp theo cc nhu cu ring bit th cn hi giai on non hn, khi nm c dng nt chai. - i vi nm s thi im thu hi thch hp nht l khi m nm cn dy, mp hi un cun vo trong v c mu sc c trng. Nu nm s gi, mp sc, ln sng v m mng, mu nht hoc mt mu cht lng s km, va dai, va nh cn. Cn phi lu nm s l loi nm n c khi non. Khi n ngi ta phi loi b 1/3 cung k t phn gc. - Thi im thu hi nm rm tt nht l khi nm c dng hnh cu sp chuyn sang dng trng hay dng trng sp ph v bao chung. Khng c nm rm qu gi, pht trin dng hay dng cun ngc li v pht tn bo t rt ln vo khng gian ri mi thu hi. iu ny cng ng cho nm m, nm s v nm hng. - Nm thu hi xong c xp loi v vo cc khay bng ba hay g nh, thnh tng lp c nh, trnh nm thnh tng ng, trnh o i o li trong qu trnh ng bao b cng nh khi bn. Cng c th ng nm trong cc ti polyetylen, trng hp ny c li l khng lm mt nc khi bo qun nhng cn ch l nm m d b chuyn sang mu nu so vi thong. Nm m sau khi thu hi c th 21 OC trong 12 gi ri mi chuyn vo t lnh. Nm hng chn ngn (s) cng c lu. Ring nm rm n rt nhanh v th cn c chuyn ngay n ni tiu dng hoc ch bin hoc ni thong, mt (8 10OC). II. Ct gi nm 1. Phng php phi, sy kh.

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y l cch thng c p dng cho vic x l cc nm thu hi t thin nhin v cc nm mc trn g nh nm hng, mc nh, ngn nh, nm hng chn ngn (s), nhng i khi c p dng c cho nm rm v nm m. Sy kh l bin php rt thch hp cho vic sn xut nm hng i tr v th hiu tiu dng loi nm ny. Phng php tin hnh l cho nm vo l sy chuyn dng ri t t nng nhit theo trnh t nh sau: nhit bt u khi sy l 30OC, c 30 pht li tng 1 2OC cho ti khi t nhit 50 OC th dng li v nhit trong vng 12 - 13 gi. Cui cng nng nhit ln 60OC to hng v lm bng mt m nm. i vi nm s, nm rm ngi ta cng c th tin hnh sy tng t, nhng cho kh u, ngoi vic ri nm thnh lp nh nm hng ngi ta cn b, tch nm thnh 2 hoc nhiu mnh (i vi cc qu th to, dy v nc). i vi mc nh ngi ta thng sy kh trong l sy hay bng nh sng mt tri. Trc khi phi nm cn ngm 1 - 2 m tu tng ging. Nu ging c nhiu lng th nn ngm lu hn. Mun lng mau rng dng 2 - 3 qu qut ngm cng vi nm. Khi ngm thi gian, vt ra ra sch v em phi trn li st 2 - 3 ngy nm s kh. Mun nm c mu sc p hn, em nm phi kh ngm cho no nc (nm n ra nh khi ti), sau vt vo thng. Nu l ma nng ch cn y bng bao ti. Nu l ma ng nn dng nilon y kn gi cho nhit ln cao, 6 - 8 gi, sau khi c 2 - 3 gi nu thy nhit trong thng tng tc l c phn ng lng nm rng. Sau khi em ra sch v phi kh thm 1 ln na. Mun c 1kg nm mc nh kh cn c 6 - 8kg nm ti. Nhn dn ta nhiu ni cn sy nm trn than ci, gc bp. Bng cch ny cng gi c nm lu mc d hng v phn no b nh hng v khng cn thn nm b hi khi. Gn y ngi ta ng dng cch sy nm bng hi nc nng. Phng php ny trnh cho nm b bin dng v phn no gi c mu sc t nhin ca nm. Phng php ny c p dng ch yu cho nhng nm c qu th nc nh nm rm, nm s. 2. Phng php kh lnh nm. Nm ti c lm sch, ra ri ng vo trong nhng hp kn, sau a vo bung nhit thp (-20OC). Qu trnh lm mt nc din ra trong 12 - 16 gi (c th s dng bm cc thp (nh hn 1torr) h tr). Lng nc mt i khong 90% trng lng ti, c ngha l c 100kg nm ti ch cn thu c 10kg nm kh. Hn ch ca phng php ny l cng ngh x l i hi tn km kinh ph. 3. Phng php ng lnh nm. Sau khi nm c nht v ra sch, ng vo hp v a vo phng nhit thp (-120 OC) trong nit lng, trong thi gian 4 pht x l (vi nm ct cung) hoc 6 pht (vi nm cn c cung). Sn phm em ct gi nhit -25OC. Nm c gi nhit trn, cht lng ca sn phm hu nh khng thay i. Tuy vy, nu nhit ln ti 12 OC nm s bt u chuyn mu nu. Ngi ta ch s dng nhng nm c ng knh m 2,5cm ch bin theo phng php ny. Nm ng lnh c mi v v cht lng ging nh nm ti.

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4. ng hp nm. K thut ng hp nm bao gm cc bc sau: - Nht sch rc. - Ra. - Trn. - Phn loi - Cho nm vo hp. - ng hp - Kh trng. - Dn nhn. Qu th nm trc ht phi c nht sch rc, bi t bn...ri ct chn nm cho phng. Sau ra nm bng nc, trong my, trong x, chu... v dng a c bng tre, g o nhiu ln. i khi, chng nm b bin mu ngi ta cho thm 100 gam axit chanh vo 100 lit nc. Qu trnh trn nm cng c tin hnh trong my hoc x, chu tng t nh ra nm, bng cch ngm nm vo trong nc si 5 - 7 pht. Thng ngi ta cho thm vo 100 lit nc si trn 300 gam mui n v i khi cng cho thm 50 - 100 gam axit chanh. Nc trn c th s dng nhiu ln, v th nn cho thm tng t 30 gam mui n v 5 - 10 gam axit chanh. Sau khi trn nm c lm ngui. Qua qu trnh trn khi lng nm gim khong 20 - 25%, mt phn ng k cc cht thm ca nm b mt i qua qu trnh trn nm. Nm sau khi trn c phn loi nh sau: - Nm loi 1: Nm c kch thc ti 35cm, qu th cn ng v khng b xy xt. Cung cho php di ti 10mm, khng c di v khng c ct. - Nm loi 2: Nm h m, khng b xy xt, c cung, cho php c m hoc khng. - Nm loi 3: Nm khng xy xt, n v cng cho php b ct thnh tng ming hoc tng on. Sau khi phn loi, nm c ng vo hp hoc bnh thu tinh trong nc mui n 1%. Hp cha nm thng c sc cha khong 125 - 150g, 500g, 1000g hoc cng c th s dng can nha 5 - 10 lt ng nm. Hp hay bnh cha c ng li v em kh trng. Tt nht kh trng trong ni p sut (autoclave). Thi gian kh trng ph thuc vo dng hp, ln ca hp v kh nng mn cm ca nm. Ni chung cc hp v bnh c kh trng 15 pht nhit 115 OC 123 OC. Cc nm c th kh trng nhiu ln nhit 100 OC (un si). Thi gian kh trng lc ny ph thuc vo hp (hp 125 - 250g trong 80 pht; hp 500 - 1000g trong 120 pht...). Sau khi kh trng chuyn ngay sang nhit phng ngui v dn nhn. 5. Mui nm. y l cch ph bin ct gi nm c lu ngy. Chn nm non, lc mi h m cho khu v ngon nht, em ct gt cho sch, ri ra tht sch. Tu loi nm m thi gian luc lu hay ngn. Sau lm sch t ngt, vt ra cho ro nc, ri cho vo gn y dng c ng nm ( thau, chu, vi hoc chai l...) c np y kn.

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 nc mui 22% c thm 0,1% vitamin C (hoc dm, chanh) cho nm c mu ti nguyn. y lng np v em hp thanh trng trong thi gian 60 pht. Sau khi hp, lc nhit xung cn 80 -85OC th vn np cho cht, trong np cn c ming m cao su cho kn ri em bo qun ni thong mt. Phng php ny cho php ct gi nm trong 1 nm. Nm mui c coi l bin php s ch nm sau chuyn ti c s hoc n cc quc gia c iu kin ht nc ra v ng hp nm. III. Ch bin nm. Nm ti, nm ng kh, nm ng hp cng nh nm sy kh hoc mui c ch bin theo nhiu cch khc nhau tu thuc vo th hiu, khu v v mc ch ca cc mn n. Ngi ta c th s dng nm lm gia v trong yn tic, ch bin nm lm thc phm trong cc ba n hng ngy nh rn, xo, nu canh, kho, nu cho... Cng c th ch bin nm lm thc phm hn hp nh m nm, nc gii kht nm (nm shitacola) Hoc ch bin thnh dc liu (cao nm, vin nm, ru nm...). -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Vit Chng. Kinh nghim trng nm rm v nm mo. Nh xut bn Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2003. 2. ng Hng Dt. K thut nui trng nm m, nm rm, nm s, nm hng v mc nh. Nh xut bn H Ni, 2002. 3. Nguyn Ln Dng. Cng ngh nui trng nm (T1) Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni, 2001. 4. Nguyn Hu ng (Ch bin). Nm n - C s khoa hc v cng ngh nui trng. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni, 1997. 5. Nguyn Hu ng, inh Xun Linh. Nm n, nm dc liu - Cng dng v cng ngh nui trng. Nh xut bn H Ni, 2000. 6. Trn nh ng, Nguyn Hu Ngoan. K thut trng nm m, nm rm, nm s. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, TP H Ch Minh, 2003. 7. Trnh Tam Kit. Nm ln Vit Nam (T1). Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1981. 8. Trnh Tam Kit (Ch bin). Sinh hc v k thut nui trng nm n. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni, 1986. 9. Tt Li, L Duy Thng, Trn Vn Luyn. Nm linh chi, nui trng v s dng. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni, 1994. 10. Dng c Tin, V vn Chi. Phn loi hc thc vt - Thc vt bc thp. Nh xut bn i hc v THCN, H Ni, 1986.

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Thi gian v tc gi: - Ngy son tho: 20 thng 12 nm 2007 - Thnh phn nhm son tho H v tn Nguyn B Hai Ngh nghip Gio vin n v Khoa Nng hc a ch 49/107-Phng Hng, TP. Hu, tnh Tha Thin Hu

Ngy trnh chng trnh mn hc: 28 thng 12 nm 2007 Chun chng trnh mn hc c ph duyt bi B mn v Hi ng khoa hc ngnh Trng trt. Trng B mn Trng Khoa

ThS. L Th Hoa

TS. L Tin Dng

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