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RLE 2-3.

Catuncan and Ceidoza

A wave is a traveling disturbance. A wave carries energy from place to place.

1.

Transverse wave - one in which the disturbance occurs perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave.

Examples:
Radio waves Light waves Microwaves strings of instruments (guitars and banjos)

Longitudinal wave - one in which the disturbance occurs parallel to the line of travel of the wave.

Example:

sound waves
Some waves are neither transverse nor longitudinal. For instance, in a water wave the motion of the water particles is not strictly perpendicular or strictly parallel to the line along which the wave travels. Instead, the motion includes both transverse and longitudinal components, since the water particles at the surface move on nearly circular paths.

Catuncan and Ceidoza

The transverse and longitudinal waves are called Periodic Waves because they consist of cycles or patterns that are produced over and over again by the source.

F = cycles per second or Hertz (Hz) T = seconds (s)

Equation:

= 1/T

For instance, one-tenth of a second to pass an observer, then ten cycles pass the observer per second.

Solution:

= 1/ (0.1s) = 10 cycle/s = 10 Hz

V = meters per seconds (m/s) = meters (m) T = time (s) Imagine waiting at a railroad crossing, while a train moves by at a constant speed. The train consists of a long line of identical boxcars, each of which has a length and requires time to pass, so the speed is v= /T. This same equation applies for a wave and relates the speed of the wave to the wavelength and the period T.

v= / T = f

AM and FM radio waves consisting of electric and magnetic disturbances traveling at a speed of 3.00 x 108 s/m. A station broadcast an AM radio wave whose frequency is 1230 x 103 Hz (1230 kHz on the dial) and an FM radio wave whose frequency is 91.9 x 106 Hz ( 91.9 MHz on the dial). Find the distance or length between each wave.
Solution:

AM = v/f = 3.00 x 108 m/s / 1230 x 103 Hz = 244m FM = v/f= 3.00 x 108 m/s / 91.9 x 106 Hz = 3.26m

Nature of Sound

Nature of Sound

Condensation and Rarefaction

Frequency of a sound wave

Frequency of a sound wave

Frequency of a sound wave

Frequency of a sound wave

Pressure amplitude

Other terms

SUBSTANCE

SPEED (m/s)

Gases
Air (0oC) Air (20oC) Carbon Dioxide (0oC) Oxygen (0oC) Helium (0oC) Liquids Chloroform (20oC) Ethyl alcohol (20oC) Mercury (20oC) Fresh water (20oC) Seawater (20oC) 1004 1162 1450 1482 1522 331 343 259 316 965

Solids
Copper Glass (Pyrex) Lead Steel 5010 5640 1960 5960

Sound intensity is defined as the sound power per unit area. The usual context is the measurement of sound intensity in the air at a listener's location. The basic units 2 or watts/cm2 . are watts/m

Many sound intensity measurements are made relative to a standard threshold of hearing intensity I0 :

The most common approach to sound intensity measurement is to use the decibel scale:

Decibels measure the ratio of a given intensity I to the threshold of hearing intensity , so that this threshold takes the value 0 decibels (0 dB). To assess sound loudness, as distinct from an objective intensity measurement, the sensitivity of the ear must be factored in.

Threshold of Hearing

Sound level measurements in decibels are generally referenced to a standard threshold of hearing at 1000 Hz for the human ear which can be stated in terms of sound intensity.

Decibel

Measurement of loudness that ranges from the threshold of hearing, 0dB to the threshold of pain, about 140dB. The term decibel is actually two words: deci, meaning one-tenth, and bel, named after Alexander Graham Bell.

Sound loudness Subjective term describing the strength of the ear's perception of a sound.

D ECIBEL

D ECIBEL ( D B)

It is a measurement unit used when comparing two sound intensities. Unit of intensity of sound It can be measured with a soundlevel meter.

I NTENSITY L EVEL

It is a comparison of the intensity of one sound and the intensity of a reference sound. It is defined on a logarithmic scale as follows: = 10 log (I/I) where I is a reference intensity to which other intensities I are compared (for sound, I = 10-12 W/m2)

Intensity level is a unitless quantity because the units of I/I cancel. It has a dimensionless unit called decibel (dB)

E XAMPLE

The sound in an average classroom has an intensity of 10 -7W/m2 = I


(for sound, I = 10-12 W/m2) (a) Calculate the intensity level of that sound (b) if the sound intensity is doubled, what is the new sound intensity level?

S OLUTION = 10 LOG (I/I )

(a) The ratio of the sound intensity I and the reference intensity I is

= 105

= 10 log 105 = 10(5) = 50dB

( B ) I F I IS DOUBLED , THE RATIO OF I AND I BECOMES : 2X


= X 105 =2

therefore: 10 log (2 X 105) = 10 (5.3) = 53dB

The relation between intensity and loudness is not a simple proportionality, because doubling the intensity does not double the loudness.

F OR

EXAMPLE :

You are in front of a stereo system that is producing an intensity level of 90 dB. If you turn up the amplifier to produce a 91 dB level, you would just barely notice the change in loudness.
Hearing tests shows that one-decibel change in the intensity level correspond to the smallest change in loudness that a listener with normal hearing can detect.

To double the loudness of a sound, the intensity must be increased by more than a factor of two. Experiment shows that if the intensity level increases by 1- dB, the new sound would be twice as loud as the original sound.

Named after Austrian Physicist CHRISTIAN DOPPLER

DOPPLER EFFECT is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave.

Doppler Ultrasound Gel acts as conductor for sound waves to the patients skin

Next Generation Weather Rader

Based on radar waves Radar pulses are sent by the unit and waves reflect from the water droplets and return to the unit

APPLICATIONS OF SOUND IN MEDICINE


Stethoscopy and Ultrasonography

Stethoscopy
Used

to listen to the internal sounds of the human body since the early 19th century Involves reverberation of sounds

Ultrasonography
an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used for visualizing subcutaneous body structures "ultrasound" applies to all acoustic energy (longitudinal, mechanical wave) with a frequency above 20 kHz

Ultrasound and pregnancy

Ultrasound and kidney stones

Ultrasound in dental hygiene

Ultrasound and tumor removal by CUSA

Ultrasound and tumor removal by heating

Ultrasound and movement (The Doppler Effect)

Ultrasound and cataract treatment

Ultrasound and bone healing

Ultrasound and the blood-brain barrier

Sound Intensity - Sound power (Pac) per unit area (A) Sound frequency - Sound cycles per second Although the ear is capable of detecting sound intensities as small as 1 x 10 -12 W/m2 , it is not equally sensitive to all frequencies

Each curve is a constant loudness curve because it shows the sound intensity level needed at each frequency to make the sound appear to have the same loudness. Threshold of hearing - lowest curve, most quiet audible tone The ear is most sensitive in the range of about 1-5 kHz, and becomes less sensitive at higher and lower frequencies

These constant loudness curves become flatter as the loudness increases which indicates that the ear is equally sensitive to all frequencies when the sound is loud.

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