MPEG: THNH TU V K VNG 16.05.2007 16:38 Th.S.

Nguyn c Hong C l bn qu quen thuc vi cm t MPEG, v bn mun c mt ci nhn mang tnh tng hp v cc chun ng dng ca MPEG vi nhng thnh tu v trin vng pht trin th bi vit ny c th gip bn iu . Bi vit ny c lc dch t bi vit MPEG: achievements and future projects ca tc gi Leonardo Chiariglione. Mc tiu ca bi vit ny khng nhm vo vic trnh by cc chun MPEG m hng n vic phn tch thi c hnh thnh chun, mt s u im v c tnh k thut, nhng thnh tu t c cng nh d on s pht trin trong tng lai ca MPEG. 4 chun ng dng quan trng nht ca MPEG c quan tm l: MPEG-1 v MPEG-2 bc chuyn i t analog vo digital v cc ng dng pht trin theo ; MPEG-4 qu trnh pht trin v cc lnh vc ng dng; MPEG-7 chin lc pht trin cng ngh multimedia. 1. Gii thiu. Vic chuyn i cng ngh nghe nhn t analog n digital l mt bc ngoc pht trin m cng u thuc v mt nhm cc chun c xy dng t mt phn ban ca ISO. Hi ngh u tin v MPEG vo thng 5/1988 ch c 15 ngi tham d v ch t chc trong mt bui duy nht. Trong khi , ngy nay cc hi ngh v MPEG thu ht rt nhiu ngi tham gia v phi t chc trong nhiu bui. Cc chun MPEG m ng cho s xut hin ca cc thit b nh: Video CD, set top boxes, v cc dch v s nh: pht sng audio s, truyn ti hnh nh, m thanh trn Web, S thnh cng ca MPEG da trn nhiu yu t, nhng c l yu t quan trng u tin l s xut hin ng thi im. MPEG xut hin vo thi im m cng ngh vi x l c th to ra cc chip x l c phc tp t yu cu thc hin c cc gii thut m ha audio v video. Hn na, MPEG thnh cng nh thu ht c s hp tc ca tt c cc cng ngh mi c lin quan v s h tr ca cc chuyn gia k thut trong ngnh cng nghip nghe-nhn. Mc tiu ca MPEG l s dng c cho nhiu ng dng nghe nhn khc nhau ty theo h thng phn phi. Mt yu t thnh cng khc phi xt n l MPEG cung cp gii php chun ha lm nn tng cho nh sn xut c th tung nhng sn phm audio v video s ra th trng. 2. ng n MPEG. Bt u t cui nm 1980, vn m ha audio v video s c mt s bc khi ng nh sau: CCITT gii thiu chun m ha video H.261 c tc px64 kbit/s (p = 1 ( 30); Trung tm nghin cu David Sarnoff (David Sarnoff Research Center) gii thiu DVI (Digital Video Interactive), h thng lu tr video, audio tng tc v d liu trn CD-ROM; Philips a ra thit b c chc nng tng t: FMV (Full-Motion Video) cho CD-I (Compact Disc Interactive); CMTT ang tm cch c th m ha tn hiu truyn hnh tc 34/45 Mbit/s cho mc

tiu phn phi. RAI (hng truyn hnh ), v Telettra pht trin m ha s cho vic phn phi HDTV bng v tinh; D n chu u EU 147 DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) c khi ng a ra h thng mi cho vic pht sng radio m nhc cht lng Compact-disc. MPEG l t vit tt ca Moving Picture Experts Group gm nhm cc chuyn gia nghin cu ra mt s vn phi gii quyt i vi video, audio nh sau: - Audio v video khng n gin ch l hai tn hiu, chng xy ra ng thi v c mi quan h cht ch v thi gian nn phi bo ton c mi quan h ny khi chuyn t analog sang digital. - Chun chung m ha audio v video phi ng dng c trong nhiu cng ngh khc nhau, ch n nhng vn c th ny sinh i vi nhng cng ngh c c th s khng cn tn ti lu di. - cc cng ngh khc nhau c th s dng c, chun t c ch cn p ng c yu cu ti thiu v giao tip lm vic vi nhau. - Ni dung nghe-nhn phi c hiu gia cc cng ngh m khng gp ro cn no t vn k thut. 3. MPEG-1, khi ng thit b s. n ca chun MPEG-1 c tn l: M ha nh ng kt hp audio cho vic lu tr s tc khong 1.5 Mbit/s. Mc tiu l cung cp gii php cho cng ngh in t dn dng (tng tc video trn a compact disc) c tham chiu n k thut m CCITT a ra l H261 (phng php nn video dng cho video hi ngh videoconferencing, videotelephone truyn trn bng thng 64 kbps), v tm gii php nn m thanh cht lng cao cho pht sng. Sau hn 4 nm lm vic tp trung, chun MPEG-1 c cng b gm 5 phn: Phn 1 xc nh cch thc m ha nhiu dng audio v video cng vi nhau, Phn 2 cch thc m ha 1 dng video, Phn 3 cch thc m ha 1 dng audio, Phn 4 cch thc gii m dng bit c thc hin m ha t 3 phn u, Phn 5 l phn mm hon chnh vit bng ngn ng C thc hin m ha v gii m. MPEG-1 tp hp c nhiu yu t u tin nh sau: y l chun tch hp nghe-nhn u tin. Chun u tin nh ngha cho bn thu ch khng phi cho bn pht. Qu trnh hiu nhau chun ha bn thu ch khng phi t bn pht. N l chun u tin c th thc hin m ha tn hiu video m khng ph thuc vo nh dng video (NTSC/PAL/SECAM). y l chun u tin pht trin vi s tham gia ca tt c cc ngnh cng nghip trong lnh vc nghe-nhn. y cng l chun u tin pht trin hon ton trn phn mm (sn phm phn mm cho chun). y l chun u tin c mc cht lng c cng nhn (cho audio). T thi im chun c cng nhn vo 11/1992. MPEG-1 t c chui thnh cng: ng dng MPEG-1 lu tr phim trn Video CD vi cht lng VHS v m thanh audio r; MPEG-1 l nh dng video v audio chun dng trong PC. T Windows 95 cho n cc

phin bn sau ny u c phn mm gii m MPEG-1; Audio ca MPEG-1 c s dng rng ri trn Web, c bit l phin bn MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer III); Cc camera cm tay dng chun MPEG-1 ch c trng lng vi trm gram. 4. MPEG-2, truyn hnh s. MPEG-1 l chun m ha nghe nhn u tin ca nhm MPEG nn mc ng dng cn hn ch. ng dng cho lnh vc truyn hnh, cn c chun ci tin ph hp hn v cng ngh v nhiu loi dch v c th. Mt s yu cu cn gii quyt i vi ng dng truyn hnh s nh sau: K thut video MPEG-1 thc hin m ha nh theo c ch qut lin tc (non-interlaced cn gi l progressive). Tuy nhin, chng trnh truyn hnh m hng t ngi ang xem trn TV c c ch qut xen k (interlaced). (nh truyn hnh thc hin qut xen k theo hai dng l 625/50 hoc 525/59,94.) Cc h thng MPEG-1 cung cp giao tip audio v video ghp knh s kh l tng nhm t hiu qu cao v khng li. Vi h thng phn phi dng cho pht sng truyn hnh th khng t c nhng c tnh l tng v giao tip nh trong h thng MPEG-1. Truyn hnh s i hi nhiu loi audio, iu ny c ngha l phi h tr a knh audio. Mt s thnh vin ca MPEG li mong mun c s h tr tng tc cho truyn hnh mt mc no , do vy cn phi c mt protocol tng tc. Mt khc bit chnh ca truyn hnh s so vi truyn hnh analog l cht lng. Truyn hnh s lun t c hnh nh cht lng cao v t b nhiu. Mt chun truyn hnh s phi h tr phng php bo v ni dung, ngn cm nhng ngi s dng khng c bn quyn. Tn ca n gii quyt cc yu cu trn l: M ha chung cho nh ng v audio kt hp cn gi l MPEG-2. Sau hn 4 nm bt u t 7/1990 n 11/1994, chun MPEG-2 c hon thnh. V cu trc, MPEG-2 tng t MPEG-1 nhng c thm mt s phn mi. Phn 1 nh ngha 2 loi ghp knh. Loi u tin gi l Program Stream tng t h thng MPEG-1. Loi th hai gi l Transport Stream nh ngha lp truyn nm giao din ca cc h thng tng t-s (mng cp, v tinh, mt t,). Phn ny cng bao gm c cu trc v u tin khi truy cp vo h thng iu khin. Phn 2 nng cp t MPEG-1 bng cch h tr cng c m ha video qut xen k. Phn 3 nng cp MPEG-1 t m thanh stereo thnh m thanh a knh c kh nng tng thch ngc (ngha l b gii m MPEG-1 c th ly c thng tin m thanh stereo t dng bit audio ca MPEG-2). Phn 4 v 5 tng t nhng phn tng ng trong MPEG-1. Phn 6 c tn Digital Storage Media Command and Control DMS-CC h tr nghi thc iu khin cc dng thng tin nghe-nhn nhm thit lp cc chng trnh nghe-nhn trn mng v pht sng. Phn 7 c tn l Advanced Audio Coding - ACC, khng tng thch vi MPEG-1 theo cch m ha stereo v audio a knh. Vi ACC, ch cn tc bit nh m ha audio MPEG-1 Layer II cng c th t c cht lng tng ng. Phn 9 c tn l Real Time Interface for System Decoders - RTI, xc nh mc jitter (trt) m h thng gii m c th chp nhn. MPEG-2 cng t c nhiu thnh cng. Trong 4 nm u k t khi chun c cng

nhn, th gii nghe-nhn thay i hon ton: Khong 20 triu u gii m (set top boxs) cho v tinh v cp c bn ra. Khong 2 triu u DVD cng c bn. Cc dch v truyn hnh mt t MPEG-2 c bt u M (HDTV) v Anh (TV thng thng). Profile 4:2:2 dng trong studio truyn hnh v dng vi cht lng cao. Profile 4:2:2 l mt profile quan trng cho cc ng dng cht lng cao ca MPEG-2. Ngoi profile 4:2:2 c mt vi profile khc nh sau: Simple (khng c ni suy frame), Main v 3 profile (SNR, Spatial, High). Ngoi ra cn c Multiview Profile MVP l profile cng thm s dng cng c m ha video MPEG-2 m ha hiu qu 2 chui video t 2 camera quay cng 1 cnh nhng khc nhau mt gc quay nh. B sung cho cc profile l cc Levels ng vi phn gii ca nh (TV/HDTV). MPEG-2 c chp nhp bi hai l cho chnh. Trc tin l video t c cht lng cao. Ngi ta kim tra v thy rng tc nn 6 Mbit/s cht lng tng ng composite video (NTSC/PAL/SECAM), tc 9 Mbit/s cht lng tng ng component video (Y, R-Y, BY). Th hai l chun c h tr t nhiu ngnh cng nghip bao gm cng nghip vi in t, ch to set top boxes (thit b chuyn dng MPEG-2 thnh tn hiu truyn hnh analog a n TV), Truyn hnh s cung cp hnh nh sc nt rt ph hp cho cc mi trng truyn nh v tinh, cp. Mt transponder v tinh trc y ch mang mt chng trnh truyn hnh th nay c th mang nhiu chng trnh truyn hnh hn nn s rt kinh t. MPEG-2 c kh nng h tr nhiu loi dch v truyn hnh. H thng MPEG-2 cung cp 2 loi thng ip: Entitlement Control Messages ECM, v Entitlement Manegement Messages EMM. Cc thng ip ny c gi cc kha n b gii m cp pht quyn thu cc chng trnh c m (scramble). 5. MPEG-4, hi ng gia truyn hnh v web. Trong vi nm tr li y, mt s ng dng c s dng nhiu nht l: nh ng v audio (truyn hnh); Hyperlink, cc kt ni trong th gii o (lin kt web); Tng tc trong th gii o (game, chat trn mng).

Vi ng dng ny, ngi ta c th tm c nhng thng tin c nhn v ngi khc, ni chuyn, chi vi h trn khng gian o. Chun k thut c th cung cp tch hp nhng ng dng ny c nhm MPEG khi cng nghin cu t 6/1993 vi tn gi ca n l M ha i tng nghe-nhn (audio-visual objects) cn gi l MPEG-4. Cc c im thit k ca chun MPEG-4 c th tm tt nh sau: Tn hiu video c m ha rt hiu qu, c bit tc bit thp c th truyn trn knh thoi, Internet, cc knh in thoi di ng. S dng gii thut m ha video c kh nng nng cp c th m ha video vi tc bit cao hn (cht lng hn) s dng cho cc mc ch pht sng, truyn trn bng thng rng.

 M ha tn hiu audio, ting ni (speech), m nhc vi tc bit khc nhau. Cung cp mc li khc nhau trong gii thut m ha, hng n ng dng cho in thoi di ng. D liu video c m ha tch ring i tng (ngi, xe chy,) v phn nn ca nh video. Biu din m nhc tng hp vt cht lng MIDI. C hiu ng khng gian 3D audio. C th tng hp cc i tng nghe-nhn trong mt khng gian 3D biu din hnh theo 2D v m thanh 3D. Cung cp nghi thc phc v cho vic tng tc. Dng 1 nh dng file thng nht trao i gia ngi s dng v server hoc client. M rng nh dng URL ca Web hon thin cc nghi thc dng cho lu tr, phn phi d liu nghe nhn trong thi gian thc. Bo v ni dung ch nhng ngi c bn quyn mi c truy cp. Nhng c im n tng ny c xy dng bi ng gp tr tu ca 300 chuyn gia t 200 cng ty ca 20 quc gia thc hin trong 5.5 nm cho thy s bao hm ca nhiu cng ngh v mc hi t k thut. Kt qu cui cng l chun MPEG-4 hay ISO/IEC 14496 gm 6 phn vi chc nng mi phn c nng cp t cc phn tng ng ca MPEG-2. C th xem MPEG-4 l mt tp ca cc k thut c chun ha v c th dng thc hin cc ng dng mi hoc nng cp nhng ng dng c. Mt s ng dng da trn MPEG-4 nh sau: Audio on Demand trn Web. Audio MPEG-4 16 Kbit/s cho cht lng kh tt dng cho nhng ng dng thng mi ph hp tc bit trn mng Web hin nay. Pht sng radio s trn knh bng hp, v d: radio AM. Dch v pht sng ny s dng bng thng 6 KHz c th truyn tc 24 Kbit/s v cung cp thm nhiu dch v s mi. Cc dch v video trn Web. Kh nng tng hp cc cc nh 2D cho mc tiu qung co, gii thiu vn ha, Multimedia tng tc trn in thoi di ng. Cc dch v video v audio MPEG-4 vi mc cht lng nhng khc nhau c th s dng hiu qu trn cc knh in thoi di ng. Pht sng multimedia s. Cc trm pht sng theo DAB chu u/Canada c th c s dng pht sng multimedia tng tc. Cc trm khc c th pht trin d dng bng v tinh cung cp dch v cho ngi ang di chuyn. Hng dn chng trnh in t EPG (Electronic Program Guides). Kh nng tng hp hnh 2D khi dng cho mc tiu EPG c th t c nhiu u im vt tri. Cc thc nghim thc t o (Virtual Reality) trn Web. Kh nng nn cao ca MPEG-4 v kh nng ch download d liu cn thit khin cho MPEG-4 l cng c hiu qu gia nhp vo th gii o s dng cc dng truyn c tc bit ph hp vi tc truyn ti trn Web hin nay. Khng gian o trn Web. Kh nng tng hp ca MPEG-4 c th to ra nhng khng gian o cho nhng thc nghim th v trn Web. Tng tc multimedia cc b. Cc th gii o c th lu tr trn CD-ROM hoc DVD-ROM, c th cp nht online t Web hoc knh pht sng. 6. MPEG-7, m t thng tin multimedia.

Vic thit lp kho thng tin vi nhng thng tin dng xc nh, truy tm c quan tm t lu. Trong th gii ca truyn hnh s cng i hi cc phng php c th xc nh thng tin mong mun. c tnh k thut SI (Service Information) cung cp thng tin v s kin c pht sng trn dng ghp knh MPEG-2 nh: Nh cung cp ni dung v dch v, M t ni dung (phn loi v text), Loi dch v (TV, radio, teletext, NVOD), M t phn loi phn cp, V tr khng gian / thi gian ca s kin, Loi thnh phn thng tin (audio, video,) - Loi thnh phn (16/9 video, stereo audio,) - M t vn bn ca thnh phn.

Ni dung c phn thnh 16 loi nh sau:

Mi loi trn c th phn thm thnh 16 loi nh, v d: S thch lc rnh ri c th phn thm nh sau:

MPEG-4 s dng thng tin ni dung i tng OCI (Object content information) m t thng tin v cc i tng nghe-nhn. Cc m t v ni dung thng l: m t phn loi ni dung, m t t kha, m t th loi, m t ngn ng, m t vn bn, v m t v vic to ra ni dung. Cc m t OCI c th cha trong cc b m t i tng lin quan hoc b m t dng thnh phn, hoc c th truyn trong chnh dng thnh phn. Mt dng OCI c sp xp theo chui cc s kin cha mt tp cc m t OCI. Thng cc m t theo dng vn bn, nhng i vi audio v video vic m t khng n gin nh th m phc tp hn nhiu. MPEG-7 nhm n mc tiu m t c ni dung audio v video. MPEG-7 dng Giao din m t ni dung multimedia (Multimedia Content Description Interface) bao gm mt tp chun ca cc b m t cho nhiu loi thng tin mutimedia khc nhau. Ngn ng chun ha dng m t trong MPEG-7 l ngn ng DDL Description Definition Language. Cc d liu nghe-nhn nh nh tnh, ha, m hnh 3D, audio, video, c kt hp trong mt biu din multimedia gip cho vic nh du, tm kim d dng. 7. Kt lun. MPEG l mt cu chuyn thnh cng. N c pht trin t nhiu thnh phn khc nhau ca cng ngh multimedia v c tng hp tr thnh cc chun ng dng mnh ng thi im. Cc chun MPEG l sn phm t tham vng ca hng trm nh nghin cu khp th gii v hin nay vn cn ang c tip tc nghin cu nhm a ra chun ng dng ph hp vi nhu cu pht trin ngy cng cao ca con ngi v cng ngh. Ngy nay, nhng k thut c pht trin trong phng th nghim c a ra thnh cc sn phm v dch v. S pht trin ca cc chun MPEG mang li nhiu li ch cho tt c ngnh cng nghip ng dng, trin khai n.