B nb|thg|bzfan cbdm th lebni; obzza`g tfm dm~t|}ntah` hc }|lb` Kbzb`d}|a`g Wh|ed Wb| AA
Dbsad Cmdob`
%
b`d Nb|q Ib|bnb~
b
Dmzb|tom`t hc Fa~th|q% ^tb`ch|d ]`asm|~atq% 4=: ^m||b Obee% L}aeda`g <::% ^tb`ch|d% NB 14>:=% ]`atmd ^tbtm~
l
Dmzb|tom`t hc Zheatanbe ^nam`nm% Mnh`hoan~% b`d Zfaeh~hzfq% Tfm Natq ]`asm|~atq hc @mw Qh|i% Nheemgm hc ^tbtm` A~eb`d% <@/<<4% <6:: Santh|q Lesd.%^tbtm` A~eb`d% @Q 2:>24% ]`atmd ^tbtm~
Bl~t|bnt
A` tfa~ zbzm| wm mvboa`m tfm fa~th|q% z|hd}ntah`% b`d }~m
m
z|bntanbe b`d |fmth|anbe
m
hc obz~ n|mbtmd lq tfm ]`atmd ^tbtm~ ghsm|`om`t d}|a`g Wh|edWb| AA b~ |mebtmd thtfm dmsmehzom`t b`d mvmn}tah` hc bm|abe lhola`g zheanam~ bgba`~t Kbzb`. D|bwa`g c|ho b |b`gm hc obz~ b`d z|aob|q dhn}om`t~ n}eemdc|ho eal|b|am~ b`d b|nfasm~ a` tfm ]`atmd ^tbtm~% wm b|g}m tfbt obz~ z|hsadm b` aozh|tb`t% b`d fatfm|th `mgemntmd% omb`~ tf|h}gf wfanf th t|bnm tfmmvzeh|btah` b`d msm`t}be mol|bnm hc tfm a`nm`dab|q lhola`g hc Kbzb`
‑
~ natam~. A` zb|tan}eb|% h}| bao a~ th ~fhw fhw obz~% beh`g watf tfm om` wfh obdmb`d }~md tfmo% zebqmd b nm`t|be |hem a` tfm zeb``a`g b`d z|h~mn}tah` hc ba| |bad~ h` }|lb` Kbzb`. Wm be~h bdd|m~~ tfm ohlaea{btah` hc Bom|anb`gmhg|bzfm|~ a`th tfm wb| mcch|t% tfm |m/nh`
fl
g}|btah` hc Bom|anb
‑
~ ~zbtabe a`tmeeagm`nm nhoo}`atq d}|a`g Wh|ed Wb| AA% b`d tfm wbq~ a` wfanf obz~ wm|mnh`~t|}ntmd a` tfm nh`tmvt hc thtbe wb|.
Þ
<:2< Me~msam| Etd. Bee |agft~ |m~m|smd.
Imqwh|d~;
Ba| |bad~9 Nb|thg|bzfq9 Dhoanadm9 Kbzb`m~m natam~9 ]|lanadm9 Wh|ed Wb| AA
A` Cml|}b|q 214<% Bom|anb`~ |}~fmd th dmzb|tom`t ~th|m~%
fl
sm/b`d/daom~% b`d htfm| |mtbae ~fhz~ a` ~mb|nf hc wh|ed obz~.
Tfmqfbd lmm` a`~t|}ntmd th fbsm ~}nf b obz `mb|lq wfm` tfma| Z|m~a/dm`t gbsm b` aozh|tb`t
‖
fl
|m~adm nfbt
‑
tfbt oh`tf. Watf tfma|47/nm`t \b`d On@beeq Zhnimt Wh|ed Obz~ a` fb`d b`d Gmhg|bzfabGab`t Wb| Obz~ za``md th tfma| wbee~% tfmq ea~tm`md th b |bdahbdd|m~~ a` wfanf tfm z|m~adm`t b~imd tfmo th
‖
tbim h}t b`d ~z|mbdlmch|m qh} b obz hc tfm wfhem mb|tf.
‑
B~~}oa`g tfm |hem hc gmhg|bzfm|/a`/nfamc% Z|m~adm`t C|b`iea` \hh~msmet mvzeba`md tfbttfm n}||m`t wb| wb~ daccm|m`t c|ho htfm|~
‖
`ht h`eq a` at~ omtfhd~b`d wmbzh`~ l}t be~h a` at~ gmhg|bzfq
.
. At a~ wb|cb|m a` tm|o~ hc msm|q nh`ta`m`t% msm|q a~eb`d% msm|q ba|eb`m a` tfm wh|ed.
‑
\hh~m/smet
‑
~ tbei lhtf z|hohtmd b`d |m
mntmd b nfb`ga`g
‖
gmhg|bzfanbez~qnfhehgq
‑
a` tfm ]`atmd ^tbtm~ l|h}gft blh}t lq Wh|ed Wb| AA.Obz b`d gehlm ~bem~ ~iq|hnimtmd% md}nbtah`be a`~tat}tah`~ btbee emsme~ z|hohtmd tfm tmbnfa`g hc gmhg|bzfq% b`d Bom|anb`~%nh`~}oa`g `mw~ |mzh|t~ hc wb|taom dmsmehzom`t~% |mzmbtmdeqt}|`mdtfma|gb{mthtfmobz~|mg}eb|eqcmbt}|mda``mw~zbzm|~b`dtfbt `hw f}`g z|hoa`m`teq a` neb~~|hho~% fhom~% b`d z}lean~zbnm~.
A` bddatah` th mvzb`da`g tfm gmhg|bzfan eatm|bnq hc Bom|anb`~%obz~ lmnbom a`tmg|be th tfm oq|abd mvagm`nam~ hc tfm wb| at~mec. A`tfm mb|eq zfb~m hc ].^. a`shesmom`t a` Wh|ed Wb| AA% Bom|anb`~ea~tm`mdthb`htfm|obz/|mebtmd|bdahbdd|m~~%tfa~h`mgasm`lqLaeeDh`hsb`%NfamchctfmHc
fl
nmhc^t|btmgan^m|sanm~&H^^!.A`dm~zm|btm`mmd hc ~zbtabe a`ch|obtah` blh}t tfm Bva~ Zhwm|~% Dh`hsb`% tfmob`nfb|gmdwatftfmm`fb`nmom`thc].^.a`tmeeagm`nmnbzblaeatam~%bzzmbemd th tfm z}lean ch| b`q nb|thg|bzfan obtm|abe~ zm|ta`m`t thtfm wb| mcch|t. Bnnh|da`g th Emh`b|d Wae~h`% b gmhg|bzfm| wh|ia`ga`tfmObz^mntah`hctfmH^^%Dh`hsb`
‑
~|mr}m~t
‖
l|h}gfta`beb|gm`}olm| hc obz~ b`d nh`~adm|blem t|bsme a`ch|obtah`.
‑
A` tfa~ b`db `}olm| hc wbq~ b~ wm da~n}~~ lmehw% tfm ].^. ghsm|`om`t
‑
~ hw`
+ Nh||m~zh`da`g b}tfh|.
M/obae bdd|m~~m~;
dcmdob`J~tb`ch|d.md}&D. Cmdob`!%nb|q.ib|bnb~Jn~a.n}`q.md}&N. Ib|bnb~!.
2
Z|m~adm`t
‑
~
‖
ze}g
‑
lhho~ obz t|bdm%
Tfm @mw Qh|i Taom~%
<< Cml|}b|q 214<% 2=b.
<
C.D.\. \mzh|t~ th Nh}`t|q h` ^tbtm hc Wb|% Tfm
@mw Qh|i Taom~%
<> Cml|}b|q 214<% 2.
>
Ch| b dmtbaemd da~n}~~ah` hc tfm nfb`gm~ a` tfa~ gmhg|bzfanbe z~qnfhehgq b`d tfm ~fact thwb|d~
‖
Ba| Bgm Gehlbea~o
‑
~mm D. Nh~g|hsm b`d S. Dh|b% Obzza`g gehlbe wb|; Eh~B`gmem~% tfm Zbna
fl
n% b`d Nfb|em~ Hwm`
‑
~ zanth|abe nb|thg|bzfq%
B``be~ hc tfm B~~hnabtah` hc Bom|anb` Gmhg|bzfm|~
1= &<::=! >7>
m
>1:9 B. Fm`|ai~h`% Tfm obz b~ b`
‖
admb
‑
; tfm|hem hc nb|thg|bzfan aobgm|q d}|a`g tfm ^mnh`d Wh|ed Wb|%
Tfm Bom|anb` Nb|thg|bzfm|
< &217=! 21
m
=>. Ch| b l|hbdm| da~n}~~ah` hc nfb`gm~ th gmhg|bzfanbe tfh}gft b`dmd}nbtah` a` tfm ].^. l|h}gft blh}t lq WWAA ~mm ^. ^nf}etm`%
Tfm Gmhg|bzfanbe Aobga`btah` a` Bom|anb% 266:
m
21=:
% Nfanbgh% <::2.
4
E. Wae~h`% Em~~h`~ c|ho tfm mvzm|am`nm hc tfm obz a`ch|obtah` ~mntah`% H^^%
Gmhg|bzfanbe \msamw
>1 &2141! >:<.
Nh`tm`t~ ea~t~ bsbaeblem bt^naSm|~m ^nam`nmDa|mnt
Kh}|`be hc Fa~th|anbe Gmhg|bzfq
kh}|`be fhomzbgm;www.me~msam|.nho(ehnbtm(kfg
:>:=/7466($
m
~mm c|h`t obttm|
Þ
m
‖
gmhg|bzfanbe z~qnfhehgq
‑
nfb`gmd |bdanbeeq b~ at bob~~md ~zbtabea`tmeeagm`nm th lm bzzeamd a` b sb|amtq hc wbq~% c|ho ehga~tanbe zeb`/`a`g th zheatanbe l|him|a`g% c|ho zehtta`g t|hhz ohsmom`t~ thtb|gmta`g ~atm~ ch| dm~t|}ntah` c|ho tfm ba|.
A` tfa~ b|tanem% wm chn}~h` tfa~ eb~t thzan% tfm |mebtah`~faz lmtwmm` obz~ b`d tfm ba| |bad~nb||amd h}t lq tfm ]`atmd ^tbtm~ B|oq Ba| Ch|nm~ &]^BBC!. A`zb|tan}eb|% h}| bao a~ th ~fhw fhw obz~% beh`g watf tfm om` wfhobdm b`d }~md tfmo% zebqmd b nm`t|be |hem a` tfm a`nm`dab|qlhola`ghcKbzb`
‑
~natam~lqtfm]^BBC
‑
~Twm`tamtfBa|Ch|nm%wfh~m~tbtmd oa~~ah`wb~ th
‖
bnfamsm tfm mb|eam~t zh~~alem dm~t|}ntah` b`dda~ehnbtah` hc tfm mnh`hoan ~q~tmo~% b`d th }`dm|oa`m tfm oh|bemhc tfm Kbzb`m~m zmhzem th b zha`t wfm|m tfma| nbzbnatq ch| wb| a~dmna~asmeq wmbim`md.
‑
Oh|m tfb` ~aozeq hnn}zqa`g
‖
b ~obee lbni |hho a` tfm fh}~m hc tfm Bom|anb` omoh|q%
‑
b~ Kbom~ Nb||hee ~}ggm~t~% tfm a`tm`tah`bedm~t|}ntah` hc 3= Kbzb`m~m natam~ |moba`~ h`m hc tfm oh~t ~t|aia`ggbz~ a`
m
ac `ht tfm eatm|bt}|m
m
tfm ].^. z}lean nh`~nah}~`m~~|mgb|da`g tfm obkh| msm`t~ hc Wh|ed Wb| AA.
Hl~n}|md lq |m~aeam`t`b||btasm~ hc
‖
tfm Ghhd Wb|
‑
% tfm bttm`tah` gasm` th tfm bthoanlhola`g~ hc Fa|h~faob b`d @bgb~bia% b`d b gm`m|be }`waeea`g`m~~th tbniem }`~mttea`g oh|be r}m~tah`~ blh}t tfm a`tm`tah`be eb|gm/~nbem tb|gmta`g hc nasaeab`~% tfm ].^. a`nm`dab|q lhola`g~ hc Kbzb`%wfanf iaeemd bt emb~t 267%::: zmhzem%
fbsm lmm` bzz|hz|abtmeqeblmemd
‖
b ch|ghttm` fhehnb}~t.
‑
Tfa~ m~~bq waee t|bnm tfm z|hnm~~ lq wfanf tfm Twm`tamtf Ba|Ch|nm
‑
~ mol|bnm hc }|lanadm b`d dhoanadm n|mzt h`th tfm obz
m
wfbt wm nbee tfm nb|thg|bzfan cbdm th lebni. D|bwa`g c|ho b nh|z}~hc obz~ b`d z|aob|q dhn}om`t~ n}eemd c|ho eal|b|am~ b`d b|nfasm~a` tfm ]`atmd ^tbtm~% h}| ghbe fm|m a~ th mvzeanbtm tfm `mv}~ hc obzz|hd}ntah` b`d tfm dm~t|}ntah` hc }|lb` Kbzb`% wfanf nh`~tat}tmdb zb|tan}eb|
‖
n}et}|m hc wb|
‑
% th lh||hw fa~th|ab` Khf` Dhwm|
‑
~tm|o.
A` tfm
fl
|~t hc tf|mm ~mntah`~% wm da~n}~~ tfm ohlaea{btah` hc obz~ b`d obzobim|~ a` tfm a`atabe zfb~m hc tfm wb| bgba`~t Kbzb`.A`tfm~mnh`d~mntah`wmmvboa`msabobz~z|hd}nmdch|hzm|btah`~b`beq~t~ a` Wb~fa`gth` D.N. fhw tfm ]^BBC nfb`gmd at~ h|aga`beeq/~tbtmd ~t|btmgq hc fagf betat}dm z|mna~ah` lhola`g hc oaeatb|qtb|gmt~ th }|lb` b|mb~ b`d tfm zhz}ebtah`~ watfa` tfmo. Wm tfm`t}|` h}| bttm`tah` th tfm |hem hc nb|thg|bzfq z|hd}nmd lq tfmTwm`tamtf Ba| Ch|nm
‑
~ VVA Lholm| Nhoob`d% wfanf c|ho at~fmbdr}b|tm|~ h` tfm ~obee a~eb`d hc G}bo a` tfm Zbna
fl
n Hnmb`da|mntmd tfm
fl
|mlhola`g nbozbag` bgba`~t Kbzb`
‑
~ natam~.Tfm nb|thg|bzfq hc tfm~m ba| |bad~% wm nh`tm`d% fb~ o}nf th ~bqblh}t tfm |fmth|an b`d |mbeatq hc thtbe wb|
m
b tm|o wm }~m fm|m thnh``htm% boh`g htfm| tfa`g~% tfm c}ee/h` ohlaea{btah` hc `btah`be|m~h}|nm~% tfm tmnf`hehganbe cb`btana~o%
tfm nh`
btah` hc nasaeab`~b`d nholbtb`t~%
tfm |bna~o%
b`d tfm gm`m|be cm|sh| tfbt wm|mnh`~tat}tasm nfb|bntm|a~tan~ hc Wh|ed Wb| AA. B~ tfa~ m~~bq waee ~fhw%wb|taom obz~ wm|m `ht h`eq b satbe nhozh`m`t hc tfm dbq/th/dbqhzm|btah`~ hc tfm lhola`g hc Kbzb`m~m natam~ d}|a`g Wh|ed Wb| AA%l}t be~h cbnaeatbtmd tfm ~zbtabe bl~t|bntah`~ tfbt wm|m zb|t b`dzb|nme hc thtbe wb|. Tfa~ a~ a` `h ~obee zb|t lmnb}~m obz i`hwemdgm%b~ K.L. Fb|emq w|atm~%beehw~ tfm nh`d}nt hc wb|cb|m lq |mohtm nh`t|he ~h tfbt
.
iaeea`g a~ tfbt oh|m mb~aeq nh`tmozebtmd. Oaeatb|q obz~ `hth`eq cbnaeatbtm tfm tmnf`anbe nh`d}nt hc wb|cb|m% l}t be~hzbeeabtm tfm ~m`~m hc g}aet wfanf b|a~m~ c|ho at~ nh`d}nt; tfm~aem`t ea`m~ hc tfmzbzm| eb`d~nbzm ch~tm| tfm `htah` hc ~hnabeeq moztq ~zbnm.
Tfm nb|thg|bzfq hc tfm Kbzb` ba| |bad~ tf|hw~ tfa~ zha`t a`th~fb|z |meamc. Nb|thg|bzfanbeeq b`d ea`g}a~tanbeeq |md}nmd th tb|gmt~%a`d}~t|abe ~atm~% b`d }|lb` ~q~tmo~% Kbzb`m~mnatam~ wm|m ~t|azzmd hc tfma| nh|zh|mbeatq. ^}nf ~zbtabe bl~t|bntah`~ a`ch|omd dmna~ah`~blh}t tfm dm~t|}ntah` hc }|lb` Kbzb` beh`g msm|q ~tmz hc tfm ~h/nbeemd
‖
iaee nfba`
‑
; tfm ~mr}m`nm hc a`tmeeagm`nm gbtfm|a`g% ~t|btmgan|m~mb|nf% ehga~tanbe zeb``a`g% b`d tbntanbe aozemom`tbtah` tfbtn}eoa`btmd a` mbnf bttbni. Tfm thzhg|bzfanbe obz~% tb|gmt nfb|t~%bm|abe zfhthg|bzf~% dbobgm b~~m~~om`t |mzh|t~% b`d htfm| nb|th/g|bzfan obtm|abe~ z|hd}nmd b~ b |m~}et hc tfa~ lhola`g nbozbag`tf}~ ~tb`d b~ aee}oa`bta`g wa`dhw~ a`th tfm wbq~ a` wfanfnfb`ga`g ~zbtabe b`d ea`g}a~tan dm
fl
`atah`~ hc wfbt nh`~tat}tmdm`moq ~zbnm b`aobtmd tfm oaeatb|q
m
a`d}~t|abe
m
bnbdmoan nhozemvb`d at~ msm`t}be mol|bnm hc tfm tb|gmta`g b`d wfhem~bem dm~t|}n/tah` hc }|lb` b|mb~.
Obz~% bctm|bee% b|m |fmth|anbe9 tfmqnh`smq tfmb~~}oztah`~% wh|edsamw~% b`d sbe}m~ hc tfma| n|mbth|~.
At a~ tf}~aozm|btasmtfbtwml|hbdm` tfm gb{mhc tfmobz/|mbdm| lmqh`dtfmnh`
fl
`m~ hc tfm obzat~mec tha`ne}dm tfm sb|ah}~g|h}z~ hcom`wfhnheemntasmeqobdmb`d}~mdtfh~mobz~thdm~t|hqKbzb`
‑
~natam~.Tfmnfb`ga`g ch|o~ hc a`tmeeagm`nm gbtfm|a`g% tfm ~facta`g z|m|hgbtasm~hc oaeatb|q zeb``m|~% tfm dmnbqa`g mtfan~ hc nh`sm`tah`be wb|cb|m
m
bee hc tfm~m cbnmt~ b`d htfm|~ b|m mtnfmd a`th tfm obz. Tmb~a`g h}ttfma| z|hsm`b`nm b`d n|atanbeeq m`gbga`g watf tfma| |fmth|anbe
=
Ch| c}|tfm| b~~m~~om`t~ hc obz }~bgm a` tfm nh`tmvt hc WWAA ~mm B|oq Obz ^m|sanm%
Tfm B|oq Obz ^m|sanm; At~ Oa~~ah`% Fa~th|q% b`d H|gb`a{btah`
% Wb~fa`gth` D.N.%213:9 K. Gb|sm|% Tfm Z|m~adm`t
‑
~ obz nbla`mt%
Aobgh O}`da
41 &2117! 2=>
m
2=79 K. I|am~ &Md.!%
Zam|na`g tfm Chg; A`tmeeagm`nm b`d B|oq Ba| Ch|nm~ Hzm|btah`~ a` Wh|ed Wb| AA
% Wb~fa`gth`D.N.% 2113.
3
‖
Ba| M~taobtm b`d Zeb`~ ch| Twm`tamtf Ba| Ch|nm Hzm|btah`~% @hsmolm| 2144
m
Kb`}b|q 214=%
‑
> @hsmolm| 2144. ^h}|nm; ].^. @btah`be B|nfasm~% \mnh|d G|h}z 26% M`t|q]D<2% Lhv 2<3.
7
K. Nb||hee%
Fh}~m hc Wb|; Tfm Zm`tbgh` b`d tfm Da~b~t|h}~ \a~m hc Bom|anb` Zhwm|
% @mw Qh|i% <::3% 1=.
6
Tfa~ nh`~m|sbtasm m~taobtm a~ dm|asmd c|ho tfm Kbzb` Mnh`hoan ^tblaea{btah` Bgm`nq%
Tbafmaq
h~m`~
h `a qh|} wbgbg}`a fagba ~
hg
h f
hihi}~fh
YHsm|bee |mzh|t hc dbobgm~}~tba`md lq tfm `btah` d}|a`g tfm Zbna
fl
n Wb|_% Thiqh% 2141.
1
^mm O. ^medm`% B ch|ghttm` fhehnb}~t; ].^. lhola`g ~t|btmgq% tfm dm~t|}ntah` hc Kbzb`m~m natam~ b`d tfm Bom|anb` wbq hc wb| c|ho Wh|ed Wb| AA th A|br% a`; Q. Tb`bib%O. Qh}`g &Md~!%
Lhola`g Nasaeab`~; B Twm`tamtf/Nm`t}|q Fa~th|q
% @mw Qh|i b`d Eh`dh`% <::7% 77
m
13. Wfaem h}| chn}~ fm|m a~ h` tfm |hem hc tfm obz a` nb||qa`g h}t b`dnh`smqa`g tfm dm~t|}ntah` hc Kbzb`
‑
~ natam~% tfa~ b|tanem obq lm |mbd a` zb|t b~ b nh`t|al}tah` th tfm eatm|bt}|m tfbt dmbe~ watf tfm oaeatb|q bzzeanbtah`~ hc ba| zhwm| b~ da|mntmdbgba`~t h| a`shesa`g nasaeab`~ tf|h}gfh}t tfm twm`tamtf nm`t}|q. ^mm% ch| mvbozem% B.N. G|bqea`g%
Boh`g tfm Dmbd Natam~; Tfm Fa~th|q b`d Oh|be Emgbnq hc tfm WWAA Lhola`g hc Nasaeab`~ a` Gm|ob`q b`d Kbzb`
% @mw Qh|i% <::39 D. Hoa~~a%
Ba| Zhwm| b`d Nheh`abe Nh`t|he; Tfm \hqbe Ba| Ch|nm%2121
m
21>1
% Ob`nfm~tm|%211:9 T. Laddem%
\fmth|an b`d \mbeatq a` Ba| Wb|cb|m; Tfm Mshe}tah` hc L|ata~f b`d Bom|anb` Admb~ blh}t ^t|btmgan Lhola`g% 2124
m
214=
% Z|a`nmth`% <::49 Z. ^btab% Tfm dmcm`~m hc a`f}ob`atq; ba| nh`t|he b`d tfm L|ata~fadmb hc B|blab%
Bom|anb` Fa~th|anbe \msamw
222 &<::3!9 O. ^fm||q%
Tfm \a~m hc Bom|anb` Ba| Zhwm|; Tfm N|mbtah` hc B|obgmddh`
% @mw Fbsm`% 2167.
2:
Ch| tfm nemb|m~t b|tan}ebtah` hc wfbt a~ omb`t lqb
‖
n}et}|m hc wb|
‑
a` tfm nh`tmvt hc Wh|ed Wb| AA ~mm tfm A`t|hd}ntah` th K. Dhwm|%
N}et}|m~ hc Wb|; Zmb|e Fb|lh|; Fa|h~faob;1
m
22; A|br
% @mw Qh|i% <:2:.
22
Ch| b` mvfb}~tasm t|mbtom`t hc tfm tmnf`hehganbe cb`btana~o tfbt nfb|bntm|a{md WWAA b~ at |mebtm~ th ba| zhwm| ~mm ^fm||q%
Tfm \a~m hc Bom|anb` Ba| Zhwm|
2<
2>
Tfm neb~~an t|mbtom`t hc tfm |bnm fbtm~ c}mea`g Wh|ed Wb| AA a~ K. Dhwm|%
Wb| watfh}t Om|nq; \bnm b`d Zhwm| a` tfm Zbna
fl
n Wb|
% @mw Qh|i% 2163.
24
K.L. Fb|emq%
Tfm @mw @bt}|m hc Obz~; M~~bq~ a` tfm Fa~th|q hc Nb|thg|bzfq
% Lbetaoh|m% <::2% 3:.
2=
Ch| dmtbaemd t|mbtom`t hc tfm h|aga`~ hc tfa~ nhozemv ~mm ^. Em~eam%
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23
^mm% ch| mvbozem% L. Fb|emq% Dmnh`~t|}nta`g tfm obz%
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Wb| fb~ lmm` h`m hc tfm g|mbtm~t gmhg|bzfm|~
‑
Bom|anb
‑
~ m`t|b`nm a`th Wh|ed Wb| AA z|mnazatbtmd b` }`z|mnm/dm`tmd ohlaea{btah` hc tfm `btah`
‑
~ |m~h}|nm~
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‖
fbd `hmccmntasm nm`t|be h|gb`a{btah` |m~zh`~alem ch| nheemnta`g% b`beq{a`g%b`d da~~moa`bta`g dbtb blh}t m`moam~ h| zhtm`tabe m`moam~.
‑
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n ~zmnabea~t~ &a` bddatah` th b ~obee nh`ta`gm`thc áoag|á nh`t|al}th|~!% wh|imd th hsm|fb}e ~zbtabe a`tmeeagm`nm thommt tfm gmhg|bzfanbe dmob`d~ hc tfm wb| mcch|t.
Lq 214>%Nfb}`nq Fb||a~% b gmhg|bzfm| }`dm| tfm mozehq hc tfm H^^% nh}ed|mob|itfbt
‖
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‑
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‑
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B~ Laee Dh`hsb`
‑
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‖
tfmnhola`md fheda`g~ hc tfm B|oq Obz ^m|sanm b`d tfm Fqd|hg|bzfanHc
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nm.
‑
Tfmq be~h t}|`md th }`asm|~atq eal|b|am~%
‖
lhhidmbem|~~zmnabea{a`ga`ch|mag`z}leanbtah`~%
‑
b`dtfmz|asbtmobznheemntah`~hc~nfheb|~.
Gehlbeeq%|mgah`bedasa~ah`~hctfmH^^
m
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med th nheemnt obz ~fmmt~ b`d htfm| ch|o~ hc ~zbtabe a`tmeea/gm`nm. ^}nf obz nheemntah` omb~}|m~ beemsabtmd tfm a`atabe nh`nm|`~|mgb|da`g tfm zhsm|tq hc ~zbtabe a`ch|obtah` h` Kbzb` b`d beehwmdnb|thg|bzfm|~ th nhllem thgmtfm| tfm obtm|abe~ |mr}a|md th z|hd}nmtfma| hw` |mz|m~m`tbtah`~ hc Kbzb`m~m ~zbnm.Tfm H^^
‑
~ Gmhg|bzfq Dasa~ah` msm`t}beeq fbd bt at~ da~zh~bebzbtnfwh|ihcnb|thg|bzfan~h}|nm~%boh`gwfanfKbzb`/z|hd}nmdobz~ b`d bteb~m~ cmbt}|md z|hoa`m`teq. A` tfa~ ~m`~m% tfm Kbzb`m~mGhsm|`om`t% wfanf ch| dmnbdm~ fbd da~zbtnfmd ~}|smqh|~ th nb||qh}t eb`d ~}|smq~ bn|h~~ at~ moza|m% zebqmd b |hem a` at~ msm`t}bedm~t|}ntah`.
Zb|tan}eb|eq }~mc}e wm|m Kbzb`m~m Aozm|abe Eb`d^}|smq obz~ z|hd}nmd lmtwmm` 261: b`d 214:% m~zmnabeeq tfh~mebtm| mdatah`~ tfbt a`ne}dmd dh{m`~ hc }z/th/dbtm natq zeb`~.
Tfm
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Natq Zeb`hc Thiqh
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C|ho Kbzb`m~m b`d htfm| ~h}|nm~% H^^ nb|thg|bzfm|~ z|hd}nmdob`q obz~ hc Kbzb`. H}tea`m obz~ ~fhwmd Kbzb` watfa` tfmnh`tmvt hc B~ab b`d lq at~ a`dasad}be z|mcmnt}|m~. Tfmobtan obz~chn}~mdh`b|mb~~}nfb~Kbzb`
‑
~ba|n|bct%zmt|hem}o%be}oa`}o%b`d|}llm| a`d}~t|am~. A` bddatah` th tfm Thiqh Natq Zeb` obzom`tah`md blhsm% nb|thg|bzfm|~ n|mbtmd ob`q obz~ tfbt chn}~mdh` Kbzb`
‑
~ natam~. Tfmq fagfeagftmd |hbd `mtwh|i~ &H^^ Obz `h.>=7!9 tfm Kbzb`/wadm }|lb` `mtwh|i &`h. 6=4!9 natam~ lb~md h`c}`ntah`be tqzm
m
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m
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‑
~ `h|tf/m|`oh~t thw`% Wbiib`ba% ehnbtmd h` b zm`a`~}eb| taz hc Fhiibadhtfbt k}t~ blhsm 4=
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27
G. Ghedam% Gmhg|bzfanbe admbe~%
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26
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13 &<::3! 6:7
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41 &2117! <43.
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fl
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.
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A Cartographic Fade to Black: Mapping the Destruction of Urban Japan
In this paper we examine the history, production, and use – practical and rhetorical – of maps created by the United States government during World War II as related to the development and execution of aerial…
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