Tipuri de reacii chimice n chimia organic

1. Reacii de adiie 2. Reacii de substituie 3. Reacii de eliminare 4. Reacii de transpoziie

1.

Reacii de adiie alchene, alchine, arene

H2(Ni) Alchene C3H6(propen) HCl X2 (H2SO4) H2O

CH3-CH2-CH3(propan) CH3-CHCl-CH3(2 cloropropan) CH2X-CHX-CH3(X=Cl,Br) CH3-CH2O-CH3(2 propanol) CH3-CH2-CH3(propan) CH2=CH-CH3(propen) [CH2=C-CH3] OH CH2=CX-CH3(X= Cl,Br) CHX=CX-CH3(X= Cl,Br) CH2=C-COO-CH3(acetat de O

H Alchine C3H4(propin)2(Ni) (Pd/Pb2+) (HgSO4/90oC) CH3-CO-CH3(aceton) H2 H2O

HX (HgCl2/120-150oC) X2 CH3COOH (Zn(CH3COO)2/80oC) metil) HCN (CuCl/NH4Cl) Trimerizare Dimerizare

CH3 CH2=C-CH3(2-metilacrilonitril)

CN (600-800oC/tuburi) (100oC) C9H12(1,3,5 trimetilbenzen) H2C=C-CC-CH3 CH3 Arene C6H6(benzen), C7H8(toluen) C6H6(benzen)
H2 Cl2

C6H12 (ciclohexan) C6Cl6H6 (hexaclorociclohexan)

2.

Reacii de substituie alcani,alchene, alchine, arene

lumin + X2 lumin + 4X2

Alcani CH4(metan)

CH3X + HX (X=Cl,I,Br) CX4 + 4HX (X=Cl,I,Br) HCl + CH2=CH-CH2Cl (clorur CNaCH + 1/2 H2 (acetilur CNaCNa + 1/2 H2 (acetilur

Alchene C3H6(propen) de alil) 150oC Alchine C2H2(acetilen)200oC monosodic) disodic) Arene C7H8(toluen)

500 C

substituie de ordin I ( -X, -OH, -NH2 etc.) la nucleu o-clormetilbenzen + p-

FeCl3 2C7H8 + 2Cl2 clormetilbenzen+ 2H2O

substituie deFeCl3 II (-NO2, -SO3H, -COOH etc.) la nucleu ordin

FeCl3

C7H8 + HO/NO2 C7H8 +3HO/NO2 avansat)

m-nitrometilbenzen + H2O 1,3,5 trinitrometilbenzen + 3H2O (nitrare

substituie cu Cl n prezena luminii, la caten

lumin(h V) lumin(h V)

C7H8 + Cl2 C7H8 + 3Cl2

HCl + C7H7Cl (clorur de benzil) 3HCl + C7H5Cl3 (clorur de benzin)

3.

Reacii de eliminare alcani,alchene

H2SO4/170

Alcani:

alcooli: CH3-CH2-OH oC X (Cl,I,F,Br): CH3-CH2X

CH2=CH2 CH2=CH2 CH2=CH- CH2- CH3

H2: CH3- CH2- CH2- CH3

650OC

X cu ajutorul metalelor: CH2X-CH2-CH2X + 2Na ciclopropan + 2NaX

H2SO4/170

Alchene:

alcooli: CH2=CH-OHC o

CHCH CHCH

X (Cl,I,F,Br): CH2=CHX

4.

Reacii de transpoziie alcani, alchene,arene (izomerizare)

Alcani: CH3- CH2- CH2- CH3AlCl3 80%)

CH3-CH- CH3 (izobutan, reacie 20%CH3 CH3

CH3- CH2- CH2-CH2- CH3 AlCl3

CH3- CH- CH2- CH3 AlCl3 CH3

2 metilbutan (izopentan) (neopentan)

CH3-C- CH3 CH3

2,2 dimetilpropan

Alchene: CH2=CH-OH
(alcool etilic)

CH3-CH=O (tautomerie ceto-enolic)

(acetaldehida)

Arene: C6H6 + CH3- CH2- CH2-Cl

C6H5-CH2- CH2- CH3 CH3- CH- CH3 C6H5