UMKC T File

UMKC SDI 2008 Topicality
Culp/Easley Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase
alternative energy incentives in the United States
TOPICALITY
Mass Noun – In the US 2
Mass Noun – The USFG 3
US Gov 4
Federal = National 5
Incentives = Reward 6
Incentive not command-and-control 7
Incentives Induce Action 8
Incentives = Cost-Saving 9
Incentives Voluntary 10
Incentives = Offers 11
Incentives = Economic 12
Incentives Not = Punishment 13
Substantial = 3 Percent 14
Alt Energy = No Natural Resources 15

Alt Energy = Not Fossil Fuels 16
Alt Energy = USFG Defined 17
Alt Energy = Not Nuclear 18
T in the US (Natives) 19
Wind ASPEC 20
Wind (not increase) 21
US = USA 22
Federal = Not States 22
USFG = Checks and Balances 23
Substantially Definitions 24
Increase Definitions 25
Incentives not Monetary 26

Positive/Negative Incentives 27
1 / 27
Mass Noun – In The United States
Definition:
‘the’ is a mass noun
American Heritage Dictionary 2000
Used before a singular noun indicating that the noun is generic: The wolf is an endangered species.
Interpretation: “the” that is a part of “in the United States” is a mass noun indicating that incetives
must be offered in all of the United States, not just one part.
Standards
Ground: The affirmative must defend passage in all 50 states and territories. This allows for key
disad or counterplan ground on specific states or territories.
Predictability: If the aff is able to choose a specific region, the negative would never be able to get
specific enough case arguments.
Limits: while limiting out small cases, this interpretation would allow for cases that influence the
whole United States. This would improve debates because the cases would more substantially affect
the status quo.
T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction
2 / 27
Mass Noun – The USFG
Definition:
‘the’ is a mass noun
American Heritage Dictionary 2000
Used before a singular noun indicating that the noun is generic: The wolf is an endangered species.
The US federal government is all three branches, legislative, judicial and executive
USA.GOV No Date
http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml usa.gov, Official information and services from the U.S.

government
U.S. Federal Government
The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out

governmental power and functions. View a complete diagram (.PDF) of the U.S. government's
branches.
Interpretation: the” that is a part of “The United States federal government” is a mass noun
indicating that actor must all of the United States federal government, not just one part.
The plan must pass through all three branches of the United States.
Standards
Ground: Politics and agent disads and counterplans are key negative ground. Without defending
all three branches, the negative would be able to link out of any implementation or enforcement
debate.
Predictability: Affs that don’t define their actor in the plan text, they would be to shift our of agent-
specific disads and counterplans in the 2ac.
Education: implementation and enforcement are key parts to the policy-making process. Without
this part of debate, we would education that is universal to every debate topic.
T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction
3 / 27
T – US Government
Interp: The affirmative must use the government body of the United States
Definition: The United States Federal Government is the governmental body as set forth by the
Constitution
WIKIPEDIA no date
(redirected from United States Federal Government)

This article describes the government of the United States. For other issues, see Politics of the United
States.
The federal government of the United States is the United States governmental body that carries out
the roles assigned to the federation of individual states established by the Constitution. The federal
government has three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial. Through a system of separation of
powers or "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some
authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the
other branches. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the
Constitution, which leaves a great deal of authority to the individual states.
Federal government of the United States
Standards:
Ground – Alternate actors to the USFG are the negative’s group – we lose DA and Counterplan
ground.
Limits – the US Constitution limits the USFG which is clearly defined can has a textual litmus test
Education – Because the majority of the topic literature assumes the USFG, we will be able to have
access to more and better debates.
T is a voter:
Fairness, Education and Jurisdiction
4 / 27
T - Federal Government means National Government
Interp: Federal government means the national government
COLLINS ESSENTIAL 2006
Federal Government
Noun
the national government of a federated state, such as that of Canada located in Ottawa or of Australia
in Canberra
published.Collins Essential English Dictionary 2nd Edition 2006 © HarperCollins Publishers 2004, 2006
Violation: The aff doesn’t use the federal government
Standards
Ground: the aff steals agent counterplan/disad ground as well as congressional action disads.
Education: Depth is better than breadth. The alternative energy literature is dominated by USFG solvency
evidence. Alternative solvency actors switch the debate to an area with fewer and worse cards.
T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.
5 / 27
Incentives Reward
Interpretation – Incentives reward behavior
Investorwords.com No Date
http://www.investorwords.com/2394/incentive.html
incentive
Definition
A reward for a specific behavior, designed to encourage that behavior. also called inducement.
Violation: The affirmative case discourages behavior instead of encouraging it
Standards
Ground: Key Counterplan and Disad ground revolves around discouraging behavior. We also lose
our market-approaches bad links, which is core case debate.
Bi-directionality: The literature on taxes, caps and regulations talks is completely different,
different alternative energies are not viable within an incentives world. If the topic can go both
ways, the negative would have to double their research burden.
T is a Voter
Fairness, Education, Jurisdiction
6 / 27
Command and control not incentives
Interpretation:
command-and-control approaches are not incentives
Hahn and Stavins, ‘92 (Robert W., Robert N., “Economic Incentives for Environmental Protection:
Integrating Theory and Practice,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 82, No. 2, Papers and
Proceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, (May,
1992), pp.464-468, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117445, accessed 22/07/2008)//amanda
Economists frequently divide policy instruments for achieving environmental objectives into two
categories: those that provide firms with little flexibility in achieving goals (so-called "command-
and-control" approaches) and those that provide firms with greater flexibility and incentives to look
for more effective ways of making sustained environmental progress (so-called market- based or
incentive-based mechanisms).
Comparisons between conventional command-and-control regulation (including technology standards and
performance standards) and market-based approaches (including taxes and markets in pollution rights)
have repeatedly noted that conventional regulations fail to achieve environmental objectives in the least
costly manner. In contrast, well-designed market-based approaches provide an incentive for firms to
equate abatement costs at the margin, thus achieving a given level of environmental quality at least cost.
For example, simulations suggest that the proposed emissions- rights market for curbing acid rain in the
United States could save $1 billion annually in comparison to a command-and-control approach in which
scrubbers would be required on selected power plants. In theory, a similar result could be achieved
through the introduction of an appropriately scaled emission tax.
Violation: The affirmative has a command-and-control approach, not market-based incentives
Standards
Ground: Key Counterplan and Disad ground revolves around discouraging behavior. We also lose
our market-approaches bad links, which is core case debate.
Bi-directionality: The literature on taxes, caps and regulations talks is completely different,
different alternative energies are not viable within an incentives world. If the topic can go both
ways, the negative would have to double their research burden.
T is a Voter
Fairness, Education, Jurisdiction
7 / 27
Incentives Induce Action
Interpretation: The aff must induce action or motivate effort
Definition:
The American Heritage® Dictionary 2005.
4th edition Published by: Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
[Middle English, from Late Latin incentīvum, from neuter of incentīvus, inciting, from Latin, setting the
tune, from incentus past participle of incinere, to sound, in-, intensive pref.; see in–2, + canere, to sing.]
(noun)
Something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or
motivates effort.
(adjective)
Serving to induce or motivate: an incentive bonus for high productivity.

Violation: The affirmative stops a behavior (like coal or something)
Standards
Ground: Core negative ground is a disad to new energy sources. It also spikes out of state bad
critique links and the biz con DA.
Limits: Just getting rid of current bad behavior would allow for a million different cases that just
reduce behavior making uniqueness disads impossible.
Bright Line: By having to increase new fuels, the negative can have predictable link ground and
uniqueness claims.
Effects topicality: It’s impossible to predict if behavior will happen and allows the aff to grant out
solvency in the 2ar. This is an independent voter on fairness.
8 / 27
Incentives are Cost-Saving
Interpretation: Incentives are cost-saving programs
The North Carolina State Department of Commerce, no date
http://www.nccommerce.com/en/BusinessServices/LocateYourBusiness/WhyNC/Incentives/ -
North Carolina’s targeted, performance-based incentive programs greatly lessen the tax burden and lower
the overall costs for companies who are locating and doing business in our state.
Companies that meet certain requirements can take advantage of tax credits and other incentives
including sales and use tax discounts, exemptions and refunds, discretionary programs, and other
cost-saving programs. See the sections and links below for more information on these programs.
Violation: The affirmative doesn’t save costs.
Standards
Ground: The negative should be able to run de-dev and capitalism critiques in every round. This is
core neg ground on the topic.
Bright Line: It’s simple – the direct of a “you save money” link should always go negative.
9 / 27
T – Incentives Voluntary
Interpretation:
Incentives offer payoff and are voluntary
Grant, 2002 (Professor of Political Science at Duke University), “The ethics of incentives: historical
origins and contemporary understandings”, 3/14/2002,
<http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.mnl.umkc.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=1409836761&SrchMode=1&sid
=1&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1216770151&clientId=45248
>, accessed on 7/22/08//prarthana
Increasingly in the modern world, incentives are becoming the tool we reach for when we wish to bring
about change. In government, in education, in health care, between and within institutions of all sorts,
incentives are offered to steer people's choices in certain directions. But despite the increasing interest in
ethics and economics, the ethics of the use of incentives has raised very little concern. From a certain
point of view, this is not surprising. When incentives are viewed from the perspective of market
economics, they appear to be entirely unproblematic. An incentive is an offer of something of value,
sometimes with a cash equivalent and sometimes not, meant to influence the payoff structure of a
utility calculation so as to alter a person's course of action. In other words, the person offering the
incentive means to make one choice more attractive to the person responding to the incentive than
any other alternative. Both parties stand to gain from the resulting choice. In effect, it is a form of trade,
and as such, it meets certain ethical requirements by definition. A trade involves voluntary action by all
parties concerned to bring about a result that is beneficial to all parties concerned. If these
conditions were not met, the trade would simply not occur. And as inducements in a voluntary
transaction, incentives certainly have the moral high ground over coercion as an alternative.
Violation: the negative creates a force choice for actors to create alternative energy
Standards
Ground: Core negative solvency turns and solvency takeouts are based on incentives being weak.
Without these solvency attacks, we miss the heart of the resolution.
Limits: Locking in a solvency mechanism is crucial to being able to research all of the possible
alternative energy sources.
10 / 27
T -- Incentives = Offers
Interpretation: Incentives are not persuasion, they must make an offer

Grant, 2002 (Professor of Political Science at Duke University), “The ethics of incentives: historical
origins and contemporary understandings”, 3/14/2002,
<http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.mnl.umkc.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=1409836761&SrchMode=1&sid
=1&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1216770151&clientId=45248
>, accessed on 7/22/08//prarthana
Incentives are one of the various ways in which people can get other people to do what they want
them to do. They involve relations of power; power which is exercised in a manner distinguishable from
persuasion as well as from coercion. In some situations, of course, incentives are the preferred
alternative to coercion. But in others, where persuasion might be an effective alternative, it is an insult
to be offered an incentive: it implies either that you are crass ± that is, that there is no good reason to do
the thing you are being asked to do, but that your compliance can be bought; or that you are stupid and
would not be able to appreciate the good reasons for doing what you are being asked to do so that an
appeal to your selfish interests must take the place of argument; or that you are not well-intentioned and
must be induced to do the right thing by extrinsic benefits.
Violation: The affirmative merely encourages behavior without actually offering economic benefits
or otherwise
Standards
Ground: Investor confidence and politics disads are core negative ground. Just encouraging
behavior squirrels out of the link.
Limits: this interpretation limits out cases that don’t do anything while still maintaining substantial
affirmative solvency ground
11 / 27
Incentives = Economic
Interpretation: incentives should be economic
Global Power Report, ‘07

[Global Power Report; April 12, 2007; Gingrich calls for economic incentives, not cap-and-trade, to tackle global warming; Global Power Report; Renewable Energy; L/N] ANN
United States should use economic

Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, who is mulling a bid for the White House in 2008, this week, said the
incentives, rather than a mandatory cap on emissions, to combat global warming. Gingrich, a Republican who led the
House from 1995 to 1999, said he did not advocate the type of laissez-faire approach that would do nothing to dissuade the power sector and other industries from continuing to pump
the government should make widespread use of
billions of tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Instead, he said
tax incentives and other "non-coercive" economic tools to spur development of low-carbon technologies,
Gingrich said. "Regulation and litigation are the least-effective methods" of addressing global warming, Gingrich said, arguing that the approach would create a huge federal
bureaucracy that would not solve the problem. A better approach, he said, would make use of "entrepreneurial incentives" such as federal tax credits for power plants that capture and
store their CO2 emissions. Gingrich made his remarks during a global-warming debate with Massachusetts Democratic Senator John Kerry, John Kerry, who narrowly lost his own
bid for the White House in 2004. Kerry faulted Gingrich for underestimating the threat posed by global warming, saying the Republican fails to understand that the phenomenon is a
"crisis" requiring urgent action. Kerry said the US and other countries must soon make deep reductions in their greenhouse gas emissions to avoid reaching a climatic "tipping point"
that would result in widespread coastal flooding and other "catastrophic" consequences. "This is a crisis," Kerry said. "No coal-fired power plant should be built anywhere that doesn't
capture and sequester carbon dioxide. Period." Gingrich acknowledged that global warming is a "problem," and that human activities are contributing to the phenomenon. But he
repeatedly said that global warming cannot be addressed effectively through a mandatory regulatory scheme, such as a cap-and-trade program for greenhouse gas emissions. That
would create a "breathtakingly complex" bureaucracy that would fail to address the problem, Gingrich said.
Violation: The affirmative uses a form of incentives that are not economic.
Limits: topic specific solvency ground is tied to economic incentives. Any other form of incentive would
explode the topic.
Ground: non-economic means should be the negatives ground. Allow the aff to claim it makes solvency
and DA links impossible and counterplan ground unpredictable.
12 / 27
Incentives = Not Punish
Interpretation: The plan should not punish someone for opting out of the incentives.
Long 1996
William, prof at Georgia Institute of Technology’s Sam Nunn School of International Affairs,
International Studies Quarterly spring 1996 p83
In contrast, the offer of an economic incentive providing new gains from trade and technology
transfer does not create in the recipient a strong desire to undermine the influence attempt by
seeking an alternative supplier. Furthermore, incentives do not create economic conditions that
encourage new entrants or third-party suppliers to offset the sender’s efforts. When an incentive is
offered, the potential recipient can choose to reject it and maintain its political autonomy, leaving it
no worse off than before.
13 / 27
Substantial = 3 Percent
Interpretation: Substantial is 3 percent change

Definition:
A 3 percent change in gas use would be substantial
The Washington Times, Executive Director, 12/6/2006,

http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.mnl.umkc.edu/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd
=true&risb=21_T4217063484&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29
_T4217063402&cisb=22_T4217063488&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8176&docNo=1 Alternative
Fuels 7/22/08//S. Walker
The otherwise fine editorial "'25-by-'25' assumptions" (Thursday) unfortunately mangled the distinction
between fossil energy use and petroleum use. Corn ethanol requires a lot of energy to make, but very little
petroleum. Thus, the renewable fuels requirements of the Energy Policy Act will reduce the nation's
gasoline use by about 3 percent six times as much as you reported, citing the Competitive
Enterprise Institute.
Substantially larger biofuels contributions will be possible through the use of agricultural residues
such as wheat straw and highly productive nonfood crops such as switch grass.
Standards
Limits: By limiting out cases that affect use by less than three percent, the negative is provided
adequate Disad ground.
Predictability: Because alternative energy is so prolific, nearly anything could change its use. This
would make just about anything topic.
Bright Line: The 3-percent test can be easily applied and is a standard that would be predictable for
all affirmatives.
T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction
14 / 27
Alt Energy = No Natural Resources
Interpretation:
Alternative energy is any energy derives from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm
the environment
The Free Dictionary, Princeton, Farlex, 2008,
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/solar+energy The Free Dictionary//S.Walker

Noun 1. alternative energy - energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or
harm the environment
energy, free energy - (physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system
to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs; "energy can take a wide variety of forms"
solar energy, solar power - energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "the
amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of
solar energy"
wind generation, wind power - power derived from the wind (as by windmills)
Noun 1. solar energy - energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "the amount
of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar
energy"
solar power
alternative energy - energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the
environment
Violation: the affirmative uses a fuel that uses up natural resources
Standards
Limits: This interpretation prevents millions of small cases that could use natural resources, just in
a different way (ie: clean coal)
Ground: natural resource use should be neg ground – allowing the affirmative to have it makes the
topic bidirectional and gives the negative an impossible research burden.
T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction.
15 / 27
Alt Energy = Not Fossil Fuels
Interpretation:
Alternative energy is anything not derived from fossil fuels
MMS, 07/16/2008 (MMS, “Definitions”,

http://www.mms.gov/offshore/alternativeenergy/definitions.htm, Date accessed 7/22/08)
Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used
interchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.
Violation: The affirmative derives energy from fossil fuels
Standards
Limits: This interpretation prevents millions of small cases that could use natural resources, just in
a different way (ie: clean coal)
Ground: natural resource use should be neg ground – allowing the affirmative to have it makes the
topic bidirectional and gives the negative an impossible research burden.
T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction.
16 / 27
interpretation: Incentives have to be incentives defined by the USFG
US Department of Energy, 2008 [“United States (Federal) Incentives and Laws”

http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/fed_summary.php/afdc/US/0]Lathrop
Our federal incentives and laws are Laws and Regulations Aftermarket
categorized here as either Incentives, Laws Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV)
and Regulations, or Programs, which could be
funding opportunities or other federal
Conversions
Alternative Fuel Definition
initiatives related to alternative fuels and Alternative Fuel Definition - Internal Revenue Code
vehicles, advanced technologies, or air quality. Alternative Fuel Tax Exemption
To sort information by sponsoring agency instead of category, click the Agency radio button Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
below. Additional incentives may also be available on the Clean Cities Financial Opportunities Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
Web page.
High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane Exemption
Organize Results By: Category Agency Idle Reduction Facilities Regulation
Import Duty for Fuel Ethanol
Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program
Incentives Tier 2 Vehicle and Gasoline Sulfur Program
Updated Fuel Economy Test Procedures and Labeling
Alternative Fuel Excise Tax Credit Vehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for Federal Fleets
Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit Vehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for Private and Local
Government Fleets
Biobased Transportation Research Funding Vehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for State and Alternative
Biodiesel Income Tax Credit Fuel Provider Fleets
Biodiesel Mixture Excise Tax Credit Vehicle Incremental Cost Allocation
Biomass Research and Development Initiative Programs

Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Tax Credit Air Pollution Control Program
Alternative Transportation in Parks and Public Lands Program
Heavy-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Tax Biobased Products and Bioenergy Program
Credit Clean Agriculture USA
Clean Cities
Light-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Clean Construction USA
Advanced Lean Burn Vehicle Tax Credit Clean Fuel Fleet Program (CFFP)
Qualified Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicle Clean Fuels Grant Program
Clean Ports USA
(QAFMV) Tax Credit Clean School Bus USA
Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) Improvement Program
Loan Guarantee Program
Efficiency Improvements Grant National Clean Diesel Campaign (NCDC)
Small Agri-Biodiesel Producer Tax Credit National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Program (NFCBP)
Pollution Prevention Grants Program
Small Ethanol Producer Tax Credit SmartWay Transport Partnership
Value-Added Producer Grants (VAPG) State Energy Program (SEP) Funding
Voluntary Airport Low Emission (VALE) Program
Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit
(VEETC)
Standards:
Predictability: The federal incentives list is comprehensive and allows for the negatives to know
what solvency mechanism to prepare for.
Ground: incentives outside of the federal list are unimportant to policymakers and are likely just
used to squirrel out of most topic solvency attacks and Das. All other incentives should be negative
DA and Counterplan ground.
17 / 27
Alt Energy not Nukes
Interpretation:
Alternative Energy excludes nuclear power
Huevel, 2008
RICHARD VANDEN, “Letters to the Editor” http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-
search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=121805B1A1E7FA38&p_docnum=28&p_queryname=3,News
bank]
Consequently, students at Middlebury College in Vermont have started a worldwide movement called 350.org (their Web site) to spur people to action. Their
message: We need to stop: Building coal-fired power plants and phase them out. Environmentally destructive oil production. Making biofuels from food
Instead, we need to promote and subsidize solar, wind and other forms of
crops. Subsidizing oil companies.
alternative energy (not nuclear power).
Standards:
1) Predictability: the literature base agrees that nuclear power isn’t alternative energy. We can’t come
prepared for something that’s not an alternative energy.
2) Limits: there are already too many alternative energy sources, getting rid of nuclear will make the neg’s
job easier.
3) Ground: Nuclear power should be negative ground as disads, counterplans and case turns.
18 / 27
T – In the United States
A) INTERPRETATION: The Affirmative violates the term United States
This is because the definition of IN is:
The Random House Dictionary of the English Language (The Unabridged Edition) 1983.
prep: 1.a. Within the confines of; inside.
B) Violation: The affirmative increases incentives for use of renewable energy in Indian Country
which is not within the confines of the federation of states forming the nation of the United States.
Native American Tribes are tantamount to foreign nations.
American Indian Policy Center 2005 http://www.airpi.org/pubs/indinsov.html
American Indian tribal powers originate with the history of tribes managing their own affairs. Case
law has established that tribes reserve the rights they had never given away.1 American Indian
Tribes Possess a "Nation-within-a-Nation" Status. Treaties formalize a nation-to-nation relationship
between the federal government and the tribes. Trust Responsibility In treaties, Indians reliquished
certain rights in exchange for promises from the federal government. Trust responsibility is the
government's obligation to honor the trust inherent to these promises and to represent the best
interests of the tribes and their members. The U.S. Constitution recognizes Indian tribes as
distinct governments. It authorizes Congress to regulate commerce with "foreign nations,
among the several states, and with the Indian tribes."2
C) FOCUSING ON THOSE IN THE UNITED STATES IS IMPORTANT
1. ABUSE: If the affirmative could increase incentives for people outside of the U.S. they could
pick any of the 200 plus countries in the world claiming advantages from increasing
alternative fuels – the negative could never prepare adequately.
2. GIVES MEANING TO “IN THE UNITED STATES” Focusing on those not within the
federation of the U.S. obscures the meaning of the United States and confuses it with other
places
3. LIMITS: the resolution gives a clear limit of “in the United States.” This is key to negative
disad and counterplan ground
D) TOPICALITY IS A VOTING ISSUE FOR REASONS OF JURISDICTION, FAIRNESS AND

EDUCATION
19 / 27
WIND ASPEC
A) Deciding which agent enacts the plan is a crucial question in determining

important questions on wind power
KAPLAN, ‘4 – counsel in the Boston, Massachusetts, office of the law firm of Nixon Peabody LLP
[Carolyn S. “COASTAL WIND ENERGY GENERATION: CONFLICT AND CAPACITIE:
SYMPOSIUM ARTICLE: Congress, the Courts, and the Army Corps: Siting the First Offshore Wind
Farm in the United States.” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 31 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L.
Rev. 177, p. Lexis]
[*213] Members of the 107th and 108th Congresses introduced several bills governing the use of federal
offshore resources for renewable energy projects. In February 2003, Representative Barbara Cubin (R-
Wyo.) introduced House Bill 793, an act to amend the OCSLA, which currently authorizes the Secretary
of the Department of the Interior to manage oil and gas exploration on the OCS. 196 If enacted, House
Bill 793 would have expanded the Department of the Interior's jurisdiction, authorizing the implementing
agency, the Mineral Management Service (MMS), to grant property interests, such as an easement or
right-of-way, for renewable energy projects on the OCS. 197
The MMS has many years of experience overseeing oil and gas activities on offshore federal lands and
believes it is well-suited to take on responsibility for offshore wind energy development. 198 But others
disagree, arguing that the oversight of offshore renewable energy projects in the oceans should include a
leading role for federal agencies with a direct marine regulatory and habitat mission, such as the National
[*214] Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Marine Fisheries Service. 199
Dissatisfied with the provisions of House Bill 793, Representative William Delahunt (D-Mass.) proposed
competing legislation in March 2003, giving authority over offshore renewable energy projects to NOAA
through amendments to the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. 200
B) Violation – the AFF doesn’t specify their agent
C) Standards –
1) Ground – we lose crucial DA links and counterplans because we can’t interrogate

the plan’s agent of action
2) Predictability – since multiple agents can enact the plan, the only way for the
negative to predict the process of enactment is for the AFF to list their agent in the
plan text
D) Voter – to uphold the standards above and to ensure competitive equity in debate
20 / 27
T – WIND (NOT AN INCREASE)

A) INTERPRETAION:
Increase
WordNet, no date
[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=increase]
addition: a quantity that is added; "there was an addition to property taxes this year"; "they recorded the cattle's gain in
weight over a period ...
B) VIOLATION: THE AFFIRMATIVE IS NOT AN INCREASE – THEY JUST MAKE AN

EXISTING TAX CREDIT PERMANENT – THIS IS NOT AN INCREASE.
Ground: The negative should be able to defend the status quo. Increases are key to uniqueness ground on
disads, and having to attack the status quo would be an impossible research burden.
Limits: we exclude cases that merely continue the status quo, but provide adequate room for aff cases that
make a change.
T is a voter for Fairness, Education and Jurisdiction
21 / 27
US = USA
The United States means the United States of America
American Heritage 2000
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
United States
VARIANT FORMS: or United States of America

ABBREVIATION: U.S. (US) (U.S.A.) (USA)
A country of central and northwest North America with coastlines on the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans. It includes the noncontiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and various island territories in the
Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. The area now occupied by the contiguous 48 states was originally
inhabited by numerous Native American peoples and was colonized beginning in the 16th century by
Spain, France, the Netherlands, and England. Great Britain eventually controlled most of the Atlantic
coast and, after the French and Indian Wars (1754–1763), the Northwest Territory and Canada. The
original Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776 and formed a
government under the Articles of Confederation in 1781, adopting (1787) a new constitution that went
into effect after 1789. The nation soon began to expand westward. Growing tensions over the issue of
Black slavery divided the country along geographic lines, sparking the secession of the South and the
Civil War (1861–1865). The remainder of the 19th century was marked by increased westward expansion,
industrialization, and the influx of millions of immigrants. The United States entered World War II after
the Japanese attack (1941) on Pearl Harbor and emerged after the war as a world power. Washington,
D.C., is the capital and New York the largest city. Population: 260,651,000.
Federal means not the states
OED 89
Oxford English Dictionary SECOND EDITION 1989
Federal
b. Of or pertaining to the political unity so constituted, as distinguished from the separate states
composing it.
22 / 27
USFG -- Checks and Balances
USFG must have three branches that have checks and balances on each other
Ask.com, No Date
< Ask.com is a leading search engine on the Web. Founded as Ask Jeeves in 1996 and renamed Ask.com
in February 2005, Ask.com is recognized for innovation in search technology and search interface design.
http://www.ask.com/web?q=what+is+the+US+federal+government&search=search&qsrc=0&o=10181&l
=dir > accessed on 7/22/08//Shahzad
The federal government of the United States is the centralized United States governmental body
established by the United States Constitution. The federal government has three branches: the
legislature, executive, and judiciary. Through a system of separation of powers or "checks and
balances", each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate
the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches.
The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of
the United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the
Constitution, which leaves a great deal of authority to the individual states
23 / 27
Substantially
A great extent or degree
Princeton Wordnet No Date
[wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn]
well: to a great extent or degree; "I'm afraid the film was well over budget"; "painting the room
white made it seem considerably (or ...
in a strong substantial way; "the house was substantially built"
a Tangible Amount
Dictionary.com
sub·stan·tial Audio Help - Show Spelled Pronunciation[suh b-stan-shuh l] Pronunciation Key -

Show IPA Pronunciation
–adjective
1. of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc.: a substantial sum of money.
2.
of a corporeal or material nature; tangible; real.
3. of solid character or quality; firm, stout, or strong: a substantial physique.
4. basic or essential; fundamental: two stories in substantial agreement.
5. wealthy or influential: one of the substantial men of the town.
6. of real worth, value, or effect: substantial reasons.
7. pertaining to the substance, matter, or material of a thing.
8. of or pertaining to the essence of a thing; essential, material, or important.
9. being a substance; having independent existence.
10. Philosophy. pertaining to or of the nature of substance rather than an accident or attribute.
–noun
11. something substantial.
24 / 27
Increase
Increase means become larger or more numerous
Word.net No Date
[wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn]
a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; "the increase in
unemployment"; "the growth of population"
Increase is larger in quantity
Wikipedia No Date
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/increase
An amount by which a quantity is increased; For a quantity, the act or process of becoming larger; to
become larger; To make (a quantity) larger
25 / 27
A2: T -- Incentives do not have to be monetary
Stern, 99 (Paul C., “Information, Incentives, and Proenvironmental Consumer Behavior,” Journal of
Consumer Policy, Volume 22, Number 4 / December, 1999, p. 468-469
http://www.springerlink.com/content/j6855njvk6420x70/fulltext.pdf, Accessed 7/22/08)//amanda
Incentives can overcome such barriers, and have sometimes proven quite effective in inducing changes in
some of the most environmentally important consumer behaviors, such as investments in home insulation,
weatherization, and upgraded heating systems. It is not surprising that when money is a problem, financial
inducements of sufficient size can be a solution. Thus, per-can fees for trash disposal have reduced trash
volume in many U.S. communities, the relative prices of petroleum fuels explain much of the disparities
among countries in their per capita consumption, and strong price incentives and rebates have influenced
appliance purchase and home insulation decisions in energy conserving directions.
Less frequently noted is the fact that non-monetary incentives, especially those associated with
convenience, can also have important effects on environmentally significant consumer behavior. For
example, policies that reserve certain travel lanes or parking spaces for buses and carpools have
sometimes increased bus ridership and ride sharing, and curbside pickup of recyclable materials has
significantly increased recycling compared to systems that require consumers to transport these materials
to distant recycling centers. In energy conservation, financial incentive programs for home insulation that
required prior energy audits – the typical practice in the United States in the 1980s – were generally less
effective than programs that were used in Canada and Europe during the same period that offered
monetary incentives of similar magnitude but that did not present consumers with the inconvenience of
taking the extra step of requesting and waiting for an audit (Stern et al., 1986). Combining monetary
incentives with nonfinancial incentives such as convenience increases program effectiveness.
26 / 27
A2 Incentives:
Positive incentives encourage behaviors
convention on biological diversity – no date
United Nations Environment Programme www.cbd.int/incentives/positive.shtmlIntroduction
A positive incentive measure is an economic, legal or institutional measure designed to encourage

beneficial activities. Positive incentive measures include, inter alia, incentive payments for organic farming,
agricultural land set-aside schemes as well as public or grant-aided land purchases or conservation easements.
Negative incentives discourage behavior

convention on biological diversity 2007
Updated on 2007-06-01 United Nations Environment Programme
http://www.cbd.int/incentives/negative.shtml
Negative Incentive Measures Introduction
Negative incentive measures or disincentives are mechanisms designed to discourage activities that are
harmful for biodiversity. Examples of disincentives are user fees or pollution taxes.
The guidelines for selecting appropriate and complementary measures, contained in the Proposals for the Design
and Implementation of Incentive Measures endorsed by the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties,
underline that disincentives continue to be an important tool for ensuring the conservation and sustainable use of
biodiversity, and that they can be used in combination with positive incentives.
27 / 27

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UMKC SDI 2008 Topicality

Alt Energy = No Natural Resources 15

Incentives not Monetary 26

American Heritage Dictionary 2000

T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction

American Heritage Dictionary 2000

http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml usa.gov, Official information and services from the U.S.

U.S. Federal Government

The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction

(redirected from United States Federal Government)

Interp: Federal government means the national government

COLLINS ESSENTIAL 2006

Violation: The aff doesn’t use the federal government

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

Interpretation – Incentives reward behavior

Violation: The affirmative case discourages behavior instead of encouraging it

Command and control not incentives

command-and-control approaches are not incentives

Violation: The affirmative has a command-and-control approach, not market-based incentives

Incentives Induce Action

Interpretation: The aff must induce action or motivate effort

4th edition Published by: Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.

Serving to induce or motivate: an incentive bonus for high productivity.

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

Incentives are Cost-Saving

Interpretation: Incentives are cost-saving programs

The North Carolina State Department of Commerce, no date

Violation: The affirmative doesn’t save costs.

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction

Interpretation: Incentives are not persuasion, they must make an offer

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction

Interpretation: incentives should be economic

Global Power Report, ‘07

United States should use economic

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

Interpretation: Substantial is 3 percent change

The Washington Times, Executive Director, 12/6/2006,

T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction

Alt Energy = No Natural Resources

The Free Dictionary, Princeton, Farlex, 2008,

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/solar+energy The Free Dictionary//S.Walker

Violation: the affirmative uses a fuel that uses up natural resources

T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction.

MMS, 07/16/2008 (MMS, “Definitions”,

Violation: The affirmative derives energy from fossil fuels

T is a voter for education, fairness and jurisdiction.

interpretation: Incentives have to be incentives defined by the USFG

US Department of Energy, 2008 [“United States (Federal) Incentives and Laws”

Biomass Research and Development Initiative Programs

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction

Alt Energy not Nukes

Alternative Energy excludes nuclear power

T is a voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction.

C) FOCUSING ON THOSE IN THE UNITED STATES IS IMPORTANT

D) TOPICALITY IS A VOTING ISSUE FOR REASONS OF JURISDICTION, FAIRNESS AND

A) Deciding which agent enacts the plan is a crucial question in determining

B) Violation – the AFF doesn’t specify their agent

1) Ground – we lose crucial DA links and counterplans because we can’t interrogate

T – WIND (NOT AN INCREASE)

B) VIOLATION: THE AFFIRMATIVE IS NOT AN INCREASE – THEY JUST MAKE AN