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A NOTE ON GALOIS THEORY
TOHRU LORENZO KOHRITA
Abstract.
This is my personal note outlining a proof of the statement thatthe general polynomials of degree
≥
5 do not have algebraic solutions.
1.
some words on extensions of field homomorphisms
Let
σ
:
k
→
L
be an imbedding of
k
into an algebraically closed field
L
. If
E
isan algebraic extension of
k
, what are the extensions of
σ
to
E
like?Choose
α
∈
E
\
k
and let
p
(
X
) := Irr(
α,
k
,
X). We first consider extensions of
σ
to
k
(
α
). If
β
is a root of a polynomial
p
σ
(
X
)
∈
L
[
X
], then
f
(
α
)
→
f
σ
(
β
)(
∀
f
(
X
)
∈
k
[
X
]) defines a morphism
k
(
α
)
→
L
over
σ
since
k
(
α
) =
k
[
α
]. Such a map isindependent of the choice of
f
(
X
) and all the extensions of
σ
are given in such away. So we have:
Lemma 1.1.
The number of extensions of
σ
:
k
→
L
to
k
(
α
)
is the same as thenumber of distinct roots of
Irr(
α,
k
,
X)
.
By using Zorn’s lemma we can prove the first part of the following theorem. Thesecond part is immediate from the first part.
Theorem 1.2.
Let
E
be an algebraic extension of
k
and
σ
:
k
→
L
be an imbedding.
L
is algebraically closed. Then there is an extension of
σ
to an embedding
E
→
L
.If
E
is algebraically closed and
L
is algebraic over
σ
(
k
)
, then any extension is an isomorphism between
E
and
L
.
Corollary 1.3.
If
E
and
E
are algebraic closures of
k
, then they are isomorphic.Proof.
Apply the theorem to the inclusion
σ
:
k
→
E
.
2.
separable extensions
Definition 2.1.
A finite extension
K/k
is said to be separable if [
K
:
k
]
s
= [
K
:
k
].[
K
:
k
]
s
denotes the number of extensions
σ
:
K
→
L
of an embedding
σ
:
k
→
L
,where
L
is an algebraically closed field. We call this a separable degree.The above definition is independent of the choice of
σ
. Also, since
K
is algebraicover
k
and hence
σ
(
K
) is algebraic over
σ
(
k
), we may choose
L
to be algebraicover
σ
(
k
).By Lemma 1.1., an extension
k
(
α
) is separable over
k
if and only if the irreduciblepolynomial of
α
is separable. An element
a
∈
K
is said to be separable over
k
if itsirreducible polynomial over
k
is separable.It is easy to see that for given finite extensions
E/F/k
there is a relation [
E
:
k
]
s
= [
E
:
F
]
s
[
F
:
k
]
s
. Hence we obtain:
Date
: December 11, 2008.
Key words and phrases.
summary, personal note, Galois theory.
1
2 TOHRU LORENZO KOHRITA
Proposition 2.2.
Let
K/k
be a finite extension. Then
[
K
:
k
]
s
≤
[
K
:
k
]
.Proof.
Since
K/k
is finite, it is finitely generated. Thus there is a tower
k
⊂
k
(
α
1
)
⊂
k
(
α
1
,α
2
)
⊂ ··· ⊂
k
(
α
0
,
···
,α
n
) =
K.
and for each extension the inequality holds.
Proposition 2.3.
A finite extension
K
of
k
is separable if and only if each element
a
∈
K
is separable over
k
.Proof.
=
⇒
follows from the multiplicities of extension degrees and that of separabledegrees for
k
⊂
k
(
α
)
⊂
K
(
∀
α
∈
K
)
.
As for
⇐
=
,
consider a tower
k
⊂
k
(
α
1
)
⊂
k
(
α
1
,α
2
)
⊂ ··· ⊂
k
(
α
0
,
···
,α
n
) =
K.
Note that any
α
i
is separable.
Definition 2.4.
An arbitrary algebraic extension
K
of
k
is said to be separable if allfinitely generated subextensions of
K
are separable. (Note that these subextensionsare finite extensions since they are finitely generated algebraic extensions.)
Proposition 2.5.
If
K
is an algebraic extension, not necessarily finite, over
k
generated by a family of elements
{
α
λ
}
λ
∈
Λ
,
K
is separable over
k
if
α
λ
is separableover
k
for any
λ
.Proof.
Any element of
K
lies in
k
(
{
α
λ
}
λ
∈
S
) for some finite subset
S
of Λ. But suchsubextension is separable over
k
. Using Proposition 2.3., we are done.
Definition 2.6.
A class
C
of extensions is said to be distinguished if it satisfies thefollowing two conditions:1) Given
E/F/k
,
E/k
is in
C
if and only if
E/F
and
F/k
are in
C
,2) If an extension
K/k
is in
C
, then for an arbitrary extension
F/k KF/F
is in
C
.It formally follows that compositums of field extensions in a distinguished classalso belong to that class.
Theorem 2.7.
The class of separable extensions is distinguished.Remark
2.8
.
The classes of algebraic extensions, finite extensions and finitely gen-erated extensions, respectively, are also distinguished.3.
splitting fields
Let
k
be a field,
f
(
X
) be a polynomial over
k
and
E
be a field in which
f
(
X
) hasa linear factorization. Write the roots of
f
(
X
) in
E
as
a
1
,a
2
,
···
,a
n
.
E
is called asplitting field of
f
(
X
) over
k
if
E
=
k
(
a
1
,
···
,a
n
).
Theorem 3.1.
If
F
is another splitting field of
f
(
X
)
over
k
, then
F
is isomorphicto
E
over
k
.Proof.
Choose an algebraic closure of
E
. In this field,
f
(
X
) is factorized as
f
(
X
) =
c
(
X
−
a
1
)
···
(
X
−
a
n
)(
c
∈
k,a
i
∈
E
). Denote an extension of the inclusion
k
→
k
alg
to
F
by
σ
:
F
→
k
alg
.
f
(
X
) is factorized, say, as
c
(
X
−
b
1
)
···
(
X
−
b
n
)(
c
∈
k,b
i
∈
E
). Then
f
σ
(
X
) =
c
(
X
−
σ
(
b
1
))
···
(
X
−
σ
(
b
n
)) in
E
alg
[
X
]. But
f
(
X
) hascoefficients in
k
, so
f
σ
(
x
) =
f
(
X
). For
E
alg
[
X
] is a unique factorization domain,
σ
(
b
1
)
,
···
,σ
(
b
n
) are just a permutation of
a
1
,
···
,a
n
. Thus
E
=
k
(
a
1
,
···
,a
n
) =
k
(
σ
(
b
1
)
,
···
,σ
(
b
n
)) =
σ
(
F
).
A NOTE ON GALOIS THEORY 3
Corollary 3.2.
Let
k
be a field and
f
(
X
)
be a polynomial over
k
. If
E
is a splitting field of
f
(
X
)
over
k
in
k
alg
, any embedding over
k
from some splitting field
F
of
f
(
X
)
over
k
into
k
alg
induces an isomorphism from
F
onto
K
.Proof.
Obvious from the proof of the previous Theorem. Just note
E
alg
=
k
alg
Remark
3.3
.
We can also consider a splitting field of a family of polynomials
{
f
i
(
X
)
}
i
∈
I
. It is easy to see that the above theorem and corollary hold for thesecases. If the index set
I
is finite, it is the same thing as to consider the product
f
1
(
X
)
f
2
(
X
)
···
f
n
(
X
).4.
normal extensions
Let
k
alg
/K/k
be field extensions. (Of course, algebraic.) The following threeconditions are equivalent:1) Any embedding
K
→
k
alg
induces an automorphism of
K
,2) K is a splitting field of some family of polynomials over
k
,3) Any irreducible polynomial over
k
with a root in
K
has a linear factorizationover
K
.The proof of the equivalence is straightforward. The easily proven fact that, foran algebraic extension
E/k
, any embedding of
E
into itself over
k
is onto, i.e. anisomorphism, is particularly useful to prove the equivalence. Note that it is just alinear algebraic statement if
E/k
is a finite extension.
Definition 4.1.
An algebraic extension
E
of
k
is said to be normal if the aboveequivalent conditions are satisfied.
Theorem 4.2.
If
K/k
is a normal extension and
M
is an intermediate field,
K/M
is normal. Normality is preserved under lifting. Also, if
F/k
is another normal extension,
KF
and
K
∩
F
are normal over
k
.Proof.
A standard argument.
Remark
4.3
.
The class of normal extensions is NOT distinguished.5.
Galois extensions
Definition 5.1.
A field extension
K/k
is said to be Galois if it is separable andnormal.Thanks to the normality, we can consider the group of automorphisms of
K
over
k
, denoted Gal(K
/
k). This gives information on intermediate fields
F
between
K
and
k
.
Proposition 5.2.
Let
H
and
H
be subfields of the Galois group
G
of an Galoisextension
K/k
, and denote the fixed fields
F
and
F
, resp. Then
FF
is the fixed field of
H
∩
H
, and
F
∩
F
is the fixed field of
< H,H
>
, the subgroup generated by
H
and
H
in
G
.Proof.
Immediate from definitions.
Lemma 5.3.
If
K/k
is an algebraic separable extensions and any element
a
∈
K
has degree
≤
n
, then
[
K
:
k
]
≤
n
.
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