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THCH DA

CHNG I : TNG QUAN V THCH DA


I.1. Gii thiu Thch da (Nata de coco) l mt loi thc n ph bin, c ngun gc t Philippin, c to ra t s ln men nc da bi vi khun Acetobacter xylinum. y l mt trong s cc loi thc phm thng mi u tin ng dng t cellulose vi khun. Sn phm thch da l mt mn n trng ming dai, trong sut v rt ngon. Hin nay, khng ch ngi dn Philippine m ngi dn cc nc khc trn th gii cng rt thch mn n ny c bit l ngi Nht Bn. Nm 1992, thch da bt u c gii thiu Nht bn nh mt sn phm thc phm n king cho cc c gi tr. Nm 1993, thch da t Philippine c xut khu sang Nht Bn. Hn th na, ngi Nht cn cho rng thch da c th gip c th con ngi chng li bnh ung th rut kt. Trong thch da c hm lng cht x cao rt tt cho h thng tiu ho. Thch da cung cp t nng lng v khng cha cholesterol. I.2. Cu trc ca thch da Bn cht ca thch da l mt mng nhy c cu trc l hemicellulose. Do thch da c bn cht l polysaccharide ngoi bo nn c kh nng ng dng vo nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Cho n nay, vic ng dng thch da mi ch dng li nhng nghin cu ch bin thnh nhng sn phm ko, jelly, cc sn phm gii kht. Hm m ca thch da: Theo kt qu nghin cu khi kho st cu trc thch da ca cc thy c Phan Tin M Quang, ng Th Anh o, Nguyn nh Tuyt b mn cng ngh ho hc v du kh trng i Hc Bch Khoa TPHCM, th thch da l mt mng polymer sinh hc, c kh nng gi nc rt ln. Ming thch da sau khi sy 900C th mng nh t giy, b mt lng bng v rt dai chc. Kt qu xc nh hm m ca thch da l 99%, th hin r bn cht ho nc ca thch da ( do chui polymer ca mng thch da cha cc nhm OH nn rt d dng to lin kt hidro vi nc). Cu trc mng polysaccharide ca thch da: Thch da c cu trc mng l cc polysaccharide, chng sp xp khng theo trt t, khng theo quy lut, 2 CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA chng an xen vo nhau rt chng cht theo mi pha. Do trong qu trnh ln men, cc vi khun Acetobacter xylinum chuyn ng hn lon khng theo quy lut. l nguyn nhn to nn tnh dai v chc v mi pha ca ming thch. Bn cnh , mng lun lun ngm mt lng nc ng k (99%). Thnh phn monosaccharide chnh ca thch da l socboza nm dng Lsocboza, thng cha trong vi khun ln men dch tri cy. Cng thc cu to ca L-socboza l : CH2OH-CO-HOCH-HCOH-HOCH-CH2OH.

CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA

CHNG II : SN XUT THCH DA.


II.1. Vi sinh vt trong sn xut thch da Ging vi sinh vt dng trong sn xut thch da l Acetobacter xylinum. II.1.1. c im ging vi khun Acetobacter. Ging vi khun Acetobacter thuc h Pseudomonadieae, phn b rng ri trong t nhin v c th phn lp c cc vi khun ny t khng kh, t, nc, lng thc thc phm, dm, ru, bia, hoa qu C khong 20 loi thuc ging Acetobacter c phn lp v m t, trong c nhiu loi c ngha kinh t. Vi khun Acetobacter:

Dng hnh que, tu iu kin nui cy (t0, thnh phn mi trng nui cy) m cc vi khun acetobacter c th sinh ra cc t bo c hnh thi khc bit dng ko di hoc phnh to ra.

Kch thc thay i tu loi (0.3-0.6 x 1.0-8.0m). C th di ng (c tin mao n hoc chu mao), hoc khng di ng (khng c tin mao).

Khng sinh nha bo t. Hiu kh bt buc. Chu c acid cao. Vi khun acetobacter c kh nng ng ho nhiu ngun thc n cacbon khc nhau nhng khng s dng c tinh bt.

T bo ng ring l hoc kt thnh tng chui. C kh nng to thnh vng trn mi trng lng, kh nng to thnh vng thay i tu loi:
o o o o o

Acetobacter xylinum: to thnh vng cellulose kh dy v chc. Acetobacter orleanoe: to thnh vng mng nhng chc. Acetobacter pasteurianum: to thnh vng kh v nhn nheo. Acetobacter suboxydans: to thnh vng mng d tan r. Acetobacter curvum: sinh acid acetic vi nng cao nhng to thnh vng khng chc chn.

CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA

Acetobacter c kh nng ng ho mui (NH4)+ v phn gii pepton. Mt s loi i hi mt s acid amin nht nh nh acid pantothenic v cc cht khong K, Mg, Ca, Fe, P, S dng mui v c, hu c hoc hp cht hu c. Do bia, dch t phn nm men, nc mch nha, nc tri cyl ngun dinh dng rt tt cho s pht trin ca vi khun actobacter..

Ngoi kh nng oxy ho ethanol thnh acid acetic, mt s loi acetobacter cn tng hp c vit B1, vit B2, oxy ho sorbit thnh ng sorbose (dng trong cng nghip sn xut vit C)

II.1.2. Phn loi vi khun Acetobacter n nay c nhiu tc gi cp n vn phn loi cc loi vi khun trng ging Acetobacter, nhng ng ch nht l bng phn loi Acetobacter ca J-Frateur-1950. Sau y l mt s loi quan trng nht:

Acetobacter aceti: trc khun ngn, khng chuyn ng v chng c th lin kt vi nhau thnh chui di. Chng bt mu vng vi iod, c th sng nng cn kh cao (11%) v c kh nng oxyho cn to thnh 6% acid acetic. Nhit pht trin ti u ca chng l 340C. Nu nhit cao qu 400C s gy ra hin tng co t bo v to thnh hnh qu l. Thng thy chng pht trin trong bia.

Acetobacter schutzenbachii: trc khun kh di, to thnh vn dy, v khng bn vng, c kh nng tch lu trong mi trng n 11.5%acid acetic do thng c s dng lm gim theo phng php nhanh (phng php ca c).

Acetobacter suboxydans: to thnh vng mng, d v ra, c kh nng chuyn ho glucose thnh acid gluconic hay sorbic thnh sorbose. Loi vi khun ny mun pht trin bnh thng cn c cung cp mt s cht sinh trng nh acid para aminopenzoic, acid panthoteric, acid nicotinic.

Acetobacter orleansen: trc khun di trung bnh khng di ng. Gp iu kin nhit cao c th sinh ra cc t bo d hnh ko di hoc phnh to ra. To ra vng rt dy trn mi trng dch th. C th pht trin c c nng ru cao (10%-12%) v lm tch lu n 9.5% acid acetic.

CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA Thng c dng trong cng nghip chuyn ru vang thnh gim (phng php ca Php). Pht trin thch hp nhit 25-30 oC.

Acetobater xylinum: trc khun khng di ng, to thnh vng nhn v kh dy.Vng c cha hemicellulose nn khi gp H2SO4 v thuc nhum Iod s bt mu xanh.C th tch lu 4.5% acid acetic trong mi trng. Thng gp loi vi khun ny cng vi nm men trong nm ch, cn gil thu hoi sm, mt loi sn phm gii kht b dng theo cch lm ca nghi Trung Hoa. l mt loi nc chua c v thm dng pha nuc gii kht trong cc gia nh ngi Trung Hoa, trn mt nc c mt vng vi sinh vt dy c nui sng bng nc ch v ng.

Acetobacter pasteurianum: trc khun ngn, vng vi khun c dng kh v nhn nheo, vng bt mu xanh khi nhum vi thuc Iod. C kh nng o xyho v to 6.2% acid acetic.

II.1.3. Phn lp Acetobacter Vi khun Acetobacter c th c phn lp t gim, ru, bia, hoa qu, chui chn, vng gim...V d: mun phn lp vi khun acetobacter t khng kh, ngi ta pha ru thnh dung dch 5-6% (hoc theo kinh nghim dn gian, ch cn ly mt phn ru ho vi 7 phn nc l, ng trong cc ming rng, gi t m 30OC trong 2-3 ngy. Ru s c v trn b mt xut hin mt vng mng. Ly vng mng ny pha long ra, v phn lp trn mi trng thch da. - c ch s pht trin ca cc loi nm men Mycoderma (thng pht trin ng thi vi s pht trin ca vi khun Acetobacter), ngi ta b sung vo mi trng phn lp 1-1.5% acid acetic. Do nhng u im vt tri ca chng Acetobacter xylinum c nu trn nn Acetobacter xylinum oc ng dng trong sn xut thch da. II.1.4. Ging Acetobacter xylinum a/ c im Chng Acetobacter xylinum ny c ngun t Philippin. Acetobacter xylinum thuc nhm vi khun acetic. Theo h thng phn loi ca nh khoa hc

CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA Bergey th Acetobacter xylinum thuc: lp Schizommycetes, b

Pseudomonadales, h Pseudomonadieae. A.xylinum l loi vi khun hnh que di khong 2m, gram m, ng ring l hoc xp thnh

chui, c kh nng di ng nh tin mao. C kh nng to vng hemicellulose kh dy, bt mu vi thuc nhum Iod v H2SO4. A.xylinum sinh trng iu kin pH < 5, nhit khong 28-32 oC v c th tch lu 4.5% acid acetic. Hnh1. Vi khun A. xylinum

Acid acetic l sn phm sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca vi khun, nhng khi chng vt qu mc cho php, chng s quay ngc tr li lm c ch hot ng ca vi khun.

b/ Sinh l, sinh ho A.xylinum hp th ng glucose t mi trng nui cy. Trong t bo vi khun, glucose ny s kt hp vi acid bo to thnh mt tin cht nm trn mng t bo. K n c thot ra ngoi t bo cng vi mt enzyme. Enzyme ny c th polyme ho glucose thnh cellulose. A.xylinum to nn lp cellulose dy l do mi trng nui cy nc da c b sung cc cht dinh dng cn thit. Cellulose l nhng polisaccharide khng tan trong nc m tan trong mi trng kim. cng l thnh phn chnh ca mng t bo thc vt. Polysaccharide ca vi sinh vt thng c tch t ng k trong cc mi trng lng. Vi sinh vt c kh nng tng hp cc oligo v polysaccharide. Lng cc oligo v cc polysaccharide ni bo c th t ti 60% trng lng kh ca t bo. Tt c cc oligo v polysaccharide c tng hp bng cch ko di chui saccharide c trc nh vo vic thm vo n v monosaccharide. n v monosaccharide c thm vo tham gia phn ng dng nucleotide, monosaccharide c hot ho thng l dn xut ca cc uridin diphosphat

CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA (UDP-X) nhng i khi cng vi cc nucleotide, purin v cc pirimidin khc. S tng hp din ra theo cc phn ng sau: X-X-X-X- + UDP-X = X-X-X-X-X + UDP n nhnh (n+1) nhnh

C ch qu trnh sinh tng hp din ra theo s tng hp cc loi polysaccharide phn nhnh hin cha r.

- Ngi ta cho rng th t cc gc ng v tnh c trng tham gia ca chng vo chui polysaccharide ph thuc vo cc enzyme transferase. Acetobacter xylinum sng thch hp nhit 28-32oC. nhit ny qu trnh hnh thnh cc sn phm trong c thch da l tt nht. II.2. Bn cht sinh ho ca qu trnh Qu trnh hnh thnh cellulose c nh bc hc Muhlethaler s dng knh hin vi in t nghin cu v cho rng: u tin cc t bo vi khun s tit ra cht nhy bao bc xung quanh chng, tip l s hnh thnh cc si cellulose c polime ho t cc n phn glucose v tr -1,6 di tc dng ca enzym c trong bao nhy. Cc si ny ngy cng dy ln v c kt ni vi nhau to thnh lp cellulose bn trong bao nhy.Lp cellulose ny sau c thot ra khi t bo hon ton. Dung dch mi trng ban u c dng huyn ph mn, chuyn sang dng ri rc, sau kt li thnh khi ln hn dng gel cha cc t bo vi khun trong . B khung ca gel l mng lI cellulose vi thnh phn ch yu l nc. N c hnh thnh mc ti a ch 30 pht sau khi c s tip xc gia vi khun Acetobacterium xylium vi glucose v oxy.

II.3. Nguyn liu trong sn xut thch da. II.3.1. Nguyn liu chnh - Nc da: trung bnh mt tri da c cha 300ml nc, chim 25% trng lng tri da. Nc da l loi nc gii kht ph bin v cha nhiu cht dinh dng nh: ng, protein, lipid, vitamin, v khong nhng vi nng rt long.

CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA Bng 2 : Thnh phn ho hc ca nc da STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Thnh phn Cht kh ng tng s Tro K Na Ca Mg Fe Cu P S Protein Du bo T trng Khi lng 4.71 2.08 0.02 3.12 1.5 2.9 3.0 0.01 0.04 3.7 3.4 0.55 0.74 1.02

Bng 3 : Cc vitamin c trong nc da STT 1 2 3 4 5 Vitamin Acid ascorbic Penthothennic Acid nicotinic Acid folic Riboflavin Bng 4 : Cc acid amin c trong nc da. STT Acid amin Hm lng (% khi lng/ amin tng s) 1 2 3 4 Acid glutamic Arginine Leucine Lysine 9 14.5 12.75 4.18 4.51 CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng Hm lng (g/l) 3 0.052 0.064 0.03 0.00001

THCH DA 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Proline Aspartic Tyrosine Alamine Histidine Phenyl alanin Senine Cystein 4.12 3.6 2.83 2.41 2.05 1.23 0.91 1.17

nhng vng c nhiu da th sn xut thch da t ngun nguyn liu nc da gi c hiu qu kinh t rt cao bi n va rt tt cho qu trnh ln men li va gii quyt c vn mi trng (nc da gi l ph thi t cc nh my sn xut cm da no sy). Tuy nhin, mt s vng khng c da th vn nguyn liu li l mt trong nhng im hn ch dn n kh ng dng sn xut quy m cng nghip. V vy, vn t ra cn phi gii quyt l mi trng ln men phi xut pht t nhng ngun nguyn liu sn c, r tin, c s lng ln, d vn chuyn v mang quy m cng nghip, khng mang tnh cc b, a phng, c th tn dng c ph ph liu t cc qu trnh thc phm khc. Xut pht t yu cu , nhm nghin cu ca c Vng Th Vit Hoa, Trng Nguyn Qunh Hng, khoa cng ngh thc phm trng i hc Nng Lm TPHCM tin hnh nghin cu, a dng ho cc mi trng sn xut thch da t A.xylinum. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, ta c th thay th nc da gi bng nc da hoc nc c da vi nhng t l pha long thch hp. - Ngun nguyn liu chnh khng th thiu khi ln men to thch da chnh l dung dch cha vi khun A. xylinum. II.3.2. Thnh phn mi trng sn xut. - mi trng 1 : mi trng nc da gi Acid acetic (NH4)2SO4 - SA (NH4)2PO4 Saccharose Nc da gi 5 ml 8g 2g 20g 1000 ml 10 CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng - mi trng 2 : mi trng nc ct da T l cm da/nc (g/ml) SA (%) DAP Saccharose (%) 1/10 0.6 0.6 6

THCH DA - Mi trng 3 : mi trng nc p da 1 T l da/nc (g/ml) SA (%) DAP (%) Saccharose (%) 1/10 0.8 0.6 2 - Mi trng 4: mi trng nc p da 2 T l da/nc (g/ml) SA (%) DAP (%) Saccharose (%) 1/30 0.8 0.6 6

II.4. Quy trnh sn xut thch da Quy trnh chung :

Nguyen lieu

Loc

Nc ng

Tron eu

DAP, SA

un soi 10 45

e nguoi

Ging

Cho acid acetic

Nhn ging

Cay giong

Len men 28 320C trong 9 15 ngay

Thch da th

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CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA Thuyt minh quy trnh : II.4.1. Chun b ging sn xut: Ging Acetobacter xylinum c nui trong mi trng thch nghing, thnh phn gm: SA DAP 8g 2g

Saccharose 20g Agar Nc da 20g 1000ml

Cc ng nghim cha mi trng thanh trng 121C trong 20 pht. Cy ging , trong t m 3- 4 ngy. Tin hnh nhn ging, c th qua 1 cp hoc hai cp hoc nhiu hn tu theo qui m sn xut. Thnh phn mi trng nhn ging nh trn nhng khng c Agar gi l mi trng dch th. Mi trng c kh trng 100C trong 30 . ngui n 30C, cy ging theo t l 10%. Lc hay sc kh trong thi gian 18- 20 gi. Sau ging c a vo sn xut.

II.4.2. Chun b mi trng Nc da gi c thu nhn cc nh my sn xut cm da no sy. Thnh phn gm: ng, protein, du bo, khong ,vitaminho tan v mt s tp cht khc. C th s dng cc nguyn liu thay th trnh by phn trn. Dng vi lc loi b tp cht.Vi lc c c nh trn r lc. Dch nc da sau khi lc c thu vo thng cha. Cn trn vi lc c tch ra ngoi. B sung dinh dng: SA, DAP, ng glucose l ngun cung cp Nit, khong tao mi trng ti u cho qu trnh sinh tng hp sn phm. Mi trng sau khi b sung dinh dng c thanh trng bng cch un si khong 10-45 tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c trong mi trng. Sau lm ngui. Dng acid acetic 40% chnh v pH = 3 - 3,5, chnh nhit n 28-32C (pH, nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ln men). 12 CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA II.4.3. Ln men mi trng vo cc dng c, cy ging theo t l 1:10. y thau, chu bng vi mng hoc giy bo. Gi nhit phng 28-32 oC trong vng 9-15 ngy. Trong thi gian ny trnh khuy ng mi trng trnh lm cho lp thch ang hnh thnh b tch lp. II.4.4. Thu nhn thch da th Sau khong 9-15 dng vt vt khi cellulose ra khi dch ln men. Sau ra khi cellulose bng nc lnh. II.5. Quy trnh ch bin thch da

Thach da tho Cat nho (1x1.5x2cm) Ngam ng 70-80% Ngam ng 20%

Sen la nhe Ngam trong dd Na2CO3 3-5% trong 15


B sung hng tri cy

e nguoi

Xa nc lanh un soi 10 15 e rao

B sung nc siro, hng tri cy

Vo keo, dan nhan xuat xng

Vo hop Thanh trung

Mt thach da

Dan nhan xuat xng

Cocktail thch da

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CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA V thch da th ch l khi hemicellulose nn khng mi, khng v. Chnh v vy cn phi ch bin ph hp vi khu v ca ngi tiu dng. Quy trnh ch bin thch da c trnh by trong s pha trn. Dng my ct ct khi cellulose to cc ming nh, u n. Ngm sn phm trong dung dch Na2CO3 3-5% trong 15 trung ho acid acetic cn st bn trong thch. Sau x li bng nc lnh. un si lm trong sn phm v tao dai bng cch b sung cht to dai. Ngm ng to ngt v tng trong cho sn phm. B sung mu, mi hon thin gi tr cm quan. II.6. Bo qun thch da c ch vi khun v nm men bng cch s dng nng ng cao. Vi nng ng khong 70-80% n s to ra mt p sut thm thu cao, s hon ton c th c ch c hot ng ca vi khun v nm men. Phng php bo qun ny c p dng i vi sn phm mt thch da. S dng mui natribenzoate : Vi nng mui s dng khong 0.05 0.1%, sn phm thch da c th gi c phm cht ban u sau 4 thng. II.7. Nhng bin ng trong qu trnh ln men. S thay i pH trong qu trnh ln men : mt trong nhng iu kin quan trng c c s hot ng sng ca VSV l acid ca mi trng. Acetobacter xylinum l mt lai chu acid nn mi trng c iu chnh v pH 3.5-4 bng acid acetic nng 40%. Nhn thy trong 4 ngy u pH tng dn t 3.78 n 3.91. Sau gim dn n ngy th 10 th t gi tr 3.35. Cc qu trnh ng ha v d ha ca vi sinh vt c lin quan n vic to thnh cc acid hu c nh l sn phm trung gian v nhng sn phm cui cng ca s trao i cht. Nu ngun C khng c vi khun s dng ht th c th c s tch ly acid hu c tng tng trong dch nui cy. S tch ly v t l acid hu c ph thuc vo tng chng trong mi loi vi khun , vo thnh phn ca mi trng ,vo s thng kh v cc nhn t khc. i vi Acetobacter xylinum vic ln men i lin vi hnh thnh cc acid dicacboxylic khng bay hi (acid malic.fumaric,sucxinic), cc keto acid ( acid oxaloacetic , pyruvic) nh l cc

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CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA sn phm trung gian v cc acid mono carboxylic bay hi (acid propionic, acetic, i khi c acid formic) nh l cc sn phm cui cng. II.8. Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh ln men. II.8.1. nh hng ca (NH4)2SO4 T l thnh phn dinh dng trong mi trng nui cy c ngha quyt nh i vi s sinh trng v pht trin ca A. xylinum. Nhn t (NH4)2SO4 l mt trong nhng nhn t nh hng ln n s pht trin ca A. xylinum. (NH4)2SO4 l nhn t quan trng cung cp ngun nit cho t bo pht trin. xc nh c nh hng ca (NH4)2SO4 ti qu trnh to mng nhy, ng Th Kim Dung - trng H S phm HN 2 tin hnh nh sau: trc tin cy hai chng vi khun A.xylinum.sp T7 v A. xylinum A24 trn mi trng c bn v thay i nng ca (NH4)2SO4 8 nng khc nhau: 0.25 , 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.08, 0.05, 0.03, 0.01 (%). Mi trng nui cy tnh sau 20 ngy em xc nh dy ca mng nhy cc gi tr nng (NH4)2SO4 khc nhau. Kt qu kim tra cho thy dy mng tng t ngy th 5 tr i v t gi tr cc i ngy th 20. gi tr nng (NH4)2SO4 l 0.08% th hm lng hemicellulose to ra l cao nht. Kt qu ny c gii thch nh sau: Mi loi vi sinh vt c mt ngng hp th thch hp cc cht dinh dng khc nhau l khc nhau. (NH4)2SO4 l ngun cung cp nito cn thit cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca vi khun A. xylinum. Nng (NH4)2SO4 l 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.1 % c th l cao qu i vi yu cu ca Acertobacter xylinum do khng hp th ht lng sulphate amone, lng cn li trong mi trng s c ch s pht trin ca t bo vi khun. V vy, lng hemicellulose to ra thp hn so vi mi trng c nng (NH4)2SO4 l 0.08%. Cn nng sulphate amone l 0.05, 0.03, 0.01% c th l thp hn so vi yu cu cho s pht trin ca vi khun nn lng hemicellulose to thnh thp hn c. Mt khc, nit cn c mt trong nhiu thnh phn cu to nh acid nucleic, phospholipid, mt s coenzyme quan trng nh ATP, ADP, NADP, FAD v mt s vitamin tham gia vo qu trnh to thnh hemicellulose. Nu hm lng cc cht qu cao hay qu thp s nh hng n tnh cht l ho ca mi trng, v vy nh

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CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA hng ti qu trnh to thnh hemicellulose ca vi khun acertobacter xylinum, v th dy mng gim so vi mc 0.08%. II.8.2. nh hng ca (NH 4)2PO4 (NH4)2PO4 va l ngun cung cp nit, va l ngun cung cp phospho cho qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca vi khun acertobacter xylinum. S nh hng ca (NH4)2PO4 tng t nh nh hng ca (NH4)2SO4 II.8.3. nh hng ca cc loi ng Trng thi thch da to thnh chu nh hng nhiu ca ng. Acetobacter xylinum c th s dng glucose , sucrose , lactose , maltose , dextrin v galactose do ng vi mi lai ng khc nhau m ta s dng s cho ra thch da c trng thi khc nhau. Bng 5. nh hng ca cc loi ng khc nhau n s hnh thnh thch da trong nc da pH = 5.0 ng Glucose Sucrose Lactose Maltose Dextrin Galactose Khng b sung ng dy Trng thi Dy chc Dy chc Mng mng mm Mng mng mm Mng mng mm Mng mng mm Mng mng mm Khi lng thch da sau 15 ngy ln men (g) 198.50 193.79 84.50 86.35 81.20 50.45 50.00

Ngun : Adapted from Lapuz et al. (1967) and Ramos (1977) Da vo bng nghin cu trn ta thy khi s dng glucose cho qu trnh ln men s cho khi lng thch da cao nht v trng thi thch da thu c cng rt tt. Tuy nhin khi ngi ta lm th nghim s dng sucrose cc nng khc nhau cho qu trnh ln men th ngi ta thy rng sucrose nng 10% s cho khi lng thch da cao nht.Trong thc t sn xut ngi ta thng s dng sucrose do gi thnh r v cho nng sut kh cao.

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CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA Bng 6 : nh hng ca nng sucrose n trng thi cu trc ca thch da Nng sucrose (%) 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 Khng b sung ng dy Trng thi Trung bnh chc Trung bnh chc Trung bnh chc Trung bnh chc Dy chc Trung bnh chc Trung bnh chc Mng mng Khi lng thch da sau 15 ngy ln men (g) 112.08 146.45 165.76 187.54 198.58 188.78 185.65 95.88

Ngun : Adapted from Lapuz et al. (1967) and Ramos (1977) II.8.4. nh hng ca nng cht kh Nng cht kh thch hp cho qu trnh hnh thnh thch da l 11.5-12oBx. Nu nng cht kh cao qu ,VSV c th khng s dng ht gy lng ph ng thi c th gy c ch hat ng VSV.Nu nng cht kh qu thp s khng cung cp cho qu trnh sng ca VSV. II.8.5. nh hng ca nhit Ngoi cc yu t trn nhit ln men cng nh hng ng k n s hnh thnh sn phm. Bng 9 : nh hng ca nhit n s hnh thnh thch da trong nc da pH = 5.0 Nhit (oC) 15 20 25 28-32 35 40 Trng thi thch da Khng pht trin Mng mng mm Trung bnh chc Dy chc c st , no nata c st , no nata Khi lng trung bnh sau 15 ngy ln men (g) 0.00 87.50 128.82 195.02 0.00 0.00

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CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA Nh vy nhit ti u thch hp cho qu trnh ln men to thch da l 28 320C. II.8.6. nh hng ca pH pH nh hng nhiu n nng sut cng nh s hnh thnh sn phm. Bng 10 : nh hng ca pH n s hnh thnh thch da pH 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 dy Trng thi No nata formation No nata formation Mng mng mm Trung bnh mm Dy chc Dy chc Dy chc Dy chc Trung bnh chc Mng mng mm No nata formation No nata formation Khi lng thch da sau 15 ngy ln men (g) _ _ 92.60 148.52 188.32 193.89 184.20 173.70 163.85 86.90 _ _

Ngun : Adapted from Lapuz et al. (1967) and Ramos (1977) Trong khong pH 4.5 n 6 th lng sinh khi BC to ra l tng i cao. II.9. Kim tra v nh gi cht lng sn phm II.9.1. Kim tra sn phm th Phn ci Trong iu kin ti u pH = 5.0 , t = 28-32 oC , 1 lt nc c b sung 100g ng , 5g (NH4)2HPO4 , 8 ml acid acetic bng thu c 483g thch da th. m thch da thu c vo khong 96-98.6%. Nh vy yu cu i vi thch da sau ln men l phi t c : Cu trc : dy (1.5-3 cm), dai , chc. Mu sc : trng ng.

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CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA II.9.2. Kim tra sn phm ch bin II.9.2.1.Phn ci Thch da c ngm trong nc ng c b sung mi ca cc loi tri cy nh vi , nhn , du , ... Kch thc thch da nn t : 1 x 2 x 2.5 (cm) Mu sc : trng sa. Cu trc : dai,chc. Mi v : mang mi tri cy ty thuc vo tng loi sn phm. II.9.2.2. Phn nc T l ci : nc l 50 : 50. Nc ng c vai tr to v ngt v l mi trng bo qun thch da. Hm lng ng vo khong 30-45%. pH t khong 4.5 - 5.5. Nc phi trong v mang mi c trng ring ca tng sn phm. II.9.3. Cht lng dinh dng ca thch da Calo : 146 Carbonhydrate : 36.1% P : 2mg trong 100g thch da Lipid : 0.2% Ca : 12mg Fe :0.5 mg

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CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

THCH DA

[1] Nguyn c Lng, C s vi sinh vt cng nghip Tp 3 , Thc phm ln men truyn thng, NXB i hc Quc gia Tp.HCM, 2003. [2], Nguyn Nh Phc, Cc phng php ln men thc phm truyn thng Vit Nam v cc nc trong vng, NXB nng nghip TPHCM, 1998. [3], Trn Minh Tm, Cng ngh vi sinh ng dng, NXB Nng nghip TP HCM, 2000. [4] Trn Ph Ha , Nghin cu v thch da , Lun vn tt nghip, 1992. [5], Vng Th Vit Hoa, Trng Nguyn Qunh Hng, a dng ho mi trng sn xut nata de coco t vi khun Acetobacter xylinum, Tp ch khoa hc k thut Nng Lm nghip, s 2&3/ 2005, p85-88. [6], ng Th Kim Nhung, Nghin cu nh hng ca mi trng dinh dng ti kh nng to mng nhy ca vi khun Acetobacter xylinum, Nhng vn nghin cu c bn trong khoa hc d sng, NXB Khoa hc & k thut H Ni, 2003, p975979. [7], Phan Tin M Quang, ng Th Anh o, Nguyn nh Tuyt, Kho st cu trc ca thch da, K yu hi ngh khoa hc cng ngh ln th 8-phn ban cng ngh thc phm, Thng 4 nm 2002.

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CBGD : Nguyn Thu Hng

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