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Chng 1 Lien ket hoa hoc Hnh dang cac phan t cong hoa tr

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1. o am ien la g? Cho biet y ngha cua khai niem o am ien khi anh gia ban chat cua lien ket hoa hoc? Khai niem ay co han che g? Pauling nh ngha: o am ien cua mot nguyen to la ai lng ac trng cho kha nang cua nguyen t o keo ien t ve mnh khi hnh thanh lien ket hoa hoc. Cong thc tnh o am ien theo: Pauling
A B = = 0,208 23,06

Mulliken I +F = 1 1 2 o am ien tng oi:

trong o: Lien ket co:

E + EBB = EAB AA 2
Tnh ion

I1 + F1 128

Khai niem o am ien co cac han che: + Cha co thc o chnh xac phu hp vi nh ngha cua o am ien. + o am ien cua mot nguyen t trong mot hp chat cu the con phu thuoc vao: (1) Hoa tr (4) Thanh phan (2) So oxi hoa (5) So lng (3) Trang thai tap chung cua NTTT cua ligand

+ Song thc te cha nh lng c tac ong cua cac yeu to nay.

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2. Nhng yeu to nao anh hng en phan tnh CHT cua lien ket khi s dung mo hnh cua hp chat ion? Mot lien ket ion co tnh CHT am may ien t cua anion b lech ve cation Hien tng nay xay ra cang manh khi: + Cation co tac dung phan cc + Anion co tac dung b phan cc TAC DUNG PHAN CC cua cation cang manh khi: + ien tch dng cang ln + Ban knh cang nho + d10 > d1-9 > [tr] q+ r+

q+ + : The ion r

(hieu ng phan cc th cap)

TAC DUNG B PHAN CC cua anion cang manh khi: + ien tch am cang ln + Ban knh cang ln q r Tnh baz

Lien ket ion co Tnh CHT Hp chat oxihydroxid co Tnh acid

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3. Hay cho biet bien oi tnh CHT cua lien ket trong moi day hp chat sau va ac tnh cua lien ket hoa hoc trong cac hp chat. Giai thch? a. KF KCl KBr KI Cac hp chat nay co cung cation K+ nen ch xet cac anion. Day anion halogenur nay co r Tac dung b phan cc Lien ket co tnh CHT Ban chat lien ket Ion Cac hp chat nay co cung cation Al3+ nen ch xet cac anion. Day anion halogenur nay co r Tac dung b phan cc Lien ket co tnh CHT Ban chat lien ket Ion Ion CHT Cac hp chat nay co cung anion F nen ch xet cac cation. Day cation cung chu ky 3 nay co q+ r+ Tac dung phan cc Lien ket co tnh CHT Ban chat lien ket Ion CHT phan cc Cac hp chat nay co cung cation Crx+ vi SOXH khac nhau. Cac cation cung nguyen to co SOXH q+ r+ Tac dung phan cc Lien ket co tnh CHT Ban chat lien ket Ion CHT phan cc

b. AlF3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3

c. NaF MgF2 AlF3 SiF4

d. CrO Cr2O3 CrO3

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e. MnF2 MnF4 CF4

Cac hp chat nay co cung anion F nen ch xet cac cation. Cac cation co SOXH q+ r+ Tac dung phan cc Lien ket co tnh CHT Rieng C thuoc chu ky 2 co r nho hn va = 2,55 cao hn Mn Lien ket co tnh CHT cao nhat. Ban chat lien ket Ion CHT phan cc Cac hp chat nay co cung cation Al3+ nen ch xet cac anion. Cac anion co tac dung b phan cc do (1) r trong cap hai hp chat au (2) q va r trong cap hai hp chat sau Lien ket co tnh CHT Ban chat lien ket Ion CHT phan cc

f. Al(NO3)3 AlCl3 Al2O3

g. NaNO3 AgNO3 HNO3 Cac hp chat nay co cung anion NO3 nen ch xet cac cation. Cac cation co SOXH +1 nay co (1) r+ (2) Ag+ co cau hnh d10 (3) H+ co r rat nho Tac dung phan cc tang dan Lien ket co tnh CHT Ban chat lien ket Ion CHT phan cc

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4. B va Al eu la cac nguyen to thuoc nhom 3A cua bang tuan hoan nhng B la khong kim loai con Al la kim loai. Hay cho biet nguyen nhan cua s khac nhau o. Cung phan nhom 3A nhng B va Al co ban knh rat khac nhau: B chu ky Al chu ky 2 3 rB = 0,91 rAl = 1,43 (gap 1,57 lan) Z=5 Z = 13

B rat kho mat ien t so vi Al. B la khong kim loai trong luc Al la kim loai. Tac ong cua rB rat nho manh hn s tang Z cua Al

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5. Cac nguyen to C, Si, Ge, Sn va Pb eu co cau hnh ien t cua lp vo ngoai cung la ns2np6 nhng cac n chat cua chung chuyen dan t dang khong kim loai sang kim loai. + C, Si, Ge: + Sn co 2 dang thu hnh: + Pb: Giai thch hien tng tren nh the nao Co ranh gii hoan toan ro ret gia lien ket CHT va lien ket KL hay khong? Nguyen nhan chnh dan en ac tnh bat nh x cua lien ket KL? Sn xam: Sn trang: khong kim loai khong kim loai kim loai ch co dang thu hnh kim loai

Khi r

trong phan nhom: I Tnh kim loai

Khong co ranh gii ro ret gia lien ket CHT va KL v co the cho rang ban chat cua lien ket KL la lien ket CHT a tam a ien t co tnh bat nh x.

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Nguyen nhan dan en tnh bat nh x cua lien ket KL: S to hp cua mot lng n vo cung ln cac AO ong nang tao thanh n MO cua toan tinh the kim loai. ieu nay khien cho n van ao nay tao thanh mot dai nang lng ma cac ien t co the di chuyen tng oi t do trong dai nang lng o. S di chuyen t do nay khien cho kim loai dan ien.

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6. Theo thuyet VB th khi nao gia cac nguyen t hnh thanh cac lien ket CHT? o ben cua lien ket CHT la g? o ben lien ket gia hai nguyen t phu thuoc vao cac yeu to nao? Theo thuyet VB th s hnh thanh lien ket CHT gia cac nguyen t can phai co cac ieu kien: + Cac van ao hoa tr phai co nang lng gan nhau + Phai co s xen phu cua cac van ao lien ket + Mat o ien t hoa tr tai vung xen phu phai u ln ong nang Xen phu Mat o
Xen phu hieu qua

o ben cua lien ket CHT la nang lng can thiet e cat t lien ket o. No la thc o s ben vng cua lien ket. Lu y la khi xem xet qua trnh phan ng th bat buoc phai so sanh o ben cua lien ket cu va o ben cua lien ket mi ch khong c quyen ch noi en o ben cua lien ket mi.

o ben cua lien ket phu thuoc vao 3 yeu to a neu, ma trc het la Mat o ien t hoa tr cang ln Ban knh nguyen t cang nho

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7. Hay cho biet s khac nhau gia lien ket ion va lien ket CHT. Loai lien ket Mo hnh Ion Cong hoa tr

Cach phan bo ien t hoa tr V tr cua ien t Lc lien ket Tnh chat o ben lien ket S dung chu yeu

ien t hoa tr ch thuoc ve nguyen to co ln hn Thuoc ve mot hat nhan Tnh ien ion Bat bao hoa Bat nh hng Cao Vo c NaCl

ien t hoa tr c s dung chung cho ca hai nguyen t Nam gia hai hat nhan Tnh ien CHT Bao hoa nh hng Cao Thap Vo cHu c CH4 Na2 SO4

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8. Hay giai thch tai sao:

Ton tai hp chat SF6 nhng khong ton tai hp chat SH6 Ton tai hp chat TiCl4 nhng khong ton tai hp chat TiH4 cho

Cau hnh ien t:

S Ti

[Ne] 3s23p4 [Ar] 4s2

F Cl

[He] 2s2 2p5 [Ne] 3s2

Ligand F va Cl co vao ien t t do 2p5 Van ao trong

NTTT

nen TAO C LIEN KET pd CHO cua NTTT lam o boi lien ket mat o ien t tren NTTT+ Ben hoa phan t

H khong co van ao p nen KHONG TAO C LIEN KET Trong SH6 H nhng ien t lam mat o ien t tren S qua cao H xam nhap sau vao lp vo ien t cua S Trong TiH4 H nhan ien t nen tren H mat o ien t cao Ti(IV) khong co lien ket cho Mat o ien t thap

Khong ben ay nhau manh Khong ben Khong ben

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9. Hay xac nh:

(1) Trang thai lai hoa cua NTTT (2) Cong thc cau tao (3) Hnh dang cua cac phan t va cac ion phan t sau: CO2 CF4 SO2Cl2 PF5 PO43 SO42 NH3 SF4 NO2 NO3 ClO3 IF5 ICl2

NTTT la nguyen t co o am ien thap nhng khong the la H. Trang thai lai hoa phu thuoc vao so ien t va van ao hoa tr Thong thng: Cac nguyen to chu ky 2 phai at 8 ien t tang ngoai cung. Cac nguyen to chu ky 3 co the co > 8 ien t tang ngoai cung.

Cong thc cau tao cua phan t se c xac nh theo v tr cua cac ligand. + Moi nguyen t lien ket ong gop 1 ien t vao NTTT. Rieng O va S khong ong gop ien t. + So oi ien t t do L va lien ket chung quanh NTTT c xac nh theo cong thc: L+= So ien t hoa tr cua nguyen t trung tam + So ien t ong gop ien tch cua ion

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Ve cong thc cau tao bang cach: 1. NTTT lien ket vi moi ligand trc het bang 1 lien ket .

2. Them cac oi ien t t do cua tat ca cac nguyen t.

3. Neu cac nguyen t cha at bat bo th Chuyen cac oi ien t t do Hng u the la chuyen oi ien t

Thanh cac lien ket phoi tr dung chung Cua nguyen to co thap hn Ve nguyen to co cao hn

4. Xac nh ien tch hnh thc cua cac nguyen t theo cong thc: ien tch hnh thc = So ien t hoa tr tang ngoai cung So ien t t do So lien ket

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5. Neu co chenh lech ien tch hnh thc ln gia cac nguyen t th chuyen cac oi ien t t do thanh cac lien ket phoi tr dung chung e giam s chenh lech nay.

6. Neu co ien t oc than th ien t nay chiem rieng 1 van ao hoa tr nen kem ben va de dang tao lien ket mi.

NO2 Hnh dang cua phan t se c xac nh theo v tr cua cac phoi t MA KHONG XET EN CAC OI IEN T T DO

C6H6

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10. Tai sao phan t CO2 khong phan cc con phan t COCl2 lai phan cc? Phan t CO2 co 2 lien ket C=O phan cc oi song vi nhau CO2 co moment lng cc = 0 Phan t COCl2 co cac lien ket phan cc nhng khong oi song COCl2 co moment lng cc 0 N F F F N H HH

OCO

OC

Cl Cl

11. Phan t NF3 co moment lng cc nho hn nhieu so vi NH3. Giai thch hien tng o nh the nao? Phan t NF3 co cac lien ket NF phan cc nhng oi nhau vi s phan cc cua oi ien t t do nen co moment lng cc nho hn nhieu so vi phan t NH3 co s phan cc khong oi nhau.

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12. Giai thch tai sao moment lng cc cua diclorbenzen bang khong con cua phan t dihydroxybenzen lai co gia tr bang 5,48.1030 C.m. Hai phan t nay eu co lien ket cac CO va CCl phan cc oi nhau. Song dihydroxybenzen co hai lien ket OH phan cc khong oi nhau Phan t dihydroxybenzen co moment lng cc.
Cl Cl HO OH

13. Trong cac phan t CH4, NH3 va H2O, cac NTTT eu trang thai tap chung sp3 nhng goc gia cac lien ket khong bang nhau: Goc lien ket: HCH = 10905 HNH = 1070 va HOH = 1050. Giai thch? Do lc ay cua oi ien t t do len cac ligand ma goc lien ket ngay cang nho lai.

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14. Phan t BCl3 co cau truc tam giac phang con NCl3 co cau truc hnh thap. Giai thch hien tng o nh the nao? Chung quanh B co Chung quanh N co 3 oi ien t t do 4 oi ien t t do B co tap chung sp3 N co tap chung sp3

15. Goc lien ket trong cac phan t NH3 NF3 H2O F2O co gia tr: HNH FNF = = 1070 1020 HOH FOF = = 1050 101,50

Giai thch tai sao goc trong cac hp chat fluorur luon luon co goc nho hn goc trong hp chat vi hydro? Lien ket NF va OF b phan cc ve F nen cac oi ien t lien ket b hut ve pha F. Lc ay cua cac oi ien t lien ket giam lam cac goc lien ket b nho lai. Trong luc o, lien ket NH va OH b phan cc ve pha N hay O Cac oi ien t lien ket b keo ve pha N hay O. Do lc ay cua oi ien t lien ket nay tang len lam cac goc lien ket ln hn. Lc ay cua cac oi ien t t do manh hn lc ay cua cac oi ien t lien ket nen goc lien ket van nho hn goc t dien (= 10905).