APUSH CHAPTER 1 Outline

Gibran Le European domination over Indians a) In the three centuries following Columbus's voyage, Native Americans came under the domination of the Spanish, Portuguese, French, English, and Dutch who colonized the Western Hemisphere and used African slaves to work their agricultural plantations. Arrival of Native Americans a) Europeans arrive... 40 million N. Americans in Mesoamerica and western coast of South America and 7 million in US and Canada. b) Historians believe that the Native Americans came to the Americas by water and most probably came by land.(land bridge from Siberia to Alaska.) c) Three main groups of migrations from Europe to the Americas. d) N. Americans started as Hunter/Gatherers and slowly transitioned into hunter/farmers. e) Farming beans, squash, and maize helped keep soil fertile.(also nutritious diet) Agricultural surplus made urban society possible. This was the economic foundation for the populous and wealthy societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi River Valley. f) 700 B.C. is when the flowering civilization in Mesoamerica began. By 300 A.D. more than 20,000 people were living in the Mayan city of Tikal.(most were farmers) g) An elite class considered themselves descent from the gods ruled Mayan. (lived on goods and taxes extracted from peasant families. Mayan astronomers created a calendar that recorded historical events and predicted eclipses of the sum and the moon. Hieroglyphic writing.... h) Their skills in writing and calculation enhanced the authority of the class of warriors and priests that ruled Mayan society. Decline of Mayans a) Around 800 Mayan society begins to decline due to two century long drought. Many peasants fled; abandoning the city temples

and religious centers. The remaining cities resisted until the 1520's against Spanish. b) Second major civilization develops, Teotihuacan. Declined at around 800, victim of both the major drought and several attacks from the nomadic aztecs. c) Aztecs enter the great central valley of Mexico from the north and settled on an island in Lake Texcoco. Name their city Tenochtitlan. mastered complex irrigation systems and written language. Complex culture with social order.

d) Aggressively, the Aztecs expanded their empire throughout central Mexico. People forged trading routes as far north as the Rio Grande and as far south as Panama. Bringing fur, gold and obsidian. 200,000 inhabitants. e) Aztec Artisans worked in stone, pottery, cloth, leather, and obsidian.

The Indians of the North a) The Indians north of the Rio Grande lacked occupational diversity, social hierarchy, and strong state institutions. Lived in selfgoverning tribes made of clans. b) Banned marriage between members of the same clan to prevent inbreeding. c) This system did not encourage the accumulation of goods by one person but rather the sharing of goods throughout the tribe.

The Hopewell Culture a) Some Indian Peoples did become materialistic in the North. The Hopewell people of present day Ohio increased food supply by domesticating plants, organized themselves in large villages, and set up trading network that stretched from present-day Louisiana to Wisconsin. b) Imported Obsidian from Yellowstone region, copper from great lakes, and pottery and shells from the Gulf of Mexico. c) Skilled Hopewell artisans fashioned striking ornaments to bury with the dead: copper beaten into intricate designs.

d) For reasons unknown, the trading routes of the Hopewell People collapsed around 400.

The Southwestern Peoples and Environmental Decline a) A second complex culture developed among the Pueblo peoples of the Southwest -- the Hohokams, Mogollons, and Anasazis. b) Hohokams of Arizona and New Mexico used irrigation systems to grow their crops. c) Lived in structures called Pueblos. d) To the East, the Mogollons people developed a black on white pottery style. e) Anasazi became master architects that built residential - ceremonial villages in steep cliffs. Culture of Pueblos collapsed after 1150 due to soil exhaustion and extended droughts. f) Descendants of these peoples including the Acomas, Zunis, and Hopis later built strong but smaller villages to accommodate the unpredictable weather.

Mississippian Culture

a) Last large scale culture is the Mississippian. Created by the war torn Mayans of the Yucatan peninsula. b) Rapid and successful expansion. Largest City, Cakokia, had population of 15,000 - 20,000 people and more than 100 temples. c) By 1350, they were in rapid decline. Large population had overburdened the environment and depleted it of its resources.

Eastern woodland People

a) Highly diverse(Natchez, Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws) in the east and had strong chiefdoms that were destroyed by the diseases from de Soto's expedition. The survivors intermarried and established small, less powerful agricultural communities.

b) In these Muskogean - speaking societies farming became the work of a woman and hunting the work of a man. c) These villages developed a matrilineal(look in the back of the book for this word. It's hard to explain) system. Religious rituals centered on the Agricultural cycle. Raising of children was left up to the mother and her brothers. The men would stay with their sisters instead of their wives.

Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas

a) 1450, few large cities in Europe. Most were living in small agricultural villages. Trading was local due to bad roads. Most peasants wanted to become yeomen and acquire enough land in order to support their family. Only a few achieved this goal. b) Like Native Americans, the lives of peasants in Europe followed the seasons. Agricultural year starts in late March. Summer is relaxing.(used to fix houses and barns) Fall was the strenuous harvest season. Winter was the time when they slaughtered excess livestock and salted or smoked the meat. The cold months were used to weave clothing and visiting friends and relatives. c) Even births and deaths followed the seasons. More successful births in Summer than any other time. Many people died in January and February, victims of viral diseases and then again in August and September. Harsh conditions and limited food killed a lot of people.

Hierarchy and Authority

a) In N. American and European society, rule came from above. Europeans had kings and queens that own vast tracts of land and had powerful armies. They lived off the work of peasants. b) Just likes Kings the men, rich or poor, ruled the household. Once an English women married, she had to submit to her husband's power. If he died, she would receive a dower, usually one-third of the family's goods and land.

c) Men also controlled the lives of their children. Primogeniture is the practice in which fathers bestowed most of their land on their eldest son. This forced many other people to join the ranks of the roaming poor.

Power of Religion a) For Centuries the roman catholic church served as the unifying institution of Western Europe. The Catholic church had churches and shrines in each city that reminded people of their power and teachings. b) Like N. Americans, they were animists: they believed that unpredictable spiritual forces governed the natural world and that those spirits had to be paid ritual honor. c) The church created a holy calendar and made the agricultural festivals into religious festivals. (Winter Solstice was changed to feast of Christmas.) d) They also taught about Satan and how he was the one who tempted people to sin. e) Suppressing false doctrines became main goal and a series of crusades were executed in order to halt the advancement of Muslims into Western Europe, who were trying to spread their religion. Led to intensified religious outbursts and the persecution of Jews.

The Renaissance Changes Europe a) Renaissance had most profound impact on the Upper Classes. b) They would buy and sell in many different regions of the world. This would create some of the most powerful merchants, bankers and textile manufacturers. c) Italian moneyed elites ruled their city-states as republics, with no prince or king. They celebrated civic humanism, and ideology that praised public virtue and service to the state. d) The prince by Machiavelli offered unsentimental advice on how monarchs could increase their political power. They followed his advice creating royal law courts and bureaucracies to reduce power of landed classes and forging alliances with merchants and urban artisans. Allow guilds(artisan organizations) and safeguarded royal transactions.

Prince Henry and Maritime expansion a) Under the direction of Prince Henry Portugal led a surge of Maritime commercial expansion. b) Henry, as a young soldier the preceding order of Christ, space he instigated a successful attack on the Muslim Port of Ceuta in the Northern Morocco, where he learned of Arab and merchants' rich trade in gold and slaves across the Sahara desert. c) 1420 Henry founded a center for oceanic navigation and astronomical observation at Sagres, in the south of Portugal. He most importantly, found a way around Cape Bojador in North Africa, a region of fierce winds. Sailed far into Atlantic, discovered and colonized the Madeira and Azore Islands; and from there they explored the sub- Saharan African coast. By the time he died, he succeeded in his mission of enhancing Portugal's wealth through maritime commerce with West Africa. d) They were trading humans as well, the first Europeans to engage in the long-established and extensive African trade in slaves.

West African society and Slavery a) Africans lived in extended families and in small villages. Men cleared the land and Women planted. Farmers grew millet and cotton. Forest Peoples planted yams and harvested oil-rich palm nuts. Forest dwellers exchanged palm oil and kola nuts. b) West Africans were diverse. Four main groups: Fulani and Wolf were most numerous. Mande- Speakers in the upper Niger region included the Malinke and Bambara. The Yorubas and the Ibos of Southern Nigeria spoke Kwa. Mossis and other Voltaic speakers inhabited the area along the upper Volta River. c) Africans were religiously diverse... Some worshiped Allah while the other worshiped many different gods.

The European Impact on West Africa

a) Traders from Europe greatly impacted West Africa by introducing new plants and animals. Africans helped Europeans trade with the inland people because Europeans would get infected by yellow fever. b) Europeans found a way around the Cape of Good Hope to Asia and began bringing profitable Spices to India.

African Slavery

a) Slaves ranged from Prisoners of War to random villages and people in Africa. They worked as Agricultural laborers or served in slave armies. Most were treated as property. b) Trade Slaves sold as Agricultural workers by one kingdom to another, or carried overland in Caravans. c) Africans would go to war and capture other Africans in order to use them and then sell them to the Arabs and Portuguese as slaves. The Portuguese merchants established forts to exploit this trade, Firs at Elmina and later at Goree, Mpinda, and Loango. d) Maritime slave trade increased as sugar plantations were created in Brazil and newly discovered islands.

Europeans Explore America

a) Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabel of Bastile sought trade and empire and enlisted the services of Christopher Columbus, Due to a misunderstanding Columbus though the Atlantic was a narrow channel of water separation Europe from Asia. b) Six Weeks after leaving Spain, Columbus reached the islands of the Bahamas. He thought he has made it to Asia. He then moved to the

Caribbean islands and demanded tribute from the local Taino, Arawak, and Carib peoples. Unable to find gold and spices, his death went unnoticed. The Spanish Conquest

a) Hernan Cortez conquered an empire and destroyed a civilization. Sailed to Santo Domingo in 1506 and conquered the place. Cortez also led a expedition to the mainland in 1519 and defeated the Mayan settlement of Potonchan. Mayans presented him with Malinali. b) Malinali spoke the native language and Cortez took her as his mistress and interpreter. They both led the Spanish army that would conquer the Aztec Empire ruled by Moctezuma. c) Moctezuma took him in with ceremonies but then Cortez to control holding Moctezuma Captive. When the Aztecs tried to push him out the Spanish armor and technology greatly out-weighed the Aztecs. Due to small army Cortez was pushed out of the Capital. d) Cortez, determined to conquer the Aztecs, made allies in the Indians that hated the Aztec Empire. Together, they conquered the aztecs.

The Impact of Disease.

a) The Spanish also had the aid of Disease. Separated from the Eurasian land for thousands of years, the natives of the Americas were not immune to common European diseases. Smallpox epidemics devastated the Aztecs. b) Pizzaro led armies to conquer the Inca empire. When Francisco Pizzarro got there, half of the inca population died from European Diseases. After this acquisition, Spain had become the master of the wealthiest and most populous regions of the Western Hemisphere.

The Ecological Legacy of the Conquest a) The populations of the native people in the Americas greatly dropped due to the Spanish invasions. b) But once the conquistadors had triumphed, they remained a powerful because they held encomiendas, grants that gave them legal control of the labor of the native population. c) In a process known as the Colombian exchange, the products of the western hemisphere especially corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes were transferred to the people of other continents, significantly increasing agricultural yields and population growth worldwide. d) The gold and silver now gilded that catholic churches of Europe and flowed into the counting houses of Spain, making that nation and the richest and most powerful in Europe. e) A new society took shape on the lands and tied by disease and exploitation. No fewer than 350,000 Spaniards migrated to Mesoamerica and Western South America. More than 75% of the Spanish settlers were men, and many of them took Indian woman as wives or as mistresses. f) Mix race population, called mestizos appeared. Around 1800 near the end of the colonial era, Spanish America stretched from the tip of South America to the northern border of present day California. Contained about 17,000,000 people.

Protestant reformation and rise of England a) Corrupt church officials cause the protestant movement. Martin Luther rights the 95 thesis to criticize many catholic practices, mainly the selling of indulgences. Due to these charges the pope dismissed him from the church. b) John Calvin, a native of Switzerland, preached the doctrine of predestination, the idea that got chooses certain people for salvation before they are born and condemns the rest to turn all damnation. c) But King Henry VII treated the church of England which promptly granted baking an annulment.

The Dutch and English Challenge and Spain

a) King Phillip of Spain, tried to root out Islam in North Africa and Protestantism in the Netherlands and in England. Failed both times. The English and the Dutch support Protestantism and defeat Phillip. At the time the Philips death, Spain was in rapid decline. b) Royal government of England supports the expansion of commerce and manufacturing. That industry relied on outwork: merchants brought wall from the owners of great estates and then hired landless peasants to spend and weave the wool into cloth. This system of state -assisted manufacturing and trade became known as mercantilism. c) These mercantile policies had laid the foundations for overseas colonization. Price revolution a) Importing American gold and silver caused a economic upheaval known as the price revolution. b) Nobility with the first casualty of the price revolution. They usually rented out the land at a fixed price which gave them stable income. The price of goods nearly tripled while the nobility's income from rents barely increased. As their income fell the gentry and the yeoman income rose. Wool merchants persuaded parliament to pass enclosure acts. These merchants were able to fends off open the farming land and this dispossessed peasants of their land. Wealthy man had "taken farms into their own hands." The peasants became servants to gentlemen. c) Seeking a food insecurity, tens of thousands of young men and woman signed an indenture, which is a contract stating that the individual would work for four to five years without pay in exchange for passage to a America.