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Munfvifarmif

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junfvifarmif
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Munfvifarmif

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wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

11

taMumif;udkrQ rodawmhyg/
(cspEf Sr) ig\pdwo
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r&Sd[k xif&aomfvnf; &[Emyk*dKvf vSL'gef;jcif;
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tvHk;pHkaom aumif;jcif;ig;jzmvuPmESihf jynfhpHk

10

Munfvifarmif

cspEf Sr ol&,
d 0p&? tMuifewfrif;aMumifh? aumif;
jcif;t*Fg vuPmESijhf ynfph kH ESpo
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onf qmavmifolukd aMueyfapouJhokdY a&onf awmuf
avmifaeaom rD;udk Nidr;f apouJhokdY ig\csprf D;udk Nidr;f
apygavmh/
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0wfrIerf sm;jzifh xHkoif;vsu&f So
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f kd tdki;f tpdki;f
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12

Munfvifarmif

aom cspEf Sr ajrjyif igjyKxm;aom aumif;rIukokdvf


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aumif;jcif;vuPmESijhf ynfhpHkaom cspEf Sr jrwfpGm
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rif;onf ightm; vdk&mqkukday;cJhvQif igonf oifhESrudk
om awmif;,lygtH/h ig\ cspBf udKufro
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vuPmESifh jynfhpHkonfh orD;&wem&Sdaom yGifhopfp
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OD;Gw&f Scd kd;yg\/
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13

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15

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ajzawmfrl\/

14

Munfvifarmif

tNcHt&HESihw
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*EAewfwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;aomow0gtrsm;
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jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; zl;arQmfNyD; w&m;pum;rsm;udk ar;avQmuf
cGihf&cJhyg\/
odMum;rif;u ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;yGihfawmfrlaomtcg
tol&mtaygif;wdkY qkw,
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f suf ewftaygif;wdkY jynfEh u
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pnfum;uke\
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odMum;rif;onf a*gyuewfom;taMumif; avQmuf
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taygif; awmifhw\/ odkY&mwGif &efNidK;&Su
d kev
f suf 'Pf&Sd
ukefvsuf? &efol&Sdukefvsuf pdwfqif;&Jjcif;&dSukefvsuf

16

Munfvifarmif

odMum;rif;u tqdkyg oHo&mudk csJUxGiw


f wfaom
yyonm tpkcsKyf&m edAmefa&mufaMumif; tusifhudk
a[mMum;yg&ef avsmufxm;\/
bk&m;&Sirf S qufvufa[mMum;onfrSm tukokdvf
w&m;udk wdk;yGm;aponfh 0rf;ajrmufrIukd rjyK&m? ukokdvf
w&m;udk yGm;rsm;aponfh 0rf;ajrmufru
I kd jyK&m\/ tukokv
d f
w&m;udk wdk;yGm;aponfh ESvHk;romjcif; (a'gre) udk
rjyK&m/
ukokdvw
f &m;udk wdk;yGm;aponfh ESvHk;omjcif;udk
jyK&m\/ ukokdvw
f &m;udk wdk;yGm;aponfh vspv
f sLIjcif;udk
jyK&m\/
odMum;rif;u qufvufar;avsmufonfrSm ygwd
aruoH0& oDvtaMumif; jzpfygonf/
bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;onfrmS tukokv
d w
f &m;wdu
kY kd
qkw,
f kwf ap ukokdvw
f &m;wdkYukd yGm;rsm;aprnfh udk,f
tusihf ]]um,ormpm&}} udk usihf&ef tukokdvw
f &m;
wdkYukd qkw,
f kwaf p ukokdvw
f &m;wdkYukd yGm;rsm;aprnfh
&SmrSD;jcif; ]]y&da,oem}} udk usihf&efjzpfygonf/
qufvuf odMum;rif;u `Ed,oH0&oDv

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

17

tusihfukd ar;avsmuf\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu rdefYMum;onfrSm rsufpdjzifh
odtyfaom tmHk? udk,jf zifhot
d yfaom tmHkwkdYwGiv
f nf;
tuk o d k v f u d k qk w f , k w f a pNyD ; ? uk o d k v f w &m;wd k Y u d k
yGm;rsm;aprnfh tmHkwkdYukdaqmif&ef usihf&efjzpfyg\/
odMum;rif;u xyfr
H ar;avsmufonfrmS ]]tvH;k pHk
aom &[ef; &Siv
f lwkdYwiG f wlaom tqHk;tr wlaomtusihf
wlaomt,l? wlaom NyD;qHk;&m&Syd goavm}}
bk&m;&Siu
f ajymMum;onfrmS ]]vlwkw
Yd iG f t,ltpGJ
trsK;d rsK;d &S
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wyg;aomt,lonf cs;D ES;D wnf;[k ajymqdkMu\/ xdkaY Mumifh
avmuwGif wlaomtqHk;tr wlaomtusihf wlaomt,l
wlaomNyD;qHk;&mwdkY r&Su
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odMum;rif;u ]]bke;f awmfBuD;aom jrwfpGmbk&m;
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tuREfkyo
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xdkjY yif wPSmonf a&m*grnfygay\/ wPSmonf

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

19

18

Munfvifarmif

temrnfyg\/ wPSmonf b0tqufqufukd jzpfay:ap


jcif;jzpfyg\/ tjcm;omru jA[PwdkYonf ajzEdkijf cif;
r&Syd g/ tuREfkyo
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jrifhjrwfaom todtjrif&Sdygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;onfrl
rdrdxufjrifhjrwfaom todtjrif&Sdygonf/
tjcm;omrPwdkYonf rdr\
d wynfhrsm;jzpf&yg\/
wynfah wmf onfrl jrwfpmG bk&m;\ wynfjh zpf&yg\bk&m;/
,cifu r&cJhbl;aom xl;uJaom 0rf;ajrmufjcif;vnf;
jzpf&yg\bk&m;[k avQmufxm;\/
odMum;rif;onf yodcewfom;tm; ]]oif\
ightm; aus;Zl;onfrsm;vS\/ oifonf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
a&S;OD;pGm cGihfyef\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siu
f kd igwdkY zl;arQmfcGihf&
cJhMu\/ oifhtm; oifhtb&mxl;vnf; xm;tHh/ *EAewf
rif;vnf; oifjzpftHh/ aumif;jcif;vuPmjzifh jynfhpHkaom
oif tvGeaf wmifhwaom ol&,
d 0pom ewforD;udkvnf;
oifhtm; ay;tHh}} [kred YfMum;\/
odMum;rif;onf vufjzifh ajrudkykw
f bk&m;&Sif
tm; &Scd ;kd pum;jzifh O'gef;oH;k Budru
f sL;&if\
h / ]]jzpfjcif;oabm
&Sad om w&m;tvHkpHkonf csKyfysujf cif;oabm&S\
d }} [k

20

Munfvifarmif

odMum;rif;tm; ]]udavomjrL tnpftaMu;uif;aom


w&m;tod}} aom wmywrd *fOmPfonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:
av\/ twlygaom ewftrsm;wdkYvnf; aomwmywd
r*fOmPf wdkYonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:av\/

aemufb0&So
d vm;

ouyokwfNyD;\
(Munfvifarmif)

(ygod,NrdKUpm;0wK)
t&Sit
f meEmrax&fjrwfrS atmufyg ygod,NrdKUpm;
taMumif;udk oHC,emwGiyf GJwGif avQmufxm;NyD; oHCm
awmfrsm;u twnfjyKcJhMuygonf/
tcgwpfyg;wGif t&Siu
f krm&uy rax&fjrwf
onf ig;&mrQaomrsm;pGmaom &[ef;? oHCmwdkYESihftwl
aumovwdki;f a'opm&Dc&D;vSnhfvnf&m aumovrif;
om;wdkY\ aowAsrnfaomNrdKUokdYa&muf\/ NrdKU\ ajrmuf
t&yf? ,if;wdkuf awmwGif oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrl\/
xdktcg ygod,NrdKUpm;onf vlpnfum; uRJEGm;
ponfaygrsm;aom jrufxif;a&wdkYESihf jynfhpHkaom qefpyg;
ESihf jynfhpHkaom rif;rS cefYxm;onfh pnf;pdrjf zpfaom? yao

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

21

e'Daumovrif;u qkvmbftjzpf tydkipf m;ay;xm;aom


aowAsNrdKUukd tkycf sKyfae\/
xdkygod,NrdKUpm;onf atmufygtwdki;f rSm;aom
t,lukd,HkMunfvQuf&S\
d / aumif;rIuH? raumif;uHwkdY\
tusK;d qufonf r&S/d aemufb0onf r&S/d
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\
f wynfh ukrm&uy&[ef;onf
rsm;pGmaom &[ef;oHCmwdEkY iS t
hf wl aumovNrdKU a'opm&D
c&D;a&muf&cSd Jh t&Siu
f krm& uyrax&fjrwf\ aumif;
aom *kPo
f wif;ausmaf pmrIonf NrdKUolNrdKUom;wdkYMum;wGif
ysHUESHUvsu&f \
Sd / t&Siu
f krm&uyrax&fjrwfonf ynm&Sd
\/ xufjrufaomOmPf&S\
d / tMum;tjrifrsm;\/ qef;
us,af om w&m;pum;udk a[mwwf\/ ajyjypfaompum;
vnf;&S\
d / oufBuD;0gBuD;vnf;jzpf\/ &[Emvnf;jzpf\
[k ajymqdk,HkMunfMuvsuf xdk&[Emyk*Kd vfwkdYukd zl;arQmf&
jcif;onf tvGeaf umif;rGeaf y\[k ajymqdkvQuf&SMd uay\/
ygod,NrdKUpm;onf NrdKUoNl rdKUom;wdYk &Siu
f rk m&uy
rax&fjrwftm; zl;arQmfrIudk &yfwefYxm;apNyD; NrdKUpm;rS
rax&fjrwfudk OD;pGmawGUqHk w&m;aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkrIudk
atmufygtwdkif;jyKcJhonf/

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

23

wyg;olwku
Yd kd ysupf ;D apvdkaom pdw&f u
dS ke\
f / rSm;aomt,l
&Su
d ke\
f / xdkvlwkdYonf aemiftcg a&m*g ESyd pf ufuke\
f /
qif;&Jjcif;odkYa&mufuke\
f / jyif;xefpGm emruse;f &Su
d ke\
f /
olwkdYonf a&m*grS rxEdkiu
f ke}f } [k od&aomtcg
tuREfkyo
f nf xdkolwkdYukdcsO;f uyf oifvnf; cEmudk,f
ysupf D; aoNyD;onfrS aemuf csr;f omuif;&m raumif;
aomvm;&m ysupf ;D usa&muf&modkY i&JokaYd &mufygu ightm;
today;ajymMum;&ef rSmMum;cJyh g\/ xdo
k w
l o
Ykd nf today;
ajymMum;ygrnf[k 0efcMH uNyD; rdru
d v
kd m today;ajymMum;
jcif;vnf;r&S/d wqifhpum;rSmMum;jcif;vnf;r&S/d odkYjzpf
aoNyD;vQif aemufb0onfvnf;r&S?d aumif;rIu?H raumif;
rIu?H uH\tusK;d qufonf r&S[
d k ,HkMunfygonf[k NrdKUpm;
u ar;avQmuf\/
xdktcg t&Siu
f krm&uyu odkYjzpfvQif oifhukd
jyefar;tHh/ oif\rif;rIxrf;wdkYu tjypfusL;vGeaf om cdk;ol
udk zrf;rd vlowfuke;f OD;acgif;udkjzwf&ef trdeaYf y;ygu
cdk;olu rdro
d krd SD;xm;aomOpmudk rdrZd eD; aqGrsK;d wdkYukdjy
jyefvmonfukd apmifhygukeaf vmhqkdvQif oifwkdYonf apmifh
ygrnfavm/ olowfwkdYonf ypn;f udkrjyapbJOD;acgif;udk

22

Munfvifarmif

ygod,NrdKUpm;onf t&Siu
f krm&uyrax&ftm;
ar;avQmuf\/ tuREfkyo
f nf ]]vlavmurSvGJ tjcm;
avmuonfr&S/d aoqHk;NyD;vQif aemufb0r&S?d aumif;rIu?H
raumif;rIuHwkdY\ tusK;d qufonfr&S[
d k ,HkMunfygonf/
t&Siu
f krm&uyrax&fjrwfu odkYjzpfvQif oifh
udkjyefar;tHh/ oifajzavmh? aevMu,fwm&mwdkYonf
vlYavmuavm? wyg;aomavmuavm/
NrdKUpm;u ae? v? Mu,f euww
f m&mwdkYvnf;
wpfjcm;aom wyg;aom avmujzpfyguke\
f / odkY&mwGif
tuREfkyo
f nf tjcm;aomavmuonfr&S/d aoqHk;NyD;vQif
aemufb0onfr&S?d aumif;rIuH? raumif;rIuHwkdY\ tusK;d
qufonf r&S[
d al om t,lukd ,HMk unfqjJ zpfyg\[k avQmuf
\/
tuREykf \
f ,HMk unfro
I nf taMumif;&Syd g\/ tuREykf f
\aqGrsK;d ? rdwo
f *F[tcsKUd onf olwpfyg;toufukd owf
avh&S\
d / ray;aomOpmudk ,lavh&S\
d / umr*kPw
f kdY rSm;
,Gi;f pGmusihfavh&S\
d / r[kwrf rSeaf ompum;udk ajymavh&Sd
\/ *Hk;acsmaompum;? Murf;wrf;aompum;? odrzf si;f aom
pum;wdu
kY kv
d nf; ajymavh&\
dS / wyfrufarmjcif;rsm; uke\
f /

24

Munfvifarmif

jzwf&moavm? NrdKUpm;u tcGihrf ay;Edkiyf g/ olowfwkdYonf


OD;acgif;udk jzwfyguket
f Hh[kajz\/
xdkYtwl i&Jxrd ;f wdkYonfvnf; ygod,NrdKUpm;xHokdY
i&JomG ;&rnfo
h u
l kd pum;ajymcGihf qufo,
G cf iG jhf yKygrnfavm
[k t&Siu
f krm&uy rax&fu rdeYfMum;\/
NrdKUpm;u qufvuf ]]ar;avQmuf&ef&Syd gao;\
[k ajz\}} tuREfky\
f aqGrsK;d rdwaf qGo*F[tcsKUd onf
olwpfyg;\toufukd owfjcif;rS a&SmifusOyf guke\
f / ray;
aomOpmudk,ljcif;rS a&SmifusOfygukef\/ umr*kPfwdkY
rSm;,Gi;f pGmusihjf cif;rS a&SmifusOyf guke\
f / r[kwrf rSeaf om
pum;? *Hk;acsmpum;? Murf;wrf;aompum;? odrzf si;f aom
pum;wdkYukdajymjcif;rS a&SmifusOyf guke\
f / wyfrufarmjcif;
rrsm;uke/f ysupf ;D apvdkaom pdwrf &Su
d ke/f rSeaf omt,l&u
dS kef
\/ xdkow
l o
kYd nf aemifcga&m*g? ESyd pf uftyfuke\
f / rSeaf om
t,l&Sdukef\/ qif;&Jjcif;odkY a&mufukef\/ jyif;xefpGm
emruse;f &Su
d ke\
f / olwkdYonf a&m*grS rxuke}f } [k
od&aomtcg tuREfkyo
f nf xdkolxHokdY csO;f uyf odkY
ajymcJhyg\/ oifonf aumif;aom ewfjynfvm;&modkY
a&mufygu ighxHvm ajymMum;yguke/f today;yguke/f

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

25

xdkokdYajymaomfvnf; vm ajymMum;rIr&S/d wqifhtoday;


jcif;onfvnf; r&Syd g/
xdktcg NrdKUpm;udk Oyrmwpfckajymygrnf[k &Siu
f krm
&uyrax&fu rdeYfMum;cJh\}} a,musmf ;wpfa,muf
onf rpifwiG ;f wGif OD;acgif;ESiw
hf uG epfjrKwf\/ oifwynfh
wdu
kY kd ]]xdka,musmf ;udk rpifwiG rf S xky,
f al vmh}} [k apcdki;f
&m xkw,
f lNyD;vQif rpifwkdUukd 0g;jcrf;pdww
f kdYjzifh okwo
f if
\/ NyD;vQif ajrjzLwdkYjzifh yGww
f kducf JhNyD;vQif qDjzifhokw
f
El;nHhaom (uo,frIeYf) qyfjymrIeYfjzifh oHk;Budraf q;aMum
jcif;udk jyKap\/ NyD;vQif tzdk;wefyef;uHk;? tzdk;wefeo
YH mrIeUf ?
tzdk;xdkuw
f efaom t0wfwkdYukd 0wfap\/ taqmifjy'f
xufwGif umr*kPif g;yg;jzifh tqifoifh jyifqif{nfhcHap
\/ xdka,musmf ;onf rpifwGif wzefepfjrKyfvkdaom qE
jzpfygOD;rnfavmh}}
NrdKUpm;u ]]t&Siu
f y}} rpifwiG ;f onf npfnrf;
onfvnf;jzpf\/ eHapmfonfvnf;jzpf\/ pufpkyzf ,
G v
f nf;
jzpf\/ &GH&SmzG,v
f nf;jzpf\[k avQmuf\/
t&Siu
f yu ]]xdktwlyifjzpf\// vlwkdYonf
ewfwkdYtjrifwGif npfnrf;aom eHapmfaom pufpkyzf G,jf zpf

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

27

aom a,musmf ;onf tjzLtrJ? tndK 0g a&TteD Mu,f


wm&m? aevwdkYukd? rjrifzl; r&S&d m[k ajymqdkaom rSerf nf
avm}} [k rdeYfMum;\/
NrdKUpm;u ]]rjrifzl; r&S&d m[k r,HkEkdiyf g}} [k
avQmuf\/
t&Siu
f yrax&fu ]]ewfwku
Yd kd vlwk\
Yd rsupf d
jzifh rjrifEkdiaf omfvnf; orPjA[mPwdkYonf qdwNf idrf
&mawmausmif;wGif rarhravsmh jyif;xefaomvHkYvjzifh
wnfMunfaompdwjf zifh usihfBuHtm;xkwaf omf ]]'dApuK}}
todOmPfukd &&S\
d / xdktodOmPfjzifh wpfyg;aom avmu
udkjrifEkdi\
f [k rdeYf\/
NrdKUpm;u ]]xdkrQtaMumif;jzifhvnf; rdr\
d wyg;
aom avmuonfr&Sd aoNyD;wzefjzpfaom ow0gr&S/d
aumif;rI? raumif;rI tusK;d qufonf r&S[
d laom rdrt
d ,l
udk rpGeUf Ekdiaf o;yg[k avQmuf\/ qufvuf ]]oDv&Sd
ukeaf om aumif;aomtusih&f u
Sd keaf om omrPjA[P
wdkYonf aoonf&Sad omf avmuxuf rGejf rwfrnfjzpf
vwH? tqdyfpm;vnf;aumif;? "m;vufeufjzifhvnf;
aumif;? wpfenf;enf;jzifv
h nf;aumif; owfaoMu&m\/

26

Munfvifarmif

aom &GHU&SmzG,jf zpfaom tajctaejzpf\/ vlwkdY\teHUukd


ewfwkdYvnf; ta0;rSyifrcHEkdiyf g/ ewfjynfa&mufolwkdYonf
tb,frSm oifhukdvm wpfpHkwpf&majymEdkiyf grnfenf;}}
[k rdeYfMum;\/
odkY&mwGif NrdKUpm;u ]]rdrt
d ,lukd odkY tusK;d
taMumif;rQESihf rpGeUf Ekdiyf g}} [k avsmuf\/ xdkYtwlyif
]]ewfjynfokdYa&mufaom aqGrsK;d rdwo
f *FwpfOD;onfvnf;
rdru
d kd ajymMum;jcif; today;jcif;r&Sb
d l;yg}} [k avQmuf
\/
t&Siu
f yrax&fu ]]NrdKUpm;? vlUjynf tESpf
w&monf wm0womewfwkdY\ wpfaeYwpfnOfhomjzpf\/
oif\ aqGrsKd;rdwfo*F[wpfOD;onf ewfjynfa&muf
ewfjynfwGi;f ESp&f ufoHk;&ufaeNyD;rS NrdKUpm;xH taMumif;
Mum;rnf[k tBuHjzpf\/ xdktcg oifukd ewfonf awGU
jrif&awmhrnfr[kwyf g}} [k rdeUf Mum;\/
NrdKUpm;u ]]wm0womewfwkdYonf &S\
d / ewfwkdY
onf touf&Snf\}} [laom pum;udk r,HkEdkifyg[k
avQmuf\/
xdktcg &Siu
f yrax&fu ]]NrdKUpm;0rf;wGi;f urf;

28

Munfvifarmif

,ckrl orPjA[PwdkYonf touf&Snjf cif;? csr;f omjcif;


udk tvdk&Su
d ke\
f / odkYjzpf rdrt
d ,lukd rpGeYfEkdiaf o;yg[k
avQmuf\/
t&Siu
f yu NrdKUpm;? Oyrmwpfck? ajymygrnf/
a&S; jzpfbl;onfrSm ykPm;wpfa,mufwGif r,m;ESpf
a,mufonf&\
Sd / r,m;wpfa,mufwGif q,fhESpEf Spt
f &G,f
om;wpfa,muf&S\
d / r,m;wpfa,mufwGif udk,0f eft&ifh
trmESihfjzpf\/ xdkpOfwGif ykPm ;apaoaomf ykPm ;\om;
vkvifi,fvnf; rdaxG;tm; Opm a&T aiG pyg; tvHk;pHk
onf ig\Opmjzpf\/ ighukdtyfavmh[k ajym\/
rdaxG;u tarmif? rD;zGm;NyD;onft
h csed u
f kd apmifyh gOD;
avmh? om;arG;vQif tcsKUd w0ufonf wdkYom;tzdkYjzpftHh/
orD;arG;aomf? oifhtvkyt
f a<u;jzpfavmh[k ajym\/
vkvifi,fu ESpBf udro
f Hk;Budraf jymaomfvnf; r&
rdaxG;u rdr\
d 0rf;udk "g;jzifhcGJav\/ rdaxG;onf tqif
jcifuif;rJh rdkurf JouJhokdY oif\t,lrSm;onfvnf; oihu
f kd
ysupf D;jcif;odkY a&mufapEdki\
f / aumif;aomtusihf&Su
d kef
aom orPjA[PwdkYonf r&ifhusuaf o;onfukd &ifh
usuaf tmif qdki;f iHMh uuke\
f / aumif;aomtusi&hf u
dS keaf om

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

29

ynm&Sw
d ko
Yd nf touf&n
S jf cif;udk tvdk&t
dS yfonfomwnf;/
rsm;pGmaom aumif;rIukokdvu
f kd wdk;yGm;ap&m\/ vltrsm;
\ tusK;d pD;yGm;tvdkYiSm usihfuke\
f /
NrdKUpm;u ]]rdrt
d ,lukd rpGeEYf kid af o;yg}} [k avQmuf
\/ tuREkyf \
f rif;csi;f a,musmf ;wdo
kY nf jypfru
I sL;vGeaf om
cdk;olukd zrf;jyyguke\
f / tuREfkyo
f nf a,musmf ;udk
touf&iS pf Ofyif tdk;xnf
h tdk;0udk ydwNf yD;vQif pdkpw
G af om
om;a&jzifhyw
d
f pdkpGwaf omajrjzifh xlxyfpGm vdr;f usHNyD;
aomf rD;yHkBuD;ay:odkY wif rD;wdkuu
f keaf vmh}} [k cdki;f apyg
onf/
rD;wdkuNf yD; xdka,musmf ;aoNyD[k odaomtcg tdk;udk
ajz;ni;f pGmzGih
f cdk;ol\xGuo
f mG ;aom toufukd jrifyg\
avm? MunfhMuyguke}f } [k MunfhMuaomfvnf; xGuo
f Gm;
aom toufukd rjrif&yguke?f odkYjzpf aoqHk;NyD; aemuf
b0r&SEd kdiyf g[k NrdKUpm;u avQmuf\/
t&Siu
f yu ]]NrdKUpm; odkYjzpfvQif oifonf
aeYtcsdef tyef;ajztdyfpufaepOf om,maom O,smOf
om,maom e,fajr? om,maom a&uefwkdYukd tdyrf uf
rufzl;ygtHh}} [k ar; NrdKUpm;u rufzl;ygonf[k ajz\/

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

31

yg\/ odkYjzpf aemufb0r&SEd kdiyf g[k avQmuf\/


t&Siu
f yu NrdKUpm; odkYjzpfvQif a,musmf ;wpf
a,mufonf oHwHk;? oHcJwpfckukd wpfaeYvHk; &J&Jylavmif
apNyD; tav;csed af vmh/ xdkYaemuf at;Nidr;f NyD; tcdk;Nidr;f NyD;qJ
cJoHwHk;udk tav;csed cf sed af vmh [lar;\/
NrdKUpm;u &J&Jylavmifaom oJcHonf tav;csed f
ayghNyD; at;Nidr;f NyD; oHcJonf av;yg\}} [k avQmuf\/
t&Siu
f y xdkYtwlyif udk,o
f nf touf
udk,af iGUESihf aygif;qHkrad omtcg tav;csed af ygh\/ aysmh
ajymif;\/ oif\t,lukd jyifygavmh}} [k qdk\/
NrdKUpm;u t,lukd rjyifEkdiaf o;yg/ tuREfkyo
f nf
tjypf&Sad om cdk;olwpfa,mufukd ta&jym;? tom;tdk;wdkY
udk rysupf D;apbJ toufaoatmif trsK;d rsK;d jyKapaomf
vnf; toufxGuo
f nfukd rawGU&yguke/f odkYjzpf aemuf
b0r&S[
d k ,HkMunfygonf}} [k avQmuf\/
t&Siu
f yu NrdKUpm; a&S;jzpfzl;onfum; ck
oif;rIwaf om a,musmf ;wpfa,mufonf wdki;f pGejf ynfzsm;
aus;&Gmwpf&GmodkY oGm;av\/ xdkolonf &Gm\tv,f
ckoif;udk oHk;Budwrf IwNf yD; teD;cs xdkiaf e\/ aus;&Gm

30

Munfvifarmif

NrdKUpm; xdkokdYtyd rf ufrufpOf t&G,t


f rsK;d rsK;d aom
rdef;rwdkYonf oihfudk apmifhaeMuygoavm[k t&Sif
uyu ar;\/ NrdKUpm;u tqdkygrde;f rwdkYonf uREfkyu
f kd
apmifhaeMuyguke\
f [k ajz\/ t&Siu
f yu ]]tqdkyg
rde;f rwdkYonf oif\touf0ifonfukdvnf;aumif;? xGuf
onfukdvnf;aumif; jrifMuygoavm}} [k ar;\/
NrdKUpm;u ]]rjrifMuygukef}} [k avQmuf\/
t&Siu
f yu NrdKUpm; touf&Siv
f Quf&u
Sd keaf om xdkred ;f r
wdkYonf touf&Siv
f su&f Sad om oif\touf0ifonfukd
vnf;aumif; xGuo
f nfukdvnf;aumif; rjrif&rl oifonf
aoaomol\ toufxu
G o
f nfukv
d nf;aumif; 0ifonfukd
vnf;aumif; tb,fokdY jrifEkdiyf goenf;[k ar;\/
NrdKUpm;u xdkokjYd zpfaomfvnf; rdrt
d ,ljzpfaom ao
NyD;aemuf aemufb0r&SEd kdi[
f k ,lqqJjzpfyg\[k avQmuf
\/
NrdKUpm;u ]]tuREfkyo
f nf tjypf&Sad om cdk;olwpf
a,muf touf&Sipf OfwGif tav;csed cf sed
f xGuo
f ufr&Sd
atmif BudK;jzifh vnfnpfowfNyD; wzef tav;csed cf sed f
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32

Munfvifarmif

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33

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35

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34

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36

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37

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39

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38

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11

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41

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43

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44

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12

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

45

rkefYyJoa&pm tpm;rsm;vQifvnf; 0Edkifygonf/


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wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

47

idkujf rnf;jcif;jzifh ESyd pf uftyfaomfvnf; ajzmifhajzmifhtyd f


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tzef z ef t xyf x yf id k u f r sOf ; wwf a omtavh & S d o nf /
wajymif;wjyef tzefzefvl;vJ tdyaf vh&So
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46

Munfvifarmif

tvGefuJqHk;aom vmbfrnf\/ wif;wdrfa&mifh&JrIonf


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48

Munfvifarmif

rwwfEkdi/f tedp ponf BuHpnfykdiyf kdif rxifjrifEkdiaf om


xdka,musmf ;onf wajymif;wjyefjyef tzefzeftxyfxyf
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oHk;aqmifNyD;aom tpmtm[m&onfvnf; kyef mrfESpcf suf

13

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

49

touf0Zd ed u
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wnf;/ kyef mrf&ifhwnf touf&Sn&f awmhonfomwnf;/
aumovrif;BuD;onf *gxmudk oif,ljcif;iSm
rpGr;f Edki/f teD;wnf&Sad om wlawmfjzpfonfh ok'e
rnfaom vkvifukd ]]wlarmif *gxmudk oif,lyg}}
[k ajymav\/ xdkvkvifonf *gxmudk oif,lNyD;vQif
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avQmufaomtcg bk&m;&Sio
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udk rSwrf o
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wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

51

onfvnf; ,cktcg vufwGif;odkY a&muf&SdygNyD/


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f q
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50

Munfvifarmif

onfvnf; wljzpfol ok'evkvif\ *gxmudkMum;&av


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tm; taMumif;aMumifhvnf; csr;f omjcif;jzpf&ygonf
bk&m;/ trsK;d \tarGOpmjzpfaom rif;oHk;ywjrm;&wem

52

Munfvifarmif

onf}}
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Munfvifarmif

14

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

53

Amv0*? tnw&yk&o
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(olwpfyg;om;r,m;tm;
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aMumif;avQmufwif\/ rif;u vkvifukad c:ap a,musmf ;

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

55

oHk;Budr&f Gwq
f kd\/ xdktcg e*g;rif;onf vltkdtoGiaf qmif
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f /
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xm;onf/ xdktcsdefwGifyif ,lZem(60)tus,f&Sdaom
avm[ukriD &J a,musmf ;av;a,mufwko
Yd nf usKu
d u
f sKu
d f

54

Munfvifarmif

onf rde;f raMumifh tE&m,fjzpfawmhrnfukd pOf;pm;rd\/


ighteD;wGiaf e ightrIukx
d rf;avmh[k rif;uqdk&m rxrf;vdk
aMumif; rdrt
d vkyv
f ky
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tBuHrSmvnf; tjypf&Sm owf&efyifjzpf\/ qif;&Jom;
vnf; tjypfrjzpfatmif BudK;pm;aqmif&Gu\
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ukrk'&mMumyGifhESifh tkP0wDajrudk na&csKd;aomtcg
ta&muf,lvmap&efckdi;f \/ ra&mufvQif rif;jypfrif;'Pf
oifhrnf[krSm\/
tjcm;uRew
f ko
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trSwjf yK trSew
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xrif;wpfqkyf jrpfwGicf s a&ow0grsm;udkauR;\/ xdkY
aemuf e*g;? *VKefewfwkdYonf ightm; ulnDygukeaf vmh[k

56

Munfvifarmif

qlaom xrif;tdk;rSqefwkdYuJhokdY wajymif;jyefjyefusuu


f kef
vsuf tESpo
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d
aemufxyftESpo
f Hk;aomif;MumrS wzef tay:rsuEf SmjyifokdY
a&muf\/ xdki&Jom;av;a,mufwkdYonf OD;acgif;az:
tcsi;f csi;f Munfh wpf*gxmpDukd &Gwq
f kd&ef tcsed rf &
('k? o? e? aom) tu&mwpfvHk;pDomqdk i&Jtdk;odkY
jyefjrKyfav\/ rif;onf tdyrf & i&Jom;atmfoHMum;
ightE&m,favm? rdzk&m; tE&m,favm? wdki;f jynfysuf
tHhaom? pdk;&dr
f ntdyrf & jzpf&\/
rif;onf eHeufvif;aomtcg yka&m[dwyf kPm ;udk
ac: n aMumufrufzG,ftoHudkMum;\/ rnfonfh
tE&m,fenf;[kar;&m? ykPm ;u tajzrod[kqkv
d Qif ylaZmf
vm'fvmouonf r&vwHBuH t&Sirf if;BuD; touf
tE&m,f&\
Sd [kqkd\/ rif;u ESpq
f wufaMumufonfjzpf
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ar;\/
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wwfo\
d / qifwpf&m? jrif;w&m? EGm;vm;wpf&m? EGm;r
wpf&m? qdww
f pf&m? jrnf;wpf&m? tmZmenfjrif;wpf&m?

15

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

57

Muufwpf&m? 0ufwpf&m? owdkYom;wpf&m? owdkYorD;


wpf&mpD\ taoG;tom;wdkYukd,l BuD;pGmaom ,pfylaZmf
jcif;jyK&rnf[k qdk\/ rif;uvnf; ightoufonf &tyf
\/ vdktyfaomvlow0grsm;udk tjrefompD&ifap&ef trdeYf
xkwf\/ rif;\taptyg;wdkYonf tydktvGefpD&ifMu\/
EGm;vm;ig;&m? EGm;i,fig;&m? jrif;ig;&m? qifig;&m? EGm;r
ig;&m? qdwif g;&m? jrnf;ig;&m? tmZmenfjrif;ig;&m? Muuf
ig;&m? 0ufig;&m? owdkYom;ig;&m? owdkYorD;ig;&m? uRef
taptyg;ig;&mwdkYukd ,pfylaZmf&efpDpOfawmh\/ xdkolwkdY
onf aoab;udkxw
d v
f efYuke
f idk,ku
d ke\
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tda`Eonf yuwdr[kw/f yifyrf;EGr;f e,f\/ tb,fokdY
jzpfoenf;[kar;\/ oifom ighem;&Gut
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a>ra[mufukdrodavoavm[k ar;\/ nu qdk;&Gm;aom
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,pfyal Zmf&ef udpt
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kY kd zrf;apNyD[kajym\/
rdzk&m;rS jrwfaomrif;BuD; rSm;yg\/ wdki;f ESpw
f kdi;f \ rif;
jzpfNyD; ynmenf;yg\[kqk\
d / udk,pf m;aojcif;? tjcm;ol\

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

59

vm\/ Am&mPoDjynfoljynfom;wdkYonf tvSLjyKMuukef


\/ olaX;om;av;a,mufwkdY wdkiyf ifMu&m bk&m;ESihf
&[Emrsm;udk vSL'gef;jcif;? oDvaqmufwnfjcif;rjyKMubJ
wpfa,mufonf t&ufaumif;aumif;ESifhtom;aumif;
aumif;pm;&ef? wpfa,mufonf txl;pm;aomufzG,rf sm;
pm;&ef? wpfa,mufonf rkeYt
f rsK;d rsK;d udkpm;&ef? wpfa,muf
onf Opmjzifhjzm;a,mif; rde;f rrsm;ESihfaysmyf g;&ef ajymqdk
usihfBuHMu\/ olaX;om;av;a,mufwkdYonf olwpfyg;
r,m;wdkYukd usL;vGecf JhMu\/ aoMuNyD;aemuf r[mt0Dpd
i&J bk&m;ESpq
f lMum;vmuygwfvHk;cH& i&Jtkd;wGif tESpf
oHk;aomif;wpfBudrf epf? tESpo
f Hk;aomif;wGif wpfBudraf y:&
\/ wpfBudrv
f Qif tu&mwpfvHk;omqdkEkdi&f \/
xdktu&mav;vHk;yg *gxmqdkvkdcsurf Sm ]]igwdkY
onf pnf;pdr&f Su
d kev
f suf aumif;rIukdrjyK? raumif;rIjyKcJh
MuNyD; i&JwGif tESpaf jcmufaomif;wdkYonf b,ftcgjynfh
rnfenf;/ i&J\tqHk;onfrxif? rod/ igwdkYonf vlUjynf
wGijf zpf&ygu aumif;aompum;udkvkduef m oDvjynfhpHk
rsm;pGmaom ukokdvu
f kdtrSejf yK&tHh}} jzpf\/
xdkokdY bk&m;&Siaf [mjy aumovrif;onf BuD;

58

Munfvifarmif

toufuk&d jcif;onf rawGUb;l NyD/ ykPm ;rdku\


f pum;aMumifh
vlow0gtaygif; qif;&J&acsNyD/ aZw0efausmif;awmfBuD;
vlewfwkx
Yd ufjrwfaom udk;uG,&f mjzpfaom twdwb
f 0?
a&S;b0odaom OmPfawmf&Sdaom jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif
oDwif;oHk;vsu&f S\
d / jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tqHk;trudkvkduef m
avmh[k rif;ESihfrzd k&m; ausmif;awmfokdYoGm;\/
rif;BuD;onf aoab;aMumifh avQmufxm;pum;
rqdkEkdib
f J jrwfpGmbk&m;a&SU oifh&mwGif zl;arQmfxdki\
f /
rif;jrwf aeYvnfBuD;vmcJhygoavm[kred Yf\/ rif;BuD;u
ravQmufxm;Edkib
f J rvu
d mrdzk&m;u toHqk;d rsm;Mum;onf
rS ykPm ;ajymonftqHk; avQmufxm;\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf 'k? o? e aom [laompum;
vHk;rsm;\ *gxmESijhf zpf&yfukd csucf si;f od rif;BuD;raMumuf
vifh/ oifhwiG f tE&m,fr&S/d raumif;rIjyKukeaf om ow0g
wdkYonf rdr\
d 'kuqif;&Jukd rcHEkdiNf yDjzpf\[k i&JwGif uscH
ae&olav;a,muftaMumif;udk a[m\/
vGeaf vNyD;aomtcg Am&mPoDjynfokYd oufwrf;
tESpEf Spaf omif;&Snaf omvlwkdY avmuwGif uybk&m;
onf ESpaf omif;aom&[EmESihfwuG a'opm&D<ua&muf

60

Munfvifarmif

rm;pGmxdwv
f efo
Y nfjzpf\/ olwpfyg;r,m;udk usL;vGejf cif;
onf tjypfBuD;ygwum;/ igonf olwpfyg;r,m;udk wyf
ruf a0'emcHpm;&\/ ,ck csppf w
d u
f kyd ,ftBhH uH\/ bk&m;
udk &Scd kd; eef;awmfokdYjyefNyD; owftHh[kzrf;qD;xm;aom
vlow0gwdkYukd vGwaf p\/ rvu
d mrdzk&m;udkvnf; jynfol
trsm;u aus;Zl;pum;udkqkdMu\/ BuHpnfcJhaomvkvifukd
vnf; uRwfap\/
tnw&yk&o
d 0wK NyD;\/
rvu
d mzdzk&m;onf ,ckb0om vlow0gwdkY\
toufukd u,fonfr[kw/f ,cifb0uvnf; u,fcJh\/
anmifyifapmifhewftm; rif;om;wpfyg;u rif;tjzpf&ygu
wpf&mhwpfyg;aomrif;ESihf rdzk&m;rsm;\vnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh
ylaZmfrnf[kwkdiw
f nf\/ rif;jzpfNyD; wpf&mhwpfyg;aomrif;
ESihf rdzk&m;rsm;udkzrf; ,pfyal Zmf&efppD Of\/ ti,fqkH;rif;\
rdzk&m;onf owfrnfhrif;ESihf ewftm;&Srd cdk;bJ rdrv
d if rif;
udkom&Scd kd; &,fvnf;&,f? idkvnf;idk\/ anmifyifukdrD;
wdkuaf omf ewfonf rD;Nidr;f &ef wwfEkdirf nfavmar;\/
owfrnfhrif;u bmaMumifh&,fonf/ idkonfudkar;\/
rdzk&m;u idk&onfrSm toifrif;udkoem;jzpf\/ rdro
d nf

16

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

61

a&S;b0u qdww
f pfaumifukdowf {nfhonfrsm;udk csuf
auR;rd xdkqw
d \
f tarG;ta&twGut
f wdki;f towfcHcJh&
NyD/ toifrif;BuD;onf wpf&mhwpfyg;aomrif;ESihf rdzk&m;
rsm;udkowfvQif i&JrSvGwyf gOD;rnfavm[k pOf;pm;rd idkrd
ygonf/ &,f&onfrSm ,ckb0 ,cifqw
d o
f wfcJh cHcJh
&onfb
h 0aygif;rsm;pGmrS vGw&f awmhrnfuko
d
d &,fygonf
[kajz\/ odkYjzpf rif;onf wpf&mhwpfyg;aomrif;ESihf
rdzk&m;rsm;udkvGwfap\/ toufab;rSvGwfaomrif;ESifh
rdzk&m;BuD;rsm;onf i,faomrdzk&m;udk&Sdcdk; wdkif;jynf
toD;oD;odkY jyefMuuke\
f / i,faomrdzk&m;onf rvu
d m
rdzk&m;jzpf\/
tdyrf aysmaf omoltm; nonf&Sn\
f / c&D;yifyef;
aomoltm; c&D;onf&Sn\
f / olawmfaumif;w&m;udk rod
ol vlrkdut
f m; oHo&onf &Sn\
f [k jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif
a[mawmfrl\/
Munfvifarmif

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

63

aoaomoltwGu&f nfp;l ow0gtrsm;owf ay;vSLjcif;


\tjypfukd ZrL'dyu
f Ref;ae vltaygif;tm; a[mMum;NyD;
pGeUf tyfapukeo
f nf/ ,cktcgum; tcsed b
f 0Mumanmif;
arhavsmhMuNyD/ twdw0f wKudk jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mMum;
awmfrlygonf/
twdwf0wK
a&S;tcg Am&mPoDjynfwGif jA['wfrif;rif;jyK
aomf aA'ift&mwGif wpfbufurf;cwfwwfajrmufaom
'd o mygarmu q &myk P m ;wpf a ,muf o nf aool u d k
taMumif;jyK vSL&eftwGuf qdww
f pfaumifukd wynfhwkdY
tm;zrf;apNyD; tarmifwkdY qdwu
f kd jrpfwGiaf &csK;d ap
vnf yef;uHk;udkpGy
f eHYomvufig;acsmif;&mudk vdr;f usH
wefqmqifavmh[k apcdki;f \/ wynfhwkdYonf aumif;ygNyD
0efcH jrpfurf;odkYa&mufaomf qdwo
f nf a&S;uHukdojd rif
igonf ,aeY odkaY omqif;&Jrv
S w
G af wmht[
hH k 0rf;ajrmuf
ajrtdk;udkcJv
G kdub
f o
d uJhokdY BuD;pGmaom&,fjcif;udk&,f\/
ykPm ;onf ighuko
d wfap BuD;pGmaomqif;&Jukd
&awmhtHh[k oem;NyD;? BuD;pGmaomtoHjzifh idk\/ xdktcg

62

Munfvifarmif

rwubwZmwf
(olwpfyg;touf rowftyfaMumif;)
ypKyef0wK
bk&m;&Sio
f nf aZw0efausmif;awmf oDwif;oHk;
aeawmfrlpOf Zmwfukd aoolukd&nfpl; vSLtyfaom
qGr;f udktaMumif;jyK a[mawmfrt
l yfNyD/ xdktcsed u
f mvwGif
vlwkdYonf rsm;pGmaom qdwf ponfhw&d pmefwkdYukdowf
aovGeNf yD;aom aqGrsK;d wdkYukd&nfpl; ay;vSLuke\
f / &[ef;
wdkYonf xdkokdYjyKvkyu
f keaf omvlwkdYukdjrif bk&m;&Sit
f m;
ar;avQmufMuonf/ odkY rsm;pGmaomow0gwd\
kY touf
udkowf ay;vSLjcif;onf tusK;d &Syd gavm/ xdkokdYjyKtyf
aom wpfpkw
H pfckaomtusK;d pD;yGm;onfr&S/d a&S;ynm&Sd t&Sif
jrwfrsm;onf txufaumif;uifae w&m;a[mcJhNyD;NyD/

64

Munfvifarmif

vkvifwkdYu qdwu
f kdar;onf/ BuD;pGmaomtoHjzifh &,f
vnf;&,fNyD idkvnf;idkNyD/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;/ toifwkdY
onf taMumif;udk q&mykPm ;a&SUa&mufrS ar;Muavmh
[k qdwu
f ajzonf/ vkvifwkdYonf qdwu
f kd q&mykPm ;
xHokdY ydkYNyD; taMumif;udk q&mocifokdY ajym\/ q&m
ykPm ;u qdwu
f kd tb,fah Mumifh &,fonf? idkonfukad r;&m
qdwu
f twdwZf mwfukdoad omOmPfjzifh atmufarh ig
onf a&S;u oifuo
hJ kYd aA'if&w
G zf wfwwfaom ykPm ;jzpfchJ
aoaomoltwGuf qGr;f vSL&ef qdww
f pfaumifukd owfchJ
onf/
xdkYaMumifh av;&mudk;q,fhukd;b0 acgif;jzwfcHcJh&
onf/ ,ckb0onf ig;&mjynfh 'kurSvGw&f awmh
rnf/ ,aeYonf aemufqHk;acgif;jzwfcH&rnfhaeYjzpf 0rf;
ajrmuf&,fonf/ igonf acgif;jzwfcH&onfhb0ig;&mrS
vGwNf yD; ykPm ;rSmrl ighukdowf iguJhokdYb0ig;&m acgif;
jzwfc&H vwUH onfukjd rif igidkonf/ xdktcg q&mykPm ;u
tcsif;qdwfraMumufESifh/ oifhudk igrowfNyD[kajym\/
qdwu
f ,aeY oifowfaomfvnf;aumif;? rowfaomf
vnf;aumif; igao&rnfomjzpfonf[kajym&m q&mykP;

17

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

65

u oifhukd igapmifha&Smufaprnf[kajym\/ qdwu


f oif\
tapmift
h a&Smufonf tenf;i,fomjzpf\/ ig\ raumif;rI
uBuD;\[kqkd\/ q&mykPm ;onf qdwu
f kd rnfolUtm;rQ
rowfapbJ wynfhwkdYukd MunfhIapmifha&Smufap\/ rMum
rDyif qdwo
f nf ausmufjzmwGiaf ygufaeaom csKyH ifukad rmh
opf&Guw
f kdYukdpm;av\/ xdkcPwGiyf if xdkausmufjzmtm;
rdk;BudK;ypf ausmufjzmwpfcsyo
f nf qdw\
f vnfukd jywf
apav\/
olUtoufwpfcgowfvQif udk,t
hf owf tcgig;&m
towfcH&rnf[k bk&m;a[mawmfrl\/
Munfvifarmif

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

67

wdk;wufcsr;f omEdki&f m\[k jrnfwrf;av\/ xdkpum;udk


teD;tyg;&Sad om olqif;&JwpfO;D Mum;vQif ]]olaX;onf
ynmOmPfBuD;rm;\/ taMumif;rJh rajymqdk&m}} [k ,HkMunf
pGmjzifh <uufaoudk aumuf,l\/
teD;tem; <uufaoudk aMumifpmtvdkYiSm a&mif;
aomf aiGtenf;i,f&&S\
d / xdkaiGtenf;i,fjzifh tcsKo
d um
&nfukd0,f\/ vrf;r a&at;jzifh tcsK&d nfukd awmrS
yef;a&mif;vmMuolwkdYtm; urf;ay;\/ yef;onfwkdYuvnf;
yef;wdkYukd wpfqkypf Dwpfqkypf D jyefvnfay;Mu\/ &orQ
aomyef;wdkYukd a&mif;aomtcg aiGonf wdk;yGm;av\/
xdkaiGjzifh tcsK&d nfwku
Yd kd xyfr0H ,f,
l yef;onfwkUd
tm; auR;arG;jyef\/ yef;rsm;&&S
d a&mif;&jyef\/ plVu
olaX;\pum;udk,
l BuHpnfBudK;pm;oljzpf plVaEcgodu
[k trnfowfrSwaf c:a0:Mu\/
&&Sad omaiGrsm;jzifh rsm;pGmaomtcsK&d nfwkdYukd0,f
awGUBuHKorQukeo
f nfwkdUukdvnf;aumif;? qdwaf usmif;? EGm;
ausmif;olwkdYtm;vnf;aumif; auR;arG; rdwaf qGzGJU\/ xdk
olwkdUuvnf; taMumif;udp&Sv
d Qif ulnDygrnf[k ajymqdk
Mu\/

66

Munfvifarmif

<uufaowpfct
k &if;jyK
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio
f nf &mZN*dKvfjynf a0VK0efausmif;
oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlaomtcg &Sipf lVyef&[ef;\ a&S;b0
taMumif;udk a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/
a&S;vGeaf vNyD;aomtcg umv? Am&mPoDjynf
jA['wfrif;BuD;onf rif;jyKcJhyg\/ xdktcg bk&m;avmif;
onf Opm<u,f0csr;f omaom plVurnfaom olaX;jzpfcJh
yg\/ tvGev
f nf;vdrrf monf/ ynmvnf;BuD;rm;\/ tvHk;
pHkaom twwfynmrsm;udkvnf; wwfajrmuf\/ xdkplVu
olaX;onf aeYwpfaeY rif;xHrScpm;NyD; jyefvmcJh&m vrf;
usaeaom <uufaowpfaumifukd awGUav\/
xdktcg olaX;u ynmrsupf &d Sad om trsK;d onf
<uufaoudk t&if;xm; pD;yGm;&SmygvQif pD;yGm;a&;

68

Munfvifarmif

w&Ha&mtcg onf;xefpGmaomavonf wdkucf wf


rif;O,smOf opfyifopfukdi;f wdkYonfrsm;pGm usK;d ysu\
f /
xdktcg plVaE0goduonf O,smOfrSL;xHoGm; opfyif
opfukdi;f rsm;udk uRefawmf &Si;f vif;ygrnf\/ xif;udk ,lyg
&ap\[k ajymav\/ O,smOfrLS ;u oabmwlojzifh NrdKUjyif
upm;aeMuaom EGm;ausmif;om;vli,fwkdUukd ac:NyD;
opfyifopfukdi;f rsm;tm; &Si;f vif;ap\/
&uftenf;i,fMumvQif tdk;vkyif ef;&Siw
f pfOD;onf
xif;rsm;udkvm0,f aiGaMu;tawmftwef &&Sad v\/ xdkY
aemuf tcsK&d nftkd;BuD;udk vlpnfum;aom NrdKUwHcg;teD;
apmifh a&mif;0,fvmolwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;? ig;&mrQaom
jrwfxrf;a&mif;pm;olrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; auR;arG;\/ odkY
jzpf jrufxrf;a,musfm;rsm;uvnf; aus;Zl;wifvsuf
vdktyfonfhtcg ulnDygrnf[kajymqdkMuav\/
wpfaeYaomtcg ukef;vrf;c&D;oGm;rdwfawGwdkYu
Ow&yxwdki;f rS jrif;ukeo
f nfig;&mwdkY jrif;a&mif;vmrnf
[laompum;udk ajymqdkMuaomf plVaE0goduonf jruf
xrf;a,musmf ;ig;&mudkac: oifwkdY teufzefolwpfyg;xH
odkY roGm;bJ uRefawmfhukdom jrufrsm;udka&mif;yg}} [k

18

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

69

qdk jruftm;vHk;udk 0,fav\/ jrif;ukeo


f nfwkdY a&muf
vmaomtcg tjcm;ae&mrsm; jrufrsm;0,fr& plVaE0g
oduxHrSom jrufrsm;0,f& aps;aumif;&um aiGrsm;
wdk;yGm;av\/
wpf&ufESp&f ufMumaomtcg ork'&myifv,fa&
vrf;ul;oef;oGm;vmolrsm;u reufjzef oabFmqdkuaf &muf
rnfudk taMumif;Mum;Mu\/ plVaE0goduonf
oabFmwGiyf gorQaom ukeyf pn;f wdkYukd wpfOD;wnf;0,f
,l&&S&d efBuHpnfav\/ tzdk;xdkuw
f efaom vufpyG w
f pfuiG ;f
udk oabFmolaX;\ZeD;xH vufaqmifay; uket
f m;vHk;udk
0,f,l&ef BudK;pm;nEd iId ;f av\/ oabFmolaX; oabmwl
oabFmrS ukefypnf;tm;vHk;udk wpfOD;wnf;0,f,lum
tjrwfwifa&mif;cs&m tjrwfrsm;pGm&av\/
xdktcg plVaE0goduonf jrpfqyd u
f rf;wGif tdrf
aumif;pGmaqmufvky
f olaX;uav;wpfOD;jzpfvmav\/
xdkokdY pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufvmaomtcg aus;Zl;&Sif plVu
olaX;udk xdkuw
f efpGm aus;Zl;qyfav\/ xdktcg plVu
olaX;u oabmusESpo
f ufojzifh ]]oluJhokdY ynm?
owd? 0d&,
d &Sad om a,musmf ;um;&Sm;av\/ ynm? owd?

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

71

wdki;f jcm;jynfjcm;a&muf wkw?f ukvm;wkYdonf


vnf; r&So
d avmuf? aiGtenf;tusO;f rQjzifh olaX;BuD;rsm;
jzpfatmif BudK;pm;Ekid cf JhMuonfukd avhvmawGU&ESd kdiyf gonf/
xdkt
Y jyif BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEkid o
f jzifh BudK;pm;vQif
olaX;jzpfEkdiyf gonf/ wu,fjzpfcsiw
f u,fvkyf t[kwf
jzpfygrnf/ &nf&,
G cf sux
f m; BudK;pm;ygu &mcdkiEf eI ;f trsm;
pk jzpfajrmufatmifjrifhvmrnfom jzpfygownf;/
Munfvifarmif

70

Munfvifarmif

0d&,
d &Sd kHomru olwpfyg;\aus;Zl;udkvnf; odwwfojl zpf
ay\}} [k csD;rGr;f av\/ xdkYtjyif t&G,af &mufHkom&Sd
aom orD;i,fESihf vufxyfpHkzufap\/ xdkokdYjzifh ydkrkd
<u,f0csrf;omvmav\/
bk&m;&Siu
f Zmwf0wKtqHk;wGif atmufyg*gxmudk
a[mav\/
tyau emyd? arpm0D? ygbawe 0dpuaum?
orkXmaywd twmeH? tPHk t*0 oErH/
txufyg*gxm\ teuft"dyg,fum; a&mif;0,f
ukeo
f G,&f mwGif ajrmfjrifvrd maom ynm&So
d lonf tenf;
i,frQaom t&if;tESD;rQjzifh rdrpd D;yGm;a&;udk wdk;yGm;apEdkif
\/ rD;tenf;i,fukd tpjyK BuD;rm;aomrD;awmufukd
jyKvkyEf kdio
f uJhokdY jzpfavownf;/
txufyg bk&m;&Siaf [maom Zmwf0wKwGif ypn;f
vJvS,w
f wfjcif;? auR;arG;ay;urf; rdwaf qGzGJUjcif;? tod
ynmjynfhpHkjcif;? pdwaf umif;apwemxm;&Sjd cif;? vHkUv0D&,
d
&Sjd cif;? aus;Zl;&Sit
f m; aus;Zl;qyfjcif; ponfhaumif;jrwf
aom w&m;wdakY Mumifh pD;yGm;Opmwdk;yGm;Edkiaf Mumif; oifcef;pm
,ltyfayonf/

72

Munfvifarmif

armifErS tcspf - 528


(7-wd0*f? (67) Op*ZF mwf)
ewfESihfwuG avmuudk qHk;rwwfaom jrwfpGm
bk&m;onf Zmwfukd aZw0efausmif;awmf oDwif;oHk;
aeawmfrlpOf awm&Gmolwpfa,mufukd taMumif;jyK a[m
awmfrl\/ jzpfcJhonfrSm aumovwdki;f oHk;a,mufaom
olwko
Yd nf awmteD; v,fxeG Mf u\/ xdktcg awmtwGi;f
"m;jycdk;om;wdkYonf vlwkdUukdvk,uf ajy;Muuke\
f /
vlwkdUu cdk;olwkdYukd &SmrawGU v,fxeG o
f lwkdYonf cdk;olwkdU
jzpfvwHU[k zrf;qD;xkwaf ESmifNyD; aumovrif;xH qufo
tyfESH\/
xdktcg wpfa,mufaomrde;f ronf ]]tuREfkyt
f m;
t0wfukday;awmfrlygavmh}} [k eef;awmfteD;vSnhfvnf
idka<u;atmf[pf\/ rif;BuD;onf toHukdMum; xdkred ;f r

19

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

73

tm; t0wfukday;ap\/ xdktcg rde;f ru ]]tuREfkyo


f nf
t0wfudk rawmif;yg/ ]vif}[laom t0wfudkom
awmif;\[k qdk\/ xdktcg rif;BuD;onf rde;f rudkac:
]]oifonf vif[laomt0wfukd awmif;oavmh}} [k ar;
\/
]]t&Sirf if;BuD; awmif;onfrmS rSeyf g\}} [k rde;f r
u avQmuf\/ ]]vifonf rde;f r\t0wfrnf\/ vifr&Sd
onf&Sad om wefzkd;BuD;rm;aomt0wfukd 0wf&aomfvnf;
tcsn;f ESD; tv[omvQif jzpf\}} [k avQmufxm;\/
]]a&r&Sad omjrpfonf tcsn;f ESD;omjzpf\/ rif;r&Sd
aomEdkiif Honf tcsn;f ESD;omjzpf\/ armifq,fa,muf&Sd
aomfvnf; vifr&Sad omrde;f ronf tcsn;f ESD;omjzpf\}}
[k avQmuf\/
rif;onf xdkred ;f ravQmufxm;onfukd oabmus
onfjzpf oHk;a,mufaomolwkdYonf oifESihf rnfokdY
awmfpyfoenf;}} [k ar;\/ ]]t&Sirf if;BuD; wpfa,muf
onf vifwnf;? wpfa,mufonf armifwnf;? wpfa,muf
onf om;wnf;}} [k avQmuf\/
rif;BuD;onf ]]oHk;a,mufaomolwkdYwGif wpf

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

75

twm[d twmaem emaxm


rdru
d ,
kd o
f m ud;k uG,&f m
(oH,w
k yf gVad wmf? wwd,wJG trygvw
d ?f *gvmeokw)f
tcgwyg; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a0omvDjynf?
a0VK0&Gmi,f oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrl\/ xdktcg jrwfpGm
bk&m;onf &[ef;wdkYukd rdeYfawmfrl\/ ]]&[ef;wdkYvmMu
ukefavmh? oifwdkYonf taqGcifyGef;&Sd&m awGUjrifaeMu
rdwfaqG&Sd&m twlwuG pm;abmfpm;buf rdwfaqG&Sd&m
a0omvDjynf\ t&yfav;rsuEf mS 0guyf0gqdkMuukeaf vmh/
igonfum; a0VK0&Gmi,fyif 0guyf0gqdktHh}} [k rdeYf
awmfrl\/ xdk&[ef;wdkYonf ]]aumif;ygNyDt&Sib
f k&m;}} [k
jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; 0efcHukeNf yD;vQif a0omvDjynf\ t&yf
av;rsuEf Sm 0gqdkMuuke\
f /
xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf onf;xefpGm em
ruse;f jzpf\/ aovkeD;yg; a0'emjzpf\/ xdktcg jrwfpGm

74

Munfvifarmif

a,mufukd vTwaf ptHh/ tb,folukd tvdk&So


d enf;}} [k
ar;\/ xdktcg rdefru ]]t&Sifrif;BuD; tuREfkyfonf
touf&Sio
f nf&aSd omf wpfa,mufaomvifukd &Edkiyf gao;
\/ wpfa,mufaomom;udk &Edkiyf gao;\/ tuREfky\
f
rdbwdkYonf t&G,Bf uD;NyDjzpf armifukd r&Edkiaf wmhyg/
odkYjzpf t&Sirf if;BuD; armifukdom vTwyf gapavmh}} [k
avQmuf\/
rif;BuD;onf rde;f r\avQmufwifrIukd oabmus
onfjzpf oHk;a,mufvHk;udk vGwaf p\/ todynm&Sad om
rde;f raMumifh oHk;a,mufvHk;vGw&f \/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siu
f &[ef;wdkY xdktaMumif;ajymae
Muonfukd Mum;awmfr
l a&S;,cifb0uvnf; xdkUtwlyif
jzpfcJh\[k twdwZf mwfukd a[mawmfrl\/
rde;f r\ todynm&Srd Iukd awGUEkdiyf g\/ vifr,m;
tcspEf Sihf armifESrtcspf EIid ;f ,SOo
f Hk;oyfEkdiyf g\/

76

Munfvifarmif

bk&m;onf atmufarhrI ]]owd}} qifjcifOmPf ]]orZOf}}


&Sad wmfrlvsuf ryifryef;? rnnf;rnL onf;cHawmfrl\/
xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ]]igonf oHCmudk ryefMum;
bJ y&deAd mefjyKjcif;iSm roifhavsm/f igonf temudk
vHkUvjzifh wGe;f vSeyf ,fcGm toufukd jyKpkpD&ifwwfaom
zvormywfukd aqmufwnf&rl aumif;ayvdrhfrnf}} [k
tBuHjzpf\/ xdkYaemuf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf zvormywfukd
aqmufwnf&m temonf Nidr;f aysmufav\/
xdkYaemuf jrwfpmG bk&m;onf rMumjrifrSD ausmif;\
aemufbuft&dy0f ,f cif;xm;aomae&m xdkiaf wmfrl\/
xdktcg t&Sit
f meEmonf jrwfpGmbk&m;xHokdY csO;f uyf
]]t&Sib
f k&m;...tuREfkyo
f nf jrwfpmG bk&m;\ csr;f omjcif;?
rQwjcif;? use;f rmjcif;udk jrif&ygNyD/ jrwfpGmbk&m; emzsm;
jcif;aMumifh wynfhawmf\udk,o
f nf awmifhwif;av;vHNyD;
t&yfav;rsuEf Smudkvnf; owdrrlrad wmhyg/ w&m;awmf
udkvnf; rrSwo
f m;Edkicf Jhyg/ &[ef;oHCmudk wpfpHkwpf&m
r>rufMum;ao;bJ y&deAd m efjyKvdrrf nfr[kw[
f k wynfah wmf
tenf;i,f oufom&m&rdyg\}} [k avQmuf\/
xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;rS ]]tmeEmtb,faMumifh

20

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

77

&[ef;oHCmonf igbk&m; awmifhwoenf;? igonf


twGi;f tjyifrxm; q&mpm;rcsef w&m;wdkYukd a[mcJhNyD?
igonfom oHCmudkaqmiftHh? oHCmonf ighudkom
udk;uG,&f mjzpft[
hH k igtBuHrjzpf/ ,cktcg igonf tdkrif;
BuD;&ifht&G,f oufawmf&Spq
f ,f t&G,af &mufcJhNyD/ jyKjyif
rIaMumifhom use;f rmaeoa,mif jzpf&wum;}} [k rdeYf\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;u qufvuf ]]tvHk;pHkaomtmHk
wdkYukd ESvHk;roGi;f jcif;aMumifh tcsKUd aoma0'emwdkY csKyfjcif;
aMumifh pdw\
f wnfMunfrI ]]t&[wzkdvo
f rm"d}} 0if
pm;aomtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;\ udk,fonf usef;rm&\/
xdkYaMumifhyif olwyg;udk tm;rudk;rl rdru
d kd,u
f kd rSDckdtm;
udk;um aeMuukeaf vmh/ wjcm;w&m;udk tm;rudk;rl avm
ukw&mw&m;udkom rSDckdtm;udk;um aeMuukeaf vmh}} [k
rdeUf Mum;\/
]]&[ef;onf ,cktcgvnf;aumif;? igbk&m;
y&deAd mef ysHvGeaf omtcgvnf;aumif;? olwyg;udk tm;
rudk;[l rdru
d k,
d u
f kd rSDckdtm;xm;vsuf w&m;awmfukdom
rSDckdtm;xm;vsuf aeMurnfh&[ef;wdkYonf tjrwfqHk;jzpfMu
ayvdrhfrnf}} [k a[mawmfrl\/ odkYjzpf aA'if,Mwm?
ewfwumudk tm;rudk;oifhaMumif; rdru
d kd,u
f kdom tm;udk;

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

79

jrifjh rwfaom ,pfyal Zmfjcif;taMumif;


(ul#'Eow
k )f
(yd#uwfoHk;yHk jrefrmjyefoHvuE0*fygVdawmfudk
udk;um;ygonf)
tcgwpfyg; jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sio
f nf ig;&mrQaom
rsm;pGmaom&[ef;oHCmESiht
f wl r*"wdki;f a'opm&DvSnhf
vnfawmfrlvwfaomf cgPkrwrnfaom ykPm;&GmodkY
a&mufawmfrl xdk&GmteD; tAv|dum (O,smOf) (oDwif;
oHk;) aeawmfrl\/
xdkpOftcg ul#'EykPm;onf vlpnfum;
uRJEGm; ponfaygrsm;aom jrufxif;a&wdkYESihf jynfhpHkaom
qefpyg;ESihjf ynfhpHkaom rif;rS&onfh pnf;pdrjf zpfaom rm*"
wdki;f &Sif aoed,rnfaom Adro
d m&rif;onf qkvm'ftjzpf

78

Munfvifarmif

oifhaMumif; w&m;awmfudkom rSDcdktm;xm;oifhaMumif;


wifjytyfygonf/

80

Munfvifarmif

jzifh tydkipf m;ay;xm;aom cgPSrw&Gmudk tkycf sKyfae\/


xdkpOftcg ul#'EykPm ;onf ,pfBuD;udk pDpOf
vsu&f S\
d / xdkokdYpDpOf&mwGif ,pfylaZmf&eftvdkYiSm EGm;vm;
ckESpf&mwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? EGm;xD;i,fckESpf&mwdkYudkvnf;
aumif;? EGm;ri,fckEpS &f mwdu
kY kv
d nf;aumif;? odk;ckEpS &f mwdu
kY kd
vnf;aumif; ,pfwkdio
f kdY ydkYaqmifxm;uke\
f /
ul#'EykPm ;ESihf ykPm ;rsm;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif
tm; zl;arQmfcsO;f uyfxkduf rxdkuf aqG;aEG;MuNyD; bk&m;&Sif
\ *kPaf wmfrsm;udk a0zefoHk;oyfMuygonf/ xdkokdY a0zef
MuNyD; bk&m;*kPfawmfudk;yg;omru t&Sifa*gwronf
twdki;f rodaom*kPw
f kEYd iS fh jynfph kHawmfryl gay\[k oabm&
Muum bk&m;&Six
f H csO;f uyfMuav\/
xdkYaemuf ul#'EykPm ;BuD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif
tm; atmufygtwdki;f avQmufxm;\/
]]t&Siaf *gwr &[ef;a*gwronf oHk;yg;aompdwf
xm;ESihf wpfq,fajcmufyg;aom t&Htwm;&So
d nfh jynfhpHk
aom,pfukdoad wmfrl\[k tuREfkyMf um;zl;yg\/ tuREfkyf
onf ,pfBuD;ylaZmf&efvnf; tvdk&Syd g\/ awmif;yefyg\/
,if;udk tuREfkyt
f m; a[mawmfrlyg[k avQmuf\/

21

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

81

jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu a[mawmfrlonfrSm a&S;u


r[m0dZw
d rnfaom rif;onf&S\
d / xdkrif;onf <u,f0\/
rsm;pGmaomOpm&S\
d / rsm;pGmaom pnf;pdr&f \
Sd / rsm;pGmaom
a&TaiG&Sd\/ ESpfoufzG,f&mrsm;aom toHk;taqmif&Sd\/
rsm;pGmaomOpmpyg;&S\
d / jynfhaomb@mwdkuu
f sDrsm;&S\
d /
xdktcg r[m0dZw
d rif;om; pdwt
f BuHjzpfonfrSm ]]igonf
jyefYajymaom vlUpnf;pdru
f kd &vsu&f S\
d / us,jf yefUaom
ajrt0ef;udk tkypf kd;ae\/ igonf ,pfBuD;udkylaZmf&rl
aumif;avpG/ ,if;odkY ylaZmfjcif;onf MumjrifhpGmaom
umvywfvHk; ig\ pD;yGm;csr;f omtvdkYiSm jzpf&m\/
odkYjzpf yka&m[dwyf kPm ;wdkYukdac: wdkiyf if\/
yka&m[dwyf kPm ;onf atmufygtwdki;f avQmuf\/
t&Sirf if;BuD;\Edkiif HwiG f cdk;ol&\
Sd / cdk;olEySd pf uf\/
&Gmudkzsuq
f D;jcif;&S\
d / c&D;oGm;rsm;udk vk,ufjcif;onf&Sd
\/ ,if;cdk;olwkdYtm; z,f&Sm;ygavmh/ v,f,mvkyo
f l? EGm;
arG;olwku
Yd kd rsK;d &dum udk axmufyahH y;urf;ygavmh/ ukeo
f ,
G f
vlwkdYukd axmufyHhay;urf;ygavmh/ rif;rIxrf;wdkYukd vpm
&dum pDrHay;ygavmh/
t&Sifrif;BuD;onf yka&m[dwfykPm;avQmufxm;

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)

83

rif;BuD;onf pnf;pdrOf pmjynfhpHk\/


ppfonfAkdvyf g tiftm;&S\
d /
ay;urf;pGeYfBuJjcif;? o'gw&m;&S\
d /
tMum;tjrifjynfhpHk\/
pum;? xdkpum;wdkY\ teuft"dyg,fukd od\/
ynm&Sd\/ xufjrufaomOmPf&Sd\/ vdrmaom
rif;jzpfNyD; jzpfqJ? jzpfvwHaom tusK;d wdkYukd BuH
qEdki\
f /
(13) rif;BuD;\ yka&m[dwo
f nfvnf; rsK;d dk;oefY\/
(14) yka&m[dwyf kPm ;onf usr;f *eftrsK;d rsK;d udk wwfuRf;
\/
(15) rif;BuD;onf oDvjynfhpHk\/
(16) yka&m[dwyf kPm ;onfvnf; ynm&S\
d / vdrm\/
xufjrufaomOmPf&S\
d / ,pfylaZmfyGJ tvSLyGJwGif
OD;pD;aqmif&GuEf kdi\
f /
xdktvSL(,pf)yGJ qdw?f EGm;? odk;wdkYukd rowf&
uke/f Muuf? 0wfwkdYukdvnf; rowf&uke/f ow0gwdkYukd
rowfuke/f uReftaptyg; trIvkyw
f kdYonfvnf; Ncdr;f
ajcmufaomaMumifh vky&f onfr[kwu
f ke/f (,pf)yGJonf

82

Munfvifarmif

onfhtwdki;f aqmif&Gu&f m Edkiif Hawmfonf ydkrkdat;csr;f aysmf


&Ticf sr;f omvsuf bk&ifonfvnf; Opmpyg;ydkrkdrsm;jym;cJh\/
,pfylaZmf&ef yka&m[dwyf kPm ;udk wdkiyf ifjyef\/
ykPm ;onf rif;rIxrf;trwfrsm;? NrdKUpm;e,fpm;rsm;?
olaX;ol<u,frsm;ESihf wdkiyf if&efavQmufxm;\/ tm;vHk;u
oabmwlMu\/
yka&m[dwfykPm;onf oHk;yg;aompdwfxm;udk
avQmufxm;\/ ,pfBuD;ylaZmf&efBuHpnfaomtcsed ?f ,pfukd
ylaZmfcsed ?f ,pfBuD;ylaZmfNyD;csed f oHk;csed pf vHk; ylyefjcif;? ESvHk;
rom,mjcif;rjzpf&ef avQmufxm;\/
q,fah jcmufyg;aomtaMumif;udk qufvufavQmuf
xm;\/
(1) rif;nDrif;om;? NrdKUpm;e,fom;rsm;udk wdkiyf if\/
(2) rif;rIxrf;trwfwkdYukd wdkiyf if\/
(3) ykPm ;olaX;wdkYukd wdkiyf if\/
(4) ol<u,fwkdYukd wdkiyf if\/
(5) rif;BuD;onf aumif;aomtrsK;d Zmwf&S\
d /
(6) rif;BuD;onf tqif;Icsizf G,&f S\
d / MunfnKd zG,f
&S\
d /

84

Munfvifarmif

axmywf? qD? qDO? EdkYprf;? ysm;? wifvJwkdYjzifhom NyD;qHk;


jcif;odkYa&muf\/
rif;nDrif;om;? NrdKUpm;? &Gmpm;? trwfrsK;d rif;rIxrf;
wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? ykPm ;olaX;? ol<u,fwkdYonfvnf;
aumif;? bk&ifuJhokdYyif (,pf) tvSLudkjyKMu\/
ykPm ;wdkYonf tHhz,
G af umif;aom jynfhpHkaom ,pf
ylaZmfyGJygaywum;}} [k ajymqdkcsD;rGr;f Muuke\
f /
ul#'EykPm ;u ar;avQmuf bk&m;&Siaf jzonf
rSm ]]a&S;uyka&m[dwyf kPm ;onf igbk&m;jzpf\}} [k
a[mawmfrl\/
tqdkygtvSLxufjrwfaomtvSLrSm bk&m;? w&m;?
oHCmudk udk;uG,&f m[l qnf;uyfjcif;jzpf\/
tqdkygtvSLxufjrwfaomtvSLrSm ig;yg;oDv
apmifhxdrf;jcif;jzpf\/
tqdkygtvSLxufjrwfaomtvSLrSm yxrpsmefokdY
w&m;usifhBuHa&muf&Sdjcif;jzpf\/
tqdkygtvSLxufjrwfaomtvSLrSm 'kw,
d psmefokdY
w&m;usifhBuHa&muf&Sdjcif;jzpf\/
tqdkygtvSLxufjrwfaomtvSLrSm wwd,psmefokdY

22

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

85

86

w&m;usifhBuHa&muf&Sdjcif;jzpf\/
tqdkygtvSLxufjrwfaomtvSLrSm pwkwpsmefokdY
w&m;usifhBuHa&muf&Sdjcif;jzpf\/
tqdkygtvSLxufjrwfaomtvSLrSm 0dyemOmPf
tMunf&&SNd yD; w&m;usihfBuHa&muf&Sjd cif;jzpf\/
tqdkygtvSLxufjrwfaomtvSLrSm r*fupd tvdkYiSm
NyD;pD;atmifjrifjcif;jzpf\/ tmo0u,OmPfxuf om
vGeaf om rGejf rwfaom tjcm;wpfyg;aom jynfhpHkaom ,pf
ylaZmfrIonf r&SNd yD[k bk&m;&Siaf [mawmfrlyg\/
xdktcg uk#'EykPm ;onf bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmf
udk tvGeEf Spo
f ufojzifh bk&m; w&m; oHCmudk udk;uG,f
&m[l qnf;uyfyg\/ toufxufqHk; Oyoum[k rSwf
awmfrlyg[kavQmuf\/
xdaYk emuf ykPm ;onf ,pfwikd o
f yYkd x
Ykd m;aom wd&pmef
rsm;tm; toufcsr;f omcGihfukd jyKvdkuaf v\/

Munfvifarmif

(wd&pmefrsm;owf tom;[if;vSLonfxuf
oufoufvGwu
f jrwf\/
aiGaMu;ypn;f tvSLxuf udk,u
f sihfoDvu
ydkjrifhjrwfonf[k rSwo
f m;oifhygonf/

(uk#'EokwfNyD;\)

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

87

aeY&uftcsdefa&G;jcif;taMumif;
(euwZ mwf)
jrwfpGmbk&m;tavmif;onf euwZmwfudk
aZw0efausmif;awmf oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlpOf tmZD0u
rnfaom &[ef;wpfyg;udk taMumif;jyK a[mawmfro
l nf/
om0wdjynf wpfyg;aomtrsKd;orD;udk Zeyk'faeaom
wpfa,mufaomzcifonf rdr\
d om;twGuf awmif;&rf;
aphpyf rnfaomaeY ,ltHh? odkY aeY&ufukd a&G;cs,f
xm; xdkaeYokdYa&mufonf&Sad omf rdrt
d rd o
f kdY a&muf&Sv
d m
aom tmZD0uudkar;onf/
t&Siq
f &mocifbk&m; ,aeY wynfhawmfwkdYonf
wpfyg;aom r*Fvmudk jyKuket
f Hh/ euwo
f nf aumif;yg\

88

Munfvifarmif

avm/ odkY ar;\/ xdktmZD0uonf 'umonfum;


ighukd a&S;OD;pGm ryefMum;omvQif aeYukd rSw
f tcg
ar;\[k xdkr*FvmyGJukdysuaf ptHh/ odkY trsux
f Gu
f
xdkaeY euww
f m&monfraumif;? xdkaeY r*FvmudkrjyKvifh?
r*Fvmudk tu,fjyKukeftHh BuD;pGmysufpD;jcif;onf
jzpfvwH/ odkYqkdonf/
xdktrsKd; vlwdkYonf xdktmZD0u\pum;udk
,HkMunf xdkaeYroGm;ukef/ NrdKUaeaomvlwdkYonf
tvHk;pHkaomr*FvmudpukdjyK Zeyk'f owdkYom;rvmjcif;udk
jrif xdkZeyk'o
f m;wdkYonf ,aeYukd rSwo
f m;NyD;jzpfonf/
vmum; rvmMu/ igwdo
kY nf rsm;aom pm;aomufz,
G w
f u
kYd kd
pDpOfcJhMuNyD/ xdkZeyk'o
f m;wdkYaMumifh igwdkY tusK;d r&SEd kdi/f
igwdkY\orD;udk wpfyg;aomolukd ay; uket
f Hh[kqkdMuNyD;
odkYpDpOfNyD; r*FvmowdkYorD;udk wpfyg;aomtrsK;d om;ESihf
vufxyfay;Muav\/
rS wyg;ukeaf om Zeyk'o
f m;wdkYonf aemufaeY
rSvmuke
f owdkYorD;udkawmif;av\/ xdktcg Zeyk'o
f m;
wdkYukd om0wjd ynfom;wdkYu oifwkdYonf vl,kwrf mrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ aeY&ufukd raxhrJhjrifjyKNyD; rvmMu/ ,ck

23

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

89

jyefMuavhm[kqkdMuonf/ igwdkYonf wpfyg;olukd owdkY


orD;udkay;NyD;NyD/ Zeyk'o
f m;wdkYonf om0wNd rdKUom;wdkYESihf
tcsi;f rsm;Mu owdkYorD;udkr&bJ jyefMu&\/
ay;NyD;owdko
Y rD;udk jyefr&EdkiNf yD/ jrwfpmG bk&m;onf
xdktaMumif;udk tmZD0uonf ,cifa&S;b0uvnf; xdkvl
wdkYukd trsux
f Gu
f r*FvmtE&m,fjyKcJhbl;\[k twdwf
Zmwfukd a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ aumif;rIjyKvQif aumif;usK;d
cHpm;&rnf/ raumif;rIjyKvQif raumif;usKd;cHpm;&rnf/
&ufaeYtcsed o
f nf ta&;rBuD;aMumif; oifcef;pm,ltyfay
onf/
Munfvifarmif

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

91

ykPm ;onf a&csK;d acgif;avQmNf yD; ykqk;d udk,cl [


hJ k cdki;f
aomtcg ykqdk;udk<uufudkufaomtjzpfudk od&av\/
xdkykPm ;onf <uufuku
d af om ykqk;d onf tdrf &St
d /hH
BuD;rm;aom ysupf ;D jcif;onf jzpfvwUH / xdkykqk;d t0wfonf
r*Fvmr&S?d tE&m,f&S\
d / tqdyEf Sihfwl\[k t,lonf;av
\/ om;orD;? aqGrsK;d ? uRefwynfhwkdYtm; ay;&efroifh/
ay;vQif xdkolukd xdckduyf supf D;aprnfjzpf\/ odkYjzpf xdk
ykqkd;t0wfukd okefokdYypfrnf[k BuHpnf\/
uRefwynfhwkdYukdypfapvQif avmbwuf ykqkd;udk
,lygu ysupf D;rIwpfpHkwpf&m BuHK&m\/ odkYjzpf om;tm;
ypfaptHh[k om;udkac:NyD; aocsmpGmrSmMum;\/ ]]tarmif
...oifonf ykqkd;t0wfukd vufjzifhrxdaprl vSHwef
jzif,
h
l okefwiG f pGeUf ypfygavmh/ pGeUf ypfNyD;ygu OD;acgif;
udkavQmfavmh}} [k rSmMum;apvTw\
f /
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf xdkaeY rdk;aomufxawmfrl
aomtcg tuRwfw&m;&oifhaom opmw&m; odxkduf
aom vlow0gwdu
kY kd OmPfjzifh qifjcifawmfr&l m xdkom;tz
udkjrifawmfrl rkqkd;onf orifvrf;udk trSwt
f om;jyK
oGm;ouJo
h kYd okefok<Yd uav\/ okefwcH g;0wGif a&mif

90

Munfvifarmif

t,lronf;tyfaMumif;
(9)tyg,rd 0S *f (87)r*FvZmwf
ewfESifhwuG avmuudkqHk;rwwfaom oAnK
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf r*FvmZmwfudk (a0VK0efausmif;)
0g;awmausmif; oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlpOf ]]avmuDr*Fvm
t,lukd ,HkMunfaom ykPm ;wpfa,muf}} udk taMumif;jyK
a[mawmfrlcJhyg\/ &mZN*dK[fjynfaeaom wpfa,muf
aomykPm ;onf jrifwkid ;f ? Mum;wdki;f ? awGUwkid ;f aom r*Fvm
t,lukd ,HkMunfavh&Syd g\/ &wemoHk;yg; MunfnKd rIr&S/d
bk&m; w&m; oHCm ,HkMunfrrI &S/d (rdpmt,l) vGrJ mS ;aom
t,ltq&S\
d / vGJrSm;aom udk;uG,rf I&S\
d / csr;f om<u,f0
\/ ypn;f Opaygrsm;\/ wpfcgwGif ykPm ;\ aowm
twGi;f rS ykqkd;t0wfukd <uufukduaf v\/

92

Munfvifarmif

jcnfawmfajcmufoG,f uGeUf jrL; pHy,fawmfrl\/ ykPm ;


vkvifonf tbykPm;\pum;udk 0efcH tdrfrSa>r?
ydk;aumifwkdYukd pGeYfypfouJhokdY ykqkd;t0wfukd vSHwefpGe;f jzifh
,lvm\/
xdktcg xdkvkvifukd jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siu
f ]]tb,f
taMumif;jzifh vmoenf;[k}} ar;\/ ]]vkvifu t&Sif
a*gwr...ykqk;d udk <uufuku
d \
f / twdwef rd w
d rf aumif;/
wpfpkw
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d Ef kid \
f / xdkykqk;d t0wfonf r*Fvm
r&S/d ig\tbonf tjcm;wpfO;D udk pGeyYf pfckid ;f ygu avmb
jzpf ykqk;d udk,rl nfpk;d ighukd apvTw\
f / igonf ykqk;d udk
pGeUf ypfNyD;vQif tE&m,fuif;apaomiSm OD;acgif;udkyg avQmf
&tHh}} [k avQmuf\/
bk&m;&Siu
f ]]odkYjzpfvQif ykqkd;udk pGeYfavavmh}}
[k rdeUf awmfrl\/ vkvifvnf; ykqkd;udk pGeYfav\/ jrwfpGm
bk&m;u ]],cktcg ykqkd;udk igonf oHk;pGJtyfNyD}} [k
rdeaYf wmfr
l vkvifa&SUwiG yf if ,lawmfr\
l / vkvifu ]]tdk...
t&Siaf *gwr...ykqkd;onf r*Fvmr&S/d tqdyEf Sihfwl\/
tE&m,f&\
dS / r,lygESi}hf } [kwm;jrpf\/ bk&m;vnf; ykqk;d
udk ,lawmfrl a0VK0efausmif;awmfokdY <uawmfrl\/

24

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

93

vkvifonf tdro
f kdY tjrefjyef ]]uREfkyf okef
pGeYyf pfaomykqkd;pHkukd &[ef;a*gwronf ]]ightm; oHk;pGJtyf
onf}} [kqkd wm;jrpfonfhMum;rS,l ausmif;awmfokdY
oGm;avNyD}} [k tbykPm ;tm; ajymav\/
xdktcg tbykPm ;u xdkykqkd;onf r*Fvmr&S/d
tE&m,f&S\
d / twdwef rd w
d rf aumif;? xdkykqkd;udk oHk;aomf
&[ef;a*gwrum; xdcdkufysufpD;rIjzpfvwHU/ xdk&[ef;
a*gwrtm; wjcm;aom rsm;jym;aom ykqkd;wdkYukd ay;
<uufuku
d af om ykqk;d udkpeG Uf t}hH } [k tBuHjzifh xdkykPm ;onf
rsm;jym;aom ykqkd;wdkYukd,l om;ESihftwl a0VK0efausmif;
awmfokdY vdkuo
f Gm;av\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;udkjrifvQif ]]tdk...
&Siaf *gwr okefrS t0wfykqkd;udk,lonf rSeo
f avm}}
[k ar;\/ bk&m;rS ]],lonfrSe\
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tE&m,f&S\
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d rf aumif;/ xdkykqkd;udk oHk;vQif
oifwkdYonfvnf;aumif;? ausmif;onfvnf;aumif;? wpfpHk
wpf&m ysupf D;rIBuHK&vwHU/ oifwkdYonf ouFe;f t0wfwkdU
rvHkavmufygu ,ck,lvmaom t0wfykqdk;wdkYudk,l
<uufukduaf omykqkd;udk pGeUf ypfygawmh}} [k avQmuf\/

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

95

94

Munfvifarmif

xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]igwdkYonf okef


vnf;aumif;? trIu
d yf pf&mvnf;aumif;? jrpfurf;vnf;
aumif;? vrf;wGiv
f nf;aumif;? pGeYyf pfaomykqkd;onf oHk;pGJ
tyfonfomjzpf\/ oifonf ,ckom t,lukd,lonf
r[kw?f a&SUb0uvnf; xdkokdYyifjyKcJhNyD[k a[mawmfrl\/
xdktcg ykPm ;u awmif;yef a[monfrSm r*"wdki;f ?
&mZN*dK[fjynf? "ru
d rnfaom rif;vufxufjzpf\/
bk&m;avmif;onf O'dpykPm ;rsK;d rS &aoh0wfcJhNyD;
oifwko
Yd m;tzvnf; ,cktwdki;f omvQif <uufuku
d yf kqk;d udk
pGeYfypf awGUBuHKcJh&m &aohrS ]]igwdkYonf <uufukduyf kqkd;
udk okH;oifh\/ igwdkYonf jrifwkdi;f ? Mum;wdki;f ? awGUwkdi;f
aom twdw?f erdw?f r*Fvm? tr*FvmwdkYukd r,HkMunf
r,lqyg/ xdkjrifwkdi;f ? Mum;wdki;f aom twdwef rd w
d w
f kdYukd
,HkMunfrIukd bk&m;&Sirf sm;? bk&m;avmif;rsm;u ,HkMunfrI
r&S/d csD;rGr;f jcif;r&S/d xdkYaMumifh jrifwkdi;f ? Mum;wdki;f ? awGU
wdki;f aom twdwef rd w
d w
f kdYukd r,HkMunftyf/ t,lr&St
d yf}}
[k a[mawmfrlcJhNyD/ xdktcg ykPm ;om;tzonf rSm;,Gi;f
aom t,ltpG?J rSm;,Gi;f aombmomudk;uG,rf u
I kd pGev
Yf w
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bk&m;w&m;oHCmudk MunfnKd ,HkMunfaomtjzpfokdY a&muf

96

Munfvifarmif

\/
bk&m;&Siu
f qufvuf ykPm ;? r*Fvmt,ltq
wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? aeMuwfjcif;? vMuwfjcif;? euwf
Muwfjcif;? Oumusjcif;? t&yfukdrD;avmifjcif;? twdwf
edrw
d w
f kdYukdvnf;aumif; txl;xl;tjcm;jcm;aom tdyrf uf
wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? twdwfedrdwftrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf;aumif;
r,ltyfuke/f t,ltpGJwkdYukd jzwfawmuftyfuke\
f / jrwf
aomyk*Kd vfwkdYonf t,lr*FvmwdkYukdvnf;aumif;? twdwf
edrw
d w
f ku
Yd kv
d nf;aumif;? udavomw&m;wdku
Y kv
d nf;aumif;
ausmf vGefjzwfawmuftyf\/ odkYrSom aemufwpfzef
y#doaE ae&rI 'kurS uif;a0vwHU[laom *gxmudk
a[m\/
ykPm ;om;tzonf tuRwfw&m;udk &&Sad v\/
aumif;onfukdvkyv
f Qif aumif;rnf/ qdk;onfukdvkyv
f Qif
qdk;rnfomjzpf twdwef rd w
d w
f kdYukd r,HkMunftyfaMumif;
aumif;rGeo
f nfukdom BuHpnfajymqdk vkyu
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azmfjytyfygonf/

r[mokwaomrrif;
(vlom;pm;ayg&o
d m'Zmwf)
ukkwkdi;f Eywe*dk&jf ynf aum&Asrif;
eef;pH\/ ol\om;rSm okwaomr jzpf\/ okwaomrrif;
om; ynmoifcsed w
f Gif wuokdvjf ynf 'dmygarmuq&m
BuD;xH xdkacwf ynma&;pepft& ynmrsm;udk tqHk;wdkif
oif,\
l / ol\ynmzufrsm;rSm wpf&mhwpfyg;aom rif;om;
wdkYjzpfMu\/ okwaomronf ynmoifzufrif;om;wdkY\
OD;aqmifvnf;jzpf\/ vufaxmufq&mvnf;jzpf\/ ynm
oifMum;NyD; ausmif;qif;aomtcg okwaomrrif;om;u
userf if;om;wdkYtm; rdrw
d kdY\ wdki;f jynftkycf sKyfa&;ESihfywf

25

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

97

ouf Mo0g'ay;\/ rif;om;wdkYonf rdrw


d kdYwkdi;f jynf
rif;tjzpf tkycf sKyfaomtcg okwaomurif;\ Mo0g'
twdki;f tkycf sKyf\/
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jA['wfrif;onf okwaomrrif;\wynfhvnf; jzpf\/
ynmoifzufvnf;jzpf\/ t&if;ES;D qHk;vnf;jzpf\/ jA['wf
rif;um; tom;udkESpo
f uf\/ yGJawmfwnf&m tom;[if;
rygvQif yGJawmfrwnfwwfoljzpf\/ ol\pm;awmfqufrSm
]]&ou}}jzpf\/ &ouyGJawmfukdqufwkdi;f tom;[if;udk
wnf&Sdquf&\/ wpfckaomaeYwGif tom;udkr&ojzifh
vlom;udkcsu
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d / xdktcgrSp jA['wf
rif;onf vlom;rpm;&raeEdkijf zpfum pm;awmfquf&ou
tm; vlom;udk aeYwkdi;f csuNf yD; yGJawmfukdqufap\/ &ou
onf vlom;udk&atmif&Sm&mwGif wdki;f oljynfom;rsm;udk
rodapbJ Oyg,fwHrQOfjzifh &atmif&Sm\/
tpwGif tusO;f axmifom;rsm;udkowf csu&f \/
tusO;f axmifom;rsm;ukeo
f Gm;aomtcg &ouonf vrf;
c&D; OpmwdkYukdcsxm;NyD; xdkOpmwdkYukd aumuf,loltm;
olcdk;[kpGyfpGJNyD; owfcsuf&\/ Opmxkyfudkaumuf,l

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm;

99

pGeUf &ouESihftwl awmtkyo


f kdY0if\/
rif;BuD;ESi&hf ouonf awmtkyt
f wGi;f &Sd anmifyif
wpfyifatmufaeMu\/ rif;BuD;u vlom;udk&mS \/ &ou
u csu
f quf\/ wpfaeYwGif vlom;udk&Smr&aomtcg
&ouudkowf csuNf yD;pm;\/ xdktaMumif;aMumifh r&?
&oucsKid [
f al om pum;yHkjzpfay:&\/ xdktcgrSp rif;BuD;
onf awmfwGif;anmifyif wpfa,mufwnf;aeav\/
wpfaeYwiG f vSn;f aygif;ig;&mjzifh ukeo
f ,
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f mG ;aom ykPm ;
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f nfukdzrf;,lNyD; xGuaf jy;&m aemufrS tapmifhrsm;
vdkuo
f jzifh pnf;dk;wpfckukdckeu
f l;&\/ xdktcg &Sm;ikwaf y:
us\/ &Sm;ikwo
f nf ol\ajcz0g;udk xkwcf si;f cwfpl;0if
oGm;av\/
ayg&dom'onf ykPm ;udkvw
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d ae&m anmif
yifatmuftdy\
f / rdrt
d emudk (7)&uftwGi;f aysmufatmif
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rnf[k anmifyifapmifhewftm; wdkiw
f nf\/ ayg&dom'\
&Sm;ikwpf l;aomtemonf taMumif;tm;avsmpf Gm (7)&uf
twGi;f aysmufuif;oGm;\/ anmifyifapmifeh wfu ukoay;
onf[k,lqNyD; anmifyifapmifhewfukd ,pfylaZmf&ef wpf&mh

98

Munfvifarmif

olr&Sdaomtcg &ouonf nOfhoef;acgif vlrsm;udk


acsmif;owfNyD; csu&f \/
jA['wfrif;um; aeYwkdi;f vlom;rygbJ yGJawmf
rwnf/ xdakY Mumifh jA['wfrif;udk vlom;pm;ayg&dom'[l
ac:Mu\/ ayg&dom'\teuft"dyg ,frmS vlom;pm;ol[
l
jzpf\/ jynfojl ynfom;rsm;onf rdrw
d k\
Yd aqGrsK;d rsm; towf
cH&zefrsm;vmaomtcg rif;&ifjyifpka0; rif;BuD;tm; wdkif
Mum;Mu\/ rif;BuD;u ta&;r,laomtcg ppfolBuD;xH
oGm;wdkiMf um;Mu\/ ppfolBuD;onf NrdKUwGi;f tapmifhcs
olowform;udk zrf;ap\/
xdktcg pm;awmfquf&ouudk vufyl;vufMuyf
rd\/ ppfolBuD;u &ouudk rif;BuD;xHac:oGm;NyD; tusK;d
taMumif;udkwifjyavQmufxm;\/ rif;BuD;uvnf; ol\
tjypfukd0efcH\/ ppfolBuD;uvnf; Zmwfwlom;pm; ysuf
pD;&jcif;taMumif;udk Zmwfawmftaxmuftxm;ESihf wifjy
avQmufxm;NyD; vlom;udkrpm;&ef avQmufxm;\/ rif;BuD;
uvnf; vlom;udk rpm;bJraeEdkiaf Mumif; jyefvnfred YMf um;
\/ xdktcg wdki;f oljynfom;rsm;u rcHr&yfEkdijf zpfMuNyD;
rif;BuD;udk ESix
f kwv
f kdu\
f / rif;BuD;onfvnf; eef;awmfukd

100

Munfvifarmif

wpfyg;aomrif;wdkYtm; zrf;&eftm;xkw\
f /
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wpf&mhwpfyg;aomrif;wdkYukdzrf;&ef xGu\
f / xdktcg a&S;
b0u rdwaf qGbDvl;ESihfawGUNyD; bDvl;u y'vuPrEmef
udk oifMum;ay;vdku\
f / rEmefonf cGet
f m;aumif;jcif;?
vsijf refjcif;? bke;f wefckd;&Sjd cif;? aMumufrufzG,t
f oHwkdYukd
jzpfap\/ ayg&dom'onf rEmef\tmEkabmfjzifh wpf&m
aomrif;wdkYukd (7)&uftwGi;f zrf; vuf0g;udkazgufNyD;
anmifyifcsdwfqGJxm;\/
okwaomrrif;udkrl q&mjzpfojzifh rzrf;yJxm;\/
ayg&d o m'onf rQavmuf a wmh vl p d w f & S d a o;\/
ayg&dom'onf rdrzd rf;xm;aomrif;wdkYjzifh anmifyifapmifh
ewfudkylaZmf&ef rD;udkarT;\/ wHpdkYrsm;udkcRef\/ xdktcg
anmifyifapmifeh wfonf xdkrif;wdjkY zifh ,pfrylaZmf&avatmif
wm;jrpfay;zdkY odMum;rif;xHawmif;yef\/
ayg&dom'udk wu,fwrf; ,Ofaus;atmifqHk;rEdkif
ol[l avmuwGif okwaomrrif;wpfyg;wnf;om&Sd
ojzifh okwaomrrif;udkyg zrf;cdki;f rSjzpfrnf[l odMum;
rif;u anmifyifapmifhewftm;TeMf um;\/ odMum;rif; Tef

26

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 101
Mum;onfhtwdkif; okwaomrrif;udkygzrf;&ef anmifyif
apmifhewfu udk,x
f ifjy ayg&domtm;ajym\/
anmifyifapmifeh wfajymonft
h wdki;f rd0gZdwOf ,smOf
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f mcsed w
f iG f okwaomrrif;udk
zrf;&ef ayg&dom'onf Eywe*dk&jf ynfokdYoGm; r*Fvm
a&uefqif;NyD; Mum&Gurf sm;atmuf yke;f ae\/ xdkaeYwGif
zkoQeuwt
f & okwaomrrif;onf r*Fvma&uefokdY quf
qufvmrnfukd ayg&dom'odojzifh ,ckuJhokdY yke;f atmif;
apmifhjcif;jzpf\/ ayg&dom'onfvnf; euwyg&*lwpf
a,mufjzpf\/
okwaomrrif;onf ed0gZdeOf ,smOf&Sd r*Fvma&uef
a&csK;d &efxu
G <f uvm&m ta&SUwcH g; eEykPm ;ESiahf wGU\/
eEykPm;um; wuodkvfjynfrSvmoljzpf\/ olonf
uyjrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fwdkif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom
owm&[av;*gxmudk okwaomrrif;tm; a[mMum;&ef
vmjcif;jzpf\/ owm&[*gxm[lonfrSm w&mwef
aom*gxm[ljzpf\/ okwaomrrif;onf ,ck r*Fvm
a&uefodkYoGm;rnfjzpfojzifh ,aeY w&m;remEdkifao;bJ
eufjzefrSom w&m;em,lygrnf[lajymNyD; eEykPm;udk

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 103
rif;wdkY rused q
f kd&Jaomused pf mudk qdkayonf/ ighxHokdY jyef
vmvdkvnf;jyef? rjyefvkv
d nf;aeap? igvnf; rif;wpfyg;yif
oljyefrvmaomf ig\ vufarmif;aoG;udkxkw,
f l anmif
yifapmifeh wfrif;tm; ,pfyal Zmfawmhrnf[
l BuHpnfNyD; vTwf
vdkufjcif;jzpf\/
okwaomrrif;onf eef;awmfokdYoGm;\/ eEykPm ;
xHrSowm&[*gxm av;*gxmudk oif,l\/ xdkYaemuf
eEykPm;tm; wpf*gxmudk tojymwpfaxmifEIef;jzifh
av;axmifukdylaZmf\/ xdkYaemuf okwaomrrif;onf rdb
wdkYukd&Scd kd;NyD; eef;udktyfum ayg&dom'xHjyefvm\/ ayg&d
om'onf okwaomrrif; rdrx
d Hjyefvmonfukdjrifaom
tcg rsm;pGmtHhMo\/ okwaomrrif;onf owm&[av;
*gxm\tmEkabmfaMumifh aorif;udkraMumufbJ ,ckuJhokdY
vmjcif;jzpf&rnf[l awG;rd\/ olvnf; aojcif;udk
raMumufoljzpfvkdojzifh owm&[av;*gxmudk olUtm;
a[mMum;yg&ef awmif;yef\/ xdktcg okwaomrrif;u
ayg&dom'tm; owm&[av;*gxmudk a[m\/
ayg&dom'onf owm&[av;*gxmudk okwaom
rrif;xHrS emMum;NyD;aomtcg wpf*gxmvQif qkwpfqkuspD

102

Munfvifarmif

csed ;f qdk\/ eEykPm ;udkvnf; qufqufapmifh&efawmif;yef


NyD; ae&mxdkicf if;ESihfwuG pm;zG,af omufzG,rf sm;udk pDpOf
ay;av\/
xdkYaemuf okwaomrrif;onf r*Fvma&uefodkY
qufvufxGucf GmvmNyD; r*Fvma&uef a&qif;csK;d \/
okwaomrrif; a&csK;d NyD; t0wfpkrd sm;udk vJv,
S Nf yD;onfEiS hf
wNydKifeuf ayg&dom'onf igayg&dom'[l[pfa<u;NyD;
okwaomrrif;udk xrf;ajy;av\/ rEmef\tmEkabmf
aMumifh rnfolrQrvdku&f Jacs/
owm&[av;*gxmudkem,l&ef eEykPm ;ESihfcsed ;f
xm;ojzifh uwdysurf nfpkd;aomaMumifh w&m;em,lEkdi&f ef
rdru
d kdvTwyf g/ reufjzef w&m;emNyD; jyefvmygrnf[l
okwaomrrif;u ayg&dom'tm; vrf;c&D;yif arwm&yfcH
\/ odkY&mwGif ayg&dom'u okwaomrrif;\uwdukd r,Hk
Munfojzifh rvTw/f tu,f rdru
d wdtwdki;f jyefrvmcJh
aomf oHo&mwpfavQmufvHk; b0tqufquf rif;b0odkY
ra&muf&ygapom;aom t"dyg,frsK;d jzifh used q
f kdaomtcg
rSom ayg&dom'onf okwaomrrif;udk vTwv
f kdu\
f /
okwaomrrif;usdefqdkpOf okwaomrrif;onf omrn

104

Munfvifarmif

jzifh av;*gxmudk av;qk okwaomrrif;tm; ay;\/


qkav;qkukday;aomtcg okwaomrrif;u oifay;onfh
twdkif; iguawmif;aomfvnf; oifay;rS&rnfjzpf\/
tu,f ay;rnfqkdNyD; ray;ygu ay;atmifvkyEf kdio
f l[l
wGirf &S/d xdkYaMumifh igr,lvkd[l jiif;y,f\/ odkY&mwGif
ayg&dom'u awmif;omawmif;yg/ awmif;onfhtwdki;f
toufukpd eG Uf ay;ygrnf[
l uwdopmjyKNyD; ajymqdkaom
tcgrSom qkav;qkukdawmif;\/ okwaomrrif;awmif;
aomqkwkdYrSm ...
1/
ayg&dom'toufw&m&Snfap&ef/
2/
zrf;xm;aomrif;wdkYukd rpm;&ef/
3/
olwkdY\Edkiif HokdY jyefykdY&ef/
4/
rnfonfhtcgrQ vlom;udkrpm;&ef[l jzpf\/
ayg&dom'onf qkav;qkteuf a&SUoHk;qkukd vG,f
ulpmG yifay;\/ aemufqHk;qkukdrl ray;acs/ okwaomrrif;
u ayg&dom'tm; tu,f toufudkpGefU&apumrl
oifawmif;aomqkukd ay;rnf[kqkNd yD;rS ,ck igawmif;aom
pwkwqkukdray;jcif;onf oif\ uwdopmrwnfMunf
jcif;yifjzpf\/ trSet
f m;jzifh cEmudk,Ef Sihfpnf;pdrOf pm,SOf

27

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 105
vmvQif cEmudk,t
f wGuf pnf;pdrOf pmudkpeG Uf &\/ cEmudk,f
ESihf touf,SOv
f mvQif touftwGuf cEmudk,u
f kd pGeYf&
\/ toufESihfuwdopm,SOv
f mvQif uwdopmtwGuf
toufukdpGeUf &\/ toufESihfuwdopm,SOv
f mvQif uwd
opmtwGuf toufukdpeG Uf &\[l w&m;udka[maomtcg
rS ayg&dom'onf vlom;udkrpm;awmhyg[laom pwkwqk
udkay;av\/ xdktcg ayg&dom'vnf; ig;yg;oDvNrJav
\/
okwaomrrif;ESihf ayg&dom'wdkYonf rif;rsm;udk
ESpaf ,muftwlomG ; vTwMf u\/ use;f rmatmifjyKpkMu\/
xdkaY emuf rif;rsm;use;f rmvmaomtcg okwaomrrif;onf
use;f rmaomrif;rsm;ESiht
f wl Am&mPoDjynfokdYomG ; ayg&d
om'udkeef;wif\/ xdakY emufrS tjcm;aomrif;rsm;onfvnf;
tjcm;aom rdrw
d kEYd kid if w
H ko
Yd kYd jyef rif;jyKMu\/ okwaomr
rif;onfvnf; rdr\
d Edkiif H Eywe*dk&jf ynfokdY jyef rif;
jyK\/ okwaomrrif;onf ol\ BuD;pGmaom*kPaf us;Zl;
wdkYaMumifh r[mokwaomrrif;[l xif&Sm;\/
xdktcsed u
f ZrL'dyaf jrjyif&Sd wpf&mhwpfyg;aomrif;
tm;vHk;wdkYonf r[mokwaomrrif;\ tqHk;trwnf

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 107

touf&n
S &f mtaMumif; (5)yg;
uRefawmfonf use;f rma&;ynmudk pdw0f ifpm;ol?
avhvmol? use;f rma&;udk tav;xm;olwpfOD;jzpfygonf/
uReaf wmfonf vufvrS ;f rSo
D rQ Ak't
vdkus use;f rma&;ynm
udk &SmazGryd gonf/ uRefawmfhxHwGif refvnfq&mawmf
bk&m;BuD; oDuHk;xHk;zGJUtyfaom ]]r[mokwum&DrCa'0
vuFmopfESihf vdew'DyeDusr;f pmtky&f S&d m use;f rma&;ynm
udk &SmazGzwfIryd gonf/ uRefawmfrodem;rvnfrIrsm;udk
uomNrdKU "rygvpmoifwkduf q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;
&ygonf/ q&mawmfrSvnf; arwm*kPmjzifh &Si;f vif;
ajzMum;ay;ygonf/
refvnfq&mawmfonf t*r[my@dwbGJUwHqyd f
awmf& ]]rum&avmytausmf}} q&mawmfjzpfygonf/
]]rum&avmytausm}f } qdkonfrmS ]]avmuwGif rodwm

106

Munfvifarmif

rif;usihw
f &m;q,fyg;ESiht
f nD ig;yg;oDvNrJvsuf rdrw
d kdY\
Edkiif Hukd tkycf sKyfMuonfcsn;f jzpfav\/

108

Munfvifarmif

r&Sd tvHk;pHkukd odem;vnfonf}} [laom t"dyg,fjzpf


aMumif; od&ygonf/
q&mawmf\ rCa'0vuFmopfusr;f onf avmuD
avmukw&mESpjf zmaom A[kokwwdkYukd ay;pGr;f Edkio
f jzifh
jrefrmpmaye,fy,fwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum; rSDjirf;jyK
udk;um;&aom usr;f pmwpfapmiftjzpf ,aeYxufwkdif &yf
wnfvQuf&Sdygonf/ q&mawmfonf rdef;rrsm;raumif;
aMumif; a&;om;onf[k tjynfhtpHkrodolwkdYu ajymwwf
Muygonf/ trSew
f iG f a,musmf ;wdk\
Y raumif;rIrsm;udkvnf;
a&;om;cJNh yD; rde;f rjrwfrsm;udkvnf; cs;D rGr;f a&;om;cJyh gonf/
xdkYtjyif ppfa&;? use;f rma&;? tjcm;A[kokwpHkvifatmif
a&;om;zGJUqkdcJhygonf/
uRefawmft
h aejzifh use;f rma&;qdki&f m touf&n
S &f m
taMumif;(5)yg;udkom xkwfEIwfaz:jyrnfjzpfygonf/
usr;f pm pmrsuEf Sm(256) pmyk'af & (327) pmaMumif;a&
(10)aMumif;ajrmufwGif ]]om;csprf Sw,
f l? vlUZmwf?
avQmufywfusihfjim;? avQmufywfpm;ESihf? aq;0g;raMu?
pm;axGumv? jA[pm&D? ig;vDr?l avmuDval ygif; ouf
&Snaf Mumif;wnfh? if;wdkYrS a&S;uusr;f vm? wenf;rSmum;?
tpmaMurS pm;xabmZOf tpOfrSwfzG,fBuD;i,fESpfyg;?

28

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 109
usiht
f oGm;udk rwm;r[ke?f arxkwMf uOf&Sm;? olUtm;rnO;f
rpOf;pm;rl? rjyKvQif ig;tifoDv? y*FukdapmifhxrrSm;
xdktjym;wGif r,m;wpfa,muf? vifwpfa,mufxuf?
rabmufb,frQ oaEmo[k jA[p&d,m? usifhjrwfpGm
vnf;}} ponfjzifh pyfqkdaz:jya&;om;xm;ygonf/
touf&Sn&f mtaMumif;(5)yg;udk (3)rsK;d azmfjya&;
om;cJhygonf/ t"dyg,frSm atmufygtwdki;f jzpfygonf/

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

1/
2/

]]touf&Sn&f mtaMumif; (5)yg;}}


rdrEd Sihfoifhavsmf avsmufywfonfukdom jyKusihf
avh&Sdjcif;/
rdrEd Sihfoifhavsmf avsmufywfonfukdom pm;jcif;/
tpmaMuapwwfaom aq;0g;udk rS0D o
J k;H aqmifjcif;/
vrf;avQmufjcif;? tcsed rf Serf Sef udk,v
f ufvIy&f Sm;
jcif;/
jrwfaomudk,u
f sio
hf v
D &Sjd cif;? arwmw&m;yGm;rsm;
jcif;/
wpfenf; touf&Snt
f aMumif; (5)yg;
tpmaMurS aemufxyftpm;tpmudk pm;jcif;/
usiBf uD;usiif ,fukd tcsKyfrcHjcif;? rwm;qD;jcif;/

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 111

uReaf wmf vl,w


k rf mvm;
om0wjd ynf aZw0efausmif;wdkurf Sm Ak'bk&m;&Sif
oDwif;oHk;pHawmfrlpOftcsed f jzpfygw,f/
wpfaeYaomeHeufcsed rf Sm Ak'bk&m;&Sit
f m; oCFe;f udk
0wfHk? oydwu
f kdykduu
f m NrdKUxJukd qGr;f cH<uvmygw,f/
bk & m;&S i f u uRef a wmf h t d r f a &S U ud k a&muf v mygw,f /
uRefawmfu ]]bm&'gZH}}trnf&w
Sd Jh ykPm ;rsK;d jzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfwkdYu ,pfewfylaZmfw,f/ a0'usr;f awGukd &Gwf
zwfylaZmfygw,f/ 'DaeYvnf; uRefawmht
f rd rf Sm rD;ylaZmfyGJ
jyKvkyaf eygw,f/ CemEdkYeJY axmywfawGvnf; vSL'gef;zdkY
jyifqifxm;ygw,f/
bk&m;&Si<f uvmwmudk cyfa0;a0;uwnf;u jrifae
&ygw,f/ uRefawmf&h UJ rD;ylaZmfyu
JG kd bk&m;u aESmuf,u
S rf mS
pdk;&drfrdygw,f/

110

3/
4/
5/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

Munfvifarmif

arxket
f rI a&SmifMuOfjcif;/
olwpfyg;tm; rnO;f qJjcif;/
rpOf;pm;rqifjcifbJ vsijf refpGmrjyKjcif;/
wpfenf; touf&Snt
f aMumif; (5)yg;
ig;yg;oDvNrJjcif;/
wpfvifwpfr,m;pepfjzifh umr*kPf a&mifh&JrI
&Sdjcif;/
NcdK;NcHpm;aomufjcif;/
jA[pkd&w
f &m;rsm;yGm;rsm;jcif;/
tusihfjrwfjcif; wdkYjzpfygonf/

Ak'? "r? oHC tvdkus touf&Sn&f mtaMumif;


rsm;tm; vdkuef musihfoHk;oifhygaMumif; a&;om;wifjytyf
ygonf/

112

Munfvifarmif

atmfajymvdkYMum;avmufwJhae&ma&mufwJhtcgrSm
]]OD;acgif;uwHk;ajymifeJY &[ef;,kw.f ..tJ'DrSmyJ&yfvkduyf g/
a&SUukd wdk;rvmygeJU}} vdkY uRefawmfu atmf[pfwm;qD;
vdkuyf gw,f/ &[ef;&Siu
f awmh *kPm&Siyf yD ?D arwm"gwfeUJ
MunfvifwJhrsuEf SmeJY csKo
d mat;jrwJhtoHeJY rdeYfMum;vmyg
w,f/
]]ykPm ;...ol,kwrf mqdkwm b,fvkv
d v
l ?J ol,kwf
rmqdkwm b,fvkdtusihfukdusihfolvJ? cGJcGJjcm;jcm; odyg&JU
vm;}}
uRefawmfuvnf; jyefajzvdkuyf gw,f/
]]trsK;d ,kwef rd ho
f l[m ol,kwrf myJ? olwkdYvkd &[ef;
awG[m trsK;d ,kwef rd hfolawGjzpfvkdY ol,kwrf myJ/
Ak'bk&m;u xyfNyD;ar;ygw,f/
]]ykPm ; olk,kwrf mqdkwm bmvJ}}
wdwu
d susawmh uRefawmfvnf; rajzwwfyg/ 'geJU
uRefawmfu Ak'bk&m;udk jyefajymygw,f/
]]t&Sifa*gwryJ ol,kwfrmqdkwm b,fvdkvl
b,fvkd oabmxm; b,fvkdtjyKtrlqkdwm &Si;f jyprf;yg
tHk;/ odp&m rSwpf &mqdkvnf; od&rSw&f wmayghav}}

29

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 113
tJ'DrSm Ak'bk&m;u &Si;f vif; a[mMum;ygw,f/
]]toifykPm ;? xdkolonf a'goBuD;\/ &efnKd ;
xm;wwf\/ olUaus;Zl;udk rodwwf? vSnhfywfwwf\/
xdkolonf ol,kwrf mjzpf\/ xdkolonf vlawGukdjzpfap?
wd&pd mefawGukdjzpfap oem;Muifemjcif;r&S/d ni;f qJwwf\/
owfjzwfwwf\/ xdkolonf ol,kwrf mrnf\/ xdkolonf
NrdKUawG&GmawGukd zsuq
f D;wwf\/ olwpfyg;ydkif ypn;f Opm
rsm;udk ydki&f Siu
f ray;bJ cdk;,l\/ odr;f ydku\
f / zsuq
f D;ypf
\/
olwpfyg;wdkx
Y rH S a<u;NrDukd acs;,lxm;NyD; jyefrqyf
bJ taMumif;trsK;d rsK;d jyum a&SmifvTJ\/ tenf;i,faom
taMumif;t&m rajymyavmufaom tjypfwpfpHkwpf&m&Sd
aom c&D;oGm;rsm;tm; ni;f qJwwf\/ trItcif; w&m;
wabmifjzpfaomtcg oufaorsm;udk rrkerf uefxGuq
f kd
ap\/ rw&m;oufaovdkucf kdi;f \/ aqGrsK;d awmfpyfolrsm;
rdwaf qGoli,fcsi;f rsm;\ om;r,m;rsm;ESihf azgufjym;usL;
vGew
f wf\/ xdkolonf ol,kwrf mjzpf\/
xdkol tdkrif;rpGr;f jzpfaom rdbrsm;udk axmufyHh
auR;arG;jyKpkxm;Edkiyf gvsuf raxmufyHh? rauR;arG;rjyKpk/

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 115
xdkolonf ypn;f tenf;tusO;f udkyif vdkcsiw
f yf
rufojzifh rrSepf um;udkqkd\/ rdru
d kd,u
f kd *kPw
f ifajymqdk
NyD; olwpfyg;udk IHUcsajymqdk\/ rdru
d kd,u
f kd udk,&f nfaoG;
NyD; olwpfyg;tm; tjypfajym\/ olwpfyg;ay;vSLonf
rsm;udk remvdk rIpw
d jf zpfwwf\/ rdru
d kd,w
f kdirf l ray;
rvSL ESajrmwGeYfwkd\/ aumufusp\
f / ,kwrf m\/ t&Suf
taMumufw&m;r&S/d xdkolonf ol,kwrf mjzpf\/
xdkolonf Ak'bk&m;&Siu
f kdjzpfap? &[ef;oHCmudk
jzpfap? xdyg;ykwcf wf? uJh&JUIHUcsajymqdk\/ xdkolonf ol
,kwfrmjzpf\/
&[Emr[kwb
f J &[Em[kajymqdkjcif;um; avmu
t,kwrf mqHk; cdk;olBuD;jzpf\/
rif;rsK;d ? ykPm ;rsK;d ? ukeo
f nfrsK;d ? olqif;&JrsK;d ? vlrsK;d
av;rsK;d &Sw
d mrSm olqif;&Jjzpf ol,kwrf mrjzpfEkdiyf g/ trsK;d
jrifhvkdY olawmfaumif;vnf; tvdkvkdjzpfrvmEdkiyf g/ rdrjd yK
aom tjyKtrlaMumifhom ol,kwrf m olawmfaumif; jzpf
vmwmjzpfygw,f/
a&S;tcgu rmu*FqkdwJh olawmif;pm;wpfa,muf
[m tvGeaf usmMf um;xif&Sm;NyD; trsK;d av;yg;vHk;&JU ylaZmf

114

Munfvifarmif

rapmifah &Smuf? nDtpfukad rmifErS wdku


Y kd dkuEf u
S yf kwcf wfwwf
\/ Murf;wrf;,kwrf maompum;rsm;udk ajymqdkwwf\/
xdkolonf ol,kwrf mrnf\/
xdkolonf olwpfyg;u BuD;yGm;csr;f om wdk;wuf
aMumif; enf;vrf;aumif;udk Tejf yay;&ef awmif;yefonfh
tcg trSet
f ueftwdki;f rTeMf um;? rajymqdkbJ tusK;d
pD;yGm; ysupf D;aprnfh enf;vrf;rSm;rsm;udkom TeMf um;ajym
qdk\/ odkYr[kwf a0hvnfaMumifywf r[kwrf [yfonfrsm;
udkom ajymqdkwwf\/
xdkolonf raumif;rI wpfpHkwpfck (odkYr[kwf)
raumif;rIrsm;pGmudkjyKvkyNf yD; olwyg;rodatmif zHk;uG,f
xm;\/ olwpfyg;tdro
f o
kYd mG ;um rGejf rwfaompm;zG,af omuf
zG,rf sm;udk w0wNyJpm;oHk;wwfNyD; rdrt
d rd o
f kdYvmaomtcg
wHkYjyefauR;arG;{nfhcHjcif;rjyK? &[ef;oHCm tvSLcH qif;&J
olwkdYukd vSL'gef;ay;urf;&ef tdro
f kdY zdwMf um;NyD; wu,f
wrf; vSL'gef;jcif;rjyK/ taMumif;trsK;d rsK;d jycg vdrn
f m
vSnfhywfajymqdk\/ rdrdpm;aomufcsdef a&muf&Sdvmaom
&[ef;oHCmrsm;tm; ay;vSLjcif;rjyKHkomru uJh&JUIHUcs
ajymqdkwwf\/ xdkolonf vl,kwrf mjzpf\/

116

Munfvifarmif

cpm;rIukd cH&bl;ygw,f/ txufwef;b0udk &&SEd kid yf gw,f/


olawmfaumif; jzpfEkdiyf gw,f/
oif w d k Y v d k a0'ynmud k wwf a jrmuf a yr,f h
raumif;rIukd jyKvky&f if ,ckb0wGiyf if uJh&JUIHUcscH&Edkiyf g
w,f/ raumif;wJhb0udkvnf; &&SEd kdiyf gw,f/ ol,kwrf m
jzpfEdkifygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd &Siaf wmfAk'&JU &Si;f vif;a[mMum;rIukd Mum;
&wJhtcg rdrrd Sm;wmudk od&SNd yD; bk&m;&Siu
f kd dkao ylaZmfrd
ygawmhw,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ tqHk;trudkvnf; cH,Nl yD; wynfh
&if;tjzpf cH,lryd gNyD/ tjrifrSeu
f kd &&Sad Mumif;vnf; 0efcH
rdygNyD/ bk&m;&Siu
f kdvnf; ypn;f av;yg;eJY twwfEkdiq
f Hk;
vSL'gef;ylaZmfzkdY qHk;jzwfryd gaMumif; bk&m;&Siu
f kd avQmuf
xm;&ygawmhw,f/
(O'uedum,fokweyd gwf? O&m0*f? 0ovokw)f

30

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 117

rSm;aomt,l rSm;aomtusihf
a&S;OD;vlom; urmOD;vlom;wdko
Y nf todynmA[k
okwenf;yg;cJhMu wd&pmefBuD;i,frsm; opfyifBuD;rsm;
awmawmifrsm;? a&ajr&moDOwkazgufjyefajymif;vJrIrsm;ESihf
ntarSmifwkdYukd aMumuf&GHUcJhMuav\/
odkYjzpf ae? vESihf wd&pmefBuD;i,frsm; opfyif
BuD;rsm; awmawmifrsm; a&ajr&moDOwk Mu,fwm&m N*dKvf
euwrf sm;udk ylaZmfukd;uG,f yorIrsm; jyKvkycf JhMuay\/
tqdkyg ae? vESihf wd&pmefBuD;i,frsm;? opfyifBuD;rsm;?
awmawmifrsm;? a&ajr&moDOwk? N*dKvfwm&m N*dKvfeuwf
rsm;wGif ewftoD;oD;&So
d nf[kvnf; ,HkMunfcJhMuNyD; ylaZmf
youdk;uG,rf Irsm; jyKvkycf JhMuay\/

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 119
raumif;rIa&Smif aumif;rIaqmif jzLatmifpw
d u
f kdxm;&ef
udk,cf si;f pmw&m;xm;&ef a[mMum;cJhayonf/ raumif;rI
a&Smif? aumif;rIaqmif jzLatmifpw
d u
f kdxm;&ef udk,cf si;f pm
w&m;xm;&ef (38)jzmr*Fvmw&m;awmfrsm;udk vdkuef mMu
&ef ,ckBuHKawGU&aom aumif;rIraumif;rIwkdYonf ,cif
rdrdjyKcJhaom aumif;rIraumif;rIwdkY\ tusKd;ay;jzpfNyD;
aumif;wmvkyv
f Qif aumif;wmcHpm;rnfjzpfum raumif;wm
vkyfvQif raumif;wmcHpm;&rnfjzpfaMumif; uHESifhuH\
tusK;d ay;yHkukd a[majymcJhayonf/ raumif;rIvkyrf v
d Qif
aumif;rIukd ydkrkdaqmif&Guv
f kyaf qmif&efomjzpfNyD; raumif;
rIukd qufvufjyKvkyaf eygu taES;ESihftjref raumif;rI
jypf'Pfrsm;udk cHpm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;rsm;udk a[mMum;cJyh g\/
bk&m;? w&m;? oHCmonf trSew
f &m;udk a[mMum;
Tejf yom udk;uG,&f jcif;jzpfNyD; bk&m;? w&m;? oHCmudk
udk;uG,f kjH zifh raumif;rIwo
kYd nf yaysmufomG ;rnfr[kwaf y/
bk&m;? w&m;? oHCmwdkY a[mMum;qHk;ronfwkdYukd vdkuf
emaqmif&Gurf S aumif;aomuHwkdY wdk;yGm;rnfjzpfayonf/
vltawmfrsm;rsm;onf raumif;aomuH? raumif;aom
tvkyw
f u
kYd kd vkyNf yD;ygu bk&m;? w&m;? oHCmwdu
kY kd vSL'gef;

118

Munfvifarmif

xdt
Yk jyif odMum;rif;ESihf jA[mrif;rsm;? vlprG ;f aumif;
rsm; aoqHk;NyD;jzpf&aom ewfrsm;udkvnf; udk;uG,yf laZmf
yocJhMuavonf/ tqdkygewfrsm;udk rylaZmfryo rudk;
uG,yf gu pdwq
f kd;NyD; vlom;wdkYukd 'Pfcwfjcif; ab;'ku
trsKd;rsKd;BuHawGUapjcif;rsm;jzpfapaMumif; ,HkMunfcJhMu
aMumuf&GHUcJhMuay\/ viykwzf rf;onfqkdonfrSm iykw[
f l
onf acG;BuD;u vudkiHkzrf;jcif;jzpfonf[k uRefawmfwkdU
tzGm;uvnf; ajymcJhum i,fpOfu yHkjyifpmtkyt
f csKUd wGif
vnf; zwf&yg\/ tqdkygt,ltqonf odyeH nf;rusaom
t,ltqtrSm;om jzpfyg\/
xdkt
Y jyif tif;tdkiv
f ufzUJG ynmrsm;? aA'if vuPm
ynmrsm; t*&d wfynmrsm;udkvnf; avhvmcJh ,HkMunfMu
ay\/ txufygt,ltq,HkMunfukd;uG,rf Irsm;udk urm
OD;vlom;wdkYrSp ,aeYtxd tpdwt
f ydki;f rsm;pGm vlom;rsm;
pGmwGif wnf&Sad eayonf/
obm0w&m;onf olUoabmolaqmifaMumif;
taMumif;w&m;aMumifhom tusK;d w&m;jzpf&aMumif; t,l
ronf;oifhaMumifh? rdru
d k,
d o
f m udk;uG,&f mjzpfaMumif; Ak'
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf wdusxif&Sm;pGm a[mMum;cJhayonf/

120

Munfvifarmif

jcif;? ylaZmfjcif;jzifh raumif;aomuHwkdY yaysmufrnf[k


vGJrSm;pGm ,HkMunfMuay\/ tenf;i,fomavQmhenf;ouf
omEdkifayrnf/
tif;0acwfeef;rawmfr,fEkrzd k&m;BuD;udk q&mawmf
BuD;wpfyg; a[mMum;cJhonfukd owdrloifhayonf/ eef;
rawmfr,fEkvSL'gef;cJhaom tvSL'gerSm rsm;pGmjzpfaomf
vnf; aumif;rItusK;d rSm a&cGurf Sa&udk oGev
f kdu
f uyf
usecf Jhaom a&pufrsm;yrm a&wpfcGupf mtvSLonf cGuf
wGiu
f yf usecf Jhaom a&pufrQom tusK;d &Edkiyf Hk? anmif
yifavmufvSLaomfvnf; anmifaphavmufom tusK;d jzpf
Edkiyf Hkukd owdjyKtyfMuayonf/ eef;rawmfr,fEkjyKcJhaom
raumif;rIrsm;onf ryaysmufEkdio
f nfhtjyif jrefrmhordki;f
wGif ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmMumonfhwkdiaf tmif trJpuf xifusef
vsuf&Sdayonf/
vGecf Jhaom ESpaf ygif;ESpaf xmifhig;&mausmt
f csed w
f Gif
Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf yGifhawmfrlNyD; vlom;wdkY\trdkufarSmif
rSm;,Gi;f aom t,ltqrsm;udk z,f&mS ;&Si;f vif;NyD; tvif;udk
a[mMum;qHk;r vrf;Tejf yocJhayonf/ bk&m;&Siaf [mMum;
qHk;r vrf;Tecf Jhaom Mo0g'w&m;rsm;onfyif tcsed u
f mv

31

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 121
MumjrifhrI? ae&ma'oa0;uGmrIrsm;aMumifh urmht&yfa'o
toD;oD;wGif uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm jzpfay:apchJayonf/ jrefrm
Edkiif HawmfwiG f ax&0g'Ak'bmom tppftrSef oefY&Si;f wnf
wefYjyefUyGm;a&;twGuf taemf&xmrif;jrwfrSonf ,aeYxd
q&m'umtqufquf BudK;yrf;cJhMurIrsm;udk aus;Zl;wif
av;pm;wefbkd;xm;Mu&rnf jzpfayonf/
oHCm,emwifq&mawmfBuD;rsm;? wumawmfrsm;
udk aus;Zl;wifav;pm;wefbk;d xm;oifMh uayonf/ Ak'b
k&m;
&Siu
f bk&m;udkukd;uG,&f ef t"dua[monfr[kwb
f J rdrd
udk,o
f mudk;uG,&f ef aumif;rIukdvkyaf qmif&efom t"du
a[mMum;cJhayonf rdru
d kd,u
f kd rSew
f GiMf unfhouJhokdY rdrd
pdwu
f kd rdrjd yefMunfh&ef rdru
d kd,u
f kd rdrd oHk;oyfa0zef&ef
a[mMum;cJhygonf/
Ak'b
k&m;&Si\
f w&m;ppfw&m;rSerf sm; xGe;f um;vsuf
&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif ewftrsKd;rsKd;? aA'if,Mwm
vuPm? euwaf A'if? taqmifvufzJUG wkdYonf jyefYESHUvsuf
&SdqJjzpfonfudkvnf; qifjcifoHk;oyftyfayonf/ xdkodkY
oHk;oyfMunfh&mwGif vlwdkY\todynm rjynfh0rIESifh
taMumufw&m;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonfukd awGU&S&d ygonf/

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 123
vmrI tcuftcJrsm;? tE&m,ftrsKd;rsKd; BuHKawGUEdkif
taMumufw&m;wdkYukd BuHKawGU&ayonf/ tqdkygtaMumuf
w&m;wdkYukd rSeu
f efpGmjzifh &ifqkdiaf jz&Si;f wwf&ef vdktyfay
onf/ rrSefuefaom pGJvrf;,HkMunfrI t,lonf;rIrsm;
rxm;&Sdoifhygay/
a&S;urmOD;vlom;rsm;rSm tpm;taomuf &SmazG&ef
cufcJjcif;? awmdki;f wd&pmefrsm;udk aMumufcJhjcif;? obm0
ab;'Pfukd aMumuf&GHUjcif;? todOmPfynmenf;yg;jcif;?
obm0avmutaMumif;? vlUavmutaMumif; enf;rvnf
Edkicf Jhjcif;wdkYaMumifh vGJrSm;aomt,ltq tpGJtvrf;rsm; &Scd Jh
&ayonf/
,aeY urmwGiv
f nf; obm0avmutaMumif;
vlavmu vlUobm0taMumif;wdkYukd tjynfht0odem;vnf
rI Ak'0g'udk jynfh0pGmem;vnfvufcHolrsm;rSm vltrsm;pk
r[kwaf o;aMumif; awGU&ayonf/
,aeYtcsed x
f d vltrsm;onf rdru
d kd,u
f kd tm;rudk;
r,HkMunfjcif;? 0#fvnfrnfukd r,HkMunfjcif;? avmueDwd
usi0hf wfrsm;tm;enf;jcif;? avmb? a'go? arm[w&m;rsm;
vGeu
f Jjcif;wdkYukd BuHKawGUae&qJ jzpfayonf/

122

Munfvifarmif

todynmjynfh0rIwGif Ak'bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmf
rsm;ESihf odyyH nm\ tppftrSeaf wGU&rdS rI sm;udk ,HkMunfvufcH
&ef vdktyfayonf/ Ak'bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfrsm;udk od&Sd
,HkMunfvQifjzpfap? odyHynm\ tppftrSeaf wGU&Scd surf sm;
udk ,HkMunfvQifjzpfap rodrItrdkut
f arSmifukd z,f&Sm;Edkif
rnf[k ,HkMunfryd gonf/
xdkYjyif vlom;wdkY\ taMumufw&m;aMumifhvnf;
vGrJ mS ;aomt,ltqrsm;udk pGv
J rf;,HkMunfjcif;rsm; jzpfwnf
ae&ay&Sm vlwkdY\ a&S;uraumif;uH raumif;aomtvky?f
uHaumif;aomtvky?f ,ckaumif;uH? raumif;uH? aumif;
aomtvky?f raumif;aomtvkyu
f kd r,HkMunf&m a&mufae
ayonf/ BuHKawGUaom raumif;uH? raumif;rIwku
Yd kd ,Mwm
acs aMuEdkifrnfr[kwfonfudk ,HkMunftyfayonf/
raumif;uH? raumif;rIwkdYukd rdr\
d um,? OmP? 0d&,
d
pGr;f tm;rsm;? Avig;wef tm;rmefwjkYd zifh aumif;rIu?H aumif;
aomtvkyw
f kdYjzifhom ausmv
f Tm;Edkirf nf[k ,HkMunftyfay
onf/ rdru
d kd,u
f kdom ,HkMunftyfayonf/ vkyaf qmiftyf
ayonf/
vlwkdYwGif pm;0wfaea&;tcuftcJrsm; aexdkio
f Gm;

124

Munfvifarmif

Ak'0g'udk jynfh0pGm vufcHEkdi&f efESihf odyHynm\


tESpo
f m&udk od&v
Sd ufcH&ef rSeu
f efaomt,ltqrsm; xGe;f
um;&ef wdkuw
f Ge;f tyfygaMumif;/

32

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 125

uReaf wmf vl,w


k rf mvm;
om0wjd ynf aZw0efausmif;wdkurf Sm Ak'bk&m;&Sif
oDwif;oHk;pHawmfrlpOftcsed f jzpfygw,f/
wpfaeYaomeHeufcsed rf Sm Ak'bk&m;&Sit
f m; oCFe;f udk
0wfHk? oydwu
f kdykduu
f m NrdKUxJukd qGr;f cH<uvmygw,f/
bk & m;&S i f u uRef a wmf h t d r f a &S U ud k a&muf v mygw,f /
uRefawmfu ]]bm&'gZH}}trnf&w
Sd Jh ykPm ;rsK;d jzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfwkdYu ,pfewfylaZmfw,f/ a0'usr;f awGukd &Gwf
zwfylaZmfygw,f/ 'DaeYvnf; uRefawmht
f rd rf Sm rD;ylaZmfyGJ
jyKvkyaf eygw,f/ CemEdkYeJY axmywfawGvnf; vSL'gef;zdkY
jyifqifxm;ygw,f/
bk&m;&Si<f uvmwmudk cyfa0;a0;uwnf;u jrifae
&ygw,f/ uRefawmf&h UJ rD;ylaZmfyu
JG kd bk&m;u aESmuf,u
S rf mS
pdk;&drfrdygw,f/
atmfajymvdkYMum;avmufwJhae&ma&mufwJhtcgrSm
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a&SUukd wdk;rvmygeJU}} vdkY uRefawmfu atmf[pfwm;qD;
vdkuyf gw,f/ &[ef;&Siu
f awmh *kPm&Siyf yD ?D arwm"gwfeUJ

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 127
wd&pd mefawGukdjzpfap oem;Muifemjcif;r&S/d ni;f qJwwf\/
owfjzwfwwf\/ xdkolonf ol,kwrf mrnf\/ xdkolonf
NrdKUawG&GmawGukd zsuq
f D;wwf\/ olwpfyg;ydkif ypn;f Opm
rsm;udk ydki&f Siu
f ray;bJ cdk;,l\/ odr;f ydku\
f / zsuq
f D;ypf
\/
olwpfyg;wdkx
Y rH S a<u;NrDukd acs;,lxm;NyD; jyefrqyf
bJ taMumif;trsK;d rsK;d jyum a&SmifvTJ\/ tenf;i,faom
taMumif;t&m rajymyavmufaom tjypfwpfpHkwpf&m&Sd
aom c&D;oGm;rsm;tm; ni;f qJwwf\/ trItcif; w&m;
wabmifjzpfaomtcg oufaorsm;udk rrkerf uefxGuq
f kd
ap\/ rw&m;oufaovdkucf kdi;f \/ aqGrsK;d awmfpyfolrsm;
rdwaf qGoli,fcsi;f rsm;\ om;r,m;rsm;ESihf azgufjym;usL;
vGew
f wf\/ xdkolonf ol,kwrf mjzpf\/
xdkol tdkrif;rpGr;f jzpfaom rdbrsm;udk axmufyHh
auR;arG;jyKpkxm;Edkiyf gvsuf raxmufyHh? rauR;arG;rjyKpk/
rapmifah &Smuf? nDtpfukad rmifErS wdku
Y kd dkuEf u
S yf kwcf wfwwf
\/ Murf;wrf;,kwrf maompum;rsm;udk ajymqdkwwf\/
xdkolonf ol,kwrf mrnf\/
xdkolonf olwpfyg;u BuD;yGm;csr;f om wdk;wuf

126

Munfvifarmif

MunfvifwJhrsuEf SmeJY csKo


d mat;jrwJhtoHeJY rdeYfMum;vmyg
w,f/
]]ykPm ;...ol,kwrf mqdkwm b,fvkv
d v
l ?J ol,kwf
rmqdkwm b,fvkdtusihfukdusihfolvJ? cGJcGJjcm;jcm; odyg&JU
vm;}}
uRefawmfuvnf; jyefajzvdkuyf gw,f/
]]trsK;d ,kwef rd ho
f l[m ol,kwrf myJ? olwkdYvkd &[ef;
awG[m trsK;d ,kwef rd hfolawGjzpfvkdY ol,kwrf myJ/
Ak'bk&m;u xyfNyD;ar;ygw,f/
]]ykPm ; olk,kwrf mqdkwm bmvJ}}
wdwu
d susawmh uRefawmfvnf; rajzwwfyg/ 'geJU
uRefawmfu Ak'bk&m;udk jyefajymygw,f/
]]t&Sifa*gwryJ ol,kwfrmqdkwm b,fvdkvl
b,fvkd oabmxm; b,fvkdtjyKtrlqkdwm &Si;f jyprf;yg
tHk;/ odp&m rSwpf &mqdkvnf; od&rSw&f wmayghav}}
tJ'DrSm Ak'bk&m;u &Si;f vif; a[mMum;ygw,f/
]]toifykPm ;? xdkolonf a'goBuD;\/ &efnKd ;
xm;wwf\/ olUaus;Zl;udk rodwwf? vSnhfywfwwf\/
xdkolonf ol,kwrf mjzpf\/ xdkolonf vlawGukdjzpfap?

128

Munfvifarmif

aMumif; enf;vrf;aumif;udk Tejf yay;&ef awmif;yefonfh


tcg trSet
f ueftwdki;f rTeMf um;? rajymqdkbJ tusK;d
pD;yGm; ysupf D;aprnfh enf;vrf;rSm;rsm;udkom TeMf um;ajym
qdk\/ odkYr[kwf a0hvnfaMumifywf r[kwrf [yfonfrsm;
udkom ajymqdkwwf\/
xdkolonf raumif;rI wpfpHkwpfck (odkYr[kwf)
raumif;rIrsm;pGmudkjyKvkyNf yD; olwyg;rodatmif zHk;uG,f
xm;\/ olwpfyg;tdro
f o
kYd mG ;um rGejf rwfaompm;zG,af omuf
zG,rf sm;udk w0wNyJpm;oHk;wwfNyD; rdrt
d rd o
f kdYvmaomtcg
wHkYjyefauR;arG;{nfhcHjcif;rjyK? &[ef;oHCm tvSLcH qif;&J
olwkdYukd vSL'gef;ay;urf;&ef tdro
f kdY zdwMf um;NyD; wu,f
wrf; vSL'gef;jcif;rjyK/ taMumif;trsK;d rsK;d jycg vdrn
f m
vSnfhywfajymqdk\/ rdrdpm;aomufcsdef a&muf&Sdvmaom
&[ef;oHCmrsm;tm; ay;vSLjcif;rjyKHkomru uJh&JUIHUcs
ajymqdkwwf\/ xdkolonf vl,kwrf mjzpf\/
xdkolonf ypn;f tenf;tusO;f udkyif vdkcsiw
f yf
rufojzifh rrSepf um;udkqkd\/ rdru
d kd,u
f kd *kPw
f ifajymqdk
NyD; olwpfyg;udk IHUcsajymqdk\/ rdru
d kd,u
f kd udk,&f nfaoG;
NyD; olwpfyg;tm; tjypfajym\/ olwpfyg;ay;vSLonf

33

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 129
rsm;udk remvdk rIpw
d jf zpfwwf\/ rdru
d kd,w
f kdirf l ray;
rvSL ESajrmwGeYfwkd\/ aumufusp\
f / ,kwrf m\/ t&Suf
taMumufw&m;r&S/d xdkolonf ol,kwrf mjzpf\/
xdkolonf Ak'bk&m;&Siu
f kdjzpfap? &[ef;oHCmudk
jzpfap? xdyg;ykwcf wf? uJh&JUIHUcsajymqdk\/ xdkolonf ol
,kwfrmjzpf\/
&[Emr[kwb
f J &[Em[kajymqdkjcif;um; avmu
t,kwrf mqHk; cdk;olBuD;jzpf\/
rif;rsK;d ? ykPm ;rsK;d ? ukeo
f nfrsK;d ? olqif;&JrsK;d ? vlrsK;d
av;rsK;d &Sw
d mrSm olqif;&Jjzpf ol,kwrf mrjzpfEkdiyf g/ trsK;d
jrifhvkdY olawmfaumif;vnf; tvdkvkdjzpfrvmEdkiyf g/ rdrjd yK
aom tjyKtrlaMumifhom ol,kwrf m olawmfaumif; jzpf
vmwmjzpfygw,f/
a&S;tcgu rmu*FqkdwJh olawmif;pm;wpfa,muf
[m tvGeaf usmMf um;xif&Sm;NyD; trsK;d av;yg;vHk;&JU ylaZmf
cpm;rIukd cH&bl;ygw,f/ txufwef;b0udk &&SEd kid yf gw,f/
olawmfaumif; jzpfEkdiyf gw,f/
oif w d k Y v d k a0'ynmud k wwf a jrmuf a yr,f h
raumif;rIukd jyKvky&f if ,ckb0wGiyf if uJh&JUIHUcscH&Edkiyf g

wpfoufwmpJGrSwf&rnfUZmwf0wKrsm; 131

130

Munfvifarmif

w,f/ raumif;wJhb0udkvnf; &&SEd kdiyf gw,f/ ol,kwrf m


jzpfEdkifygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd &Siaf wmfAk'&JU &Si;f vif;a[mMum;rIukd Mum;
&wJhtcg rdrrd Sm;wmudk od&SNd yD; bk&m;&Siu
f kd dkao ylaZmfrd
ygawmhw,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ tqHk;trudkvnf; cH,Nl yD; wynfh
&if;tjzpf cH,lryd gNyD/ tjrifrSeu
f kd &&Sad Mumif;vnf; 0efcH
rdygNyD/ bk&m;&Siu
f kdvnf; ypn;f av;yg;eJY twwfEkdiq
f Hk;
vSL'gef;ylaZmfzkdY qHk;jzwfryd gaMumif; bk&m;&Siu
f kd avQmuf
xm;&ygawmhw,f/
(O'uedum,fokweyd gwf? O&m0*f? 0ovokw)f

132

Munfvifarmif

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