Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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An Introduction to IPv6
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Why IPv6?
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IP is everywhere
Data, voice, audio and video integration is a reality Regional registries apply a strict allocation control
IANA Policy - RIRs Allocated Pool for 12-24 Months Distribution 224 Projections based on Jan 2000 to current
Historic
PPP/DHCP address sharing NAT (network address translation) CIDR (classless inter-domain routing) plus some address reclamation
Theoretical limit of 32-bit space: ~4 billion devices, Practical limit of 32-bit space: ~250 million devices (RFC 3194) U.S. DoC IPv6 RFC http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/ntiageneral/ipv6/comme ntsindex.html
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IPv6 Technology
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IPv6 Header
Traffic Class Flow Label
Header Checksum
Payload Length
Next Header
Hop Limit
Source Address
Legend
Fields Name Kept from IPv4 to IPv6 Fields Not Kept in IPv6 Name and Position Changed in IPv6 New Field in IPv6
Destination Address
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Extension Headers
Base header Next Header = 0 Extension E t i Header = 43 Next Header Last Extension Header Next Header = 17 1st
IPv6 Packet
Next Header N t H d = 17
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MTU Issues
Minimum link MTU for IPv6 is 1280 octets (vs. 68 octets for IPv4)
=> on links with MTU < 1280, link-specific fragmentation and reassembly must be used
Implementations are expected to perform path MTU discovery to send packets bigger than 1280 Minimal implementation can omit PMTU discovery as long as all packets kept 1280 octets A hop-by-hop option supports transmission of jumbograms with up to 232 octets of payload; payload is normally 216
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IPv6 Addressing
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IPv6 Addressing
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Addressing Format
Representation 16-bit hexadecimal numbers Numbers are separated by (:) Hex numbers are not case sensitive Abbreviations are possible
Leading zeros in contiguous block could be represented by (::) Example: 2001:0db8:0000:130F:0000:0000:087C:140B 2001:0db8:0:130F::87C:140B Double colon only appears once in the address
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Addressing
Prefix Representation Representation of prefix is just like CIDR In this representation you attach the prefix length Like v4 address:
198.10.0.0/16
Only leading zeros are omitted. Trailing zeros are not omitted
2001:0db8:0012::/48 = 2001:db8:12::/48 2001:db8:1200::/48 2001:db8:12::/48
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IPv6Addressing Model
Addresses are assigned to interfaces
Change from IPv4 mode:
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Multicast
Address of a set of interfaces. One-to-many delivery to all interfaces in the set
Anycast
Address of a set of interfaces. One-to-one-of-many delivery to a single interface in the set that is closest
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SLA
Interface ID
001
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Unique-Local
128 Bits
Global ID 40 Bits 1111 110 FC00::/7 Subnet ID 16 Bits Interface ID
7 Bits
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Link-Local
128 Bits
Remaining 54 Bits 1111 1110 10 FE80::/10 Interface ID
10 Bits
25
10
8-bit
4-bit
4-bit
112-bit
Lifetime
Scope
Group-ID
Scope
If Permanent If Temporary
1 2 5 8 E
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Note that 02 means that this is a permanent address and has link scope More details at http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-multicast-addresses
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33
FF
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FC
0F
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Router Interface
R1#sh ipv6 int e0 Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::200:CFF:FE3A:8B18 No global unicast address is configured Joined group address(es): FF02::1 FF02::2 Solicited-Node Multicast Address FF02::1:FF3A:8B18 MTU is 1500 bytes ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds ICMP redirects are enabled ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1 ND reachable ti h bl time i 30000 milliseconds is illi d ND advertised reachable time is 0 milliseconds ND advertised retransmit interval is 0 milliseconds ND router advertisements are sent every 200 seconds ND router advertisements live for 1800 seconds Hosts use stateless autoconfig for addresses. R1#
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To make sure that the chosen 1 = Unique address is from 000000U0 Where U= 0 = Not Unique a unique Ethernet MAC niq e U=1 address, the universal/ local (u bit) is set to 1 02 90 27 FF FE 17 FC 0F for global scope and 0 for local scope
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ICMPv6
Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 RFC 2463 Modification of ICMP from IPv4 Message types are similar (but different types/codes)
Destination unreachable (type 1) Packet too big (type 2) Time exceeded (type 3) Parameter problem (type 4) Echo request/reply (type 128 and 129)
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Neighbor Discovery
Replaces ARP, ICMP (redirects, router discovery) Reachability of neighbors Hosts use it to discover routers, auto configuration of addresses Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
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Neighbor Discovery
Neighbor discovery uses ICMPv6 messages, originated from node on link local with hop limit of 255 Consists of IPv6 header, ICMPv6 header, neighbor discovery header, and neighbor discovery options Five neighbor discovery messages
1. Router solicitation (ICMPv6 type 133) 2. Router advertisement (ICMPv6 type 134) 3. Neighbor solicitation (ICMPv6 type 135) 4. Neighbor advertisement (ICMPv6 type 136) 5. Redirect (ICMPV6 type 137)
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1. 1 RS
2. 2 RA
1ICMP Type = 133 (RS) Src = link-local address (FE80::1/10) Dst = all-routers multicast address (FF02::2) Query = please send RA
2ICMP Type = 134 (RA) Src = link-local address (FE80::2/10) Dst = all-nodes multicast address (FF02::1) Data = options, subnet prefix, lifetime, autoconfig flag
Router solicitations (RS) are sent by booting nodes to request RAs for configuring the interfaces Routers send periodic Router Advertisements (RA) to the all-nodes multicast address
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Neighbor Solicitation ICMP type = 135 Src = A Dst = Solicited-node multicast of B Data = link-layer address of A Query = what is your link address? Neighbor Advertisement ICMP type = 136 Src = B Dst = A Data = link-layer address of B
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Contents of NS
L2 Destination: L2 multicast address corresponding to target IPv6 Solicited Node Address
L3 Destination: Solicited Node Address corresponding to target IPv6 address of destination IPv6 Link-Local Address of destination
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Contents of NA
L3 Source: IPv6 Link-Local Address of source L3 Destination: IPv6 Link-Local Address of destination
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Ethernet Header 33-33-FF-52-F9-D8 Dest MAC is 33 33 FF 52 F9 D8 IPv6 Header Source Address is :: Destination Address is FF02::1:FF52:F9D8 Hop limit is 255 Neighbor Solicitation Header Target Address is FE80::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8
Host A
Tentative IP: FE80::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8
Host A uses DAD to verify the existence of a duplicate address before assigning the address to its interface.
Host B
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Ethernet Header Destination MAC is 33-33-00-00-00-01 IPv6 Header IP 6 H d Source Address is FE80::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8 Destination Address is FF02::1 Hop limit is 255 Neighbor Advertisement Header Target Address is FE80::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8 Neighbor Discovery Option Target Link-Layer Address is 00-60-08-52-F9-D8
Host A
Tentative IP: FE80::2:260:8FF:FE52:F9D8
Neighbor Ad ti N i hb Advertisement t
Host B
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Redirect
A B R2
R1
Src = A Dst IP = 2001:db8:C18:2::1 Dst Ethernet = R2 (default router) Redirect: Src = R2 Dst = A Data = good router = R1
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Autoconfiguration
Mac Address: 00:2c:04:00:FE:56 Host Autoconfigured Address Is: Prefix Received + Link-Layer Address Sends Network-Type Information (Prefix, Default Route, )
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Renumbering
Mac Address: 00:2c:04:00:FE:56 Host Autoconfigured Address Is: New Prefix Received + Link-Layer Address Sends New Network-Type Information (Prefix, Default Route, ) Data = Two prefixes: Current prefix (to be deprecated), with short lifetimes lif ti New prefix (to be used), with normal lifetimes
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Renumbering (Cont.)
Router Configuration after Renumbering:
interface Ethernet0 ipv6 nd prefix 2001:db8:c18:1::/64 43200 0 ipv6 nd prefix 2001:db8:c18:2::/64 43200 43200
or:
interface Ethernet0 ipv6 nd prefix 2001:db8:c18:1::/64 at Jul 31 2008 23:59 Jul 20 2008 23:59 ipv6 nd prefix 2001:db8:c18:2::/64 43200 43200
New Network Prefix: 2001:db8:c18:2::/64 Deprecated Prefix: 2001:db8:c18:1::/64 Router Advertisements Host Configuration: Autoconfiguring IPv6 Hosts
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DNS Basics
DNS is a database managing Resource Records (RR)
Stockage of RR from various typesIPV4 and IPV6: Start of Authority (SoA) Name Server AddressA and AAAA PointerPTR
DNS is an IP application
It uses either UDP or TCP on top of IPv4 or IPv6
References
RFC3596: DNS Extensions to Support IP Version 6 RFC3363: Representing Internet Protocol Version 6 Addresses in Domain Name system (DNS) RFC3364: Tradeoffs in Domain Name System (DNS) Support for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
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Hostname to IP address
A record:
www.abc.test. A 192.168.30.1
AAAA record:
www.abc.test AAAA 2001:db8:C18:1::2
IP address to hostname
PTR record:
1.30.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR www.abc.test.
PTR record:
2.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.8.1.c.0. 8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa PTR www.abc.test.
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DHCPv6
Updated version of DHCP for IPv4 Supports new addressing Can be used for renumbering DHCP Process is same as in IPv4, but, Client first detect the presence of routers on the link If found, then examines router advertisements to determine if DHCP can be used If no router found or if DHCP can be used, then
DHCP Solicit message is sent to the All-DHCP-Agents multicast address Using the link-local address as the source address link local
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1. Router Advertisement (RA) sent with Use Stateful Autoconfiguration Flag = ON DHCPv6-Serv-1 Core Router DHCPv6-Relay-3 DHCPv6-Relay-1
DHCPv6-Client-1
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Stateless DHCPv6
Stateless DHCPv6 normally combines stateless autoconfiguration for address assignment, DHCPv6 exchange for all other configuration settings settings.
1. Router Advertisement (RA) sent, containing link prefix, also with Other configuration flag = ON DHCPv6-Serv-1 Core Router DHCPv6-Relay-3 DHCPv6-Relay-1
DHCPv6-Client-1 2. Client autoconfigures address based on prefix option in RA, then sends DHCPv6 SOLICIT
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Router Advertisement
PE ISP ISP Provisioning System E1
DHCP Client
CPE E0
DHCP Server
Host
Source of RA
PE CPE Router
User of RA
CPE E1 Host
A Bit A
0 1
Operation
Dont Do Stateless Address Assignment Do Stateless Address Assignment
Operation
Use Dhcpv6 for Address + Other Config. (i.e., Stateful Dhcpv6) Use Dhcpv6 for Other Config Config. (i.e., Stateless Dhcpv6)
Stateless (RFC2462) RS Are Sent by Booting Nodes to Request RAs for Configuring the Interfaces; Host Autonomously Configures Its Own Link-Local Address
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Prefix/Options Assignment
PE ISP ISP Provisioning System E1
DHCP Client 1. CPE Sends DHCP Solicit with ORO = PD 3. RADIUS Responds with Users Prefix(es) 2. PE Sends RADIUS Request for the User 4. PE Sends DHCP REPLY with Prefix Delegation Options 5. 5 CPE Configures Addresses from The Prefix on Its Downstream Interfaces, and Sends an RA. O-bit Is Set to On 7. CPE Sends a DHCP REPLY Containing Request Options
CPE E0
DHCP Server
Host
6. Host Configures Addresses Based on the Prefixes Received in the RA. As the O-bit Is on, It Sends a DHCP Information-request Message, with an ORO = DNS
AAA
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DHCP
ND/DHCP
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IPv6 Configurations
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Fast0/0
ipv6 unicast-routing ! interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 10.151.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip pim sparse-mode duplex auto d l speed auto ipv6 address 2006:1::1/64 ipv6 enable ipv6 nd ra-interval 30 ipv6 nd prefix 2006:1::/64 300 300 !
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Fast0/0
ipv6 unicast-routing ! interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 10.151.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip pim sparse-mode duplex auto speed auto ipv6 address 2006:1::/64 eui-64 ipv6 enable ipv6 nd ra-interval 30 ipv6 nd prefix 2006:1::/64 300 300 !
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IPv6 Routing
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Static Routing
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Static Routing
ipv6 route ipv6-prefix/prefix-length {ipv6-address | interface-type interface-number [ipv6-address]} [administrative-distance] [administrative-multicast-distance | unicast | multicast] [tag tag]
Examples:
Forward packets for network 2001:DB8::/32 through 2001:DB8:1:1::1 with an administrative distance of 10
Router(config)# ipv6 route 2001:DB8::/32 2001:DB8:1:1::1 10
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Router1# oute # ipv6 router rip RT0 interface Ethernet0 ipv6 address 2001:db8:c18:1::/64 eui-64 ipv6 rip RT0 enable Interface Ethernet1 ipv6 address 2001:db8:c18:2::/64 eui-64 ipv6 rip RT0 enable
Router2# debug ipv6 rip oute # p 6 p RIPng: Sending multicast update on Ethernet0 for RT0 src=FE80::260:3eff:fe47:1530 dst=FF02::9 (Ethernet0) sport=521, dport=521, length=32 command=2, version=1, mbz=0, #rte=1 tag=0, metric=1, prefix=::/0
Access-List
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IPv6 Internet
Ethernet0
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Deployment
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IPv4-IPv6 Transition/Coexistence
A wide range of techniques have been identified and implemented, basically falling into three categories:
1. Dual-stack techniques, to allow IPv4 and IPv6 to co-exist in the same devices and networks 2. Tunneling techniques, to avoid order dependencies when upgrading hosts, routers, or regions 3. Translation techniques, to allow IPv6-only devices to communicate with IPv4-only devices
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TCP
UDP
TCP
UDP
IPv4
IPv6
IPv4
IPv6
0x0800
0x86dd
0x0800
0x86dd
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Tunneling
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Tunneling
Many Ways to Do Tunneling Some ideas same as before
GRE, MPLS, IP
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IPv4 IP 4
router1# interface Tunnel0 ipv6 enable ipv6 address 2001:db8:c18:1::3/128 tunnel source 192.168.99.1 tunnel destination 192.168.30.1 tunnel mode gre ipv6
router2# interface Tunnel0 ipv6 enable ipv6 address 2001:db8:c18:1::2/128 tunnel source 192.168.30.1 tunnel destination 192.168.99.1 tunnel mode gre ipv6
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IPv4 IP 4
Dual-Stack Router2
IPv6 network
router1# interface Tunnel0 ipv6 enable ipv6 address 2001:db8:c18:1::3/127 tunnel source 192.168.99.1 tunnel destination 192.168.30.1 tunnel mode ipv6ip
router2# interface Tunnel0 ipv6 enable ipv6 address 2001:db8:c18:1::2/127 tunnel source 192.168.30.1 tunnel destination 192.168.99.1 tunnel mode ipv6ip
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6to4 Tunneling
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6to4:
Is an automatic tunnel method Gives a prefix to the attached IPv6 network
2002
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Interface ID
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Tunnel: IPv6 in IPv4 Packet IPv4 Header IPv6 Header IPv6 Data
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E0
IPv4
6to4 Router2
E0
192.168.99.1
192.168.30.1 2002:c0a8:1e01::/48 =
router2# interface Ethernet0 ipv6 address 2002:c0a8:1e01:1::/64 eui-64 Interface Ethernet1 ip address 192.168.30.1 255.255.0.0 interface Tunnel0 ipv6 unnumbered Ethernet0 tunnel source Ethernet1 tunnel mode ipv6ip 6to4 ipv6 route 2002::/16 Tunnel0
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IPv4
192.168.99.1
6to4 Relay:
Is a gateway to the rest of the IPv6 Internet Is a default router
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IPv4
6to4 Relay
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ISATAP Tunneling
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IPv4 Address
32-bit
ISATAP is used to tunnel IPv4 within as administrative domain (a site) to create a virtual IPv6 network over a IPv4 network Supported in Windows XP Pro SP1 and others
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2001:DB8:C003:111F:0:5EFE:10.1.2.100
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IPv6-enabled Requires Kernel support q pp for ISATAPUSAGI Modified IProute packageUSAGI Must configure ISATAP routernot automatic
Host IP
Router IP
# ip tunnel add is0 mode isatap 10.1.1.100 v4any 30.1.1.1 ttl 64 # ip link set is0 up
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ICMPv6 Type 133 (RS) IPv4 Source: 206.123.20.100 IPv4 Destination: 206.123.31.200 IPv6 Source: fe80::5efe:ce7b:1464 IPv6 Destination: fe80::5efe:ce7b:1fc8 6 es a o e80 5e e ce b c8 Send me ISATAP Prefix
ICMPv6 Type 134 (RA) IPv4 Source: 206.123.31.200 IPv4 Destination: 206.123.20.100 IPv6 Source: fe80::5efe:ce7b:1fc8 IPv6 Destination: fe80::5efe:ce7b:1464 ISATAP Prefix: 2001:db8:ffff :2::/64
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ISATAP host A receives the ISATAP prefix 2001:db8:ffff:2::/64 from ISATAP Router 1 When ISATAP host A wants to send IPv6 packets to 2001:db8:ffff:2::5efe:ce7b:1fc8, ISATAP host A encapsulates IPv6 packets in IPv4. The IPv4 packets of the IPv6 encapsulated packets use IPv4 source and destination address.
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206.123.31.200 fe80::5efe:ce7b:1fc8 2001:db8:ffff:2::5efe:ce7b:1fc8 The tunnel source command must point to an interface with an IPv4 address configured Configure the ISATAP IPv6 address, and prefixes t b advertised j t as d fi to be d ti d just you would with a native IPv6 interface The IPv6 address has to be configured as an EUI-64 address since the last 32 bits in the interface identifier is used as the IPv4 destination address
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Translation
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IPv6-Enabled Network
IPv6 Server
Many of the non-routing/switching products do not yet support IPv6 (i.e., content switching modules) NAT-PT (Network Address TranslationProtocol Translation) as an option to front-end IPv4-only serverNote: NAT-PT IS being moved to experimental Place NAT-PT box as close to IPv4 only server as possible Be very aware of performance and manageability issues
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.10 192.168.1.0/24
.100
F0/1
F0/0
2001:DB8:C003:1::/64 2001:DB8:C003:1::10
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NAT-PT
IPv6 Interface
IPv6 Host
2001:DB8:C003:1::10
Dynamic Static
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Conclusion
IPv6 is real! Start now rather than later
Purchase f th f t P h for the future Start moving legacy application towards IPv6 support Test, test and then test some more!
Integration can be done per Application (Dual Stack or Tunneled) Microsoft Vista and Longhorn have IPv6 enabled by default and preferred over IPv4 Things to consider:
Dont assume your favorite vendor/app/gear has an IPv6 plan Full parity between IPv4 and IPv6 is still a ways off Watch the standards and policies: http://www.ietf.org and http://www.arin.net/policy/proposals/2006_4.html
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Q and A
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More Information
CCO IPv6
http://www.cisco.com/ipv6
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Recommended Reading
Continue your Cisco Live learning experience with further reading from Cisco Press Check the Recommended Reading flyer for suggested books
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