Microprocessors and Computer Systems

Chapter 1 Overview

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Computer Generations
Approximate Generation 1 2 3 Dates 1946-1957 1958-1964 1965-1971 Technology Vacuum tube Transistor Small and medium scale integration 4 1972-1977 Large scale integration 5 1978Very large scale integration 100,000,000 10,000,000 Typical Speed (operations per second) 40,000 200,000 1,000,000

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Growth in Chip Density

1011

1010

GSI

Components per Chip

109 108 107

10 6 105
VLSI ULSI

10 4
103

LSI MSI SSI ZSI 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

10 2 101 10 0

ZSI = Zero-Scale Integration (Discrete Components) SSI = Small-Scale Integration MSI = Medium-Scale Integration LSI = Large-Scale Integration ELE 3230 - Chapter 1

VLSI = Very-Large-Scale Integration ULSI = Ultra-Large-Scale Integration GSI = Giga-Scale-Integration

Evolution of DRAM and Processor Characteristics

Morres Law: The number of transistors doubles every 18-24 months.
200

Dynamic RAM Density

Improvement factor

100 50 20 10 5

Processor Speed

Dynamic RAM Speed

2 1 1980 1985
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1990

1995
4

Trends in DRAM Use

256 Supercomputers 128 64 Number of DRAMS 32 16 8 4 2 1 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1999 Large PCs Small PCs 2Mbytes Workstations 128Mbytes 32Mbytes 8Mbytes 512Mbytes Servers 2Gbytes 8Gbytes

DRAM Size Predominant Organization

1Mbits 1M1 256K4

4Mbits 1M4

16Mbits 4M4 2M8

64Mbits ???

256Mbits ???
5

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Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

F eature Year introduced N um ber of instructions A ddress bu s width D ata bus width N um ber of flags N um ber of registers M em ory addressa bility I/O ports B us band width (M B /sec) R egister-to-register add tim e (sec) 8088 1972 66 8 8 4 8 16 K B 24 8080 1974 111 16 8 5 8 64 K B 256 0.75 1.3 8086 1978 133 20 16 9 16 1 MB 64 K 5 0.3 80396 1985 154 32 32 14 8 4 GB 64 K 32 0.125 80486 1989 235 32 32 14 8 4G B 64K 32 0.06 4G 64G 64G 4G 64G 32 64 64 64 64 64 32 64 64 64 P entium 1993 P6 1995 P -II 1997 C eleron 1998 P II Xeon 1998

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8086 Pin Diagram

GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 Vcc AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 BHS /S7 MN/MX RD RQ / GT0 (HOLD) RQ / GT1 (HLDA) LOCK ( WR ) S2 ( M/IO) S1 ( DT/R ) S0 ( DEN) QS0 (ALE) QS1 (INTA ) TEST READY RESET

8086 CPU

40 LEAD

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Block Diagram of a Simple 8086based Microcomputer

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Intel 486 Internal Block Diagram

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Bandwidth Requirements for Various Peripheral Technologies

Peripheral Graphics Local area network Disk controller Full-motion video I/O Peripherals Technical 24-bit color 100BASEX or FDDI SCSI or P1394 1024 x 768@30fps Other miscellaneous Required Bandwidth 30 MBytes/sec 12 Mbytes/sec 10 Mbytes/sec 67+ Mbytes/sec 5+ Mbytes/sec

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Intel386 SL-25 Intel486 SX-25

Intel486 DX2-50 Pentium - 60MHz Pentium - 120MHz Pentium - 150MHz (MMX) Celeron - 266MHz Pentium II - 266 MHz Pentium II - 350 MHz Pentium III - 500 MHz Pentium III - 700 MHz Pentium III - 1 GHz

iCOMP Index 3.0 iCOMP Index 2.0 iCOMP Index 1.0

ICOMP Index

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500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4004
1971: 4004 Microprocessor The 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor. This breakthrough invention powered the Busicom calculator and paved the way for embedding intelligence in inanimate objects as well as the personal computer.

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8008
1972: 8008 Microprocessor
The 8008 was twice as powerful as the 4004. According to the magazine Radio Electronics, Don Lancaster, a dedicated computer hobbyist, used the 8008 to create a predecessor to the first personal computer, a device Radio Electronics dubbed a "TV typewriter." It was used as a dumb terminal.

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8080
1974: 8080 Microprocessor
The 8080 became the brains of the first personal computer--the Altair, allegedly named for a destination of the Starship Enterprise from the Star Trek television show. Computer hobbyists could purchase a kit for the Altair for $395. Within months, it sold tens of thousands, creating the first PC back orders in history.

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8086-8088
1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor
A pivotal sale to IBM's new personal computer division made the 8088 the brains of IBM's new hit product-the IBM PC. The 8088's success propelled Intel into the ranks of the Fortune 500, and Fortune magazine named the company one of the "Business Triumphs of the Seventies."

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History and evolution of microprocessors

1. Recommended books
Malone & Shawn M. (1995). The microprocessors: a biography. California: Santa Clara.
As the name suggests, it is a book discussing the history of microprocessors, not only from Intel but also the others. UL call no: TK7895.M5 M35 1995

Gregg & Wyant (1995) How microprocessors work (Chinese) .

Contains a section describing the evolution of microprocessors UL call no: TK7895.M5 W9312 1995

Yu A. (1998). Creating the Digital Future The Secrets of Consistent Innovation at Intel. New York: Free Press
Discussing the innovation of Intel microprocessors with management taste UL call no: HD9696.S44 Y82 1998

(1999). Intel .
Chinese version of Creating the Digital Future The Secrets of Consistent Innovation at Intel UL call no: HD9696.S44 Y8212 1999b UL call no: TK7895.M5 M35 1995
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History and evolution of microprocessors

2. Recommended websites
http://www.intel.com/intel/museum/25anniv/index.html
Intel official site. Including detailed circuit diagrams and quick technical reference from the oldest 4004 to the newest Pentium 4

http://www.epemag.com/micros.pdf A short feature article describing evolution of Intel microprocessors, with technical terms explained http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC Rich source of CPU information

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