Read without ads and support Scribd by becoming a Scribd Premium Reader.
See Premium Plans
 
6
 
 Pg{wcgj
‒[g koj{rpwqû wj {a{rgcf bg {gdwacagjro {onfp q wjf|nfrfiopcf cûyan |fpf {gp wranaxfbf koco wj ba{|o{arayo vwg|gpcarf kojrponfp nf rgc|gpfrwpf gj gn ajrgpaop bg wjf kokajf{onfp bg kojkgjrpfbop |fpf`ûnako q mopjo{ {onfpg{* Nf f|nakfkaûjiwg bg{fpponnfbf koj wj cakpokojrponfbop FRCgdf69= vwgkojrponf wj corop vwg cwgyg wjf |nfrfiopcf bojbg {g w`akf nfkokajf q gn kojkgjrpfbop `fho wjf g{rpfrgdaf bg kojrpon `f{fbf gjnf rgc|gpfrwpf ajrgpjf q gn kfnop {wiakagjrg |fpf kokajfp no{fnacgjro{*
 Ajbg} Rgpc{
‒ Cakpokojrponfbop. K%%. [gdwacagjro {onfp.kokajf{ {onfpg{
A*
 
A
JRPOBWKKAÛJ
 {rg |poqgkro jfkg koj nf ya{aûj bg ajkop|opfp f nf kokajf{onfp koco wj gngcgjro gj nf yayagjbf {onfp |f{ayf* [ojyfpaf{ nf{ `fppgpf{ vwg ac|abgj nf ajkop|opfkaûj bg g{rg ra|obg kokajf{ gj nf yayagjbf cobgpjf qf vwg koc|fpfrayfcgjrgnf{ kokajf{ gnákrpakf{. df{ w orpo ra|o bg iwgjrg gjgpdárakfwranaxfbf jopcfncgjrg |o{ggj nf |orgjkaf {wiakagjrg |fpf vwgnf kokkaûj bg no{ fnacgjro{ {gf pæ|abf. gn {wcaja{rpo bg gjgpdãfo koc`w{ra`ng g{ cwq kojiaf`ng q gn kojrpon bg nf rgc|gpfrwpfg{ iækan |fpf kwfnvwagp ra|o bg w{wfpao*[aj gc`fpdo. nf{ kokajf{ {onfpg{ fkgpkfj f nf{ |gp{ojf{ fn w{opfkaojfn bg no{ pgkwp{o{ gjgpdárako{ qf vwg nf gjgpdãf {onfp g{wj pgkwp{o |fn|f`ng q korabafjo* Kûco ghgc|no koc|fpfrayo|obpãfco{ koc|fpfp gn w{o bg nf `akakngrf q gn fwrocûyan*Kfbf ygx vwg yfco{ gj `akakngrf f jwg{rpo{ rpf`fho{. nwdfpg{bg g{rwbao{ o `agj f mfkgp wjf {ac|ng koc|pf. jo{bg{|nfxfco{ |op nwdfpg{ bg{bg ajakao f iaj kwfjraiakfjbo gnko{rg gjgpdárako koj no vwg mgco{ df{rfbo q {gjrabo bwpfjrg gnrpfqgkro* G{rf {gj{fkaûj jo g{ nf ca{cf kwfjbo nf mfkgco{ gjwj fwrocûyan. qf vwg nf {gj{fkaûj g{ ba{rajrf q jo g{ |o{a`ng ja{avwagpf koc|fpfpnf koj gn ko{rg q gn ragc|o vwg ac|nakf g{rffkkaûj* @fho g{rg kojkg|ro. nf {gj{a`anaxfkaûj bg nf |o`nfkaûjkoj gn w{o bg nf gjgpdãf bg`g |gpcarap rfn ajrgpfkkaûj koj no{|pokg{o{ korabafjo{ vwg |gpcarf nf „mwcfjaxfkaûj bg nfgjgpdãf–* Nf{ kokajf{ {onfpg{ g{ræj fmã |fpf gnno*[aj gc`fpdo. mfq vwg cghopfp yfpao{ f{|gkro{ bg no vwg g{kokajfp koj gn [on. qf vwg {g kojyagprgj gj `fppgpf{ |fpf nfajrpobwkkaûj bg g{rf{ rgkjonodãf{ q rgpcajfj koj vwg`pfp gngjrw{af{co ajknw{o bg no{ cæ{ kgpkfjo{ f g{rf iano{oiãf* \fpfgnno g{rg |poqgkro |pgrgjbg {gp wj f|oprg |fpf nf ajkop|opfkaûjkoco wj ngyg gngcgjro fkrayo gj nf koj{rpwkkaûj |f{ayf bgyayagjbf{ q ifkanarfp gn |pokg{o bg fbf|rfkaûj bg nf{ |gp{ojf{ fg{rf jwgyf iopcf bg mfkgp nf{ ko{f{. kokajfp koj gn [on*AA*
 
O
\GPFKAÛJ BGN [A[RGCF
 Gn {gdwacagjro {onfp {g pgfnaxf gj iopcf fwrocærakf f rpfyá{bg wj corop bg koppagjrg kojrajwf fko|nfbo cgkæjakfcgjrg fwjf |nfrfiopcf porfropaf bojbg {g w`akf nf kokajf {onfp* Gn{a{rgcf bg kojrpon cabg nf rgc|gpfrwpf f rpfyá{ bg wjf {ojbfbg rgc|gpfrwpf koj nf vwg gn {a{rgcf {g pgrpofnacgjrf |fpf jo{o`pg|f{fp nf rgc|gpfrwpf cæ}acf |pgg{rf`ngkabf |op gnw{wfpao* Rfc`aáj g{ |o{a`ng o|gpfp {onfcgjrg koj {gdwacagjro{onfp ajbg|gjbagjrg bg nf rgc|gpfrwpf bgjrpo bgn pgka|agjrg bgno{ fnacgjro{* F kojrajwfkaûj {g g}|nakf koj cfqop bgrfnng no{bo{ cobo{ bg o|gpfkaûj*
Iad*6 [a{rgcf bg {gdwacagjro {onfp koj kojrpon bg rgc|gpfrwpf q gjgpdãf*
\nfrfiopcf bg {gdwacagjro |fpf kokajf{ qmopjo{ {onfpg{
Gbwfpbo [oro [g|ønygbf
 gbw{oro{Ldcfan*koc
G
 
0
Koj {gdwacagjro bg nf rgc|gpfrwpf cæ}acf
Cgbafjrg wj {gngkrop {g |wgbg iahfp nf rgc|gpfrwpf cæ}acf f nfkwfn {g bg{gf o|gpfp |fpf |obgp kojrponfp nf rgc|gpfrwpf bgkokkaûj bg no{ fnacgjro{* G{rg cobo bg o|gpfkaûj {g wranaxf|pajka|fncgjrg koj kojkgjrpfbopg{ |fpf`ûnako{ bg`abo f nfyfpaf`anabfb bg nf |orgjkaf q dpfj kojkgjrpfkaûj {onfp gj gnioko. no kwfn mfkg vwg nf rgc|gpfrwpf yfpãg pæ|abfcgjrg q|wgbg vwgcfp no{ fnacgjro{ o `agj mfkgp vwg |agpbf |fprg bg{w{ |po|agbfbg{ bwpfjrg gn |pokg{o bg kokkaûj*
Iad*0 Kojrpon bg nf |nfrfiopcf koj {gdwacagjro bg nf rgc|gpfrwpf bgpgigpgjkaf
Gj nf Iad*0 {g pg|pg{gjrf nf rgc|gpfrwpf gj iwjkaûj bgn ragc|oq {g cwg{rpf gn {gdwacagjro vwg pgfnaxf gn kojrpon* Wjf ygxvwg nf rgc|gpfrwpf bg cgbakaûj -R
cgb
! {o`pg|f{f nfrgc|gpfrwpf bg pgigpgjkaf -R
pgi 
! gn kojrpon bg{yãf wjo{ kwfjro{dpfbo{ gn ioko cgbafjrg nf fkrwfkaûj bgn corop vwg porf nf|nfrfiopcf* Koj g{ro {g koj{adwg wjf ba{cajwkaûj bg nfrgc|gpfrwpf* Gn {gdwacagjro {onfp {g pgfnaxf cgbafjrg wjfndoparco vwg g{racf nf |o{akaûj bgn [on f rpfyá{ bgn ragc|o*G{ jgkg{fpao rgjgp wjf ma{rápg{a{ gj g{rg |pokg{o bg cgbakaûjq bg{yão bgn ioko bg`abo f nf fnrf ajgpkaf rápcakf f{okafbf* Bgjo g}a{rap g{rg pgrfpbo. gn {a{rgcf g{rfpãf bg{yafjbokoj{rfjrgcgjrg nf |nfrfiopcf bg`abo f vwg nf cgbakaûj bg nfrgc|gpfrwpf jo bfpãf ragc|o bg kgbgp gn kfnop dfjfbo |op no{fnacgjro{*
[aj {gdwacagjro bg rgc|gpfrwpf
\fpf f|nakfkaojg{ bg cgjop rgc|gpfrwpf. koco g{ gn kf{o bgmopjo{ {onfpg{. g{ jgkg{fpao wj {gdwacagjro kojrajwo bgn [on{aj jgkg{abfb bg iahfp wjf rgc|gpfrwpf cæ}acf* G{rg cobowranaxf gn fndoparco bgn ragc|o q g{racfkaûj bg nf |o{akaûj bgn[on |fpf gn {gdwacagjro* Gj nf Iad*; {g pg|pg{gjrf f nfrgc|gpfrwpf gj iwjkaûj bgn ragc|o q gn {gdwacagjro kojrajwobgn [on fnkfjxfjbo kwfnvwagp jaygn bg rgc|gpfrwpf |fpf nfkokkaûj*
Iad*; Rgc|gpfrwpf gj no{ fnacgjro{ koj gn {gdwacagjro kojrajwo bgn [on
 Gjgpdãf cæ}acf
Wjf bg nf{ o|kaojg{ cæ{ ac|oprfjrg{ gj g{rg bg{fpponno.koj{a{rg gj g{racfp nf gjgpdãf kf|rfbf |op no{ fnacgjro{* Kojg{ro g{ |o{a`ng g{rf`ngkgp wj yfnop cæ}aco bg gjgpdãf vwg jobg|gjbgpæ bg no{ g{rfbo{ |fpkafng{ bg gjgpdãf {a jo bg nf {wcfrorfn bg gnno{* Wjf ygx fnkfjxfbo gn jaygn cæ}aco bg gjgpdãfiahfbo |op gn w{wfpao -cgbafjrg ajiopcfkaûj mgwpã{rakf okojokacagjro |pgyao vwg |wgbg g{rfp rf`wnfbo!. nf |nfrfiopcfdapfpæ mf{rf |ojgp{g gj nf {oc`pf q g{|gpfp vwg {g pgrapgj no{fnacgjro{*
Iad*2 Ajrgdpfkaûj bg no{ g{rfbo{ |fpkafng{ bg gjgpdãf mf{rf nngdfp fn yfnopcæ}aco bg gjgpdãf iahfbo |op gn w{wfpao
Gj nf Iad*2 {g pg|pg{gjrf no{ yfnopg{ bg gjgpdãf g{racfbo{cgbafjrg nf rgc|gpfrwpf cgbabf gj no{ fnacgjro{*Nf gjgpdãf |wgbg {gp g{racfbf cgbafjrg nf {adwagjrg gkwfkaûj|fpf R
6
> R
0
bojbg R
6
g{ nf rgc|gpfrwpf cgbabf gj |pacgpaj{rfjrg q R
0
nf rgc|gpfrwpf cgbabf |o{rgpaopcgjrg*
-6!
 
3

0
∐
6
0
% 
6
∔  ∔ ∉
 
\fpf R
6
: R
0
 
-0!
 
3

6
∐
0
0
% 
0
∔  ∔ ∉
 
Bojbg e g{ wj ifkrop vwg pgnfkaojf gn yonwcgj q bgj{abfb bgnkojrgjabo bgn pgka|agjrg. gn kfnop g{|gkãiako bgn kojrgjabo q gnragc|o gj vwg {g pgfnaxf gn kænkwno* G{rg gn yfnop bg gjgpdãf g{g}|pg{fbo gj UekfnS* Gn yfnop bg g{rf koj{rfjrg {g bgrgpcajfpæg}|gpacgjrfncgjrg*Iajfncgjrg nf gjgpdãf cæ}acf {gpæ nf {wcf bg robf{ nf{gjgpdãf{ |fpkafng{ kfnkwnfbf{ bwpfjrg gn ragc|o vwg bwpg nfkokkaûj bg no{ fnacgjro{*
 
 
Rpfqgkropaf {onfp 
\fpf ac|ngcgjrfp gn fndoparco vwg |gpcarbgn [on gj iwjkaûj bg nf mopf. g{ jgrpfqgkropaf {onfp cgbafjrg gkwfkaojg{dpfbo bg |pgka{aûj* Nf g}fkrarwb bgn {a{rg{rfpæ bgrgpcajfbf |pajka|fncgjrg {gdkænkwno ac|ngcgjrfbf gj gn cakpokojrponf|o{akaûj vwg pgrpofnacgjrf gn kojrpongjkobgp o wj {gj{op pg{a{rayo |fpf cgbapgjkwgjrpg nf |nfrfiopcf bg {gdwacagjro!*Nf rpfqgkropaf {onfp bg|gjbg |pajka|fncnwdfp q nf igkmf* G{ro{ bo{ ifkropg{ {gcoyacagjro bg rpf{nfkaûj bg nf Ragppf fnpæjdwno bg bgknajfkaûj gj vwg {g gjkwgjrpcwg{rpf gn bg{|nfxfcagjro bg nf rpfqgkropaá|okf{ bgn föo* Gj gn {on{rakao bg ygpfjocæ}aco f cgbao bãf koj wjf dpfj fnrwpf {gn ajyagpjo nf fnrwpf {onfp {gpæ {adjai bg|gjbagjbo bg nf nfrarwb*
Iad*7 Rpfqgkropaf {onfp gj ba{rajro{ coc
 G}a{rgj gkwfkaojg{ vwg bgiajgj g{rf r|pgka{aûj q g}fkrarwb*Æjdwno {gdøj gn bãf UpfbS
-;!
 
 3
´
 
Æjdwno bg bgknajfkaûj UpfbS-2!
 3 <.
<<916=  <.;11160 ´ ko{{aj <.<<0914 ´ ko{0 <.<<<.<<0914 ´ ko{;<.<<62
 Æjdwno mopfpao UpfbS-7!
  67 ´ 60

 Fnrwpf {onfp m-9!
  {aj

{aj´ {aj ko{
 Fxacwr-4!
   ko{

´´
f g{racfp nf |o{akaûjkg{fpao bg{kpa`ap nfwg rgjdfj wj `wgjgcf bg {gdwacagjroj nf g{rpfrgdaf bgbop q nf cgbakaûj bg-jopcfncgjrg wjgn æjdwno gj vwg {gjrg bg nf nfrarwb bgn}|nakfj cgbafjrg fngbgbop bgn [on q bgng{rf* Gj nf Iad*7 {gf {onfp |fpf ba{rajrf{. gn [on g{rfpæ gj {wo
 
nfp. cagjrpf{ vwg gjakfrayfcgjrg cgjop
gjro{ bgn föo
pfqgkropaf koj dpfj
 <.<4<074 ´1<4 ´ {aj0´ {aj;
 

´ /6=<
 
´ko{´ ko{
 
´
 Bojbg N g{ nf nfrarwb bgn nwdfWjf iopcf bg pg|pg{gjrfkaûjno{ bafdpfcf{ {onfpg{* Gjg{rgpgodpæiako |fpf nf kawbfb|wgbg o`rgjgp nf fnrwpf q fxa{onfp*
Iad*9 Bafdpfcf {onfp g{rgpgodpæiak;1‑ Joprg. nojdarwb <¼ 7;‑
Gj g{rg |poqgkro. g{ jgk{ac|naiakfbf bg nf fxacwr gj{a{rgcf |o{gg {ûno wj dpfboOg{rg!* Gj nf Iad*4 {g cwbg{kpa`gj nf pgnfkaûj gjrpg nba{rajro{ cg{g{ bgn föo* [g o-fxacwr <¼!*[g koj{abgpfpæj no{ cg{g{ bg{racfkaojg{ q f|po}acfkaopgnfkaojfp rfjro gn ragc|o kG{ro g{ koj{gkwgjrg koj nf|nakfkaûj gj kokajf{ q mopjno{ |gpaobo{ bg cfqop pfbafka ;pdpæiakf bg nf rpfqgkropaf {onfp {ojnf Iad*9 {g ragjg gn bafdpfcfbg Xfpfdoxf* Gj g{rg bafdpfcf {gwr kojokagjbo nf igkmf q nf mopf
|fpf nf kawbfb bg Xfpfdoxf. nfrarwb 26¼2– Og{rg* [onfp @gfc [oirtfpg*
g{fpao gjkojrpfp wjf pgnfkaûjiwjkaûj bg nf mopf {onfp qf vwg gng na`gprfb -coyacagjro bg G{rg f{rpfj wjf{ {gpag bg kwpyf{ vwgf fxacwr q gn æjdwno {onfp |fpf`{gpyf nf {acgrpãf pg{|gkro fn [wpcfqop pfbafkaûj |fpf mfkgp nf{jg{ f wjf iwjkaûj vwg |gpcarfj nf |o{akaûj bg nf |nfrfiopcf*f iajfnabfb bgn |poqgkro q {w{ {onfpg{ nf{ kwfng{ {oj ørang{ gjûj*