Eric Schlosser - Fast Food Nation

Rolling Stone magazine (USA), Issue 794, September 3rd 1998

Fast-Food Nation: The True Cost Of America's Diet

By National Magazine Award winner Eric Schlosser

Part One

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After four decades, our obsession with fast, cheap food hastransformed our towns and flooded the labor market with low-paying,dead-end jobs. Is this a healthy menu?

Cheyenne mountain sits on the eastern slope of Colorado's front range, rising steeplyfrom the prairie and overlooking the city of Colorado Springs. From a distance, themountain looks beautiful and serene, dotted with rocky outcroppings, scrub oak andponderosa pine. And yet Cheyenne Mountain is hardly pristine. One of the nation's mostimportant military installations is located deep within it, housing operational units of theNorth American Aerospace Defense Command, the United States Space Command andthe Air Force Space Command. In the mid-1950s, high-level officials at the Pentagonworried that America's air defenses were vulnerable to sabotag and attack. CheyenneMountain was chosen as the site for a top-secret underground combat-operations center.The mountain was hollowed out, and about 700,000 tons of rock were removed. Fifteenbuildings, most of them three stories high, were erected amid a maze of tunnels andpassageways extending for miles. The four-and-a-half-acre underground complex wasdesigned to survive a direct hit by a ten-kiloton atomic bomb. Now officially called theCheyenne Mountain Operations Center, the facility is entered through massive steel blastdoors that are three feet thick and weigh twenty tons each. Pressurized air within thecomplex prevents contamination by radioactive fallout or biological weapons. A heavilyarmed quick-response team guards against intruders. The place feels like the set of anearly James Bond movie, with men in jumpsuits driving little electric vans from onebrightly lighted cavern to another.

A survey of American schoolchildren found that ninety-six percent could identifyRonald McDonald. The only fictional character with a higher degree of recognitionwas Santa Claus. The impact of McDonald's on the nation's culture, economy anddiet is hard to overstate. Its corporate symbol - the Golden Arches - is now morewidely recognised than the Christian cross.

Fifteen hundred people work inside the mountain every day, maintaining the facility andcollecting information from a worldwide network of radars, spy satellites, ground-basedsensors, airplanes and blimps. The Operations Center tracks every man-made object thatenters North American airspace or that orbits the earth. It provides early warning of missile attacks. It detects the firing of a long-range missile, anywhere in the world, beforethat missile has left the launch pad. Much of the work performed at the center is top-secret. The hallways of its inner sanctum are painted slate gray, the ceilings are low andthere are combination locks on every door. The complex was built to be self-sustainingfor one month. Its generators can produce enough electricity to power a medium-sizecity. Its underground reservoirs hold 6 million gallons of water; workers sometimestraverse them in rowboats. Inside the mountain there is a fitness center, a chapel, ahospital, a dentist's office, a barber shop and a cafeteria. When men and women stationedat Cheyenne Mountain are tired of the food in the cafeteria, they often send somebodyover to the Burger King at Fort Carson, a nearby Army base. Or they call the Domino'son South Academy Boulevard in Colorado Springs.Almost every night of the week, a Domino's deliveryman winds his way up the lonelyCheyenne Mountain Road, past the stern no trespassing signs, past the securitycheckpoint at the entrance to the base, driving all the way up to the fortified North Portal,tucked behind chain-link and barbed wire. At the spot where the road heads into themountainside, the deliveryman drops off his pizzas and collects his tip. And shouldArmageddon come, should a foreign enemy someday shower the United States withnuclear warheads, laying waste to the continent, entombed within Cheyenne Mountain,along with the high-tech marvels, the pale-blue uniforms, comic books and Bibles, futurearcheologists may find other clues to the nature of our civilization - Big King wrappers,hardened crusts of Cheesy Bread, Barbecue Wing bones, and the red, white and blue of aDomino's pizza box.During the last four decades, fast food has infiltrated every nook and cranny of Americansociety. An industry that began with a handful of modest hot dog and hamburger standsin Southern California has spread to every corner of the nation, selling a broad range of foods wherever paying customers may be found. Fast food is now served not only atrestaurants and drive-thrus but also at stadiums, airports, college campuses andelementary schools, on cruise ships, trains and airplanes, at Kmarts, Wal-Marts, gasstations and even hospital cafeterias. In 1970, Americans spent about $6 billion on fastfood. Last year they spent more than $100 billion on fast food.

Americans now spend more money on fast food than they do on higher education,personal computers, software or new cars. They spend more on fast food than onmovies, books, magazines, newspapers, videos and recorded music - combined.

The rapid growth of the fast-food industry has been driven by fundamental changes in theU.S. economy. The hourly wage of the average American worker peaked in 1973 andthen steadily declined until last year. Women entered the work force in record numbers,often motivated less by feminism than by a need to help pay the bills. In 1975, about athird of American mothers with young children worked outside the home; today abouttwo-thirds of such mothers are employed. As the sociologists Cameron Lynne Macdonaldand Carmen Sirianni have noted, the entry of women into the nation's work force hasgreatly increased demand for the types of services that housewives traditionallyperformed: cooking, cleaning and child care. The fast-food industry has benefited fromthese demographic changes, supplying at low cost the meals no longer prepared in thehome and hiring at low wages millions of young women in need of extra income.The McDonald's Corp. has become a powerful symbol of America's service economy, thesector now responsible for ninety percent of the country's new jobs. In 1968, McDonald'soperated about 1,000 restaurants. Today it has about 23,000 restaurants worldwide andopens roughly 2,000 new ones each year. An estimated one of every eight Americans hasworked at McDonald's. The company annually trains more new workers than the U.S.Army. McDonald's is the nation's largest purchaser of beef and potatoes. It is the second-largest purchaser of poultry. A whole new breed of chicken was developed to facilitatethe production of McNuggets. The McDonald's Corp. is the largest owner of retailproperty in the world. Indeed, the company earns the majority of its profits not fromselling food but from collecting rent. McDonald's spends more money on advertising andmarketing than does any other brand, much of it targeted at children. A survey of American schoolchildren found that ninety-six percent could identify Ronald McDonald.The only fictional character with a higher degree of recognition was Santa Claus. Theimpact of McDonald's on the nation's culture, economy and diet is hard to overstate. Itscorporate symbol - the Golden Arches - is now more widely recognized than theChristian cross.Almost twenty-five years ago, the farm activist Jim Hightower warned of "theMcDonaldization of America." He viewed the emerging fast-food trade as a threat toindependent businesses, as a step toward a food economy dominated by giantcorporations and as a homogenizing influence on American life. Much of what he fearedhas come to pass. The rise of the fast-food industry has been accompanied by importantchanges in how America's food is produced. The centralized purchasing decisions of large restaurant chains and their need for standardized products have given a smallnumber of corporations an unprecedented degree of power over the nation's food supply.Moreover, the success of the fast-food industry has encouraged other industries to adoptits business methods, filling America's main streets and malls with Gaps and Coconuts,Maid Brigades, Pawn Marts and HobbyTown USAs. Franchises and chain stores have inthe last twenty-five years gained a forty percent share of all retail spending in the UnitedStates. Almost every facet of American life has now been franchised. From the maternityward at a Columbia/HCA hospital to an embalming room owned by the Houston-basedService Corporation International - "the world's largest provider of death-care services,"which since 1968 has grown to include 3,012 funeral homes, 365 cemeteries and 156crematoriums, and which today handles the final remains of one of every nine Americans