Chapter

Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice

Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, 8e
Berman, Snyder, Kozier, Erb Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Pretest
Which of the following women made significant contributions to the nursing care of soldiers during the Civil War? Select all that apply. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Harriet Tubman Florence Nightingale Fabiola Dorothea Dix Sojourner Truth

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Rationales 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Correct: Harriet Tubman provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to the North on the Underground Railroad. Florence Nightingale contributed to the nursing care of soldiers in the Crimean War. Fabiola used her wealth to provide houses of caring and healing during the Roman empire Correct: Dorothea Dix was responsible for recruiting nurses and supervising the nursing care of all women nurses working in army hospitals. Correct: Sojourner Truth provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to the North on the Underground Railroad.

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Question 2
Health promotion is best represented by which of the following activities? 1. 2. 3. 4. Administering immunizations Giving a bath Preventing injuries in the home Performing diagnostic procedures

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Rationales 2
1. Administering immunizations is an example of illness prevention. 2. Giving a bath is aesthetic (i. e., not needed for health promotion or disease prevention). 3. Correct: Health promotion focuses on maintaining normal status without consideration of diseases. 4. Performing diagnostic procedures focuses on disease detection.

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Question 3
Who are Americas first two trained nurses?
1. 2. 3. 4. Barton and Wald Dock and Sanger Richards and Mahoney Henderson and Breckinridge

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Rationales 3
1. 2. Barton established the American Red Cross. Wald founded public health nursing. Dock founded the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses of the U.S. and Canada. Sanger is the founder of Planned Parenthood. Correct: Linda Richards was Americas first trained nurse, and Mary Mahoney was Americas first black trained nurse. Henderson was one of the first modern nurses to define nursing. Breckinridge established the Frontier Nursing Service and one of the first midwifery training schools in the U.S.

3.
4.

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Question 4
A nurse with 2 to 3 years of experience who has the ability to coordinate multiple complex nursing care demands is at which stage of Benners states of nursing expertise?
1. 2. 3. 4. Advanced beginner Competent Proficient Expert
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Rationales 4
1. The advanced beginner demonstrates marginally acceptable performance. 2. Correct. 3. The proficient practitioner, has 3 to 5 years of experience and has developed a holistic understanding of the client. 4. The expert practitioner, demonstrates highly skilled intuitive and analytic ability in new situations.

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Question 5
Which professional organization developed a code for nursing students? 1. 2. 3. 4. ANA NLN AACN NSNA

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Rationales 5
1. 2. 3. ANA, developed Standards of Nursing Practices. NLN focuses on nursing education. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), is the national organization that focuses on the advancement and maintenance of Americas baccalaureate- and higher degree nursing education programs Correct: The National Student Nurses Association developed the Code of Academic and Clinical Conduct for nursing students in 2001.

4.

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Question 6
Which of the following social forces is most likely to significantly impact the future supply and demand for nurses? 1. 2. 3. 4. Aging Economics Science/technology Telecommunications
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rationales 6
1. 2. 3. 4. Correct: The aging population contributes to more elders needing specialized care increasing the demand. Economics increases the demand for nursing care. Science and technology affects nursing practice. Telecommunications affects nursing practice and nursing care.

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Things to Consider
What is the definition of nursing?

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Recipients of Nursing
Consumer Patient Client

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Scope of Nursing Practice

Promotion of health and wellness Prevention of illness Restoration of health Care for the dying

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Nurse Practice Acts

Common purpose Legal acts Regulate practice Jurisdiction specific

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Standards of Nursing Practice

ANA: Standards of Professional Performance Specialty nursing organizations

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Roles and Functions of Nurses

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Roles and Functions of Nurses

Caregiver Communicator Teacher Client and advocate Counselor Change agent Leader Manager Case manager Research consumer

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Expanded Career Roles

Nurse practitioner Nurse administrator Clinical nurse specialist Nurse educator Nurse anesthetist Nurse midwife Nurse researcher

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Things to Consider
What are the criteria of a profession?

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Criteria of a Profession
Prolonged, specialized education Orientation toward service Ongoing research Code of ethics Autonomy Professional organization

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Benners Stages of Nursing Expertise

Stage V, Expert Stage IV, Proficient Stage III, Competent

Stage II, Advanced beginner

Stage I, Novice

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Critical Values of Nursing

Code of ethics Standards Nurse practice acts NSNAs Code of Academic and Clinical Conduct

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Post Test
Which of the following women made significant contributions to the nursing care of soldiers during the Civil War? Select all that apply. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Harriet Tubman Florence Nightingale Fabiola Dorothea Dix Sojourner Truth

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rationales 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Correct: Harriet Tubman provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to the North on the Underground Railroad. Florence Nightingale contributed to the nursing care of soldiers in the Crimean War. Fabiola used her wealth to provide houses of caring and healing during the Roman empire Correct: Dorothea Dix was responsible for recruiting nurses and supervising the nursing care of all women nurses working in army hospitals. Correct: Sojourner Truth provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to the North on the Underground Railroad.

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Question 2
Health promotion is best represented by which of the following activities? 1. 2. 3. 4. Administering immunizations Giving a bath Preventing injuries in the home Performing diagnostic procedures

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rationales 2
1. Administering immunizations is an example of illness prevention. 2. Giving a bath is aesthetic (i. e., not needed for health promotion or disease prevention). 3. Correct: Health promotion focuses on maintaining normal status without consideration of diseases. 4. Performing diagnostic procedures focuses on disease detection.

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Question 3
Who are Americas first two trained nurses?
1. 2. 3. 4. Barton and Wald Dock and Sanger Richards and Mahoney Henderson and Breckinridge

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rationales 3
1. 2. Barton established the American Red Cross. Wald founded public health nursing. Dock founded the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses of the U.S. and Canada. Sanger is the founder of Planned Parenthood. Correct: Linda Richards was Americas first trained nurse, and Mary Mahoney was Americas first black trained nurse. Henderson was one of the first modern nurses to define nursing. Breckinridge established the Frontier Nursing Service and one of the first midwifery training schools in the U.S.

3.
4.

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Question 4
A nurse with 2 to 3 years of experience who has the ability to coordinate multiple complex nursing care demands is at which stage of Benners states of nursing expertise?
1. 2. 3. 4. Advanced beginner Competent Proficient Expert
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rationales 4
1. The advanced beginner demonstrates marginally acceptable performance. 2. Correct. 3. The proficient practitioner, has 3 to 5 years of experience and has developed a holistic understanding of the client. 4. The expert practitioner, demonstrates highly skilled intuitive and analytic ability in new situations.

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Question 5
Which professional organization developed a code for nursing students? 1. 2. 3. 4. ANA NLN AACN NSNA

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rationales 5
1. 2. 3. ANA, developed Standards of Nursing Practices. NLN focuses on nursing education. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), is the national organization that focuses on the advancement and maintenance of Americas baccalaureate- and higher degree nursing education programs Correct: The National Student Nurses Association developed the Code of Academic and Clinical Conduct for nursing students in 2001.

4.

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Question 6
Which of the following social forces is most likely to significantly impact the future supply and demand for nurses? 1. 2. 3. 4. Aging Economics Science/technology Telecommunications
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rationales 6
1. 2. 3. 4. Correct: The aging population contributes to more elders needing specialized care increasing the demand. Economics increases the demand for nursing care. Science and technology affects nursing practice. Telecommunications affects nursing practice and nursing care.

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

National and International Nursing Organizations

American Nurses Association (ANA) Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) National League for Nursing (NLN) National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) International Council of Nurses (ICN) National Student Nurses Association (NSNA) Sigma Theta Tau Honor Society

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Resources
American Nurses Association Code of Ethics This site defines the Code of Ethics and offers the nurse the opportunity to purchase the Code with Interpretative Statements. Maryland Health Care Commission This site defines DRGs and pertinent administrative billing terms. Nursing World This site posts a press release on the current nursing shortage. The site offers mechanisms to alleviate the current nursing shortage. Tribute to Virginia Henderson Virginia Henderson is an important historical nursing figure. She has left her imprint on modern nursing. American Holistic Nurses Association This is the official Web site for the AHNA.
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Resources
From Novice to Expert Discussion on Patricia Benner's From Novice to Expert theory US Society: Census and Demographics This site describes the U.S. population, age, racial and ethnic composition, and population growth. National League for Nurses Web Site This site defines the role of the NLN. American Association of the Colleges of Nursing This site defines the roles of the AACN.

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.