60

ya7ifykdefh*yf [GHpmfp~;tmElyGruMwf*MHu

61
(2)

[dw
k Ef [
l w
kd f ok[
D pHG "v
F 0fro
JG mfwtf*7fS / ==SAf *Dk fS y~0J ifwtf
ayif`wf="Hif7/ y~J==SfBujEl-20-AG0fuMH 0g=wyfwyf
(yGiv
f if;0g=) u"mif`Kifbmavefc&k[
d /f 0g=Bumef]rmef
Awkdufo&kd[faxmtf oZdwkdufulomefoGH7mef*M;u0f
*dwkaoyfawrfyg-11-/ yGrAwkduf`KiftF7mwfwtf*Sf
=SfyGr=Hifo&kif0if7/ wtf!tf*Sf =SfyGrpkT=kifwJk wDauwf
[GrH mefwtf*7fS aumfcpj Unpredictability 7/
y~Jacwf*vkd0fAjvmfah.a&Sef0GH atefwm!uf
aukmeH yJ nmtmifww
F tf*afS v0f =Syf rG =Hio
f &ki0f ifru
JG 7Dk /
[kdwfElravyfukTtapmrfh.[wf =<dukTrd'[fwtf7/
yGruwkTA=SfxdifukTAkDtumJt7m*vkd0fAjvmfah.a&Sef*Sf
atefwm!ufuaTk tef*st
F 0dk af umfcpj 7/ rk[w
kd af 7m[krD ;I
atefwm!uf*fS =St
f 7m='m=J wefynm*rMKd ifaumH]&ko
D ";
[Gu
H oku
D =Tk =fS 'mo
J u
G af umef*M;u0f*rMKd if *Gq
H ufaqmrf
auMmtf`n;outfr7JG / atef*sFt0dk *f fS pmfp~;tmElya,m
* {u7m.fwt
M 0kaT ukmyH a,m* o7mJya7ifyedk hf *yfwtfwkJ
a7ifwKM if=wJzk v
dk rf [
d' w
f tf oku
D [
Tk rHG u
JG w
Tk ifppF" oGu=f wJk
zkdvfya7ifykdefh*yf7?
r'[
d af 7ifwMKif=wJzk v
dk o
f u
G n
f ;*rMKd if*fS ."myf='mJ
EGrH iH af !mif eukyT a7ifq*Tk AtJ *Hi=f ik v
f sKid 7f / eukw
T t
F 0dk f
7FvrTk aJG v0f [G=H ;x\;oufo7F / oGun
f ;wtf*fS euk,
T "K
wJyJg rduf*GHckwfckwf/ wJykif rduf*GHckwfckwf oGuf
n;wtf*fS =St
f ,mrfrmwfBw;0g=a[if7/ yGr=Hio
f &kif
0if*rMdKifwtf*Sf =Sfwifp"FoGuftem*wfawtf7?

avmefuMKif o'mHAG0fuMHu0ufawtf u~Kdyf

oukdyf*M;u0f*rMdKifav0f tumJt7m*M;u0f nHif*GHpkdyf
acwf\[
dk v
f vrf p"u
F MKiftw
dk 7f / nmwfauwfvy:ck[
d f
[krD ;I omwJck [
dk af !mifaxif7/ *M;u0fhyHiv
f mS rJ iH
f 7?
v"K[f-60-o'mHhyifuMKifwJk twkdifn;wtf
nmwfp"Fv0f*Sf =Sf [GH=Sf uavifoZF*Mdyfausm0f=;tm7/
ya7if\kd[fvvrf*Sf aoZmJrHif!D7/ .kdif*Sf =Sf,mef nHif7j
*vmef ruMKifE.l mwfoi"d af 0oEW0f rdu*f [
HG 7Dk / *M;u0fhyHif
vSmJrHif7/ Elvy:oGmifemem ya7ifeJuJynm/ ya7if
yGr*pdkwfr'd[f/ tmJ=F,smw"dw"d*rMdKif \kdwfrHuf*w0fwkdef
uMKif*fS v*grf.idk yf a7if\[
dk v
f vrf*rMKd if v.kaJ pSt
f mrHi7f ?
csyfpydk Af o
fS 'm ta70fr;I tcdi]f 0f`mHq*Gw
H w
d f
w7j*Sf rkomwtf tmpkdyf*M;u0frGJAa*wf7 *Sf7/
oGufn;*rMdKif*GHokifapmJ apSftmefvkyfy; ]0f[kdwf*rMdKif
ruwkAT =Su
f zTk v
dk cf [
dk f ([GaH oifr;I ) obj]0f ([GaH oifr;I )
=ki*f idk af uwf ([GaH oifr;I ) tmJ=,
F s0fv0f*sFwtf*fS aCm
*pmef="Hif7EGH?
]0f[w
dk rf uwkAT =Su
f zTk v
dk yf a7tf ([GaH oifr;I )
obj]0f ([GaH oifr;I ) =ki*f idk af uwf ([GaH oifr;I ) tmJ=F
,s0fv0f*sFwtf*Sf nHif*sdAsmyfBw; AsmyfBw;rHifwJk7/
ycsF=&kduf!mwJkrHif7?
tvkrf*M;u0frGJ y'mef*M;u0f \kdef7[GHckwf,"KukD
av0f y~Jtvkrf*M;u0frGJ =SfrHify'meftkdwf7/ ya7ifa,ef
o'mifwjwuf eukThy,mJayifayif \kdef7[kDukDav0f y~J*Sf
(4)
tapmJtvmrf*ul/ tapmJtvmrfbmom/ tapmJ
&ky7f yj a7tf *vk0d Af v
j mfah.a&Se*f fS EGrH iH Af rJG *MKid 7f /
tvmrf0g=wtf ygvkyfuMKifokDuavmtf7/ ya7if
y~*J fS yGrxdi=f ufyyFG LG *Sf oGu*f ;M u0f udpaP .'mrf iH f oku
D rTk wDwj
].ufh*Jya7ifykdefh*yf/ tm!mwtfav0fygvkyfrHif7/
yGrzefA=Sf tapmJtvmrfA!
Dk tf*fS =Srf [mAsL[m nHi7f `j Kiftar7dumefrAa\ufaxmtfrwf*afS v0f ygvkyf
oGuu
f rk !
Y v
F [
G v
f ufeuf*rMKd if *Go
H zHG smck[
d t
f m*S
f ? 7/ ( Oyrm-[GHxyufp"wfwJwifwkyfpdkwf7F,dk0fukTyGr
Awkdufy'mefoGufauMifa`ef) rGJyMef*Sf yGr]vkD`Kdufukd0fykd0f
a7a&Sef ya7ifykdefh*yf`Kifpkifwtf7/ *GHqkT*Aauwf
(3)
tem*wfn;rawmfqvy:ckd[f*Sf =SfypPKyYef yGrtkyf]vkDya7ifykdefh*yf7/ wj&ltmukTyGruvd*GHy7Jy7if
j "muarMmef`KifavmJou
dk t
f mpkyd rf iH =f =ku
d f
yk$=;wwfrHifv"K[f7/ yk$av0f ypPKyYefyk$*Sf =kif*kdifauwf rG]J 0f7/ nHi7f o
dk 0f gwf*rMKd if =;=kiaf pufa,efom' if/ ya7ifxid f
okDr]&kdufu~KdyfwJk p"Fwj="Hiftem*wf eukTvnmwfvy: ukD y~`J Kif=u
=uf
y
y
F
G
L
G
*rM
Kd ifwkJ yHizf ufu`Tk Kifraqifpyf*rMKd ifwkJ =;=kizf u
H f
ck[
d af [ifyeM 7f / tem*wfawtf ya7if=iH o
f &ki0f if Leap
yu0ftacgift7mrd'[ftkdwf7/ [kdwfElpumh.[wf
BuufEGHyMef7?
Y F Nike auif=;=ki=f pk=T p;uMKif7/
yGr=Hio
f &ki0f ifr;I *Sf =St
f 7myZu
H 0f if ruwk=T u
fS KM if aumefiZm*f rMKd ifwkJ ukr!

62
aBomtf wkpT uMKifrt
JG m,ku*f fS eJOya=*rMKd ifapSu
f MKifwkJ
o"mAZaorfwtf auif=pkT=p;uMKifukrY!Frywdkefv0f
p"wfAkDwtf*Sf7?
rF=,
F sm`Kifememwtfav0f ==SAf v
kD wlawtf*fS
xrHux
f \; qt,mrfrmwfomrn]0fwkJ ya7ify'mef
ya7if`KifumG efwtf*fS xrHux
f \;!mpku
T =Tk o
fS u
G *f aHG pmJ
vmrf7/ okawoetar7dumef Ekd0fwrfcsKrfouF
aqifpyfuu
Tk 0dk yf 0dk af 7a&Seyf a7ifyedk hf *yfa.'m*f rMKd ifwkJ auif
rdiv
f 0f ta70fryJG gif7?
ya7ifiZK[fzsmoM;yG; apSaf o'mwf=rF 0dk u
f a7h.F
[k*D fS rta70fa[if [ku
D MKiftw
dk 7f / *aumHya7ifyedk f
h*yfra.'mv
f w
JS tf*fS =Srf iH af o'mwfvwluo
Tk "0/f =ufywef
v0fao'mwfwMt0k/T ao'mwfA[k7T yf.u
k t
f w
dk 7f Ak!
D tf
xrHufx\;ukTwif,kwfa=uf="Hif y~Jukd0fykd0fa7a&Sefa.'mf
wtf [GpH o
HG wdwtf*7fS / Bo 0doravmb &ky7f j
ya7tfy~aJ vmu!tf *MKid af uG
H ?

=ufywef*aumHrd'[fAAGJ]0f
a!mif[kDwkJ
a=IwfrHif/ auMmefrHif/
yG[GHAAGJ]0fwtf*SfrI;
ya7ifurftaumyfr'd[fwtf*Sf
yw0f!mu~Kdyfvy:ya7tfa[if7EGH/

(5)
=ufywef*aumHr'd[Af AG]J 0fa!mif[w
Dk Jk a=Iwf
rHif/ auMmefrHifyG[GHAAGJ]0fwtf*SfrI; ya7ifurftaumyf
r'd[fwtf*Sf yw0f!mu~Kdyfvy:ya7tfa[if7EGH/ ='mJ0GH
csyfApmpkyd t
f mrG7J / ya7m==St
f yk ]f yk yf a=o7m.fv.kt
J mEl
acwf tmpm0ifwtfr[k*D 7fS / `mHav0f`mHriH /f tky]f yk f
ya=o7m.fwtf*fS vnmwfacwf[rHG /JG vnmwfavm
u[Gv
H BJS w; [kw
d *f 7fS auMtcf 'it
f mElacwf7/ auMtf
c'iftmElacwfokdufokdufoFoF[GHaoif [kdwfElr'd[f=Hif
o&ki0f ifwtfwkJ =;auMtcf 'it
f m7?
q*; ckd[fckd[fvZKT pkTukTtcdif*Sf EGHrHifAGJr*MdKif7?
ya7mwtf*fS y~u
J pTk w
kd pf "wo
f rWv
D 0f \kw
d o
f yorWaD [if7/
oGuf*GH xrHuf*MKduf*MmJ*Sf [GHywdwfh.[wfcsKdwfcsdKwf
yMKd wfyMKd wf7/ wZo
J M; y~u
J t
Tk w;oBumefo'm!
H tf ztkw
d f
axmtftcdiu
f yTk rG ASv
f u
d u
f ATk &Tk yk =f rsKid 7f / *Gu
H vifauwf
=Gut
f w;acwfw"d acwfaBwrf*rMKd ifwkJ [Foy0f=i"H f y~u
J Tk
tw;oBumef eukeT u
J .J uk.uk7/ pkyd t
f w;rI; ASaf !mif
vdupf w
" v
f 0fypJ~ w
dk *f rMKd if*fS *Mu
H yf wdww
f kJ AS7f iH 7f / emJaxmef
,sFcsLc'rfv0fwJk ElwuUokdvf`Kif*sayeftm[dcsdywdwf
v0f Oya=acwf(7wemyk-H 1853-1885) vdut
f yk f
yeftkyf7?

pASfAuf*Sf qkT*AudpPo"mefoG[frGJ7/ ausm0f

7Hiyf a7my7mt7m[kw
d *f w
fS kJ rwfyavJtmwJk AMKd ufapSf
tmy~J*hrif7?
o"mefv0fusmfa.'mt
f mpmwM,KS ,
d af usef ya7m
y7maqifpyfukTtacgefb@m7/ ykpmydwif*Sf =Sfykpm
ya7ifyedk hf *yfaukmyH a7ifa=Iwv
f w
Z 7f / [dw
k *f 7fS uMKifo"mef
usmfa.'mt
f mpmwM,KS ,
d af usef n;r=Su
f ~Kyd o
f ukyd b
f mom
tcdif*Sf7?
(1) uaygwfvrTk [
JG [
HG Dk oa7myfuiTk ZK[fr;rHuf
rHufrHif*Sf 7mefwJk r'd[frGJrGJuavifoGHrI; t=dEN
=geurf=Sf [GH=Sf?
(2) uaygwfvrTk [
JG [
HG Dk [Go
H a7myfztdw
k w
f kJ
7mefeukiT KZ [fr;rHu*f w
fS kJ y~}J mefro
JG tmif ywdwf
AyMKyf[u
HG t
Tk acgifwkJ oG7H mefn;rG]J 0fr;I t=dEN
=geurf=Sf [GH=Sf?
(3) uarMmefvkTrGJ[GH[kD ,0f7tJrGJ]0fauMmefrI;
[kw
d Ef u
l vd*yHG 7Jy7ifArJG *MKd if*7fS tacgef*vkid v
f Tk
qufumG u
J aTk !mif/ =ki*f idk t
f orftrdiw
f kJ n;
rGo
J tmifvu
Y t
Tk acgifauMmef/ ukt
T acgifun
Tk ;

63
rG]J 0fauMmefwkJ auwftacgefr;I t=dE=N geurf
=Sf [GH=Sf?
ykpm*Sf \kw
d yf w
d if!tf]0f7/ \ked *f afS v0f [kw
d f
El=SfykpmaqifpyfukTya7ifa=IwfvZwfrd'[f y~Jya7ifykdefh*yf
rvSJBw;rHif*SfwJk axufukTpkdwfvkyfpckd[fAGJravmef7?
vwlE*l fS usmfa.'mt
f mpmwM,KS ,
d af usef Akv
D o
Tk fS
o"mefo"id {f u7m.fa7m*Saf v0f omwJk axufupTk w
fdk v
f yk f
p7?

(6)
t=dE=N ge[k*D fS yGruMwhf *yfn;otmif yku
$ KdM [fwD
auwfv0f7/ \kdef*Sfav0f ta70frI; yGruMwf [kD*Sf
\kdwfvkTuMKd[fv0fa7m/ yGruMwf[kD*Sf =rMauwf[GHaoif
q*; auwfh*yfn;otmif eukeT u
J ,f[w
HG 7D / [kw
d f
Elauwfh*yfn;otmif tcdin
f ;w'[[
f w
HG w
D kJ =Sn
f iH 7f j
auwfeJ]rR7?
='m!
J tf rdu*f u
HG ATk 7Tk iH f Aku
D smaf .'mt
f mpmwM,KS ,
d f
ausefon
fS 7d / axufut
Tk rfo0fr*JG fS r'[
d o
f "mef*fS o"mef
aqifpyfut
Tk =dE=N gewJk r'[
d o
f *fS afS v0f oSaf qifpyfuTk
t=dEN=ge7/ yJ~pkdwfr'd[fo"mef*Sf aqifpyfukTt=dEN=gewJk
=SfrHifoHo,7/ [kdwf*Sf7 uMKifo"mefwMynm]rR]0f usmf
a.'mftmpmwM,SKd,fausef7?
Aku
D smfa.'mt
f mpmwM,KS ,
d af usefo*fS fS aomif="iH 7f ?
u~Kyd v
f u
d *f fS aqifpyfut
Tk acgefb@mwJk oG[f
aqifpyfukTtacgefb@m*Sf- tacgefb@m[kD*Sf =Sf
uarMmefo"id w
f tfwkJ uvd*aHG xufriH 7f / \ked *f afS v0f *MKd if
tmEl*fS [kw
d Ef yl a,m*.ukwkJ n;rGo
J tmif axufuTk
uvd**HG fS ukv
T v
Dk mftmrI; =;uavifuhTk *yfwtf*7fS / EluTk
y7J*fS auwftacgefaxufriH 7f / q*; wrf&[
dk =f [
fS w
dk f
oGu*f u
HG vd*yHG 7J*fS nHi*f v
HG v
Dk mftmtacgifauMmef[rHG 7JG ?
pku
T *Tk [
fS aHG w"i!
f 7D / rta70fcufAmefapmJvmrf
tm y~*J MrBf odK[ftrJ JG ygvkyu
f MKif7?
ta70f**fS -fS uaygwfo7HG mef uarMmefAAG]J 0f
}mef=yfS edk hf *yfwtf*fS n;=ku
d 0f gwf*rMKd if nHi[
f *HG o
HG 7HG mef
oku
D rTk wD ,0f7pk=T 'mrI; =St
f =dE=N ge7?
ta70f0GH =Sfta70fukTowdukTo"difwtf7/ =Sf
t7map'mefx\;ukBT uufya7iftyk ]f yk w
f tf7/ rk[w
dk af 7m
[krD ;I y~aJ cwfrckw,
f "Kya=o7m.f ykid w
f yd idk `f mf awtf
av0f oGuf=wJkzkdvfn;=kduf0gwf*rMdKif*Sf n;r=Sfo"dif

{u7m.fwtf =;pk=T 'm/ =;auwfwmvsKdiaf 7mif*fS x\;

v0fhymhymuwfuwf7?
y~Jao'mwftkyf]kyf`KifA"m*Sf EGHukTOya=7/ ]0f=kif
o.kid u
f OTk ya=*Sf =S]f 0f`mHp"wrf 7JG / Oya=*Sf oyp';uk]T 0f7/
wif*fS =SBf uuftyk ]f yk `f KifA"m7/ eukw
T if*fS qufpyfwkJ pkT
ukTnmwftm acwf*vkd0fAjvmfah.a&Sef ([GHaoifrI;)
acwfv"K[f7?

(7)
h.[wf==F hryd f y~aJ cwf*vk0d Af v
j mfah.a&Se!
f tf*fS
=Sfya7ifykdefh*yf7/ rGJ`KifukTrGJ`Kif hydKifyumef="Hifya7ifykdef
h*yfww
j uftw
dk 7f / ck[
d hf yJauG7H / \ked *f afS v0f n;ravmJ
odkufwtf*Sf avmJokdufwkdefwJk n;r=kduf0gwfwtf*Sf
omwJk =kduf0gwfapSfuMKif7/ acwf[kD*Sf zefA=Sfauwf7
rGJvy:awtf 7rsmify:yJgwtf hAKnmef="Hif7/ n;ry:yJg
Ak!
D tf*fS atef=*F vk0d Af v
j mfah.a&Sef rdu*f [
HG rDk ;I [kn
D /d
\ked *f afS v0f xHux
f \;ukw
T if`Kdeu
f hTk .[wf*vk0d Af v
j mfah.
a&Sew
f kJ ,0f*w
dk *f pmefyav0furTk mefr;I ck[
d u
f MKifa!mif/
[kw
d *f 7fS yGry:yJgwdwAf M;tmElw*J fS w;yJgaxmtfeukyT rG
AM;Elw[
J aHG xuf!7D / wif*fS =Sw
f ifhyo'm yGrw'[hf cmavmJ
okdufukT=kduf0gwfrGJ =;oZF*Mdyf7?
=;oyedx
J \;ukv
T u
d =f ik pf aF 7if ya7ifazmtf
ahA0fuv
k or*I7/ y7Jy7ifra.'mf yGruwk=T u
fS MKifE*l vk0d f
Ajvmfah.a&Sef*Sf r'd[fukokdvfckd[fvZKTa[if *GH=kifpokdif7/
`mf=FyGravmJodkuf*Sf oMKifywkdefukT*MKifu|ifrmefa!mif
axifauwftw
dk 7f / q*; vZK*T fS uwkAT =Szf v
dk u
f \Tk 7F / *MKif
,mw"v
d ZK/T u|iv
f ZKT uavif*w;ukzT v
kd hf y[fhy[frmef7/
*MKifa`mwfa`mwf/ zHiaf `mwfa`mwf AGrJ *MKd ifwtf*fS =;&kef
*pmef="iH t
f w
dk 7f / vZK*T fS =;AMKd ufw'Dtmtkw
d 7f ?
yGr[Gw
H yk o
f [
" t
f w
dk o
f w
Dk tf*fS vufo!f*vk0d f
Ajvmfah.a&Sef*;wJk ,0f7Aa\ufaxmtfrwfrI; =Sftm
t=dE=N geurftw
dk 7f / ya7ifyedk hf *yf [GpH mfp~;tmElyrG uMwf
*Mu
H ?f

(8)
rk[w
kd af 7m[krD ;I EluyTk 'mef*M;u0f=w
k ,
d wkt
J m*Sf
aumf*;wJyik f `Kifa.'mn
f iH t
f ar7dumef/ atef*vmefuDk
okDukT`KifwJyJgwtf p"F7efv0f oGuf*GH*kdwf*pmefzefA=Sf

64
aumf*; Welfare state Boefvyk [
f w
HG '[hf cmavmef/ avmJ
oku
d [
f w
HG '[hf cmavmeff ya7ifnid 0f wfwefBuefwtf7?
50-o'maH vmefuMKifwkJ ,SKufx=kJ "iH u
f yTk a7ifyekd hf *yf AkhD yif
w"d/ ya7ify'mefAkDhyifw"dwtfwJk y~JyZHufya7if\kd[fvvrf
vytfv0fwtf*fS vmJaviftmtkw
d
f 7[m*Sf =S]f 0dif
auGH7?
oGurf '[
d *f rMKd if twkid n
f ;wtfEyHG "u
d f nHi*f o
HG HG
7mef vSm*J w;*wefrmef =;zefA=Su
f aTk !mif/ *kw
d *f pmef
="HifukTya7ifykdefh*yf [GHpmfp~;tmElukTyGruMwf*MHufo";rI;
[Gw
H 7kJ / ao'mwftyk ]f vk[
D *Dk fS \kw
d Ef *HG fS EGrH iH 7f / tvkt
T oF
xdif=0fukTnHif*GHAAGJ]0f*Sf EGHy"dufrHifAGJravmef7/ yGroZF*Mdyf
nFnFo"[fo"[f*Sfav0f =;=kifwMKif7?

(9)
=kio
f .kid u
f ]Tk rR]0fwkJ vwl.w
k w
f ;' [GaH h*myf nHif
*GyH tyfu*Tk ;M u0f y~*J wmwJn;r'Kv
H nmwfnm!f*idM af oZmJ
rmef*Sf yk$=;*kdwf*pmef7/ o'mH*rMdKif\kdefvtftmukDav0f
[Gv
H v
Dk mftmwJk aoS\f uf="iH v
f "Kd ef*fS =S]f 0favmuygv7/
tkTa=0wjavmuygwtf?

ol7ref(uGmefvSm)

rd'[faukmH0if
vZwf0if

oGu*f BHG uDKp ya7iftwdu[

f aHG oif?
wD0if

oGu*f rHG ifrJG tmJu"maJ [if

*vmef=kif0ef? ? vduyf a7if0u
HG MmJ vGwv
f yftrd /f
hidr;f csrf;a7;c7D;wpfaxmuf ck;d rSKruif;aompD;yGm;a7;
ESiforkdif;tufaq;

vZwfv0f0ifaBwHw"d

]0fowd y~J0if[GHauwf[m?
BuDKprHif 0iftwduf

=kio
f rY iH `f u
d *f fS [G*H [
G m?

\kdyf`mJ