158

rMKTo";[HGaoif
ao>ifav0fhy[favyf

159

rMKTo";[HGaoif
ao>ifav0fhy[favyf

160
rZKT7tPmamH/ wif*k!f7
tPmamH
uG;bm*rMKid f quf*vmef
ukTtPmamHrdtifvSmwJk AkDn;ukTn;
a*MmJctjwdwfuMKifElAGKdifbm rdyfrdyf
h.dyhf .dy7f ? tifvmS av0f Aufu"mwf
BwifAiW b
f mwkJ =ft
S w
dk *f Sf uGmw
f w
d u
f KM if
okdufokduf7? pdkyfrZ;AGKdifbm*fS [HG
axifp"wv
f 0fro
GJ mf *Hq
G aTk uwfr'd[f
rJG=wl="Hif o"0fw'HqkrJGw'HawHwkJ eukT
ta,miftvmo"mef rkuMKifoaY 7m
*fS tifvmS xa0if!mrkurf w
GJ J rd'[f
*fS Aefv0fwJwkJ
rZKT7tPmamH
okD*pkdifazsHu~Kdyf nHifuG;
bmrJu
G rDk ;I [H*G hGH *Kdirf iH [
f rGH mef7? ,"K
a`H h.dK[feuf *;? ,"KAD!
k tf rd
a`H*iH w
f ifv0fu?Dk r'[
d [
f w
GH aD wSf okD
axif=; h.Kd [f vYmpf !D? vaqm0f
tifvSmrduf*HG]rufa0ifawfS aumf
yvkaD 0if,"Ka`H .7F avyf7?
a`H*Sf =fBS wKHtm.meJref oIiH f
rJw
G w
M Jk euk,
T "Kvkyaf Amf uavifcw
k f
v0fw*d" Sf &k[
d u
f u
' rf ef ayifayifrrGJ
[H*G ,
GH tf7? oGuaf `HawfS tifvmS *fS
=fSn;rif=kifwMKif="HifukTyUjaBuif tcdif
a`H pjErl u
k yf 'mefrw
JG M7? yavmtfAk
wJ.rMid u
f *Tk Mu
d rf efomfAauwf*Sf rd'[f
[H G w D a wf S c,s=;tP m bm7?
!tf*fS oGuf*HGaxifc,s ADkawHADk
!tf[rGH ?GJ wJZ!tfwZJpefaoif[m
eukpT w
dk ]f mwfo"mqmef*ulayifayif
*fS a`HusKdi=f "iH u
f ,sKdirf ef7? r'[
d 0f w
kd f
=H"ifwJZpef[m/ wJZofS[m*fS ausm0f
auwfa`Hn?d a`H*Sf wdik pf "ww
f pZJ ef
[k*D 7GH ? rkya7mawfS rJaG vf[
S u
GH yTk w
kd f
."myfwZJpef a`HAu
kd v
f wuf="iH w
f KG w
T kJ

tifvmS r+;ywdek v
f 0fp7mJuaTk `H wkid f
p"wfwJZpef 7?
tifvSm=wla=Hg*wrkuf
a`HwkJ a`H[w
kD edk -f
tJ=wlrifrHifaAfS='mJ!tf
El\gem`FawH7 wD[m
auHG[m/ rky[HGvkyftm
tawHa7m? rd[
' rf ]GJ 0f=wl=i"H =f vtf*Sf
n;w'[q
f pTk w
k af wfn
S ;w'[[
f aGH umf
paAfhS ytf![
D m &k[
d u
f 'urf ef
Akv
D rTk u
d *f aGH umfaumf udpP
[HrG yGJ [
k ?f ="mEltv
J yk t
f mbmwJk tPm
amHrdtifvSmrJG [HG*HGaAWmefvdufukT
aumefimZ rf o
GJ mf/ aumefimZ rf efy$k tcdif
=fStmo";o";/ ynmaumefiZmfrefyk$
qkw,
f w
k t
f m*faS !mif udpaP .'mrf iH ?f
wJak wfS odumQ tifvmS av0fE=GH "Hi!
f D
av0f/ =;xHuf7Hifaxuf7=fS? [HG
aoif[m
qTk[m/ *dGifazufynm
aumefiZmfrefwtfqkwf,kwftm*;?
tvkTpkdyfpkdyf rkcsyfcsyf ya7if.uk*fS
[HGpHG*wwJk ya7if*ulrefa!mifoY
rHift]du AkDo7mJoIHif!tfrJGwM*Sf
tifvmS xdik af v0f=;xdik o
f ;/ qmef
av0f=;qmefAJGravmef7?
tJ=;[kDrHifw"m*vdkif!D
tifvmS / pdyk Af +rt
f ifvmS wtfrS [kD
a!mif
a`H*;wkJ n;\guGmpf u
j MKifrGJ
pHG7? aoImHuGmf`mefua7mrfBwHKtm
.meJ Ak!
D tfrpGJ *GH Sf tifvmS aoMmif="iH f
yJ~pw
dk 7f ? *wEl!tfav0f cHuv
f 0f
wJau"mefau"mefwkJ rdu*f q
GH ufumG f
tmrHi!
f aD !mif? pjpydk Af +rw
f -kJ
tifvmS / xyfwu
J t
Tk n
J d
!m? tJrduf*HGBuyfukTtifvSmauGH
auGH,sa!mif? uG;bmofSvdufwJk

bmu"mwfawH pjpykd u
f mG efawfyS w
$k tf
xyfwJpkdtf
tifvmS *HrG id af uwfwkJ v
udw
k t
f m[*f7S ? u~Kyd v
f u
d af v0f [HG
=;yvkH ed=gefav0f [H=G ;ywrfro
GJ mf
rJGtvef]0f vduf."ef*fS a`HywJkA=fS
axmH AJGrpkdyfw7j7? ta70fa`H[kD
uMKifv0f*fSav0f zHufyvdk[fvkyfpdkyf
tmaumefu"tt
f ifvmS aus0faus0f
wJk 7m.mukD hymA=gukD [HrG u
d af wmf7?
]0fqmef v=yf="HifyJ~*Mrf
BodK[ftifvSmwtf*fS [HGwHiftcdif
rGo
J mf v;x|;!mukaT `HAM;AM;\;\;7?
&kd[fu'ufrefa,s tif
vSm pHu
G MKifua0ifuaTk Af*S Sf tifvmS
7efv0f oGu*f x
GH yfw7J a!mif? t
wkid af Af[
S *Dk Sf *H=G `Sf mH`mHa!mif? \gowWm
[yMef uG;bmwtf ofv
S u
d w
f =kJ 7Sf ?
bmu"mwfawH tifvmS av0fpu
j mG ef
tifv
f mS wtf/ aAfaS v0f pjumG efaAfS
wtfwkJ wZcJ [
dk w
f ZJhyJawfS \dw
k rf mef
uTrk mef aAfu
S MKiftmwftifvmS nd
tcdifumvtifvSm [kD
ywdwt
f a70f!tf a`mifo'iH v
f tD
wtfys;uMKif7? n;\g Elb0ua0if
!tf hcm[Hv
G tfr;I oMKifywdek u
f qHif
ya7ifqufpyfn;oUtf eukb
T 0tdef
xHiaf !mif*Sf ukrT iH u
f wdu0wfn;
oUtf7?

(15) wJZ[*Dk Sf rk[aGH oifrGJ

omf *w;.uk[*GH wmyf avmef\uf
tmwJk tifvmS pjuMKifEAl [kT (A+Kyd n
f F
om) awH pdyk u
f KM if`Kifv"Kid !
f tf w"m
vtf7? \kdef7rd'[f*fS pkdyf="Hif`Kifv"Kdif
,sav0f pdw
k *f fS EH=G "iH t
f BumuG;bm

161
*vkid w
f kJ rdu*f aGH AWmef="Hiv
f u
d u
f aTk `H
wtf!Dzdk[f? wkJawSf =;AfSo'm*MKdif
tkw
d *f Sf aumh.[mef.uk&[
dk u
f u
' rf ef
7? ta70fa`H[v
Dk 0fu.Tk uk tifvmS
pkyd u
f mG efwkJ hcm[Hv
G tf!tf a`HuKM if
tmwfa!mif*Sf [HyG w
kd t
f myJ~u~[f
yk[?f
pyfuu
Tk pd !
P tfwkJ tifvmS
*Ht
G ma0=emw"m*vdik 7f ? rkya7m[kD
awfS Eluw
Tk pZJ ykd o
f aZd wH umvtifvmS
yHufvjAPukTrd*fS vWLudpP!tf rd[HG
ukeT ifwifwyk pf w
dk yf [
k ?f wifx;| [kw
d f
rd*Sf [kw
d af `H=t
Sf mBwKHy'mef*;?
ADkrduavif[kDeif*SftifvmS JaAfS AkBuFrGJ aAfS
qTk=H"if7aoif[m? auwfv0fBwKH
y'mefwkJ ADv
k *Tk zGH aTk 7m*Sf aAfn
S mwf="Hif
7aoif[m? rdaoImq
H aTk uwfaJ Afw
S kJ
rd!tf h*dK[f*dauHG7aumef0kwf/
rd*Gdifazuf=fSAkDJaAfSukDwJk rd=;[kDrHif
a!mif
omf!tf oku
D `Tk mf7rwf rd
[keD if euk7T rsmifctducf t0fr;I tif
vSmav0f xdio
f mG [HrG mef `mf7rwf
a.GmHapfSuMKifukD7?
`mf7rwftifvmS 0HG y:y7tf
=kipf okid u
f a7mrfrw
d kJ ].lapfu
S KM if[m/
*HGnmwfauwfJwJk pdkwf[HGrdyf[m?
qmef`L.uk.uk[m? [*fS[HGaoif
awfS =Sv
f D' oGun
f ;ryHirf iH v
f rsKD oGuf
*ulEHG=H"if}mefh*dKyfawH &kd[fu'ufref
[m? csKdwyf MKw
d t
f w
kd *f Sf euTk [m
AJGr*MKdif yHifyaumHokDztkdwf =fStm
rwfhAaJ omuwkJ *l&ydk af zseH if7a!mif
axif?
t0f rda,s auifqTk
v0fyrjU MKhT y[fhy[fwkJ ."myfyhjU y[f*Sf =Sf
yUrj MKzT tkw
d 7f [m? wJyk Mef *HrG id af uwf

ta70frx
d yf[eDk ifyeM *f Sf oGut
f ifvmS
awfS nHif=;=kif\kifwufazsHvWLo7
a.'mrf u
GJ Dk =kipf okid 0f gwftm7? rka7m
[kaD wf-S
yd"urf !
d tfawfS *ul[*Dk Sf
qmef*q
Sf mef="Hi7f ? q*; y"wq
f u
H f
rJG [HrG u
d u
f aTk umef0w
k \f iH v
f ;v;7?
wJak wfS taCmaumef0w
k [
f rGH GJ y~J
uGmefawH rmHtu;h.Kifav0f
rdodZwftmrJGvpkwf7? rkrd
quf[yDk eM af 7m*fS nHi7f n
j ;rifuvif
=H"if wif=ik pf aF 7ifEo
l "diu
f Dk h*dK[ftif
vSm =;oM=H"if7?
rmHtu;h.Kif[kD*fS oUtf7J
qmeftifvmS Ela`mwfa`mwf7? pdyk f
t0,fAMmJ taCmtm,kuf-1718- o'mAH uf a`H[u
Dk MKify&lqmef
tmwfuMKifarwWm.a7iftifvSm7?
tcdiaf wH ,0f7tifvmS ]&ku
d af xmH
u~Kyd af omifaomifr;I \d[
k =f "iH 7f av0f?
q*; tcdiaf wH [dw
k Ef [
l w
GH AD Ak u
HP f
!D/ t]dygY ,fqmef[*Dk Sf y:y7; %-
w-x [H=G ;!DwJk ]ndu=f ;v0fuK~ yd f
ukt
T u;h.Kif7? rkrq
d uf[aDk 7mrI;a`Haumfeifrrd a`H oZyd w
$k kJ

o"mefo"Kufv0f oGufaumef0kwf
wtf *Hx
G yfww
J =Jk i"H ,
f sa!mif? t
u;h.KifukTaumef0kwf*fS 7Jav0f=fS/
ua0ifav0f=fS n;rJaG ukmn
H ;rJG wD
uMKd[f=H"ifpkdwf]mwfn;oUtf7*;wJk
rd!tf=ik !
f mutfygif avmJavmJ
7aumef0kwf
ta70frt
d w
dk t
f mAuf tif
vSmrJG =;vSiif Zit
f m7?
usmf ]7f oif tcdi*f w
GH D
auwft]dyYg,fqmefuM;uM;z~;z~;*fS
aumefu"t!
f tf tacgifou
G *f cGH sF
[HrG 7GJ [m? tifvmS qmefuMKifv0f
&kd[fu'ufref*fS ndndqmef[HGaoif
yk[?f yJgEl*fS eukpT w
kd ]f mwfxidk o
f ;
auwf*k!fp7mJvWLn;qmef*ul*Hif
oM;vrsKD*aSf v0f ygvky=f "Hi[
f aGH tmef
yk[f? tu;h.Kif*fS yJgElarwWm7JwJk
tifvSmqmefukTpkdwfua0if[HGrmef
yk[*f fS v"K[fr;I omwJt
k ifvmS wDuM;
uM K if 7 ? [k D a omif a omif a wf S
nmwf=;pdifwkJ ahyifa`mwftm7
av0f?

162
tu;h.Kifyn
$k ;\g uavif
rHifAkD7Jpdktf
aomifaomifu;M uM; tcdif
tvSm [k!
D momf!tf*Sf tu;h.KifrGJ
vukw
d w
f ZKt
T mtifvmS AGrJ a.'mu
f hTk .
[wf7?
ADv
k akT Af[
S Dk uavifriH Af 7Dk J
[*f[
S m tifvmS
eukrT u
k zf sKd[zf sKd[f AJrG odif
om a`Huavif[eDk ifr;I tifvmS nSm
tmpkw
d 7f ? q*; tcdi!
f tfrt
S if
vSm[HG[kDta70f!tf!DrI; *wEl
!tf =;=frS iH =f =du
k pf w
kd rf t
GJ m,ku*f Sf
tifvmS =ki=f Sf [HrG mef`mH`mH7?
`mHriH t
f u;h.Kif? tcdif
awH \ked 7f tifvmS !tf =kiv
f 0fwJ
qmefaAfu
S aDk v0f v"K[fawSf cg7tif
vSmqmefv0faAf[
S aGH oif om,m=;
v0f.a7ifaAfaS !mif*Sf vtfc~io
f [
G f
!tfcsKdwyf MKw
d u
f MKifc~i7f ? !tf*Sf
=k[t
f ifvmS EH=G "Hi7f ? aoImcH u
H t
f mwJ
ukaT Af*S Sf qE+[rGH v
GJ ;v;wJk tifvmS
[k=D "Hif oGu*f &GH yk o
f aD xmH udpx
P yf
wJ*fS7aAfS
tcdif[kD=H"ifta70f!tf*fS
tifvmS [H*G iH yf w0fru
k rf wfuaTk `HwJk
r+;*pkdifv0frkuf7? rkuQ0ga`H ADkvkTEHG
a7m*Sf tifvmS [Hw
G ?D
oY*k!fwkJ vY[kDADk!tf
ndtifvSm/ rk[kdwftJrduf*HGxyfrHif
wJuaTk AfhS y[fhy[fa7m*Sf aAf[
S w
GH ?D aAfS
AkTrkuftJprf
a`H7yfx|ifywkdef cd"yftif
vSmwJk tifvmS r+;7HiAf !
Tk mrkurf wf
a`H csKdwcf sKdwyf MKw
d yf MKw
d 7f ? tvkH
rkuQ0ga`HrJG eukTo'dif=kifaqmHaxmH
tifvSm[HGrmef? eukTod'ifodifom

=H"it
f a70ftifvmS !tf tdw
k t
f m[HG
rmef/ oku
D o
Tk i'd =f =Sf i"H af =gouTt
k ifvmS
!tf AJGr*MKdif*fS aoImHqkTauwfrI;
tifvmS rJG ok=D ;=fu
S &k!m azufav0f
azuf="iH af `H7? =;azufauG7H =f/S tif
vSm*fS rd'[Ef u
GH =Tk [
k rf 7GJ aoif[m?
rk[w
dk af AS*f [
GH rDk iH f y&ly:
`mefut
kT aJ 7m*fS aASaf xift[
J w
GH [
D m
tJwDrHifztdkwfa!miftifvSm? y
&kdif[kD*fS AkDAAkdufwdukD7aASf BwifAWif
u"mwfv0fuMx
H yfav0f a`Hvyk t
f m
pkdyf*HG*Sf7a!mif? &kd[fu'ufref[m/
rk[m*fS tJauwf[=GH ;7? aAfw
S tf
n;\g ADv
k q
Tk ufpyfriH af 7m*fS tJ*rGH id f
rHio
f zDk tkw
d af !mif? *k!Ef *l 7fS em
!tf =;Ca7ufxyfriH w
f *J fS wD
[m
a`H==kazsHBodK[fa`Hxwf
xwf[kDrHifawSf ==fS7a`H=;=kifpokdif
rHi[
f aGH tmef*Sf x|;rHi7f ? 7Hiaf uwf
awfS tifvmS rS [H[
G iH hf ymfawSf rd'[f
!tf ukdef=;AMKduf`mf Buyf="Hif,s
a!mif?
q*; oGun
f ;w'[*f ,
GH *Dk Sf
tifvmS !tf =;tHiaf xmH,KG aD !mif
[kDrI; udpP!tfrJG tifvSmrduf*GH
]&kdufu~Kdyf`mH`mH7?
t7m=S[
f rGH mef*fS vYauMmef
7awSf [HGckd[f[m tu;h.Kifa,s?
tifvSmqmefaASf[HGrmefyk[f wDrHif
zk[
d /f aASq
f ufauMmefriH zf [
dk af wfS aASf
uk/D tifvmS ukD oGu*f =GH =Sf =ku
d pf w
dk f
okn
D ;\g7a!mif? wJak wSf udpx
P yf
wJ!tf*Sf tifvmS [Hw
G rD o
GJ mf rkyaASf
*HaG uMmefv0f*aSf 7m? tifvmS =kiw
f w
J KG T
a!mifaASfaxifv0f[m? aASfawmf
v0ftykdif[HGaxufyk[ftu;h.Kif
a[H tJawmfv0ftykid [
f GH

aoify[
k ?f tcdiaf wH n;[kv
D 0fuTk
tJ qmefauH7G / aus0fauH7G *Sf rd'[f
[HGaoifyk[f[m
ElukThydKifavSf="Hif\wf\wf*Sf
n;rJu
G n
Tk ;rJG wufuMKifu'un
f ;o
utf,s?
n;[kv
D 0f qmefauH7G
aus0fauHG7*fS rd'[f[HGaoif[m*;?
ta70f!tfrt
k ]dygY ,fa7m/ aAfaS xif
tJ[w
GH [
D m tu;h.Kif? [kaD zsv
H n
Y mS
nd? n;[kv
D 0fta70f*fS uMKrT u
d *f [
GH Dk
[kD/ rkrduf*HG[kD[kD/ AkD=;pkdwf [kDrmef
rHif? AkDvkT*HGeifwrf&kd[fElvkT[HGwD y~J
*MHBodK[ftifvSmawH AMKdifu~K[f/ w';
u~K[fwtf u"0fwdwfuMKifukD7?
n;[kv
D 0f*fS tu;h.Kif
axifrka7m
tDx|;!mukTvtDhADhADnd
wkJuavifo"mef!m*SfaASfvYyrHify7tfukTtJprf
tifvmS ? \kw
d v
f t
Tk q
J mefuMKifaASaf 7m
*fS aASw
f t
D w
dk 7f ? tcdiv
f "K[frS aASf
oYtAJ !
Dk tf [HaG xufy[
k f
tu;h.Kif aumefiZmfrJG*Sf
="gElaASf,kduf=;a`H a`Hv&kdtfbJ=;
csKdw/f a`H[AGH ufaASyf [
k [
f aDk wfS [
vdik v
f aTk ASq
f mefqmef aAS,
f u
dk v
f 0fa`H
[HaG xuf7yk[?f aASq
f uf,u
kd v
f 0f
a`H[*Saf wSf 7rsmifv&kt
d af `H*fS aAS=f ;
rdirf iH [
f *Sf aAS7f a!mifu=Tk =ku
d pf w
kd ?f
aASf[v;axmHa`Hnd!m
ta70f!tf*fS =fSta70f
`mHrw
GJ kJ tu;h.KifrGJ uavif*w;[HG
rmef? =;AUyfv0f rkufukTckif*fS rJGc!
a`mwf7?
tifvmS [k/D uvif!;
tu;h.Kif? qmef[*Dk Sf qmefavyf
awSf qmef*rGH iH *f MKid u
f ATk 7Dk mJ? n;vZKT

163
qk T * apH r J G a us0f y J ~ r wf / =;uk T p k d w f
(qmef)wJk 7yfvpFG w
k v
f 0fy~Jc&kid ?f vZKT
yMefAkD*Sf[HGaoif? *apH=SfrHif==kdufyJ~c
&kid *f fS [HrG yGJ "u
d (f qmef)wJk aoImAH aTk 0if
*apHy0frHifvWLtmumoav0f ahy
rHipf w
dk *f 7Sf ? ay'm0fu\Tk gomf!tf omf
vufu7j!tf oMKifhy*J KM id af !mif[GH
aoif[m
tifvmS [k!
D momf!tfwkJ
Auf El*pkdifAUyfv0frkufukTckif*Sf ,m
yWKed u
f ~Kyd w
f Jk a`Hh*dKifwedk ef uk7T rsmifufS
uSf A=Sfauwfv0ftawif [;
[; \gvwkew
f -Jk
eJqmef uJqmefaASt
f o
J ik f
apmJAuf[pGH ydk 7f ? qmef[*Dk fS yGroM;
yG;av0f aAS=f ik af uwfv0frmefawSf eJ
uJqmefaAS*f fS wHx
G ;| uko
T 7mJoiHI af AfS
nd? wJkawSf *apH!tfEHGrHifukTwM
a!mif*aSf v0f vjx;| pukaT `HuDk
tu;h.Kif*;omf*SfwJk u7j
p;wdwfuMKifEltifvSm7?

avmef u M K if r J G \ gwJ Z a wH
vdufEl&kd[fu'ufref pkdyfuMKif.a7if
tifvmS rJw
G ';uk?D tyJ~*Sf csLv0fy&l
pkiaf vif="iH 7f ? wJak wSf
p"ww
f ZJ
(----) !tfr;I a`HuMKifa0if.a7if
tifvSma!mif? wJZa`Hp"wfv0f*Sf
=fSwJZ!tf7? a`HuMKif`mH`mHa!mif?
ADv
k *Tk aGH omifx;| ukaT `Ha7m? tifvmS
owW[
d rGH yGJ [
k ?f udpt
P ifvmS =;xyfwJ
!tf*fS tcdi7f vjx;| !mukaT `HawfS
a`H=;=kipf okid af .'mu
f hTk .[wfa!mif?
AkrD u
k rf wfa`H=;=kipf okid t
f mya7Hya7H
*fS tifvmS [H*G iH n
f mwfy[
k ?f [H*G iH f
yw0frkufukTa`Hv;v;7? tifvSm

qmef`La`HauGHauHGrJGwJ?
[kw
d *f 7Sf tcdiaf `Hpydk u
f MKif*Sf
tifvSm[HGwdwf=kifwMKifrJGomf trSK
\kdwfEHG*fS Av;v0fukTrdrJG]0faomif
auwfauwf rZ;awHrrk [
d =Dk "iH u
f aTk `H
*fS Elzikd o
f wdu!
f tf tifvmS *HrG id f
=H"ifztkdwf7?
,"KaAfS &kd[fu'ufref!m
,HG pF tJ*.Sf mwdEu
l mG ef/
,du
k af *Mirf iH w
f mvsKdif vYmaf u'mwf
\Fa70fawH aumefoIHifrJG7? *HGrdif
auwf AkDa`Hquf=H"ifrdwfukTrd*SfwJk
`mf7rwfwtf vdt
k u
f "K[
d w
f w
d u
f MKif
Ela*GifrwftifvSmAGJrEHGukTtodif7?
&kd[fu'ufrefa,s A+if='m
v0f tBumykn
$ ;\g*fS =f=S i"H Af i+ Bf wKHy'mef
7*fS ndraS Af[
S w
GH yD [
k o
f ?GH BwKHtm.m
eJ *HifoM;vrsKDoGuf*ul*;wkJ tif
vSmauwf="Hif*k!f yWKdef="Hifp7mJ*fS
aAfaS xifrt
d ifvmS wtf Akt
D ifvmS ukD
[m? t7maAfaS uwf*!
k w
f kJ quf
x|;=H"ifrdwf BuDKx|;p=H"ifukTrd*fS =Sf="Hif
t7mrdazuftkdwfa!mif? tifvSm
qmef`LaAfSauHG7mJ?
ya7ifaAfSukT aumef0kwf
pF*Sf aumef0w
k v
f x
j ;| wkJ pF*w
GH D
rHifztkdwf7? pFrduf*HGvjx|;ukTaAfS
rJG*fS 7rsmifrdydkwftmrJGpkwfwJkEluMif!tf rd'[fhAjukTu
,sKdifref 7yfv0fyUjaBuifrJGpefwJk apfS
tmEloZd*Sf aAfq
S aTk oif[m
,HGpF &kyfwkyfrHifukTtif
vSmndn!
d m? n;*faS 7m
`mHriH f &k[
d u
f 'urf ef? a`H
*fS JtifvmS t7if AkBuF7
[kD[kD*;*; rdv&kdtfrHif,s
a!mif*Sf *HrG id 7f rsmifctduw
f kJ tif
vSm awmf=;tm7?

tvkaT `HtmaASaf xifa7m

7rsmifctdufrdxwfuMKif
xwfuMKif7?
tvkaT `Htma7mpF/ tJ
axif[HGavyfyk[f
tvkTa`Htma7m [kDawSf
a`Htm=kifwMKifBwKHwMoZda`H yJ~ygif
uGmefawH7mJ? wMoZda`H*Sf BwKHy'mef
emJAnmo'iH *f ;? taCma`HoM;v0f
*0f*'jw"dw"d*fS *HGrdifauwfy&kdif Anm
o'Hifhy[fvvkJtm yJ~rkufy'mefawH*;
[*fSwJk a`Hav0fqDoZdy"wfwkdef pkTukT
v"K[f[u
GH MK[
d b
f mom!tf!7D ? rJG
wJZrI; Anmo'HifuavifpjuMKifyMef
a!mif? a`Haxif="iH yf ~Jpw
kd w
f kJ wJZw";
uMKifrI; a`Htmrif=kifwMKifrHifBwHKwM
odZa`H&[
dk w
f ZJ? pFwtf[u
GH aTk `Htm
awfS a`H[pGH ykio
f /G a`Huyku
d af oMuf
axmHuaygwfyJ~odZhy;.;wkJ [kD[HG*GH
Aa=Hg[HrG mef? pFwtf=;[v;v0f
7? pFqmef`La`HauHaG uG7H mJ
rd[kDtmv&kdtftm7? v
awifqrD qufapMm=H "iH t
f Bumaumef
u"tn
f ;rJu
G n
Tk ;rJ*G Sf rd[=GH ;okiaf pmJ
\kehf rrJo
G mf euk.T u
k af omfrd =ufah*ef
v0f*aSf [if vawifq!
D tf =;ydw
k f
tmoku
d o
f u
dk 7f [m/ eJurJ !
d tf zsKef
ynmygvky=f "iH n
f n
d [
d aGH oify[
k o
f ?GH
rkt]dyYg,fpFrduf*HG[kD
a7m*fS tJ[w
GH !
D yD [
k ?f =frS iH [
f Akif
[Akif[yg[ygzkd[f!D? [kDaomif
aomifndpF
7rsmifa`Htvef!tf*Sf =
w0f=00f="Hif7?
yd"ufpFawSf .mwfAkBuF
a0ifv0f*fS [HGrdufukTtifvSmquf
awmJBuj7yk[f? rduf*HGukToDaxmH
.mwfy~JtcefABk uF!tf7 &k[
d u
f 'uf

164
ref

yk$n;\g*Sf qufwJk =;aoZmJrHif!D7

usmf]7foif *HrG id t
f a70frd av0f?
AkD!tfwJk rkufrwfa`HAkDvkThyHifvSmJ
tma7m*fS tifvmS rdu*f q
GH aTk uHaG uH?G

a`Hv&kdtf ywdwf="Hif`mf7rwf[m?
t0f =f[
S rGH mef? a`H*Sf rd'[=f ik u
f suk`T mf
y~Ja=Zm0frGJ*awSfa.'mfa.'mf*Sf
7rwfrGJ[HGaoifyk[f?
o"wfhAjrGJ usKdifv0fu,sKdifxyfwJ
qufwkJ rd[yDk Me*f -fS
aus0faus0fa*g0fa*g0fwkJ rku0Q grGrJ
em!tf vdub
f u
d rf ZKT nd]0frS [GHhr[fhrj*Sf tifvSm*GHqkT
xyfwJ
auwf7? o"whf Aj!tf0HG rGaJ !Stf
rd*;wJk oZZdwftmrGJc!7? ndr;I =;xyfwu
J rTk [
d' af `H[q
HG mefrw
JG M
a`HyHufASfrHifvdufbduf*Sf7axif? rGJ 7[GaH oif[m? *k!Ef *l afS v0f rkuf
a!StfndrSrwf[hHG r[fhrjriH !
f m? [F o"wf
oM;tacgifndpF/ wZJ hAj*fS v&kt
d rf iH af !mif[m? umv
tif v S m xyf w J * S f tJ = ;wd w f w 7j u'id .f uk\gvy:!tf `Kufa`ufwedk f
(rkuyf 'mef) EGrH iH w
f kJ uMKifpydk u
f [
Tk rHG mef *Srf S usmf ]0f oif o"whf Ajy~aJ =Zm0f*fS
yk[?f vdub
f u
d !
f tf vYu!
Tk mtJ =Srf iH t
f ifvmS zk[
d o
f ?HG [k[
D *Saf wSf rGJ
7? uavifoaD xmHn?d tJuavif a!Stn
f d tifvmS =;xyfwu
J t
Tk u;
uMma!mifpF
h.Kif7!m? [atSf tifvmS [GrH u
d f
*GrH id af uwf a`Huavif[Dk xyfwu
J aTk `Hy[
k ?f tifvmS qmefa`H
omf!tfwkJ rGt
J quf]0f *GrH id Af &kk [GrH mefy[
k ?f tifvmS ]&ku
d !
f mu~Kyd f
.kdifa`H uGmfwdwftmyMef7? A&k.kdif \gydvwkew
f kJ yujo.ifp&Sv
f 0fu~Kyd f
a`HuGmfwdwftm*Sf wkyfukTvkdef!m tifvmS *Sf hy[f=wHak pSt
f m7? hAj
h*dK[ftifvmS wJk uGmw
f w
d t
f muk7D ? usKdiu
f s0fyav0fyavwfriH t
f ifvmS
csdiaf uwf tcdiaf `Hpydk w
f d *SfAGrJ hy[f*pmefuKM ifr;Z !tfwkJ ElAwif
vYycsFrHifu~Kdyf*Sfav0f
!tf uMwaf usm0fAaTk pSt
f m vy:`mef tifvmS ? [F aASv
f &dt
k rf iH af !mif
awHrI; aoImHqkTauwfAv;p;a`H7? [m rk=afS 7m
t0fAv;p; Av;p; n;rGJaukmH
*;wJk hAj*Sf *pkdifukefazsH
n;rGJ \ked q
f mefriH n
f ;outfuaDk v0f oGufuySfyUjo.if*Sf7?
tkw
d af u'mwfawH n;rG*J fS u"mwfru
k f
rkyukTyUjo.if*SfyMefa7m?
n;rGJ*Sf x|;p;wJk wdwftmomom uavifp&Sfy~Ju~KdyftifvSmyMef[m?
7[m? &k[
d u
f 'urf efa,s AkaD AS,
f u
dk f orWv
D 0fnd o.if[*Dk fS \ked 7f =Syf q
jU uf
a*Mif tifvSmav0f rduf*GH,kTrHif uGmJpo"dif EGHvwlbkHoMKifoMKifukD
ua7mrfaASfukD7mJ/ q*; nHif7j av0f umvvaqm0fawSf tvef
aumefiZmfrGJauifwlv0fy"wfwJk [GH =;=wkw
H d Akv
D "K[f!tfEu
HG Dk tvef=;
*Hifpkufu7yfy"wf*Sf vnmwf!tf =kiv
f edk af oMuu
f .Tk idk f emAk!
D tfav0f
[GHpmfp~;wdwftm ElauMifu~[frdrI; =;EGHpavyfukDa!mifav0f? yUjo.if

*Sf r=;avSuftm o"0f*M;*wm.dkif

tifvmS vZKvZKvZev
f Ze7f ?
rkyaASf *Gv
H edk af oMuaf xmH
yU j ! tf a 7m? yU j ! tf * M m J 0 gwf = " H i f
a!mif
hAj*Sf AGJr*dk[fua[mrf
uavifuySfauwfyUj*SfwJk [kD="HifukT
tifvSm7? t0fo.ifa,s ='mJ
[GrH u
JG q
fTk mef*fS =Srf iH af mHeefx0fav0f
oGu*f rHG yd hf .dy[
f rHG yJG [
k ?f .a7ifamHeef
tifvmS ukt
T u;h.Kifwtfywdek v
f 0f*fS
aASfvYuMKifcp7? ya7ifom,mndrS
[GrH yJG [
k ?f
usKid u
f s0t
f ifvmS wJ=k t
fS w
kd f
wJk hAj*-fS
tu;h.KifrJG rky[GpH ydk u
f MKif
!Da7m
oGu*f aHG zstaf zsmef yav0f
ukt
T u;h.Kif*fS tu;h.Kif[pHG ydk u
f MKif
!DwJk ua7mwfwkdef7? tu;h.Kif
[GHpkdyfuMKif!D*Sf o"wfhAj*SfrS =;pHifwl
rHif!D? tifvSm7awSf [GHuMKifc~if
ckd[fc~if [GH*dGifu'mwJ[GH*Gdif7? tcdif
vtftmbmfem`FBuyf=Sf7 wZJav0f
yMKdwfapSfuMKifokdufokdufwJk r'd[fvZKT*Sf
vkdufrHif\gyd,s? rdrGJav0f rHifpHif
[Gw
H ef *wmwJ\gvy:aurfyM;aurf
yM; amHcefukT=yf=';*Sf *MKdifukTvwkef
=;pifBuHrHifn;rGJ]0f7?
tkw
d af u'mwfawH y&kid cf [
dk f
[m ya7tf[m*Sf y:yJg[GHavyf?
y&kdifaw"ifpkdyfuMKifrGJ*Sf tu;h.KifrGJ
uGpF uf.u
Dk yku
d =f ;wJk csKdwt
f m,s*;?
tifvSmrdif=;Auf \kdef[GHqmefukD
av0f [dw
k =f rfS iH 7f EJ al `mwfa`mwfwkJ
pkw
d [
f cHG [
kd t
f mw"m*vdik ?f auif=v
fS 0f
oHa,m.ked 7f EJ rHG iH u
f w
Dk kJ tcdiv
f "K[f
!tf [GHrdufukTa`HcsKdwftm!D7?

165
q*; y&kdif!tf*Sf ==Sf`mHrGJu@7?

o' m H ! tf tif v S m [G H = ;
wdwfa=orGJomf wmvsKdfifapSfy~J`Kif
v"Kid !
f tfwkJ [G=H u
fS avifqu
Tk &Tk [
dk f
u'ufref[*Sf7? v'DASfo'ma`H*Sf =;ahy
rHiftBum7rsmifaumefiZmfwtf ASf
vdu7f ? q*; rGcJ !a`mwf7*G?H pkw
d f
qmef="iH af `H*fS oukyd *f "v
F rTk S u"mwf
v=kTaxmH[GH*GHv;v;? taxifa`H
awSf tifvmS !tf xyfww
J rJk iH ,
f s
av0f!m? tifvmS rdu*f q
HG u
Tk aTk `H
AGrJ avmef? qkaT `HawSf &k[
d u
f 'urf ef
a,s tifvmS !tf [G=H x
fS yfw[
J *Sf
yk[f? omf!tf y&ly7mtkdwfokD
=;atifiZdwfv0f *MKdifukT*dwkwZJ*Sf vj
x|;ukTaASfztkdwfa!mif?
wZ J ! tf y ~ J h .yf o bif ] 0f
awH oGu*f aHG uMMmefA=Sw
f ZaJ umef*ul
ref (63) 0g (A[k)T y~`J Kifv"Kd if!tf
*Sf n;p';ElyKG id `f Kifa70fawHuDk oku
D Tk
yGKdif`Kifv"dKif!tfukD wkdefpdkyf="Hifr'd[f
AGJr*MKdif7? wZJ!tf*Sf =SfwZJu"mwfbm
oM;="iH w
f kJ tifvmS csyfv0ftmuk=T gef
ukTrd'[fwkdefpdkyfaumH]&kDykifowfhAjukT
oG p mif 7 ? tif v S m aumf y aumH * G H
outf7yJ d rmvm/ prYm/ a`mifx0f
wtfwkJ `Kefwydk pf ed t
f mrI; usKdi!
f m
u,sKdirf efozDk tkw
d w
f kJ ,k,
T u
dk x
f "mJ
ykifx"mJoGyZmef.efwtf*Sf7?
pkyd t
f awH*fS n;wtfaCm
aumH]&kDrHifzkd[fwJk tifvSmwtf
*.tfrifriH rf Z;!tf7? y~aJ wH 7rsmif
obmywd[*Dk vmef/ 7rsmifwufw/J
7rsmifoFuM Fememomfwtf*Sf hAKv
avmif="iH f tcdiv
f tftmyGKid \f w
dk \f g

em`FhyifhyifrGJwJ? rGJc!nd*Sf e==Sf

aumH]&kt
D mpdyk =f wJk AGrJ tHi.f ;' *Sf wuf
wkdefwJyMef7?
rmvmukaT `mifx0f*fS Av;
v0fukTpkwfykifoG tifvSmukTprYm*Sf
vkyftmy~JawHwJkn;wkdefpkdyfaumH]&kDokD z
tdw
k *f fS vYp!
j D =kiaf xmH=gefyik o
f wf
hAjukToGpmifwJkawSfpj
prYm[kD!momf!tfwJk
tifvmS AufAa=gtf="iH f r'[
d u
f wkpT j
wtf*Sf AGJra,efo'mif7? rGJwkJrGJ
tifvmS [k=D "iH u
f u
Tk avif*.tf okD
n;ztkdwfwJk umv*Sf 0dnm!f
tifvSm\kdwfEGH nHif7j=;=kifoDEkuf
auwf!mukD rku0Q gA=S.f KdG efvySf oGuf
aumefu"tf tifvmS *Sf AGrJ wefBuef
tmEGHrHif y~J=ujrGJ='mJ7?
usmf ]0f oif =SfukTrwf
tifvmS [GaH oify[
k !
f m? a`H*fS &k[
d f
u'ufrefa.wfa.wf7a!mif? r'd[f
tifvSmrduf*GHqkTtkdwf vwl*M;wd

!tf pk d y f r H i f * wrk u f t if v S m ,s
av0f? ta70fru
d *f [
HG EDk *HG fS [kaD xmH
ztkw
d 7f =S?f t0f tcdi!
f tf*fS [kD
ya7m!tf [GHaxuf!Dyk[f? AkD
tifvmS tDwu
Z !
f mukaT `H*fS a`Hav0f
tDx;| uMKifu7Dk ? q*; pkw
d [
f yHG grGo
J mf
yawmtfywefwkJ a`H=;tDx;| eif[m
*Sf auwf[=HG ;? vtDwedk u
f MKifvwl
o"efygifa`H*Sf nHifukTh.[wf[GHygwJk
=SfrHifhADhAD7?
&kd[fu'ufref oY*k!fwJk
aASv
f pY !
j !
D m? wJak wSf tifvmS =;vj
x|;ukaT ASf ta70fryd pf w
dk f EGrH iH w
f "m
*vkdifa!mif
tifvSm[kD!mwJk a`Hu
avif]ndufx|;eifu~Kdyf7? r'd[fwkdef
pkyd af umH]&k*D rMKd ifozDk tkw
d f todiAf sKT
xifriH w
f kJ AGrJ w&kyd u
f pTk w
dk f pokirf iH *f fS
*Gq
H aTk uwfr;I aoImzH gyfAp!m yl*Tk
n;rqmef*ul/ qmef`Kif AkAD !
kD tf*fS
tifvSmwtf tkd[fw"dK[fpdkwfAGJr
avmef? n;wtfpwJ=k t
fS w
dk w
f kJ *MiH f
n;ukn
T ;uavifpt
j w
dk 7f ?
oGu*f u
HG ySf oD*idk yf Zmefyik f
yZmefoGwtf*Sf Av;v0fukTrmvm
wtfn;ydwJk tifvSmapSfuMKifxyf
o"0!
f tf ='maJ `H=wlrif="iH *f 7fS ? tif
vSmtDx;| !mukaT `H AGrJ `mwfaBumtf
av0f a`H[GHuavif=kifwMKifeiftD
tDu*Dk fS tifvmS [GaH xJ? tcdi!
f tf
r'd[f=;axJ*Sf tifvSm[GHaoifyk[f
aoif[
f m? q*; a`H*fS qufuMKif
*vmefuMmrHifpxwf,kufrHifukD7
[m tifvmS
uvifauwf 7rsmifa`H[Dk
*Sw
f kJ 0wfEw
HG kJ o"mefriH [
f aHG oify[
k f
*Sf *GHwDauwf7? rk[dkwfa7mawSf

166
7rsmif!tf =Srf iH 7f rsmifa`Ho"mefriH f
tifvmS wGKw
T kJ tifvmS !tf [G=H [
dk f
]kDrGJomf y:yJgavyfrHifukD7?
xwfouf[[
Dk rHG 7JG &k[
d f
u'urf efa,s? aASaf 7m rHipf rdyrf iH u
f kD
7[m
tifvSmo"mef!m*Sf a`H
[GHuavifycsFygifrGJomf ]ndufx|;
eifu~Kdyfo";7?
&kd[fu'ufref aASfwkdef
aumH]&kD!tf p';A[kT[GHaoifyk[f
!m
`mHrHiftifvSm tJwkdef
uMKif p';a=ozmVdeaf wH7? y~u
J mG ef
y$ak wH r'[
d w
f edk pf ydk &f [
dk &f [
dk w
f KG *T fS [GH
oM;wJk tJav0f .zefErHG iH f y~u
J mG ef
rGJc!*Sf wkdefuMKifp';n;wtf7
aASEf =HG "iH f y~u
J mG efw"mvtf
7[m
Buyfayifr*JG w
d 7k tifvmS
auwfv0ftacgifpu
j mG efr*JG w
d ak v0f
t0f
tifvmS =;xyfurTk pJG "wyf Mef
a!mifw[
D m? a`H*fS pkw
d q
f mef*ul
ayif tm.meJa.wfauG7H !m? tcdif
.lrGJ*dwk*SfrS [GHrHifaxmHo";o";rGJomf
auMmefriH yf a7if*ul oGmifw[
' w
f [
' f
!Dzkd[f[m? tifvSm xkdifo;auGH
7aASf?
tifvmS =;[kED rGH iH *f ;/ [kD
av0f
a`H[eDk ifA!
Dk tfrS tifvmS
oDuMmifaf xmHac~mifutft;t;wkJ AGJ
r`Kdeaf `mwfavPmwfav"m0f*Sf [k!
D m
7?
&d[
k u
f 'urf ef/ tifvmS [HG
=fx
S yfw=J u
Tk v
Tk "K[f!*D Sf aAS*f rGH id rf iH u
f Dk
[m

tcdi*f rSf ;I aumefrwfa`H\g

w";yavJuMKifw-Jk
auH[
G m tifvmS /tJ[*GH GH
rdiyf [
k ?f rk=t
fS m[vkaT 7m
a`Ho"mefuMKif AGJrvkyfpukT
pkw
d 7f ? y&ly7mtu;h.Kifavmef\uf
tm*Sf tifvmS aomifx;| !mztkw
d f
wkJ
=f*S rGH mefu7Dk !m/ cg7=;
=fAS !
Dk tfa!mif*fS ndrS tJ[aGH xif
v0fy[
k ?f oGut
f u;h.Kif*Sf tJav0f
pkdwf[HGcdk[fauHG7mJ
&k[
d u
f 'urf ef aAfhS yHiv
f mS J
tmvWLtifvmS ,s[m [F
pkw
d rf u
d *f w
GH *D Sf oUmwfhr[f
avmefwkJ tifvmS r+;o"mef!m7?
tifvSma,s/ qmef[kD*fS
oGut
f rJ ;I rGt
J m,kuaf wfS rJt
G vef/
rGt
J vefawfS r'[
d rf 7JG EH?G q*; t
a70frdaASfwtf[kDv0f .mwfJAkBuF
avSfv0f!tf/ [HGrdufukTtifvSm
qufawmJBuj7yk[*f Sf yd"uq
f E+rad AfS
aAfSwDtkdwf7[HGaoif[m
ta70frd[kDv0f\kdwfEHG*fS
rd u avif & k y f o D a xmH , s? tcd i f
v"K[fawfS taCmac"mrfav0f ="gEl
[kw
d rf rGJ o
GJ mfwJk yUv
j [
Tk &GH /Jk =;hy[f
avyfztkw
d *f Sf rduMK[
d rf iH ,
f sa!mif?
wkyJ Mef Akv
D rTk [
d aDk 7mawfS ya7ifted f
xHit
f ifvmS *fS Ak=D ;pkw
d f tifvmS oIKwf
oGmwfauwf7*;? rd[v
GH yk yf xJ7k
yk[f*;
auHG[mtifvSm/ rdaAfS
wtf =kiw
f t
J rJ mef[m
tcdi!
f tfrS o"id *f w
d yk w
F d
uk/D a`mifo'iH v
f tDuDk *Hw
G ";uMKift
vkHrkuQ0ga`Hayifxmwf7?
ta70fa`Ho"mefuMKif*fS AGJr

a,efo'mif u~Kyd u
f /Dk ygifuDk =ki!
f m
,HG tDtw
D Zuw
f Zuw
f Jk a`Hav0f okD
ukTpkdwfraoMmif="Hif [HGwDau'mwf*fS
oDAa\g0fauwf.uktifvSm,srI;
tifvmS av0f AGrJ wDtvku
d f `Kde\f wf
azsH!myJ~*MrfBoKd[fa`H7?
&kd[fu'ufrefa,s/ *HG=fShAj
Aayifyg7rF BwKHtm.meJAkD!tf*fS
tifvmS rdypf w
dk af uGaH uHrG w
GJ J wD[m
wif*k!fauHG7 tifvSm
a,s/ tJav0f*u
GH KM ifqaTk uwfaAfS ukT
rHif=gef ukn;auMmefwJZaumef*ul
refwtf Ak!
D tf*aSf v0f tJh.Kifo~Ku
d f
aAfSauGH7mJ
tifvSm
tj&kd[fu'ufref
tvmH[Homx0f (63)
0g!tf? yk$n;\gyWKdeftmrJGpHGa!mif
!m
azsHpw
dk n
f d &k[
d u
f 'urf ef?
(63) 0go";[Hu
G / ,0f7 tifvmS *HG
v0ftm,kufvZDrI; qufyWKdeftmu
a7mrfBwKHtm.meJ!tf pku
T v
Tk 0DZ gawH
a!mif wD[m
n;\g!tf ElrAefrdefv0f
BodK[fn;oUtf*Sf [HGhcmwdwfrJGomf
uaotfu"0=f "iH f n;oUtf oGu*f GH
auMmefya7if*ulrpGJ HG pku
T v
Tk tdwv
f
rsKD7?

vdGifykdef (=l7m)

9/1/10