Vitamin Name Vitamin A: (Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid; main precursor is betacarotene)

Chief function Vision, maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin, bone and tooth growth; reproduction; regulation of gene expression; immunity

Defiiciency Symptoms Infectious diseases, night blindness (xerophthalmia), keratinization

Toxicity symptoms Reduced bone mineral density, liver abnormalities, birth defects

Vitamin D (Calciferol, cholecalciferol, dihydroxy vitamin D; precursor is cholesterol)

Vitamin E (Alphatocopherol, tocopherol)

Vitamin K, (phylloquinone, menaquinonone, naphthoquinone) Sodium: UL: 2,300 mg per day = 1 teaspoon of salt (sodium chloride)

Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorous by increasing absorption from digestive tract, with drawing calcium from bones, stimulation retention by kidneys) Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactiosn, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and vitamin A. Synthesis of blood clotting proteins and bone proteins With chloride and potassium (electrolytes), maintans cells extracellular normal fluid balance and acidbase balance in the

Rickets, osteomalacia

Calcium imbalance (calcification of soft tissues and formation of stones)

Significant Sources Retinol: milk and milk products; eggs; liver Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark, leafy greens; broccoli; deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (carrots, winter squashes, sweet potatoes, pumpkin) Synthesized in the body with the help of sunshine; fortified milk, margarine, butter, and cereals; eggs; liver; fatty fish (salmon, sardines) Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings,) green and leafy vegetales, wheat germ, whole-grain products, nuts, seeds Synthesized in body of GI bacteria; green leady vegetables; cabbage-type vegetables; vegetable oils Salt, soy sauce, processed foods, seafood, cheese, milk, salt, processed food, lunch, or deli meats, hot dogs, pretzels.

Erythrocyte hemolysis, nerve damage

Hemorrhagic effects

Hemorrhage

None known

Hyponatremia: Muscle cramps, atrophy, hypotension, mental apathy, loss of appetite. Can occur in very lowsodium diets

Hypernatermia: Hypertension, weight gain (fluid retention) CVD, cerebral hemorrhage. Some people are more saltsensitive than others = high

Chloride

Potassium * Excessive loss is more an issue than deficieny*

body. Also critical to nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. Parts of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach and necessary for proper digestion. Also maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acidbase balances in the body. Facilitate reactions including the making of protein; maintain of fluid and electrolyte balance; the support of cell integrity; the transmission of nerve impulse; and contraction of muscles, including the heart.

blood pressure (e.g. diabetes, HTN, kidney disease, AA) Hypochloramic alkalosis: Growth failure in children Muscle cramps Mental apathy Loss of appetite Can cause death Normally harmless (the gas chlorine is poison but evaporates from water); can cause vomiting

Recommend DASH diet instead. Salt, soy sauce; moderate quatities in whole, unprocessed foods, large amounts in processed foods

Calcium -Bones and tooth -Blood clotting -Cardiac rhythm -Muscle growth/contraction -Cell membrane structure -Nerve impulse transmission - Chronic dietary deficiency of calcium or chronic deficiency due to

Hypokalemia: Muscular weakness, HTN, salt-sentstivty, kidney stones. Heart failure can occur due to prolonged vomiting/diarrhea, kwashiorkor, eating disorders, diabetic acidosis, dehydration, diuretics, steroids, cathertics. Integral part of skeleton Hypocalcemia: in bone as well as Stunted growth in reservoir, calcium + children; adult bone lose vitamin D = reduce risks (osteoporosis), tooth of pre-cancerous colon decay, rickets, polyps. Help maintain osteomalacia also heart body weight, reduce palpitations, irritability, PMS symptoms, lower insomnia, muscle cramps, blood pressure, best calcium tetany absorbed with 1:1 ration uncontrolled muscle with phosphorus. contraction. If calcium Conditions are caused by gets too low 1. Small lack of vitamin D or intestine absorbs more abnormal concentration calcium, bone releases

Hyperkalemia: Causes muscular weakness. Potassium in food is save. Too much potassium chloride pill triggers if vomiting. If given into a vein, can stop the heart. Can also cause bradycardia, apathy, confusion, flaccid weaknes, oliguria and anuria. Hypercalcemia: Calcium rigor muscles contact and cannot relax. Constipation; increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction; interference with absorption of other minerals. Drowsiness, lethargy, polyuria, polydipsia. If calcium gets too high its deposited into the bone.

All whole foods: meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, seafood. Diet low in fruits and vegetables can result in potassium deficiency

Milk and milk products, oysters, small fish (with bones), tofu (bean curd_ , greens, legumes. Supplements not higher than 500 mg at a time for maximum absorption take with food source of ascorbic acid to increase absorption. Children/teens -1300 mg Adults 1000 mg

poor absorption depletes calciums saving account in bones -Following menopause women lose 15% of bone mass. Phosphorus -85% is found combined with calcium in crystals of bones and teeth -Part of DNA/RNA necessary for growth Magnesium - Half of magnesium is found in bones and the rest found in muscles, heart, liver, and soft tissues. - Low intake of magnesium is related to colon cancer!

of hormones that regulate calcium homeostatis.

more calcium 3. Kidney excretes less calcium

Over 50 1200 mg

-Bone formation -Cell growth and repair -Energy production -Kidney function -Myocardial contraction -Nerve muscle activity -Acid-base balance -Acid-base balance -Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in bones -Muscle relaxation -Release and use energy -Calcium promotes contraction, magnesium helps muscle relax -Holds tooth enamel -Affects metabolism of potassium, calcium and vitamin D -Part of protein-making machinery

Hypophosphatemia: -Appetitie loss, fatigue, irregular breathing, nervous disorders, ataxia, muscle weakness, parathesia Hypomagnesemia: Results from vomiting, diarrhea, alcohol abuse, protein malnutrition, diuretics. CVD, and HTN Effects: Confusion, disorientation, easily aroused anger, nervousness, irritability, rapid ulse, tremors, tetany: loss of muscle control, neuromuscular dysfunction. Can cause hallucination commonly experienced during withdrawal from alcohol intoxication. Low boron intake can increase susceptibility to osteoporsis Lack of iron: Results from: lack of iron in diet , especially vegetarians or blood loss,

Excess phosphorus may cause calcium excretion. Hyperphosphatemia: -Tetany (muscle cramping) -Soft-tissue calcification Hypermagnesemia: -drowsiness, lethargy, bradycardia, hypotension, nausea, severe diarrhea, dehydration acid base imbalance. Occurs in older adults who abuse magnesiumcontaining laxatives, antacids, and other medications lack of coordination, confusion, coma, and in extreme cases death.

All animal tissues. Eggs, fish, grains, meats, poultry, yellow chesse, milk, milk products

Green leafy vegetables, nuts, seafood, cocoa, whole grains. -It can easily be washed and peeled away -Magnesium is lost during processing of founds so unprocessed foods are best choice

Boron Iron - Stage one: Measures of serum ferritin (ironstoring protein) reflect -Part of hemoglobin which carries o2 in the blood, part of protein myoglobin in muscles

Non-citrus fruits, leafy vegetables, nuts, legumes Iron overload: Heme iron from animal Results from: overuse of foods MFP factor (meat, vitamin C or hereditary fish, poulty) most overload(hemochromatosis), absorbable form! Non-

irons store and are most valuable in assessing iron status at earliest -Second stage: levels of serum transferrin (ironcarrying protein) increase, an adaptation that enhances iron absorption. -More transferrin and less iron in the blood = advanced deficiency -Transferrin saturation percentage of transferring saturated with iron decreases as iron stores decline -Third stage: lack of iron limits hemoglobin production hemoglobin precursor, erythrocyte protoporhyrin begins to accumlate as hemoglobin and hematocrit values decline. Zinc

which makes o2 available for muscle contraction necessary for utilization of energy -Liver puts iron into RBC sent to it from bone marrow life span 3-4 months -Liver and spleen break the dead cells and recycles the iron -Only 10-15% absorption -Stress and disease increase resistance, cellular respiration, oxygen transport, energy production.

inadequate intake, parasite infections, GI ulcers and infections. Effects: anemia brittle nails, weakness, pallor, headaches, reduced work productivity, inability to concentrate, impaired cognitive function (children), lowered cold tolerance. Fatigue with exertion Iron deficiency refers to depleted body irons stores without regard to degree of depletion or presence of anemia. Iron deficiency anemia refers to severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin concentration RBC are pale and small cannot carry enough 02 from lungs tissues. Without iron energy metabolism in cells falters Causes: poor diet, loss of blood due to parasite infections, climates that increase sweat losses, clay eating, pregnant women, young children, elderly, vegetarians. Phytate potential inhibitor of zinc absorption. Effects: Dwarfism - Growth

or alcoholics, blood transfusion, supplementary iron, metabolic disorders Effects: once absorbed difficult to excrete. Overload can damage the liver encourage infections since bacteria live on iron rich blood: apathy, lethargy and fatigue. Hemochromatosis: abdominal cramps and pain, nausea, vomiting can occur! Overuse of vitamin C: encourage iron absorption. Alcoholics: damage to GI results in excess absorption of iron.

heme: from grains, vegetable less absorbable Iron absorption is maximize MFP factor and vitamin C, also tannins, phytates Also eggs, organ meats, poulty, wheat germ, liver, potatoes, enriched breads and cereals and vegetable greens. -Foods cooked in irons pans contain almost 30% more iron than cooked in non-iron pans. -Appetite for ice, clay, paste or other nonnutritious substances pica occurs in women or children of low income groups who are deficient in iron or zinc . Men- 8 milligrams Women 18 milligrams Protein containing foods: meats, whole grains, and vegetables depending on soil content.

-Protein synthesis -Makes enzymes heme for hemoglobin, pancreatic enzymes -Part of hormone insulin -Immune reactions -Transport of Vitamin A - Taste and smell perception -Burn and wound

Causes: supplemental doses -Vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis, muscle incoordination, dizziness, anemia, accelerated atherosclerosis, kidney failire -Excess is secreted via pancreas in digestive fluid

healing -Making of sperm -Normal fetal development -Metabolism carb and protein digestion

Selenium

Sulfate

-Powerful antioxidant works with vitamin E -Activates thyroid hormone -Immune mechanism -Collage synthesis -Thiamin formation

failure in children, sexual retardation, loss of taste and smell, poor wound healing, impaired immunity even after 1 month on low zinc diet, eye lesions leading to impaired dark adaptation, immune function, loss of appetite, distrunbances of thyroid function Causes: Effects: low levels associated with prostate cancer,

Causes: from overuse of supplements

Widely distruted in seafood, meats, liver, kidneys, and vegetables grown in selenium rich soil