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.. Wave packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
..6 Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fundamentals of many-body problems g
.u. Repetitorium 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.u.S Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u
.u. Repetitorium S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u
6
o.i Information
Exercises: h in 6 groups
DropIn Fr. -h
http://www.itkp.uni-bonn.de/~metsch/AQT/aqt.html
Assistent: Christoph Ditsche, Kerstin Helfrich (both for organisation of exercises)
Examinations: after lecturing period (..u)
. beginning of February
. end of March
Prerequisite for the examination: Present exercise more than once
o.z Advanced Quantum: Topics
. Scattering Theory: J. R. Taylor, Scattering Theory, Dover
. Relativistic Wave Equations (Dirac, KleinGordon): Franz Schwabl, Advanced Quantum
Mechanics
. ManyParticle Systems
i Scattering Theory
i.i Preludium
Some denitions on operators:
Inverse: Let
A be a linear operator (mapping, Abbildung)
A
_
a [) +b [)
_
a, b C
= a
A[) +b
A[)
In a space ]
A : T
_
A
_
A
_
]
T is the domain (Urbild) of the Operator and is the range.
A has an inverse
A
1
if:
[) , = [)
A[) , =
A[)
mapping injective, then
A
1
: A
1
:
_
A
_
T
_
A
_
equivalent:
[) , = 0
A[) , = 0
Denition of a unitary operator
U:
U is linear & T
_
U
_
=
_
U
_
= ]
&
_
_
_
U
_
_
_ =|| ]
|| :=
_
[) =
_
, )
If equivalency is fullled, then
U
1
exists.
IMAGE
every [) has a unique image [
t
)
every [
t
) is the image of unique [)
Lemma:
U
U = 1
Argument:
_
_
_
U
_
_
_ =|| [
U[) = [) ]
put
[) = [) +[)
+[
U[ +) = +[ +)
Seite z Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. ISOMETRIC OPERATORS:
put
[
U[) +[
U[) = [) +[)
. . .
[
U[) = [) , ]
U = 1
also:
U
_
U
_
[) =
U [) ]
_
U
U
_
U [) =
U [) ]
U [) covers all ].
U
U
= 1
i.z Isometric Operators:
Denition: An operator
is isometric, if
.
is linear on ]
. T() = ]
. for all [) ]: || =||, norm preserved.
but: , = ]
unitary operators are isometric.
Example: Let [n) be a discrete Basis of ], n N
0
.
: [n) = [n + 1)
IMAGE
inverse
1
exists.
T
_
1
_
,= ]
Although
= 1 we have
,= 1
indeed:
[)
. .
[)
= [) ]
[)
[) =
1
[) [)
_
_
now if [) / ()
[
[) = 0 ]
[
[) = 0 ]
[) = 0
[) = 0
=
_
_
_
1
on ()
0 on ()
|
t
t
| = 0
Special case:
[
t
) =
t
_
0
d [
)
then Cauchy:
lim
t,t
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
t
_
t
d [
)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
= 0
This is implied by:
lim
t,t
_
t
d|
| = 0
(triangle inequality)
| +| || +||
so it is sucient that:
_
0
d|
| <
i.e. it exists.
i..i Repetitorium i
U unitary:
T
_
U
_
=
_
U
_
= ]
_
_
_
U
_
_
_ =|| ]
isometric:
T
_
_
= ]
_
_
_
_
_
_ =||
Seite q Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
but in general:
() ,= ]
|| =
_
[) =
_
,
[) = lim
t
[
t
)
if lim
t
|
t
| = 0
lim
t,t
|
t
t
| = 0 Cauchy
Special:
[
t
) =
t
_
0
d [
)
then:
_
0
d|
| <
lim
t,t
_
t
d|
| = 0
lim
t,t
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
t
_
t
d [
)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
= 0
Remark:
[
t
)
t
[)
[
t
)
t
[) ]
But the converse is not true:
let e.g. [
t
) be a wave packet |
t
| = 1 t.
Nevertheless, the wave packet will spread thus:
lim
t
[
t
) = 0 ]
i..z Operator limit
A
t
has a limit
A if
A
t
[)
t
[) =:
A[) ]
Notation:
lim
t
A
t
=
A
A
t
t
A
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
i.q Scattering
IMAGE
Note:
Potential
must fall
of faster
than
Coulomb-
potential
and not
have a
singularity,
so e.g.
Yukawa-
potential
is okay
i.q.i Quantum scattering
t.d.S.E. (time-dependent Schroedinger equation):
i
t
[
t
) =
H[
t
)
H =
H
0
+
V (time independent)
free motion:
p
2
2m
=
2
2m
p i
i
/t
H
_
):
U (t) [)
t
U
0
(t) [
in
)
U
o
(t) = exp
_
t
H
0
_
Likewise:
U(t) [)
t+
U
0
(t) [
out
)
Assumptions:
V (x) = V
_
[x[
_
= V (r)
Denition: V (r) = O(r
p
) if c R
V (r)
c r
p
. V (r) = O
_
r
3
_
r ( > 0)
. V (r) = O
_
r
3
/2+
_
r 0
. V (r) is nite, piecewise continuous, 0 < r <
Seite 6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
Asymptotic condition:
[
in
) ] [) ]
U(t) [)
U
0
(t) [
in
)
t
0
This is similar for
out
and +.
Argument:
to show: [)
U
(t)
U
0
(t) [
in
)
t
0 The substracted term has a limit.
now: calculate
d
dt
(t)
U
0
(t) =
i
e
i
/t
H
_
H
H
0
_
e
i
/t
H
0
=
i
(t)
V
U
0
(t)
(t)
U
0
(t) [
in
) +
i
t
_
0
d
U()
V
U
0
() [
in
)
This integral-term should have a limit for t .
It is sucient that:
0
_
d
_
_
_
V
U
0
(t)
in
_
_
_ <
0
_
d
_
_
_
V
U
0
()
in
_
_
_ <
U(t) unitary
i.q.z Repetitorium z
t.d.S.E.:
i
t
[
t
) =
H[
t
)
H =
H
0
+
V
solved by:
[
t
) =
U(t) [)
[) = [
0
)
L
2
2m
U(t)exp
_
t
H
_
U
0
= exp
_
t
H
0
_
U(t) [)
t
U
0
(t) [
in
)
U(t) [)
t+
U
0
(t) [
out
)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite y
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
asymptotic condition:
[
in, out
) ] [) ]
U(t) [)
U
0
(t) [
in, out
)
0 for t
in fact:
[) =
[
in, out
)
with:
:= lim
t
U
(t)
U
0
(t) MllerOperators
d
_
_
_
V
U
0
(t)
in
_
_
_ <
idea: special case:
in
(x) = x[
in
) =
1
_
b
_3
/2
e
|x a|
2
/2b
2
Now we calculate and nd:
x[U
0
()[
in
)
2
=
1
b
3
3
/2
1
_
1 +
2
2
m
2
b
4
_3
/2
e
|x a|
2
/
_
b
2
+
2
2
/m
2
b
2
_
in
(, x)
2
= above
_
_
_
V
U
0
()
in
_
_
_
2
=
_
d
3
x
V (x)
2
1
b
2
3
/2
1
_
1 +
2
2
m
2
b
4
_3
/2
e
|x a|
2
/
_
b
2
+
2
2
/m
2
b
2
_
__
d
3
x
V (x)
2
_
1
_
1 +
2
2
m
2
b
4
_3
/2
1
b
2
3
/2
0
_
d
_
_
_V
U
0
()
in
_
_
_
_
d
3
x
V (x)
2
. .
<
1
b
2
3
/2
0
_
d
1
_
1 +
2
2
m
2
b
4
_3
/4
. .
<
<
The statement Any L
2
(R, C) can be suitably approximated by a nite sum of Gaussians
then completes the argument.
So we found:
Any [
in
) ] is the inasymptote of some
U(t) [)
In fact, the actual state [) at (e.g.) t = 0 is given by:
[) = lim
t
(t)
U
0
(t) [
in
) =:
+
[
in
)
also:
[) = lim
t+
(t)
U
0
(t) [
out
) =:
[
out
)
Seite B Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
with:
:= lim
t
(t)
U
0
(t)
the Mller(Wave)Operators.
IMAGE
let
[
in
) = [) [
in
)
+
[)
[
out
) [
in
) =: [
+
)
[
out
) = [) [) [
+
) [
out
) =: [
)
[
) [)
i.q. Orthogonality and Completeness
Question: Does every [) in ] dene an orbit
U(t) [) that has asymptotes? No!
Orthogonality: all bound states B ] all states with asymptotes
States with asymptotes:
R
+
=
_
[) ]
[) =
+
[
in
)
_
R
=
_
[) ]
[) =
[
out
)
_
now R
] and BR
Argument: let [) R
+
i.e.
U(t) [)
t
U
0
(t) [
in
)
or [) =
+
[
in
)
let [) B: H[) = E [)
then:
[) = [U
(t)
. .
close to the potential origin
U(t)[
. .
move away
) independent of t
but also t , [) = 0.
Also:
[) = e
/tE
[
U(t)[) = lim
t
e
i
E
/t
[
U
0
(t)[
in
) = 0
because of spreading.
BR
= R and ] = B R
without proof!
i.q.q Summary
[) R
U [)
t
U
0
(t) [
in
)
U [)
t+
U
0
(t) [
out
)
or: [) =
+
[
in
) [) =
[
out
)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite g
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
every
in, out
labels a unique actual orbit
U(t) [).
is isometric,
has an inverse.
[) =
[
out
)
[
out
) =
[)
[
out
) =
+
. .
=:S
[
in
)
where
o is the scattering operator.
[
in
) = [) prepared by an accelerator
[
out
) = [) measured by a detector
Lemma:
H
0
intertwining relations
argument: consider ( xed):
e
i
/
H
= e
i
/
H
lim
_
e
i
/t
H
e
i
/t
H
0
_
= lim
_
e
i
/(t+)
H
e
i
/t
H
0
_
=
_
lime
i
/(t+)
H
e
i
/(t+)
H
0
_
e
i
/
H
0
=
e
i
/
H
0
_
d
d
_
e
i
/
H
_
_
=0
=
_
d
d
e
i
/
H
0
_
=0
H
we have
= 1
H
0
Thus follows:
H
0
=
H
0
now:
o
H
0
=
+
H
0
=
+
=
_
+
=
_
H
0
_
+
=
H
0
+
=
H
0
o
o,
H
0
_
= 0
Seite o Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
We draw from that:
in
[
H
0
[
in
) =
in
[o
+
H
0
o[
in
)
out
[
H
0
[
out
)
We used here:
oo
+
= o
+
o = 1
_
H
0
,
o
_
= 0
So we nd that the ingoing energy (expectation value) is equal to the outgoing energy
(expectation value)
(
H is time independent) Energy conservation
We can always write:
[
in
) ] = L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
in
(x) = x[
in
) =
_
d
3
ka
in
_
k
_
k
(x)
remember:
k
(x) = x[
k) =
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
kx
_
H
0
k
(x) =
2
2
2m
k
(x)
k
/ ]
nevertheless:
a L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
k
[
q
) =
(3)
_
q
k
_
i.q.6 Repetitorium
[) =
[
in,out
) = lim
t
(t)
U
0
(t) [
in,out
)
MllerOperators
R(
+
) = R(
) = R
R +B = ]
RB isometric
Scattering operator:
o :=
o : ] ] unitary
Intertwining relations
H
_
o,
H
0
_
= 0
Energy Conservation
IMAGE6
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
for [
in
) ]
in
(x) = x[
in
) =
_
d
3
ka
in
_
k
_
k
(vecx)
where
k
(x) = x[
k) =
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
kx
_
H
0
k
(x) =
2
2
2m
k
(x)
a ]
in
]
but
k
L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
we have
k
[
q
) =
(3)
_
k q
_
out
(x) =
_
d
3
k a
out
_
k
_
k
(x)
with
a
in,out
_
k
_
=
k
[
in
) =
1
(2)
3
/2
_
d
3
xe
i
_
kx
_
in,out
(x)
a
out
_
k
_
=
1
(2)
3
/2
_
d
3
xe
i(veckx)
o
_
d
3
q e
i( qx)
a
in
(q)
. .
in
(x)
=
_
d
3
q a
in
(q)
k
[
o[
q
)
k
[
o[
q
) is the probability amplitude to go to from q
k.
Now we have
0 =
k
[
_
H
0
,
o
_
[
q
)
=
k
[
H
0
o
o
H
0
[
q
)
=
_
_
_
_
2
2m
2
[q[
2
2m
_
_
_
_
k
[
o[
q
)
k
[
o[
q
) will vanish unless:
E
k
=
2
2
2m
= E
q
=
2
[q[
2
2m
We expect
k
[
o[
q
)
_
E
k
E
q
_
We write:
o = 1 +
R
The 1 means no scattering, the
R is the scattering operator.
We write:
k[
R[q) = 2 i
_
E
k
E
q
_
t
_
k q
_
or
k[
o[q) =
(3)
_
q
k
_
2 i
_
E
k
E
q
_
t
_
k q
_
Here, t
_
k q
_
is the transition amplitude, which is only dened for E
k
E
q
.
_
E
k
E
q
_
means scattering took place,
(3)
_
q
k
_
is the part for no scattering.
Seite z Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
Dene the scattering amplitude:
f
_
k, q
_
:=
(2)
2
m
2
t
_
k q
_
k[
o[q) =
(3)
_
q
k
_
+
i
2
2 m
_
E
k
E
q
_
f
_
k, q
_
i.q. Quantum crosssection
Starting point: Probability that for some [
in
) we will scatter into a cone with direction
k and
solid angle .
IMAGE
W (
in
) =
_
0
dk k
2
out
_
k
_
2
k =
in
_
k
_
=
_
k
_
= e
i
_
k
_
k
_
assume:
_
k
_
is centered
around
k
0
=
ke
3
Assume: That the displacement
k
0
. b =
k
_
=
i
W (
i
)
_
plane
k
0
d
2
b n
inc
W
_
b
_
= n
inc
_
k
0
d
2
b W
_
b
_
Here, N
Sc
is the number of scatterings into the cone and n
inc
is the density, that is, particles
per area.
This last integral is the cross-section (area)!
Crosssection:
(
b
) =
_
k
0
d
2
b W (
b
)
=
_
d
2
b
_
0
dk k
2
[
out
[
2
i.q.8 Repetitorium q
uniform distribution (n
inc
) of wave packets
b
_
k
_
= e
k
_
k
_
, in which
b
are the Four-
iercomponents
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
IMAGE
N
SC
(
k
) = n
inc
_
d
2
b W (
k
b
)
. .
(eective) cross section
_
k
0
_
(area)
W (
k
b
) =
k
_
0
dk k
2
out
_
k
_
2
S Matrix element
k[o[q) =
(3)
_
k q
_
2i
_
E
k
E
q
_
t
_
k q
_
scattering amplitude
f
_
k, q
_
=
(2)
2
m
2
t
_
k q
_
E
k
E
q
H
0
[
k) =
2
2
2m
[
k)
Lets continue:
out
_
k
_
=
_
d
3
q
k[
o[q)
in
(q)
=
in
_
k
_
+
i
2
2m
_
d
3
q
_
E
k
E
q
_
f
_
k, q
_
in
(q)
in
_
k
_
= e
i
_
b
_
k
_
with || = 1
k
_
0 if
k ,=
k
0
(no forward scattering)
i
2
2m
_
d
3
q
_
E
q
E
k
_
f
_
k, q
_
e
i
_
q
b
_
(q) for
k ,=
k
0
_
_
_
_
k
..
k
0
_
_
_
_
=
k
4
(2)
2
m
2
_
d
2
b
_
0
dk k
2
We now need the expressions:
_
d
3
q
_
E
k
E
q
_
f
_
k, q
_
e
i
_
q
b
_
(q)
_
d
3
q
t
_
E
k
E
q
_
f
_
k, q
t
_
e
i
_
q
b
_
(q)
Notation:
IMAGES
Now:
_
d
2
b e
i
_
( q
q)
b
_
= (2)
2
(2)
_
q
t
_
Seite q Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
Now it follows:
_
d
2
be
i
_
( q
q)
b
_
_
E
k
E
q
_
E
k
E
q
_
= (2)
2
m
2
q
_
E
q
E
k
_
_
(3)
_
q
t
q
_
+
_
q
t
+q
_
_
k
0
_
=
k
2
m
_
0
dk k
2
_
d
3
q
_
E
q
E
k
_
q
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
f
_
k, q
_
(q)
2
+f
_
k, q
_
f
k, q
_
(q)
_
q
_
. .
k
_
=0 for
k,=
k
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
k
0
_
=
k
_
d
3
q
k
q
f
_
k, q
_
(q)
[ q[=
=:k
Again (q) = 0 if q ,=
k
0
q
= k
0
= k
k
0
_
=
k
f
_
k,
k
0
_
2
_
d
3
q
(q)
2
. .
=1
=
k
f
_
k,
k
0
_
k
0
Write:
k
0
_
=
k
d
d
k
d
d
k
_
k
0
_
=
f
_
k,
k
0
_
k
0
h =
_
h
_
Rotation of a wave funtion (x), L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
:
_
D(g
)
_
(x) :=
_
g
1
x
_
=
_
_
exp
_
L
_
_
_
_
(x)
Now, rotational invariance means:
_
D(g
) ,
H
_
= 0
L
k
,
H
_
= 0
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
D(g
) is unitary.
now:
g SO(3)
D(g)
=
D(g) lim
t
e
i
/t
H
e
i
/t
H
0
=
D(g)
_
D(g),
o
_
=
_
D(g),
+
_
= 0
so:
o = D
(g)
oD(g)
scattering operator
o commutes with rotations.
_
L
k
,
o
_
= 0 D
_
g
( )
_
k = 1, 2, 3
therefore:
k
t
[
o[
k) = g
k
t
[
o[g
k)
since
x[
k) =
k
(x) =
1
(2)
3
/2
exp
_
i
_
k x
_
_
_
Dg
k
_
(x) =
k
_
g
1
x
_
=
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
kg
1
x
_
=
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
g
kx
_
=
g
k
(x) = x[g
k)
also:
f
_
k
t
,
k
_
= f
_
g
k
t
, g
k
_
although f
_
k
t
,
k
_
depends in general on variables
E
k
=
k
2
2m
=
2
k
t2
2m
= E
k
k,
k
t
_
Common Eigenfunctions of
H
0
,
2
,
L
3
Starting point:
(x) = x[) =
_
d
3
k x[
k)
. .
=
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
(
kx
)
k[)
. .
(T
1
)
_
k
_
=
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
(
k y
)
(y)
where
k
= x[
k) common eigenfunctions (/ ] = L
2
_
R
3
mC
_
) of p
1
, p
2
, p
3
with eigenvalues
k
1
, k
2
, k
3
.
Also:
H
0
k
(x) =
2
2
2m
k
(x)
Seite 6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
Alternatively: Common eigenfunctions of
H
0
,
2
,
L
3
(regular at r = 0)
spherical coordinates r, ,
kl
(r, , ) = ^ j
l
(kr) Y
l
(, )
with: j
l
(x) := (x)
l
_
1
x
d
dx
_
l
_
sin(x)
x
_
l N
0
Note that
klm
(r, , ) / ]. j
l
(x) are the spherical BesselFunctions.
H
0
kl
=
2
k
2
2m
kl
In fact:
e
i
_
kx
_
= 4
l=0
i
l
j
l
_
[x[
_
l
=l
Y
l
_
k
0
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
k
0
=
k
x
0
=
x
[x[
We shall use:
El
(x) =
2m
2mE
i
l
j
l
_
2mE
[x[
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
=: x[El)
Remember: E
k
=
2
2m
then:
E
t
l
t
t
[El) =
_
E
t
E
_
follows from:
_
0
dz z
2
j
n
(z) j
n
(z) =
2
2
( )
for the FourierTransform we nd
_
T
1
El
_ _
k
_
=
k[El)
k[El) =
_
m
_
_
_
_
E
2
2m
_
_
_
_
Y
lm
_
k
0
_
Completeness:
1 =
_
dE
l,
[El) El[
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite y
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
Consistency check:
x[
k) =
_
dE
l,
x[El) El[
k)
=
_
dE
l,
_
m
_
_
_
_
E
2
2m
_
_
_
_
Y
l
_
k
0
_
2m
2mE
i
l
j
l
_
_
2mE
[x[
_
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
= . . .
=
1
(2)
2
/3
4
l,
i
l
j
l
_
[x[
_
Y
lmu
kY
l
x
0
= e
i
kx
1
(2)
3
/2
i.q.io Repetitorium
d
d
_
k
t
k
_
=
f
_
k
t
,
k
_
L,
o
_
= 0
_
H
0
,
o
_
= 0
Basis
k
(x) = x[
k) =
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
kx
_
Alternate Basis
El
(x) = x[El) =
2mE
i
l
j
l
_
2mE
[x[
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
x
0
=
x
[x[
common eigenfunction of
p
= i
x
_
_
_
_
H
0
=
2
2m
_
_
_
_
with eigenvalues
k
_
_
_
_
2
2m
_
_
_
_
k[
o[q) =
(3)
_
k q
_
+
i
2m
_
E
k
E
q
_
f
_
k, q
_
=[q[
Seite B Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
E
t
l
t
t
[El) =
_
E
t
E
_
1 =
_
dE
l,
[El) El[
k[El) =
_
m
_
_
_
_
E
2
2m
_
_
_
_
Y
l
_
k
0
_
k
0
=
k
k[q) =
(3)
_
k q
_
_
d
3
k [
k)
k[ = 1
x[
k) =
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
kx
_
Let us continue:
k
t
[
o 1[
k) =
i
2
2m
(E
k
E
k
) f
_
k
t
,
k
_
=
_
dE
t
_
dE
k
t
[E
t
l
t
t
) E
t
l
t
t
[
_
o 1
_
[El) El[
k)
We have
E
t
l
t
t
[
_
o,
H
0
_
[El) = 0 and also
_
L
k
,
o
_
= 0
E
t
l
t
t
[
o[El)
_
,
o
_
= 0
=
_
E
t
E
_
S
l
(E)
We have:
=
L
1
i
L
2
L
+
=
o
L
+
=
o
_
L
3
L
2
3
_
El[
L
+
[El)
=
_
_
l(l + 1) ( + 1)
_
2
El + 1[o[El + 1)
= El[o[El)
2
_
l (l + 1)
2
_
= Sl
(E)
does not depend on : write S
l
(E)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite g
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
i
2
2m
(E
k
E
k
) f
_
k
t
,
k
_
=
_
dE
l,
_
m
k
t
(E E
k
) Y
l
_
k
t
0
_
E
k
=
k
t
2
2m
_
S
l
(E) 1
_
m
(E E
k
) Y
l
_
k
0
_
2
2m
(E
k
E
k
) (E E
k
)
f
_
k
t
,
k
_
=
2
i
l,
Y
l
_
k
t
0
_
_
S
el
(E) 1
_
Y
l
_
k
0
_
E
k
=
2
2m
=
k
t
2
2m
f
_
g
k
t
, g
k
_
, g SO(3)
= f
_
k
t
,
k
_
We conclude: Take
k
0
= e
3
. Then:
Y
l
(e
3
) =
2l + 1
4
,0
with
k
t
0
= (, )
Y
l0
(, ) =
2l + 1
4
P
l
(cos ) LegendrePolynomial
f (E
k
, ) = f
_
k
t
,
e
3
_
=
2
i
l=0
2l + 1
4
=2
_
S
l
(E
k
) 1
_
P
l
(cos )
This is called the partial wave expansion of the scattering amplitude.
Remember: The eigenvalue of an unitary operator has complex modulus 1 (i.e. is a phase
factor).
We write (because
o is unitary):
S
l
(E) = e
2i
l
(E)
S
l
(E)
= 1
l
(E) is called the scattering phase. We can also dene:
f
l
(E) :=
S
l
(E) 1
2i
= e
i
l
(E)
sin
_
l
(E)
_
f (E, ) =
l=0
(2l + 1) f
l
(E)P
l
(cos )
We have:
d
d
=
f (E, )
2
Total elastic (angular integrated) cross section:
(E) =
_
d
f (E, )
2
=
2
_
0
d
_
0
d sin
f (E, )
2
. . .
(E) =
l=0
l
(E)
where
l
(E) = 4 (2l + 1)
sin
2
_
l
(E)
_
2
4
2l + 1
2
unitary bound
E =
2
2
2m
with
l
being the partial wave cross section.
i.q.ii Repetitorium 6
Central potential scattering
f (E, ) =
l=0
(2l + 1)f
l
(E)P
l
_
cos ()
_
= f
_
k
t
, k e
3
_
Here P
l
are the Legendre-Polynomials.
E =
2
k
2
2m
k
t
= k
=
_
k
t
,
k
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite z
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
particle scattering amplitude:
f
l
(E) =
s
l
(E) 1
2ik
=
e
2i
l
(E)
1
2ik
= e
i
l
(E)
sin
_
l
(E)
_
k
particle scattering phase (shift)
l
(E)
d
d
(E, ) =
f(E, )
2
(E) =
_
d
f(E, )
2
=
l=0
l
(E)
l
(E) = 4 (2l + 1)
sin
2
_
l
(E)
_
k
2
Lets continue.
i.q.iz Greens Operator (Resolvent) and Transition Operator
Greens Operator (resolvent) to self-adjoint operators
H
0
=
2
2m
H =
H
0
+
V
Denition:
G
0
(z) :=
_
z 1
H
0
_
1
z C / Spec
_
H
0
_
G(z) :=
_
z 1
H
_
1
z C / Spec
_
H
_
Certainly exist for [z] ,= 0, then:
_
z 1
H
0
_
G
0
(z) = 1
_
z 1
H
_
G(z) = 1
We have
x[
H
0
[)
. .
_
H
0
_
(x)
=
2
2m
x[)
. .
(x)
_
2
2m
+z
_
x[
G
0
(z)[y) =
(3)
(x y)
So x[
G
0
(z)[y) is the coordinate space matrix element of
G
0
(z) and is the Greens function
to the operator
_
2
/2m +z 1
_
Likewise, the c.s.m.e. of G(z) is the Greens function of the operator
_
2
2m
V (x) +z 1
_
Inspect:
Let [n) be an eigenvector of
H with eigenvalue E
n
_
E
n
1
H
_
. .
this has no inverse
[n) = 0
Seite zz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
We conclude that G(z) is undened for z = E
n
Spec
_
H
_
Example:
Suppose
H has a discrete Spectrum only, [n) with eigenvalues E
n
.
n
[n) n[ = 1
G(z) =
_
z
H
_
1
1
n
[n) n[
=
n
1
z E
n
[n) n[
Denition:
G(z) is called an analytic (operator) function of the complex variable z if [
G(z)[) is an
analytic function of z for all [) , [) ].
Example:
[
G(z)[) =
n
[n) n[)
z E
n
analytic z / E
n
at z = E
n
this has simple poles with residues: [n) n[)
G(z) . . . [n) n[ Projection on the n-th eigenstate.
Example z:
G
0
(z) =
_
0
dE
l,
[El) El[
z E
However, this is only ok if z / R
+
.
IMAGE
Inspect:
lim
0
[
G
0
(E
0
+i) [) [
G
0
(E
0
i) [)
for E > 0
= lim
0
_
0
dE
_
1
E +i E
1
E i E
_
. .
exercise:2i(E
0
E)
l,
[El) El[)
lim
0
[
G
0
(E
0
+i) [) [
G
0
(E
0
i) [)
= 2i
l,
[El) El[)
Knowledge on
G(z) knowledge on eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of
H.
IMAGEu
Relation between
G(z),
G
0
(z)
is given by the Lippmann-SchwingerEquation:
G(z) =
G
0
(z) +
G
0
(z)
V
G(z)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite z
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
Transition operator:
T(z)
T(z) =
V +
V
G(z)
V
L-SEq.
T(z) =
V
G
0
(z)
T(z)
Let
V be weak:
T(z) =
V +
V
G
0
(z)
V +
V
G
0
V
G
0
V +. . .
i.q.i Repetitorium
GreenOperator
G(z) (Resolvent) and transition operator
T(z) (
H =
H
0
+
V )
G(z) =
_
z1
H
_
1
z C, z / spec
_
H
_
G
0
(z) =
_
z1
H
0
_
1
z / spec
_
H
0
_
T ( z) =
V +
V
G(z)
V
Lippmann-SchwingerEq.
G(z) =
G
0
(z) +
G
0
(z)
V
G(z)
T(z) =
V +
V
G
0
(z)
T(z)
IMAGEu
BornSeries
T(z) = V
k=0
_
G
0
(z)
V
_
k
=
V +
V
G
0
(z)
V +
V
G
0
V
G
0
(z)
V +. . .
i.q.iq Relation to the Mller-Operators
Remember:
if [
in
) = [) H then at t = 0 : [) =
+
[
in
) =
+
[) =: [+)
if [
out
) = [) H then at t = 0 : [) =
[) =: [)
= lim
t
(t)
U
0
(t)
we also know:
d
dt
(t)
U
0
(t) =
i
(t)
U
0
(t)
[) =
[) = lim
t+
(t)
U
0
(t) [)
[) = [) +
i
_
0
d
U
()
V
U
0
() [)
Seite zq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
(this is absolutely convergent (exist. Mller-Operators))
= [) + lim
0
_
0
d e
()
V
U
0
() [) . exercise
Likewise:
[+) = [) +
i
lim
0
_
0
d e
()
V
U
0
() [)
To evaluate
U
0
() [), we insert
_
d
3
k [
k)
k[ = 1:
[) = [) +
i
lim
0
_
0
d
_
d
3
k
_
e
()
V
U
0
() [
k)
k[ [)
_
we use
H
0
[
k) =
2
k
2
2m
. .
E
k
U
0
() [
k) = e
i
/E
k
k)
Inspect:
_
e
()
V
U
0
()
_
_
e
e
i
/
H
e
i
/E
k
V
_
= exp
_
_
E
k
1
$
$
$
$
i () 1
H
_
_
V
Now:
_
0
d exp
_
E
k
i
H
_
V
=
_
i
E
k
i
H
_
1
exp
_
E
k
i
H
_
_
. .
(01)
0
= i
G(E
k
i)
V
[) =
[) = [) + lim
0
_
d
3
k
G(E
k
i)
V [
k)
k[)
also:
[+) =
[) = [) + lim
0
_
d
3
k
G(E
k
+i)
V [
k)
k[)
These expressions give
G(E
k
i) V
. .
=
G
0
(Ei)
T(E
0
i)
Now the scattering operator:
o :=
+
[
o[) = [
+
[) = lim
t
t
0
U(t)
_
t
t
_
U
0
_
t
t
_
[)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite z
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
Take t
t
= t, same trick . . . :
[
o[) = [)
i
lim
0
_
0
dt e
t
[
0
(t)
V
U(2t)
0
(t) +
U
0
(t)
U(2t)
V
U
0
(t)[)
We used here:
U
(t) = exp
_
(t)
H
_
=
U(t)
So we calculate:
k
t
[
o[
k) =
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
lim
0
_
0
dt
k
t
[
V e
i
/
_
E
k
+E
k
+i2
H
_
t
+ e
i
/
_
E
k
+E
k
+i2
H
_
t
V [
k)
= . . .
=
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
+
1
2
lim
0
k
t
[V G
_
E
k
+E
k
2
+i
_
+G
_
E
k
+E
k
2
+i
_
V [
k)
with
V
G(z) =
T(z)
G
0
(z)
and
G(z)
V =
T(z)
G
0
(z)
=
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
+
1
2
lim
0
_
_
_
1
E
k
+E
k
2
E
k
+i
+
1
E
k
+E
k
2
E
k
+i
_
_
_
k
t
[
T
_
E
k
+E
k
2
+i
_
[
k)
=
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
+ lim
0
_
1
E
k
E
k
+i
+
1
E
k
E
k
+i
_
. .
=2i(E
k
E
k
)
k
t
[
T
_
E
k
+E
k
2
+i
_
[
k)
k
t
[
o[
k) =
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
2i (E
k
E
k
) lim
0
k
t
[
T (E
k
+i) [
k)
with:
E
k
=
2
2
2m
E
k
=
2
k/
2
2m
Where
k
t
[T(z)[
k[T(z)[
k) =
k
t
[V [
k) +
_
d
3
q
k
t
[V [q)
z E
q
q[T(z)[
k)
Therefore:
f
_
k
t
,
k
_
=
(2)
2
m
2
lim
0
lim
0
k
t
[T (E
k
+i) [
k)
E
k
=E
k
=
2
[
k
[
2
2m
Seite z6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
In Bornapproximation:
k
t
[
T (E
k
+i) [
k)
k
t
[V [
k)
E
k
=E
k
=
1
(2)
3
_
d
3
xe
i
_
_
_
_
x
V (x)
q :=
k
t
k momentum transfer
1
(2)
3
/2
_
T
1
V
_
(q)
Local potential:
(x y) V (x)
k
t
[V [
k) =
_
d
3
xd
3
y
k
t
[x) x[V [y) y[
k)
i.q.i Stationary scattering states
For an orbit with an in-asymptote [) we have:
[) =
_
d
3
k [
k)
_
k
_
Also at t = 0:
[+) :=
+
[) =
_
d
3
k
_
k
_
+
[
k)
. .
[
k+)
[
k) =
k)
Intertwining relations:
H
0
Thus:
H[
k) =
H
k) =
H
0
[
k) =
2
2m
[
k)
=
E
k
[
k) = E
k
_
k)
_
= E
k
[
k)
The states [k) fulll the stationary Schrdinger-Equation
H[) = E [)
again: [
k) / ]. Nevertheless:
k
t
+[
k) =
k
t
[
+
[
k) =
k
t
[
k) =
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
We had:
[) = [) + lim
0
_
d
3
k
G(E
k
i)
V [
k) k[)
_
d
3
k
_
k
_
[
k) = lim
0
_
d
3
k
_
k
_ _
[
k) +
G(E
k
i)
V [
k)
_
]
[
k) = [
k) + lim
0
G(E
k
i)
V [
k)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite zy
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
Some relations:
T (E
k
i) [
k) =
_
V +
V
G(E
k
i)
V
_
[ [
k) lim
0
=
V
_
1 +
G(E
k
i)
V
_
[
k) =
V [k)
Transition amplitude:
t
_
k
t
k
_
=
k
t
[
V [
k)
[k) = [k) + lim
0
G(E
k
i)
V [
k) = [
k) + lim
0
G
0
(E
k
i)
T (E
k
i)
[
k) = [
k) + lim
0
G
0
(E
k
i) V [k)
i.q.i6 Repetitorium 8
f
_
k
t
,
k
_
=
(2)
2
m
lim
0
k)
t
[
T (E
k
+i) [
k
. .
t
_
k
_
E
k
=
2
[
k
[
2
2m
=
2
[
[
2
2m
where:
k
t
[
T(z)[
k) =
k
t
[
V [
k) +
_
d
3
q
k
t
[V [
k)
1
z E
q
q[
T(z)[
k)
[q)
G
0
(z) q[ Lippmann-Schwinger Equation for the transition operator
T.
[) :=
[) = [) + lim
0
_
d
3
k
G(E
k
i)
V
. .
G
0
(E
k
i)
T(E
k
i)
[
k)
k[)
E
k
=
2
2
2m
[) =
_
d
3
k [
k)
k[)
[) =
_
d
3
k [
k)
k[)
[k) :=
k)
H[
k) = E
k
[
k)
[k) = [
k) lim
0
G
0
(E
k
i)
V [
k)
Lippmann-Schwinger Equation for stationary scattering states.
Lets continue:
Seite zB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
We know (Home exercise):
lim
0
x[
G
0
(E i) [y) =
m
(2)
2
[x y[
exp
_
i[x y[ k
_
E =
2
k
2
2m
k =
x[
k) = x[
k) +
_
d
3
y x[
G
0
(E i) [y) V (y) y[
k)
= x[
k)
m
(2)
2
_
d
3
y
e
ik[xy[
[x y[
V (y) y[
k)
[y[ [x[
expand [x y[ =[x[
_
1
2 (x y)
[x[
2
+
[y[
2
[x[
2
[x[
_
1
(x y)
[x[
2
+O
_
[y[
_
[x[
_
x
0
:=
x
[x[
x[
k) x[
k)
. .
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
(
kx
)
me
ik[x[
2
2
[x[
_
d
3
y e
ik(x
0
y)
. .
(2)
3
/2
kx
0
[y)
V (y) y[
k)
1
(2)
3
/2
_
_
e
i
_
kx
_
(2)
2
m
2
kx
0
[
V [
k)
. .
=f
_
kx
0
,
k
_
e
ik[x[
[x[
_
_
For [x[ range R of the Potential.
Since:
V [
k) = lim
0
T (E i) [
k)
In particular:
x[
k+)
[x[
1
(2)
3
/2
_
e
i
_
kx
_
+f
_
kx
0
,
k
_
e
ik[x[
[x[
_
Sommerfelds-Radiation condition (Abstrahlbedingung).
i.q.i Partial wave stationary scattering states
(central potential V
_
[x[
_
)
Dene:
[El) :=
[El)
H[El+) = E [El+)
2
[El+) =
2
l(l + 1) [El+)
L
3
[El+) = [El+)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite zg
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
We had:
x[El) =
El
(x) =
2m
2m
i
l
j
l
_
2mE
[x[
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
H
0
El
(x) = E
El
(x)
similarly:
x[El+) =
2m
2mE
i
l
1
R
lk
_
[x[
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
where:
_
_
2
2m
_
d
2
dr
2
+
2
r
d
dr
l(l + 1)
r
2
_
+V (r) E
_
_
R
lk
(r) = 0
E =
2
k
2
2m
i.q.i8 Repetitorium g
x[
k+)
[x[
1
(2)
3
/2
_
e
i
_
kx
_
+f
_
kx
0
,
k
_
e
ik[x[
[x[
_
E
k
=
2
k
2
2m
k =
x
0
=
x
[x[
i.e. if [
in
) =
_
d
3
k
_
k
_
[
k)
then [) =
_
d
3
k
_
k
_
[
k+)
is the actual scattering state at t = 0.
Central potentials: V
_
[x[
_
[El+) :=
+
[El)
H[El+) = E [El+)
Wave function:
x[El+) =
2m
2mE
i
l
1
k
R
lk
_
[x[
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
E
k
=
2
k
2
2m
Fullls:
_
_
2
2m
_
d
2
dr
2
+
2
r
l(l + 1)
r
2
_
+V (r) E
_
_
R
lk
(r) = 0
Seite o Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
Lets continue.
Choose solutions which are regular at r = 0, i.e. r R
lk
(r)
r=0
= 0.
also: one requires:
E
t
l
t
t
+[El+) =
l
_
E
t
E
_
_
0
dr r
2
R
lk
(r)R
lk
(r) =
2
_
k
t
k
_
xes the normalisation.
Starting point:
x[
k) =
_
dE
l,
x[El) El[
k)
=
_
dE
l=0
l
=l
_
m
_
_
_
_
E
2
2m
_
_
_
_
Y
l
_
k
0
x) [El
_
also: x[
k+) = x[
+
[
k)
=
_
dE
l,
x[El+)
. .
=x[
+
[El)
2
_
m
_
_
_
_
E
2
2m
_
_
_
_
Y
l
_
k
0
_
=
_
dE
l,
2m
2mE
i
l
R
lk
_
[x[
_ 1
k
mk
_
E
2
k
2
2m
_
Y
l
_
k
0
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
We use:
l
=l
Y
l
(x
0
) Y
l
_
k
0
_
=
2l + 1
4
P
l
_
cos
_
_
x
0
,
k
0
_
_
_
and thus get:
=
l=0
2l + 1
4
P
l
_
x
0
k
0
_
2
&
& m
&
& m
k
i
l
R
lk
_
[x[
_ 1
k
=
1
(2)
3
/2
l=0
(2l + 1) i
l
R
lk
_
[x[
_
P
l
_
x
0
k
0
_
1
k
expansion of the stationary scattering states in terms of R
lk
(x).
We know:
x[
k+)
[x[
1
(2)
3
/2
_
_
_
e
i
_
kx
_
+f
_
kx
0
,
k
_
e
ik[x[
[x[
_
_
_
also:
f
_
kx
0
,
k
_
=
l=0
(2l + 1) f
l
_
_
P
l
_
x
0
k
0
_
x[
k+)
x
1
(2)
3
/2
l=0
_
i
l
j
l
_
[x[
_
+f
l
_
_
e
ik[x[
[x[
_
P
l
_
x
0
k
0
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
it follows (r =[x[):
i
l
R
lk
(r)
r
i
l
j
l
(kr) +f
l
(k)
e
ikr
r
r R
lk
(r)
r
kr j
l
(kr) +kf
l
(k)e
ikr
e
i
/2l
. .
=i
l
r
sin
_
kr l
2
_
+ e
i
l
(k)
sin
_
l
(k)
_
. .
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2i
e
i(kr)l
/2
r R
lk
(r)
r
=
e
i(krl
/2)
e
i(krl
/2)
2i
+
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2i
e
i(krl
/2)
= . . .
= e
i
l
(k)
sin
_
kr l
2
+
l
(k)
_
Thus for r the radial part of the stationary partial wave scattering state has the form of
a free stationary wave, but with a phase-shift
l
(k).
Suppose we know R
<
lk
(r) which is regular at the origin (e.g. by numerical integration of the
stationary SchrdingerEquation). The normalisation is arbitrary. Then build:
l
(k) := R
_
d
dr
log
_
R
<
lk
(r)
_
_
r=R
where V (r) 0 for r R.
IMAGE
for r > R we neglect the Potential and the solution to the stationary SchrdingerEquation
can be written as a superposition of the solutions of the free SchrdingerEquation.
j
l
(kr) and
l
(kr)
for r > R.
Proposition: In fact:
R
>
lk
(r) = k e
i
l
(k)
_
cos
_
l
(k)
_
j
l
(kr) sin
_
l
(k)
_
l
(kr)
_
indeed has the asymptotic form given by our previous approach to R
lk
(r).
Argument:
R
>
lk
(r) = k
_
e
i
l
(k)
cos
_
l
(k)
_
j
l
(kr) e
i
l
(k)
sin
_
l
(k)
_
l
(kr)
_
Using:
sin
_
l
(k)
_
=
e
l
(k)
e
l
(k)
2i
we can rewrite to:
= kj
l
(kr) +k
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2i
_
_
e
i
/2
..
i
j
l
(kr)
l
(kr)
_
_
Seite z Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
We also know:
l
(kr)
kr
cos
_
kr l
2
_
kr
j
l
(kr)
kr
sin
_
kR l
2
_
kR
Continuity of the logarithmic deivative at r = R then yields:
l
(k) = R
d
dr
R
<
lk
(r)
R
<
lk
(r)
r=R
!
= R
d
dr
R
>
lk
(r)
R
>
lk
(r)
r=R
l
(k) is known (analytically or numerically)
l
(k) = k R
cos
_
l
(k)
_
j
t
l
(kR) sin
_
l
(k)
_
t
l
(kR)
cos
_
l
(k)
_
j
l
(kR) sin
_
l
(k)
_
l
(kR)
= . . .
tan
_
l
(k)
_
=
(kR) j
t
l
(kR)
l
(k)j
l
(kR)
(kR)
t
l
(kR)
l
(k)
l
(kR)
Example: hard sphere potential
IMAGE
tan
_
l
(k)
_
=
j
l
(kR)
l
(kR)
0
(k) = kR
low energy scattering
2
k
2
2m
[V
0
[
IMAGE
= kr
j
l
()
l
(2l + 1)!!
l
()
(2l 1)!!
l+1
0
k 0
tan
_
l
(k)
_
=
l
l1
(2l+1)!!
l
(k)
l
(2l+1)!!
(2l 1)!! (l + 1)
1
l+2
+
l
(k)
(2l1)!!
l+1
tan
_
l
(k)
_
k0
2l+1
l
l
(k)
(2l + 1)!! (2l 1)!!
_
l + 1 +
l
(k)
_
for low energies only partial waves with small l contribute.
Special cases: if l + 1 +
l
(k) = 0, i.e.
l
(k
R
) (l + 1)
then tan
_
l
(k
R
)
_
= , i.e.
l
(k
R
)
_
n +
1
2
_
, n Z
then
l
(k
R
) =
4
k
2
R
(2l + 1) sin
2
_
l
(k
R
)
_
=
4
(k
R
)
2
(2l + 1) unitary bound.
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
Lets expand around E
R
=
2
k
2
R
2m
,
l
(k
R
) = (l + 1).
l
(E) =
l
(E
R
) + (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
R
) +. . .
= (l + 1) + (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
R
) +. . .
tan
_
l
(E)
_
(2l + 1)
2l+1
_
l
_
l (l + 1) + (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
R
)
_
_
(2l + 1)!! (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
K
)
i.q.ig Repetitorium io
Let R
<
lk
(regular at r = 0) solution to
_
2
2m
_
d
2
dr
2
+
2
r
d
dr
l(l + 1)
r
2
_
+V (r)
2
k
2
2m
. .
=E
_
_
R
lk
(r) = 0
for R with V (r) = 0 (r R) build
l
(k) = R
_
d
dr
log
_
R
<
lk
(r)
_
_
r=R
then:
tan
_
l
(k)
_
=
(kR)j
t
l
(kR)
l
(k)j
l
(kR)
kR n
t
l
(kR)
l
(k)n
l
(kR)
kR_1
(kR)
2l+1
l
l
(k)
(2l + 1)!!(2l 1)!!(l + 1 +
l
(k))
Lets continue:
let:
l
(k
R
) = l + 1 E
R
=
2
k
2
R
2m
expand:
l
(E) =
l
(E
R
) +
t
l
(E
R
) (E E
R
) +O(E E
R
)
2
tan
_
l
(E)
_
(2l + 1)
2l+1
_
l (l 1) + (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
R
)
_
(2l + 1)!! (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
R
)
E E
R
= kr
=
2l+1
(2l + 1)
2
(2l + 1)!!
t
l
(E
R
)
1
E E
R
(2l + 1)
2l+1
(2l + 1)!!
+O(E E
R
)
2
The rst term is the dominant one and thus called the resonance term, the other terms are
smal l regular terms.
tan
_
l
(E)
_ EE
R
2l+1
E E
R
+ smaller regular terms . . .
=
1
l
(E
R
)
(2l + 1)
2
(2l + 1)!!
scattering amplitude:
f
l
(k) =
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2i k
...
=
tan
l
(k)
k
_
1 i tan
_
l
(k)
_
_
l
=
4(2lm)
k
2
tan
2
_
l
(k)
_
1 + tan
2
_
l
(k)
_
EE
R
4
k
2
(2l + 1)
_
(kR)
2l+1
_
2
(E E
R
)
2
+
_
(kR)
2l+1
_
2
This is the Breit-Wigner formular for the partial cross section.
Remember:
f
l
(k) =
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2ik
kf
l
(k)
Seite q Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
This is called the Argand amplitude (see exercises).
=
1
2
_
i + e
i(2
l
(k)
/2)
_
If E E
k
l
(k)
2
, and kf
l
(k) i.
f
l
(k)
EE
R
1
k
(kR)
2l+1
(E E
R
) +i(kR)
2l+1
IMAGE
As a complex function of complex energies E has a pole of E = E
R
i(kR)
2l+1
.
Now: PDF-presentation (see web page).
i.q.zo Repetitorium ii
Low energy scattering
E
k
V
= kR 1
tan
l
(k) = (kR)
2l+1
_
l
l
(k)
_
(2l + 1)
_
(2l + 1)!!
_
2
_
l + 1 +
l
(k)
_
l
log derivative at r = R where V (r) = 0, r > R
if
l
(E
k
) = l 1
l
(k
R
) =
_
n +
1
2
_
l
(k) maximal resonance
then
tan
_
l
(E)
_
=
(kR)
2l+1
E E
R
+ regular terms
=
1
t
l
(E
k
)
(2l + 1)
(2l + 1)!!
E E
R
f
l
(E) =
1
k
(kR)
2l+1
E E
R
+i(kR)
2l+1
Breit-Wigner Formula
scattering amplitude has a pole at
E = E
R
i(kR)
2l+1
f
l
(k) =
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2ik
kf
l
(k) =
1
2
_
i + e
i(2
l
(k)
/2)
_
IMAGE
Compare
f
l
(E) =
1
k
A(E)
E
_
E
R
i
(k)
/2
_
(k
R
) = 2 (k
R
R)
2l+1
is called width of the resonance.
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
Lets continue...
We consider l = 0 for very low energies kR 1
IMAGE
tan
0
(k) = kR
0
0
(k)
1 +
0
(k)
cot
0
=
1 +
0
0
1
kR
k cot
0
=
1
0
R
1
R
=
1
a
0
+O
_
k
2
_
. .
1
2
r
0
k
2
a
0
is called the scattering length and r
0
is the eective range (perhaps later).
1
R
1 +
0
(0)
0
(0)
=
1
a
0
0
(0)
1 +
0
(0)
=
a
0
R
kR 1 in fact k 0
sin
2
0
tan
2
0
2
0
= (kR)
2
0
(0)
2
_
1 +
0
(0)
_
2
= k
2
R
2
a
2
0
R
2
= k
2
a
2
0
then
0
4a
2
0
partial wave cross section for l = 0.
scattering amplitude:
f
0
=
e
2i
0
1
2ik
=
&& 2i
cot
0
i
1
&& 2ik
=
1
1
/a0 ik
=
a
0
1 ika
0
f
0
a
0
if ka
0
1
We can inspect f
0
and nd:
f
0
(k) =
a
0
1 ika
0
has a pole at k = i with =
1
/a0
This corresponds to an energy E =
2
k
2
/2m =
2
/2m < 0
Radial Schrdinger-Equation (l = 0):
_
_
2
2m
_
d
2
dr
2
+
2
r
d
dr
_
+V (r) E
_
_
R
k
(r) = 0
for r > R where V (r) = 0
u
k
(r) := r R
k
(r)
u
tt
(r) =
2
u(r)
where indeed: E =
2
k
2
2m
< 0
u
tt
(r) e
r
Seite 6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
is the regular solution for r with eigenvalue E =
2
k
2
/2m
So for a
0
> 0 then this corresponds to a bound state with Energy
2
/2m and a bound state
wave function
e
r
r
=
e
r
/a0
r
Note:
[R[ =[kR[ 1
We conclude: The Scattering length a
0
is then determined by the properties of a very weakly
bound state with wave function
e
r
/a0
/r
Then we nd:
0
= 4
a
2
0
1 +k
2
a
2
0
= 4
2
2m
2
2m
1
a
2
0
+
2
k
2
2m
=
2
2
m
E
k
E
b
Lets inspect the stationary scattering state
r > R R
>
ok
(r) = e
i
0
_
j
0
(kr) cos
0
0
(kR) sin
0
_
(l = 0) =
e
i
0
kr
_
sin(kr) cos
0
+ cos(kr) sin
0
_
kR 1
e
i
0
kr
_
kr cos (
0
)
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
_
1
1
2
(kr)
2
_
sin
0
_
=
e
i
0
kr
sin
0
(1 +kr cot
0
)
=
e
i
0
kr
_
1
kr
ka
0
_
sin
0
=
e
i
0
sin
0
kr
_
1
r
a
0
_
r small
scattering wave function crosses the r-axis at r = a
0
. For a
0
< 0, there are no bound states.
IMAGE6
. remarks: IMAGE
Application:
n-p:
m
p
c
2
m
n
c
2
1 GeV a
_
3
S
1
_
total spin S = 1 l = 0
with J = L +S and 2S + 1 = 3
experimental number: 5.4 fm
Estimate for bound state energy of
_
3
S
1
_
=
2
/2
1
a
2
0
=
(c)
2
2c
2
a
2
0
=
(0.2 GeVfm)
2
1 GeV (5.4)
2
fm
2
= 1.3 MeV
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite y
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
is the reduced mass
=
m
p
m
n
m
p
+m
n
1
2
m
p
=
1
2
m
n
experimentally the binding energy of the deuteron (m
p
in
3
S
1
)
E
exp
b
2.2 MeV
i.q.zi A small excursion on Jost-function
Special case l = 0:
H =
2
2m
+
V (r)
l=0
tt
k
(r) +
_
k
2
U(r)
_
k
(r) = 0
U(r) :=
2mV (r)
k
(r) = r R
K
(r)
Consider solutions with special boundary conditions (r = 0), i.e.
k
(0) = 0,
t
k
(r)
r=0
= 1
U(r) = 0 for r > R
Statements:
. There are functions f(k), g(k) with
k
(r) =
1
2ik
_
f(k)e
ikr
g(k)e
ikr
_
Argument: of course: for r :
tt
k
(r) = k
2
k
(r)
tho boundary conditions
k
(0) = 0,
t
k
(r) = 1 then xes f(k), g(k)
. it follows:
g(k) = f(k) for real k
f
_
k
_
= f(k) for complex k
Argument: inspect
k
(r) =
1
2ik
_
f(k)e
ikr
g(k)e
ikr
_
at least for r > R
tt
k
(r) = k
2
k
(r)
uniqueness of the solution (xed by boundary conditions) then requires: f(k) = g(k)
for real k. Therefore:
k
(r) =
1
2ik
_
f(k)e
ikr
f(k)e
ikr
_
Seite B Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
is called the Jost-solution.
Consider
_
k
(r)
_
and
k
(r)
. . .
k
(r) =
_
k
(r)
_
. . . f
(k) = g
(k) = f (k
)
f(k) =
_
f (k
)
_
+
j
0
(kr) u
k
(r) = r R
k
(r)
rR
k
(r)
r
r j
0
(kr) +r
S
0
(k) 1
2ik
e
ikr
r
=
e
ikr
e
ikr
2ik
+
S
0
(k) 1
2ik
e
ikr
=
1
2ik
_
S
0
(k)e
ikr
+ e
ikr
_
k
(r)
f(k)
=
1
2ik
_
f(k)
f(k)
e
ikr
+ e
ikr
_
k
(r)
f(k)
= u
k
(r)
S
0
(k) =
f(k)
f(k)
We already had R
k
(r).
i.q.zz Repetitorium iz
low energy scattering (l = 0)
1
a
0
= lim
k0
k cot
_
0
(k)
_
scattering length
f
0
(k)
a
0
1 ika
0
(l = 0) scattering amplitude
o
4
a
2
0
1 +k
2
a
2
0
partial wave cross-section
bound state w.f. u(v) e
r
/a0
with
E
b
=
k
2
2m
=
2
2ma
2
0
0
(E)
2
2
/m
E E
b
stationary scattering wave for r > R, kR 1, u
>
(r)
_
1
r
/a0
_
IMAGE6
IMAGES
Jost-function: rad. Schrdinger-equation (l = 0, (r) = r R(r), U(r) =
2mV
/(r)
2
)
tt
k
(r) +
_
k
2
U(r)
_
k
(r) = 0
b.c.
k
(r) = 0
t
k
(0) = 1
k
(r) =
1
2ki
_
f(k)e
ikr
f(k)e
ikr
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite g
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
Properties of the Jost-function f(k):
f(k) =
_
f
_
k
_
_
o-matrix o
0
(k) =
f(k)
f(k)
u
k
(r) =
k
(r)
f(k)
for:
u
k
(r)
r
:=
+
j
0
(kr)
o
0
(k) = e
2i
0
(k)
Lets continue. . .
Proposition:
f(k) =
f(k)
e
i
0
(k)
Arguments:
let f(k) =
f(k)
e
i(k)
Inspect real k:
f(k) =
_
f(k)
_
f(k)
e
i(k)
k R
f(k)
f(k)
= e
2i(k)
= s
0
(k) = e
2i
l
(k)
(k) =
0
(k)
Zeroes of f(k) poles of the s
0
-matrix.
. Suppose k R. If f(k) = 0 f
if k R, f(k) = 0
k
0, but this contradicts
t
k
(0) = 1.
Jost-Function does not have zeroes for real k.
. Let k = i, R, > 0
(ik)
(r) =
1
2
_
f(ik)e
r
+f(i)e
r
_
Now, if f(i) = 0, then:
(ik)
=
1
2
f(ik)e
r
This is a square integrable solution of the (l = 0) Schrdinger-Equation with eigenvalue
k
2
=
2
< 0, so this corresponds to a bound state.
. k = i, k R, > 0 no square integrable solution of the Schrdinger-Equation
(anti-bound states).
. k = + i C, k ,= 0, > 0, so k is in the upper complex half plane. For f(k) = 0,
we then have
k
e
r
e
ikr
which is square-integrable. However, the eigenvalue is k
2
=
2
+ 2i.
Seite qo Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
. Let k = i, k ,= 0, > 0
then
k
=
1
2ik
_
f(k)e
r
e
ir
f(k)e
r
e
ir
_
suppose f(k) = 0, we have f(k)e
r
e
ir
, this is not square-integrable, but will correspond
to a stationary scattering solution, in fact to a resonance.
IMAGE
f( i) = 0
f( i) = 0
fm f(k) = f
_
k
_
. example: Suppose that f(k) can (for some k) be approximated by:
f(k) = (k k
0
)
_
k +k
0
_
where
k
0
= +i [[ [[
Check:
f(k) = (k k
0
)
_
k +k
0
_
= (k +k
0
)
_
k k
0
_
f
_
k
_
=
_
k
k
0
_ _
k
+k
0
_
_
f
_
k
_
_
=
_
k k
0
_
(k +k
0
)
So this is okay as an Ansatz.
Calculate s-wave scattering amplitude
f
0
(k) =
s
0
(k) 1
2ik
. . .
f
0
(k) =
2
k
2
_
k
2
+
2
_
+ 2ik
0
_
4
2
_
k
2
2
_
+ 4
2
2
i.q.z Repetitorium i
Jostsolution:
k
(r) =
1
2ki
_
f(k) e
ikr
f(k) e
ikr
_
of
tt
k
(r) +
_
k
2
U(r)
_
k
(r) = 0
k
(0) = 0
t
k
(0) = 1
We have: f(k) =
_
f
_
k
_
_
s
0
(k) =
f(k)
f(k)
f(k) =
f(k)
e
i
0
(k)
Singularities of s
0
(k) zeroes of f(k)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite q
CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
. Ansatz: f(k) = (k k
0
)
_
k +k
0
_
, k
0
= +i,
0
(k) =
4
2
_
k
2
2
_
2
+ 4k
2
2
Lets continue. . .
Example z:
f(k) =
k +i
k i
, R
+
f(k) =
k +i
k i
=
k i
k +i
f
_
k
_
=
k
+i
k
_
f
_
k
_
_
=
k i
k +i
= f(k) okay!
Ansatz:
f(k) k +i = 0 bound state
k = i E
b
=
2
2m
lim
k
f(k) = 1
f(k) =
k
2
+
2
k
2
+
2
e
i
0
(k)
f(k) =
k +i
k i
=
(k +i) (k +i)
k
2
+
2
f(k) =
k
2
+i ( +) k
_
k
2
+
2
_
tan
0
(k) =
( +) k
k
2
cot
0
(k) =
k
2
( +) k
k cot
0
(k) =
k
2
+
=
+
+
1
+
k
2
For k very small, compare with eective range expansion:
=
1
a
0
+
1
2
r
0
k
2
With a
0
the scattering length and r
0
the eective range. So we get for the scattering length:
a
0
=
1
+
1
1
a
0
=
+
=
( +)
+
2
+
=
1
2
r
0
2
E
b
=
2
2m
Seite qz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
And for the eective range:
r
0
=
2
+
Example: np scattering:
3
S
1
channel, i.e. S = 1, L = 0, J = 1
Experimental numbers:
r
0
= 1.72 fm
a
0
= 5.40 fm
E
3
S
1
b
= 2.225 MeV
2
c
2
[E
b
[
2c
2
4.32 fm
1
2
1
GeV
/c
2
reduced mass
1
(5.40)
?
=
1
(4.32)
1
2
(1.72)
(4.32)
2
0.185 0.183
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite q
z Relativistic Wave equations
Intro:
non-rel. Schrdinger-Equation:
i
t
(t, x) =
_
2
2m
+V (x)
_
(t, x)
If rotational invariance:
V (x) = V
_
[x[
_
_
H, D
g
_
= 0
where:
_
D
g
_
(t, x) :=
_
t, g
1
x
_
g SO(3)
D
g
is unitary, in face:
D
g( )
= e
i
/
_
L
_
g : R
3
R
3
_
L
_
:=
1
L
1
+
2
L
2
+
3
L
3
L
i
components of angular momentum operator
Consequences: If (t, x) is a solution to the Schrdinger-Equation
_
V (x) = V
_
[x[
_
_
then
also D
g
(t, x) is also a solution of the Schrdinger-Equation.
Solutions are representatives of the rotation group in L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
Now we shall turn this around: We want to have an equation of which the solutions are
representations of a symmetry group.
We shall investigate the PoincarGroup.
This group acts in R
4
with MinkowskiMetric.
x, y R
4
g
_
x, y
_
:= g
_
x
1
_
2
_
x
2
_
2
_
x
3
_
2
=
_
x
0
_
2
[x[
2
= g
g
00
= 1 g
ii
= 1, i = 1, 2, 3
g
= 0 otherwise
Subgroup of the PoincarGroup: LorentzGroup L
L
: MM
x M: g (x, x) = g (x, x)
f
_
x, y
_
= g
_
x, y
_
x, y M
i.e. the Lorentztransformations are isometries of the metric g (_, _)
PoincarGroup T are all Lorentztransformations plus space and time translations, i.e.
A T : a M, L
Ax = x +a
_
a
0
a
_
= a
Statement:
is Lorentz-Transformation
g (x, x) = g (x, x) x
1
,
2
0, 1
R
O
1
, O
2
SO(3)
such that:
= O
1
0
O
2
P
1
T
2
O
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 0
0
0
O
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
O
1
: R
3
R
3
O
1
: MM
with:
P
_
x
0
x
_
=
_
x
0
x
_
space reection
T
_
x
0
x
_
=
_
x
0
x
_
time inversal
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite q
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
0
is a boost in the 1direction. Its matrix form is:
0
(v) :
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 0
0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
where:
:=
v
c
:=
1
_
1
2
We now dene a representation of the Poincargroup in the space of complex functions:
: MC
The idea is that this should give an equation of motion. Let indeed:
: MC
x (x)
with:
Ax = x +a = A(, a) x
then dene:
_
(A)
_
(x) =
_
A
1
x
_
indeed:
A
1
x =
1
(x a)
Check:
A
_
A
1
x
_
=
_
A
1
x
_
+a
=
_
1
(x a)
_
+a
= x a +a = x
In order that (A) is a representation: one should have (1)
MM
= 1 (multiplied by 1)
and also:
(A
1
) (A
2
) = (A
1
A
2
)
with:
A
1
A
2
= (
1
2
, A
1
a
2
+a
1
) exercise
A
1
(
1
, a
1
)
A
2
(
2
, a
2
)
Seite q6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
We are looking for an operator K (invariant) (for free motion), such that
K(x) = 0
_
K
_
(A)
_
_
(x) = 0
Now:
: MC
Known operators:
MM
which can be used to construct:
(MC) (MC)
. 1 1
. x
, so inspect:
_
x
_
(x) = x
(x)
multiply by x
, = 0, 1, 2, 3
.
p
:= i
x
= i
(derivative)
p
0
= i
0
= i
x
0
= i
1
c
t
p
k
= i
k
= i
x
k
=
_
i
_
k
i = 1, 2, 3
p
k
= i
x
k
= i
k
k = 1, 2, 3
Now:
. 1 is Poincarinvariant:
(A) 1 = 1 (A)
candidate for a part of
K
.
x
2
:= x
K
_
(x) = 0
_
K
_
(A)
_
_
(x) = 0
A T
A = A(, a)
Ax = x +a
L
i.e.
_
x y
_
=
_
x y
_
=
_
x
0
y
0
_
(x y)
_
(A)
_
(x) :=
_
A
1
x
_
_
_
_
(A
1
) (A
2
) = (A
1
A
2
)
(1) = 1
linear operators:
1, x
= i
x
= i
p
0
= p
0
=
i
c
t
p
i
= i
x
i
p
i
= i
x
i
i = 1, 2, 3
Lets continue. . .
Remark:
if
_
K, (A)
_
= 0 then indeed:
_
K
_
(A)
_
_
(x) =
_
_
_(A)
K
..
0
_
_
_(x) = 0
Candidates for
K:
.
K = 1, 1(A) = (A)1
. x
2
= (x x) = x
K = p
m
2
c
2
1
with m being the mass of the particle and c the velocity of light.
=
2
c
2
2
t
2
+
2
. .
=:
2
m
2
c
2
DAlembert-Operator: :=
1
c
2
2
t
2
So the equation of motion for a relativistic particle with mass m (Spin 0):
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x)
. .
=(t,x),x
0
=ct
= 0
This is the free KleinGordon equation.
Goal: On the space of solutions to the KleinGordon Equation we want to dene a scalar-
product in order to construct a Hilbert-space. Then (A) should be unitary with respect to
this scalar-product.
NRQM:
(t, x) =
(t, x)
(t, x) (t, x)
(t, x)
_
(t, x) + div (t, x) = 0
This is the continuity equation (compare E-Dyn.).
if: i
t
(t, x) =
H (t, x)
So we are looking for a -vector eld:
j
(x) =
_
c (t, x) , (t, x)
_
j
0
(x) = c (t, x)
j
i
(x) = j
i
(t, x)
with the properties:
.
( )
(x) = j
_
(x)
=
1
x
_
for
(x) =
_
1
x
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite qg
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
.
_
[]
_
(x) = 0 continuity equation
if
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
(x)
_
= 0
Then indeed:
, ) =||
2
:=
_
t=0
d
3
xj
0
[] (t = 0, x)
should dene a norm, which is Poincar-invariant.
z.o.z Repetitorium i
Poincar-invariant operator for scalar functions:
: R
1,3
C
K = p
m
2
c
2
1 Klein-Gordon Equation
:=
1
c
2
2
t
2
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) = 0
Wanted: scalar product, norm Hilbert-space
current j []
j
0
(x) = c (t, x)
j (x) =
_
c (t, x) , (t, x)
_
such that for
(x) =
_
1
(x a)
_
we have:
(x) = j
_
(x) =
1
x
_
a = 0
with
2
_
(x) = 0
[] (x) = 0
This is the continuity equation. Then:
||
2
C
= , )
C
=
_
d
3
xj
0
[] (t, x)
t=0
Seite o Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
should dene a Poincar-invariant norm.
Lets continue . . .
Inspect a hypersurface (-dimensional) R
1,3
, call this . can be parametrised by paramet-
ers: u, v, w, so:
= x
[ x
(u, v, w)
We can then dene an innitesimal surface / volume element:
d
(x) :=
u
x
v
x
w
dudv dw
with
0123
= +1
It is antisymmetric in all indices. Now built:
j (x) = j
(x) d
(x)
How does this transform under Lorentz-transformations? Suppose j is a -vector-eld:
(x) =
1
x
_
then:
(x) :=
(x) d
(x) =
1
x
_
. .
=:y
u
x
v
x
w
dudv dw
x = y
= j
_
y
_
. .
[det[
. .
=1
u
y
v
y
w
dudv dw
= j
_
y
_
d
_
y
_
= j
_
y
_
y =
1
x
Proposition:
_
(x) =
_
(j) (x)
if
(x) = 0
Argument:
_
(x) =
_
_
y
_
d
_
y
_
y =
1
x =
1
=
_
j
_
y
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
Inspect:
Q :=
_
_
y
_
d
_
y
_
(x) d
(x)
First consider a nite hypersurface :
IMAGEu
Q =
_
V
4
j
(x) d
(x)
_
V
4
\ ,
j
(x) d
(x)
(orientation!)
=
_
V
4
(x)
. .
=0
d
4
x
_
V
4
\ ,
j
(x) d
(x)
The second part goes to zero, too, if the borders of () where we suppose:
lim
x
j (x) = 0
So Q = 0:
(x) d
(x) =
_
(x)
Independent of the parametrisation.
Now take:
t = 0 u = x
1
, v = x
2
, w = x
3
then:
d
(x) =
0123
. .
=1
dx
1
dx
2
dx
3
. .
d
3
x
Then:
j
(x) d
(x) = j
0
(t = 0, x) 1 d
3
x
_
0
(t = 0, x) d
3
x =
_
j
0
(t = 0, x) d
3
x
We propose:
j
[] (x) =
i
2mc
(x) (
) (x)
_
_
(x) (x)
For solutions of:
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) = 0
Seite z Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Then indeed:
(x) = 0 (exercise!)
and also:
(x) =
_
j
_
_
_
(x) =
1
x
_
(x) =
_
1
x
_
i.e. j is a -vector eld (exercise!).
And nally (already proved):
_
t=0
d
3
xj
0
[] (x)
is indeed invariant.
However, rst inspect the solutions to the free Klein-Gordon Equation:
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) = 0
Ansatz:
(x) =
_
d
4
k f (k) e
i(kx)
(x) =
_
d
4
k f (k) (ik
)
_
ik
_
e
i(kx)
=
_
d
4
k f (k) k
2
e
i(kx)
k
2
= (k k)
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) =
_
d
4
kf (k)
_
m
2
c
2
2
k
2
_
e
i(kx)
!
= 0
_
m
2
c
2
2
k
2
_
f (k) = 0
_
if k
2
,=
m
2
c
2
2
then f (k) = 0
So f (k) ,= 0 only if
_
k
0
_
2
2
=
m
2
c
2
/
2
k
0
=
m
2
c
2
2
+
2
Dene:
k
=
m
2
c
4
2
+
2
c
2
thus: k
0
=
k
C
IMAGE
which is the support of the solutions to the free Klein-Gordon equation.
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
We thus write:
f (k) = g (k)
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
accordingly:
(x) =
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
g (k) e
i(kx)
Now for a Lorentz-transformation:
L
k
2
=
2
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
invariant
k = k
d
4
k =[det[
. .
=1
d
4
k = d
4
k
we could propose a norm:
|| =
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
g (k)
2
Now two questions arise:
. Is this indeed Poincar-invariant? Yes! (exercise!)
. Is this norm consistent with the current norm||
C
we dened with j
0
? No!
Remarks on item :
We had:
j
(x) =
i
2mc
(x) (
) (x)
_
_
(x) (x) (.)
We take the form:
(x) =
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
g (k) e
i(kx)
(.)
=
_
d
3
k
_
dk
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
k
2
0
2
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
. .
2
k/c
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
g
_
k
0
,
k
_
e
i
_
k
0
x
0
k
_
_
(.)
Seite q Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
We remember the mass shell and nd:
E
k
=
k
=
_
m
2
c
4
+
2
. .
p
c
2
(.)
_
f(x)
_
=
i
(x x
i
)
f
t
(x
i
)
(.)
for f (x
i
) = 0 f
t
(x
i
) ,= 0
(.6)
=
_
d
3
k
_
dk
0
C
2
k
_
k
0
k
c
_
+
_
k
0
+
k
c
_
g
_
k
0
,
k
_
e
i
_
k
0
x
0
kx
_
(.)
x
0
= ct (.S)
=
_
d
3
k
C
2
k
g
_
k
c
,
k
_
. .
=:g
+
_
k
_
e
i
_
k
t
_
kx
_
_
+g
_
k
c
,
k
_
. .
=:g
k
_
e
i
_
k
t
_
kx
_
_
(.)
we have:
(x) = (t, x) =
_
d
3
k
C
2
k
g
+
_
k
_
e
i
_
_
kx
_
k
t
_
+
_
d
3
k
C
2
k
g
k
_
e
i
_
_
kx
_
+
k
t
_
(.u)
=
+
(t, x) +
(t, x) (.)
Linear combination of positive / negative frequency solutions.
Now with equation (.) calculate:
||
C
=
_
d
3
xj
0
[] (t = 0, x)
. . .
(2)
3
2m
_
d
3
k
2
k
g
+
_
k
_
k
_
2
=||
C
So this is unfortunately indenite!
. . .however:
||
2
=
_
d
3
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
g (k)
2
. . . = c
_
d
3
k
2
k
g
+
(k)
2
+
(k)
z.o.z6 Repetitorium i6
Current:
h
(x) =
i
2mc
(x) (
) (x)
_
_
(x) (x)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
Klein-Gordon Equation:
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) = 0
j []
(x) = 0
_
(A)
_
(x) =
(x) :=
_
1
(x a)
_
(x) =
_
j
_
(x)
_
=
1
(x a)
_
-vector eld
_
d
3
xj
0
(t, x)
t=0
=||
2
c
Poincar-invariant
(x) =
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
e
i(kx)
g (k)
=
_
d
3
k
c
2
k
g
+
_
k
_
e
i
_
_
kx
_
k
t
_
. .
=:
+
(t,x)
+
_
d
3
k
c
2
k
g
k
_
e
i
_
_
kx
_
+
k
t
_
. .
=:
(t,x)
k
:=
[k[
2
c
2
+
_
mc
2
_
2
2
g
k
_
= g
_
k
c
,
k
_
||
2
c
= (2)
3
2m
_
d
3
k
2
k
_
g
+
_
k
_
k
_
2
_
indenite
Lets continue. . .
We now dene a sesqui-linear form (scalar product)
1
,
2
)
c
:=
i
2mc
_
d
3
x
_
1
(x)
_
2
_
(x)
2
(x)
_
1
_
(x)
_
x
0
=ct=0
Which is (anti-)linear in the rst and second argument.
Proposition:
+
,
)
c
= 0
Seite 6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Argument:
+
,
)
c
=
i
2mc
_
d
3
x
_
+
(x)
_
_
(x)
_
+
_
(x)
(x)
_
x
0
=0
+
,
)
c
=
i
2m
_
d
3
x
_
d
3
k
_
d
3
k
t
_
g
+
_
k
t
_
e
i
_
x
_
(i
k
) g
k
_
e
i
_
x
_
(i
k
) g
+
_
k
t
_
e
i
_
x
_
(i
k
)
1
2
k
1
2
k
k
_
e
i
_
x
_
_
_
d
3
xe
i
_
_
_
x
_
= (2)
3
(3)
_
k
t
_
=
2m
1
2
_
d
3
k
2
k
_
g
+
_
k
_
g
k
_
g
+
_
k
_
g
k
_
_
= 0
In fact one can write the norms |
|
C
in an explicit Poincar-invariant form (apart from
time reections).
|
+
|
C
=
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
_
k
0
_
g
_
k
_
2mc
(2)
3
|
|
C
=
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
_
k
0
_
g
_
k
_
2mc
(2)
3
(x) =
_
_
_
1 for x > 0,
0 for x < 0.
Thus:
] = ]
+
]
with:
]
:=
_
_
_
: R
1,3
C
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
= 0;|
|
2
C
0; g
= 0
_
_
_
] :=
_
_
_
: R
1,3
C
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
= 0
_
_
_
With ]
+
]
. Moreover ]
with|
|
2
C
positive / negative denite.
Both irreducible representations describe particles with spin 0 and mass m with a frequency:
k
=
k
=
2
c
2
+
_
mc
2
_
2
2
and:
E
p
=
_
[ p[
2
c
2
+
_
mc
2
_
2
for
+
and frequency:
k
=
k
for
i
/2( )
( ) =
1
1
+
2
2
+
3
3
then:
g = ( g) = e
A( )
with:
A( ) x = [ x]
and we found:
D( g
) = e
i
/
_
J
_
J
k
=
L
k
1
C
2 + 1
S
k
C
2
S
k
:=
1
2
k
SU() covering group of SO():
: SU(2) SO(3)
surjective only:
1
SU(2)
1
SO(3)
1
SU(2)
1
SO(3)
= traceless, herm. 2 2 matrices, basis
k
g(h) g
=
_
_
( g)
_
h
_
h R
3
g SU(2)
This is a basic property of ( g)
_
h
_
g
//
g (h) g
R
3
h
LL
( g)
//
( g)
KK
R
3
Seite B Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Lets continue. . .
We also want to construct a covering group for L
+
(group of all orthochronous Lorentz-trafos
with det = +1)
We start with the Poincar-Group T
A T
A(, a)
Ax = x +a
L
a R
1,3
= M
A
1
A
2
= (
1
, a
1
) (
2
, a
2
) = (
1
2
, a
1
+
1
a
2
)
This is called the semi-direct product and one writes T = L M
for the covering group of T, denoted by T = L M
So to construct:
:SL(2, C) L
+
SL(2, C) =
_
End C
2
: det = 1
_
: C
2
C
2
Note: SU(2) SL(2, C)
now put:
(h) := h
0
1
2
+
3
i=1
h
i
i
: R
1,3
t
= hermitean 2 2 matrices
and then for g SL(2, C)
g (h) g
=
_
(g) h
_
: SL(2, C) L
+
Properties:
.
(g
1
g
2
) = (g
1
) (g
2
) group homomorphism
_
1
SL(2,C)
_
= 1
/
+
. indeed for g SL(2, C) then (g) L
+
this follows from:
(h h) = det
_
(h)
(h) =
_
h
0
+h
3
ih
2
+h
1
ih
2
+h
1
h
0
h
3
_
det
_
_
(g)h
_
_
= det
_
(h)
_
(g)h (g)h
_
= (h h) h M
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite g
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
.
ker [] = 1, 1
indeed:
g ker [] (g) = 1
g
_
(h)
_
g
= (h) h M
Take h
0
,= 0, h
i
= 0, i = 1, 2, 3
gg
= 1 g unitary
Here, the Kernel ker means all elements mapped to the unity matrix. For unitary matrices,
we already know ker 1, 1
Again we have a covering only, the correspondence is to
.
_
p
_
(h)
_
p
_
=
_
G
p
h
_
G
p
:=
p
e
0
with
p
h = h 2
_
p h
_
p
with
_
p p
_
= 1
.
p[
_
p p
_
= 1 p
0
> 0
g
_
(h)
_
g
= (p)(h)(p)
g =(p) =
_
_
_G
p
O
. .
h
_
_
_ = (h)
O =
_
_
_
1
O SO(3)
_
_
_
: most general orthochronous, proper Lorentz-trafo. So indeed:
Range [g] = L
+
Now dene: representations of spin-
1
/2 particles.
g SL(2, C)
(g) L
+
L
2
_
M, C
2
_
_
T(g, a)
_
(x) = g
_
1
(x a)
_
_
T
_
g, a
_
_
(x) = g
_
1
(x a)
_
g :=
_
g
_
1
Seite 6o Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
_
1
,= g
If however:
g SU(2) SL(2, C)
g =
_
g
_
1
= g
Indeed, these are representations:
_
T(g
1
, a
1
) T(g
2
, a
2
)
_
(x)
def
= g
1
_
T(g
2
, a
2
)
_
_
1
1
(x a
1
)
_
= g
1
g
2
1
2
_
1
1
(x a
1
) a
2
_
_
= g
1
g
2
_
_
_
_
_
1
2
1
1
. .
=(
1
2
)
1
(x a
1
1
a
2
)
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
T
_
(g
1
, a
1
) (g
2
, a
2
)
_
_
(x)
also:
_
T(g
1
, a
1
)
T(g
2
, a
2
)
_
(x) = g
1
g
2
1
2
_
1
1
(x a
1
) a
2
_
_
now:
g
1
g
2
=
_
g
1
_
1
_
g
2
_
1
=
_
g
2
g
1
_
1
=
_
(g
1
g
2
)
_
1
= g
1
g
2
= g
1
g
2
_
(
1
2
)
1
(x a
1
1
a
2
)
_
=
_
D
_
(g
1
, a
1
) (g
2
a
2
)
_
_
(x)
Remark:
g =
_
g
_
1
g
1
= g
gg
= 1
_
g
= 1
g g
= 1
g
1
= g
g =
_
g
1
_
= 1
ct
_
_
_
=
_
(use summation convention). And:
W =
= 1
ct
_
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite 6
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
where:
0
:= 1 =
0
i
:=
i
. . . One can show:
W
T = TW
WT =
T
W
Such relations are called intertwining relations. So T and W do not really commute: The
representation goes over into the adjoint representation.
Nevertheless, the following statements hold:
. if
(x) solves W
= 0 then also
T
solves this.
. if (x) solves
W = 0 then also T solves this.
Argument:
.
W
T
= TW
..
=0
= 0
.
WT =
T
W
..
=0
= 0
The Weyl-equations:
W
= 0
W = 0
Calculate:
W
W =
=
1
2
_
2
x
2
x
_
=
1
2
_
_
2
x
= g
2
x
= =
WW
Thus:
W = 0 0 = W
W =
W
= 0 0 =
WW
=
and
solve the Klein-Gordon equation but with m = 0.
So the solutions of the Weyl equations are spin
1
2
particles with m = 0.
Seite 6z Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
z.o.z8 Repetitorium i8
Representations for spin
1
/2 particles:
T(g, a)
T(g, a)
] = L
2
_
R
1,3
, C
2
_
]
g SL(2, C)
a R
1,3
= (g) L
+
: SL(2, C) L
+
_
T(g, a)
_
(x) = g
_
1
(x a)
_
_
T(g, a)
_
(x) = g
1
(x a)
_
g :=
_
g
_
1
=
_
g
1
_
(adjoint representation)
Weyl-operators:
W :=
= 1
ct
_
W :=
= 1
ct
_
_
=
3
i=1
x
i
0
=
0
= 1
2
k
=
k
k = 1, 2, 3
Intertwining relations:
W
T(g, a) = T(g, a) W
WT(g, a) =
D(g, a)
W
Weyl-equation:
W
= 0 W
T
= TW
= 0
W = 0
WT =
T
W = 0
W
W =
WW =
W = 0
W
= 0
= 0
= 0
Klein-Gordon equation mass m = 0 particles. Lets continue. . .
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite 6
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
In order describe particles (spin
1
/2) with a nite mass m, we try:
_
W +
mc
1
2
_
(x) = 0
T
_
W +
mc
1
2
_
= 0
TW =
mc
T
calculate:
_
W +
mc
1
2
_
T
(x) = W
T
(x) +
mc
(x)
= TW
TW
=
_
T
T
_
. .
,=0
W
,= 0
We observe: (x) T (x)
WT (x) =
T
W (x)
W transforms like
.
So we will use coupled equations:
W +
mc
= 0
W
+
mc
= 0
We thus take as an equation of motion:
_
0 W
W 0
__
_
+
mc
_
= 0
We check:
W
_
_
+
mc
(T) = TW
+
mc
T
= T
_
_
_
_
_
W
+
mc
. .
=0
_
_
_
_
_
= 0 ok!
W (T) +
mc
T
_
= . . . = 0 ok!
We can now dene:
D :=
_
0 W
W 0
_
D : C
4
C
4
D
2
=
_
W
W 0
0
WW
_
=
_
0
0
_
Seite 6q Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Then indeed:
0 =
_
D +
mc
1
4
_
_
_
. .
R
1,3
C
4
,
: R
1,3
C
2
_
D
mc
1
4
__
D +
mc
1
4
_
_
_
=
_
D
2
m
2
c
2
2
1
4
__
_
= 0
_
_
m
2
c
2
2
0
0
m
2
c
2
2
_
_
_
_
= 0
All four components of
_
_
full the free Klein-Gordon equation with mass m!
(free) Dirac-equation:
_
D +
mc
1
4
_
_
_
= 0
_
_
=
D
Dirac-Spinor:
D
: R
1,3
C
4
D =
_
0 W
W 0
_
=
_
0
0
_
=
_
0
0
_
dene:
i
:=
_
0
0
_
=
_
0 i
0
_
specically:
0
:=
0
=
_
0
2
i1
2
i1
2
0
2
_
k
:=
k
=
_
0
2
i
k
i
k
0
2
_
k = 1, 2, 3
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite 6
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
Then:
_
i
+
mc
1
4
_
0
(x) = 0
_
i
mc
1
4
_
0
(x) = 0
Properties of the -matrices:
0
=
_
0
_
2
= 1
4
k
=
_
k
0
0
k
_
0
=
_
k
0
0
k
_
0
,
k
_
+
= 0
0
,
0
_
+
= 21
4
k ,= l
_
k
,
l
+
_
= 2
kl
1
4
k, l 1, 2, 3
In short:
[
]
+
= 2g
1
4
Take:
U =
1
2
_
1
2
i 1
2
1
2
i 1
2
_
U(4)
then:
0
D
= U
0
U
=
_
1
2
O
2
O
2
1
2
_
k
D
= U
k
U
=
_
0
2
k
k
0
2
_
This is called the Dirac-representation of the matrices.
Seite 66 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
z.o.zg Repetitorium ig
Dirac-Equation:
_
0 W
W 0
__
_
+
mc
_
= 0
_
T(g, a)
_
(x) = g
_
1
(x a)
_
_
T(g, a)
_
(x) = g
1
(x a)
_
=
_
g
1
_
=
_
g
_
1
W =
= 1
(ct)
_
W =
= 1
(ct)
_
_
0
=
0
= 1
2
k
=
k
k = 1, 2, 3
g SL(2, C)
W
T = TW
WT =
T
W
also:
_
i
mc
1
4
_
D
(x) = 0
D
=
_
0
=
_
0 i1
2
i1
2
0
_
k
=
_
0 i
k
i
k
0
_
[
]
+
= 2g
1
4
in Weyl-representation.
D
:= U
U =
1
2
_
1
2
i1
2
1
2
i1
2
_
U
= U
1
U U(4)
Dirac-representation
0
D
=
_
1
2
0
0 1
2
_
k
D
=
_
0
k
k
0
_
k = 1, 2, 3
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite 6y
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
Lets continue. . .
Poincar-invariance of D +
mc
1
4
D =
_
0 W
W 0
_
Let:
A = (g, a)
g SL(2, C)
a R
1,3
A SL(2, C) R
1,3
We had:
T
_
A
_
(x) = g
_
A
1
x
_
T
_
A
_
(x) = g
..
(g
1
)
=(g
)
1
_
A
1
x
_
A = (, a) L
+
R
1,3
A
1
x =
1
(x a)
= (g)
: SL(2, C) L
+
Now declare:
T
D
_
A
D
_
(x) = S(g)
D
_
_
(g)
_
1
(x a)
_
with
S(g) =
_
g 0
0 g
_
S(g) : C
4
C
4
D
=
_
_
Proposition:
T
D
_
A
_
D = DT
D
_
A
_
D =
_
0 W
W 0
_
or
T
D
_
A
_
DT
D
_
A
_
1
= D
Seite 6B Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Argument:
T
D
_
A
_
DT
D
_
A
_
1
=
_
_
_
T
_
A
_
0
0
T
_
A
_
_
_
_
_
0 W
W 0
_
T
D
_
A
_
1
=
_
_
_
0 T
_
A
_
W
T
_
A
_
W 0
_
_
_T
D
_
A
_
1
=
_
_
_
0 W
T
_
A
_
WT
_
A
_
0
_
_
_T
D
_
A
_
1
=
_
0 W
W 0
_
_
_
_
T
_
A
_
0
0
T
_
A
_
_
_
_
. .
T
D(
A)
T
D
_
A
_
1
. .
1
4
= D
The identity part:
mc
1
4
is trivial, so we have that the representation
_
T
D
_
A
_
, D
_
= 0
commutes.
equivalent forms:
_
i
mc
D
(x) = 0
U GL(4, C)
U
_
i
mc
_
U
1
U
D
(x) = 0
=
_
_
_
_
i U
U
1
. .
=:
mc
1
4
_
_
_
_
(U
D
)
. .
=:
D
= 0
We had:
= 2g
1
4
= [
]
+
[
]
+
= 2g
1
4
We had in Weyl-representation:
_
0
_
=
0
and
_
k
_
=
k
k = 1, 2, 3
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite 6g
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
We require:
_
0
_
!
=
0
_
U
0
U
1
_
= U
0
U
1
_
U
1
_
0
_
= U
0
U
1
_
U
1
_ _
U
1
_
0
U
U =
0
U
U = 1
4
U
= U
1
U U(4)
Then also:
_
k
_
=
_
U
k
U
1
_
= U
_
k
_
= U
k
U
=
k
0
is hermitean,
k
antihermitian in all representations.
U
= U
1
= U
Proposition:
S
1
(g)
S(g) =
Argument:
S(g) =
_
g 0
0 g
_
S
1
(g)
S(g) =
_
g
1
0
0 g
1
__
0 i
0
__
g 0
0 g
_
0
=
0
k
=
k
0
=
0
k
=
k
=
_
0 ig
1
g
i g
1
g 0
_
=
_
_
_
0 ig
1
_
g
1
_
g
1
(i
)
_
g
1
_
0
_
_
_
=
_
0 i
0
_
=
So:
S
1
(g)
S(g) =
_
1
_
U
_ _
USU
_
= US
1
U
U
. .
=1
U
. .
=1
SU
= US
1
SU
=
A.
We had:
S
1
(g)
S(g) =
also with:
S(g) = US(g)U
1
= U
U
1
S
1
(g)
S(g) =
Notation: a, b C
4
a, b)
C
4 =
4
k=1
a
k
b
k
Dene current:
j
[
D
] (x) =
D
(x) ,
0
D
(x))
C
4 =
D
(x)
0
D
(x)
(x) =
_
D
_
(x) ,
0
D
(x))
C
4
+
D
(x) ,
0
D
_
(x))
C
4
= (
0
_
_
D
_
(x) ,
D
(x))
C
4
+
D
(x)
0
D
_
(x))
C
4
now:
_
0
_
=
0
_
k
_
=
k
_
0
_
0
_
=
0
0
= 1
4
_
k
_
0
_
=
k
0
=
0
=
0
D
_
(x) ,
D
(x))
C
4
+
D
(x) ,
0
D
_
(x))
C
4
use
D
(x) = i
mc
D
(x) Dirac-equation
=
0
_
i
mc
D
(x)
_
,
D
(x))
C
4
+
D
(x) ,
0
i
mc
D
(x))
C
4
= 0
Using anti-linearity.
Is j
[
D
] (x) a -vector eld? Check this for
A = (g, 0) = g
Compute:
T
D
( g)
D
(x) ,
0
T
D
( g)
D
(x))
C
4 = S(g)
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
,
0
S(g)
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
)
C
4
=
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
, S(g)
S(g)
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
)
C
4
=
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
,
0
_
0
S
(g)
0
_
S(g)
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
)
C
4
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite y
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
We just inserted
0
0
here.
interlude:
0
S(g)
0
=
_
0 i1
2
i1
2
0
__
g
0
0 g
__
0 i1
2
i1
2
0
_
_
0 i g
ig
0
__
o i1
2
i1
2
0
_
=
_
g
0
0 g
_
=
_
g
1
0
0 ( g)
1
_
= S(g)
1
=
D
_
1
(g)x
_
,
0
S
1
(g)
S(g)
. .
D
_
1
(g)x
_
)
C
4
=
D
_
1
x
_
,
0
D
_
1
(g)x
_
)
C
4
=
1
(g)x
_
j
0
. .
1
4
D
(x))
C
4
=
_
t=0
d
3
x
(0, x) (0, x) 0
This denes a positive semi-denite norm and this is Poincar invariant.
Other covariants: Dene:
(x) =
(x)
0
adjoint spinor.
Dene: scalar eld:
s [] (x) = (x) (fvx) =
(x)
0
(x)
Dene: pseudoscalar eld:
s [] (x) = i (x)
s
(fvx)
with
5
= i
0
3
vector eld:
j
[] (x) = (x)
(x)
pseudovector eld:
[] (x) = (x)
5
(x)
antisymmetric tensor eld:
t
(x) = (x)
(x) >
Seite yz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
z.o.o Repetitorium zo
free Dirac-equation:
_
i
mc
1
4
_
(x) = 0
in the Weyl-representation:
_
T
D
_
A
_
_
(x) = S(g)
_
(g)
1
(x a)
_
S(g) =
_
_
g 0
0
_
g
1
_
_
_
g :=
_
g
1
_
=
_
g
_
1
A = (g, a) SL(2, C) R
1,3
(g) L
+
other representation:
= U
U U(4)
= U
_
T
D
_
A
_
_
(x) = US(g)U
1
_
(g)
1
(x a)
_
j
[
0
] (x) :=
D
(x) ,
0
D
(x))
C
4
_
i
mc
1
4
_
D
= 0
(x) = 0
:= (x)
0
bilinears
5
= i
0
3
S [] (x) = (x) (x) scalar
S [] (x) =
5
(x) (x) pseudoscalar
j
[] (x) = i
[] (x) =
0
=
_
1 0
0 1
_
k
=
_
0
k
k
0
_
5
=
_
0 1
1 0
_
Lets continue. . .
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite y
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
z.i Solutions of the free Dirac-equation
Dene:
/ a = a
= a
_
/ a,
/
b
_
+
=
_
a
, b
+
= a
2 1
4
= (a b) 2 1
4
Dirac-equation:
_
i
mc
_
= 0
_
i
/
mc
_
(x) = 0
Ansatz:
(x) = w(k) e
i(kx)
w(k) C
4
We know:
(x)
m
2
c
2
2
(x) = 0
k =
_
k
0
,
k
_
k
2
0
2
=
m
2
c
2
2
So we have:
k
0
=
m
2
c
2
2
+
2
=
k
c
Solutions:
w
_
k
c
,
k
_
e
i
_
k
t
_
kx
_
_
and:
w
_
k
c
,
k
_
e
i
_
k
t
_
kx
_
_
e
i
/Et
This is the positive / negative frequency solution. We now introduce:
k
:=
k
k =
k
Seite yq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SOLUTIONS OF THE FREE DIRAC-EQUATION
The second solution can then also be written as:
w
_
k
c
,
k
_
e
i
_
k
t
_
kx
_
_
So we shall write:
u(k) e
i(kx)
v (k) e
i(kx)
_
with k
0
=
k
c
> 0
We still have:
_
/ k
mc
_
u(k) = 0
_
/ k +
mc
_
v (k) = 0 (.)
Special case: resting particle:
k = 0
k
0
=
mc
k = 0
0
mc
mc
1
4
_
u
_
k
0
,
0
_
= 0
_
0
1
4
_
u
_
k
0
,
0
_
= 0
_
0
+1
4
_
v
_
k
0
,
0
_
= 0
in Dirac-representation:
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
0 0
0 2 1
(2)
_
u
_
k
0
,
0
_
. .
u
0
= 0
_
21 0
0 0
_
v
_
k
0
,
0
_
. .
v
0
= 0
Solutions for a particle at rest:
u
(1)
0
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
u
(2)
0
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
u
(r)
0
=
_
(r)
s
0
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite y
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
where:
(r)
s
C
4
(1)
s
=
_
1
0
_
(2)
s
=
_
0
1
_
V
(1)
0
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
V
(2)
0
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
V
(r)
0
=
_
0
(r)
s
_
For
k ,=
0 now
u
(r)
(k) = N
_
mc
1 + / k
_
u
(r)
0
and
v
(r)
(k) = N
_
mc
1 / k
_
u
(r)
0
Will full equations (.) since:
_
/ k
mc
__
/ k +
mc
_
= k
2
m
2
c
2
2
= 0
Normalisation: calculate:
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) := u
(r)
(k) ,
0
u
(s)
(k))
C
4
Seite y6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SOLUTIONS OF THE FREE DIRAC-EQUATION
Now:
u
(r)
(k) = N
u
(r)
0
_
mc
+ / k
_
0
=
0
. . . = N
u
(r)
0
0
_
mc
+ / k
_
k
=
_
k
_
k = 1, 2, 3
u
(r)
(fvk) u
(s)
(fvk) =[N[
2
u
(r)
0
_
mc
+ / k
__
mc
+ / k
_
u
(s)
0
_
mc
+ / k
__
mc
+ / k
_
=
m
2
c
2
2
+ 2
mc
/ k + k
2
..
m
2
c
2
2
=
2mc
_
mc
+ / k
_
u
(r)
(fvk) u
(s)
(fvk) = 2[N[
2
mc
u
(r)
0
_
mc
+ / k
_
u
(s)
0
= 2[N[
2
mc
(r)
0
_
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
_
_
mc
+
k
c
_
k
_
k
_
mc
k
c
_
_
_
_
(s)
0
_
= 2[N[
2
mc
_
mc
+
k
c
_
rs
(x) =
_
_
_
u(k) e
i(kx)
v (k) e
+i(kx)
_
/ k
mc
_
u(k) = 0
_
/ k +
mc
_
v (k) = 0
Normalised solutions:
u
(r)
(k) =
_
_
_
_
_
E
k
+mc
2
2mc
2
(r)
c
_
k
_
_
2mc
2
(E
k
+mc
2
)
(r)
_
_
_
_
v
(r)
(k) =
_
_
_
_
c
_
k
_
_
2mc
2
(E
k
+mc
2
)
(r)
_
E
k
+mc
2
2mc
2
(r)
_
_
_
_
(1)
=
_
1
0
_
(2)
=
_
0
1
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite yy
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
These are the Pauli-Spinors
E
k
=
_
m
2
c
4
+
2
2
c
2
=
k
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) =
rs
u
(r)
(k) v
(s)
(k) = 0
v
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) = 0
v
(r)
(k) v
(s)
(k) =
rs
z.i.i Repetitorium zi
plane wave solutions to free Dirac equation
_
i
/
mc
_
(x) = 0
/ a := a
_
i
mc
_
(x) = 0
Ansatz:
(x) =
_
_
_
u(k) e
i(kx)
;
_
/ k
mc
_
u(k) = 0
v (k) e
i(kx)
;
_
/ k +
mc
_
v (k) = 0
Normalised solutions:
u
(r)
(k) =
_
_
_
_
_
E
k
+mc
2
2mc
2
(r)
c
_
k
_
_
2mc
2
(E
k
+mc
2
)
(r)
_
_
_
_
v
(r)
(k) =
_
_
_
_
c
_
k
_
_
2mc
2
(E
k
+mc
2
)
(r)
_
E
k
+mc
2
2mc
2
(r)
_
_
_
_
(1)
=
_
1
0
_
(2)
=
_
0
1
_
PauliSpinors. Then:
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) =
rs
u
(r)
(k) v
(s)
(k) = 0
v
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) = 0 v
(r)
(k) v
(s)
(k) =
rs
u = u
0
v = v
0
with:
E
k
=
_
m
2
c
4
+
2
2
c
2
=
k
k
0
= +
k
c
k
_
= k
1
1
+k
2
2
+k
3
3
Seite yB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SOLUTIONS OF THE FREE DIRAC-EQUATION
Lets continue. . .
The positive denite density was given by
_
u(k) = 0
u
(k)
_
/ k
mc
= 0
u
(k)
_
/ k
mc
0
= 0
u
(k)
_
0
k
0
l
k
l
mc
1
4
_
0
= 0
u
(k)
0
_
0
k
0
+
l
k
l
mc
1
4
_
= 0
u(k)
_
/ k
mc
1
4
_
= 0
Then follows:
u
(r)
(k)
_
/ k
mc
_
+
u
(s)
(k) = 0
u
(r)
(k)
_
/ k,
+
u
(s)
(k) = 2
mc
u
(r)
(k)
u
(s)
(k)
Now we also have:
[k
]
+
= 2g
1
4
= 2k
1
4
u
(r)
(k)
u
(s)
(k) =
k
mc
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k)
=0
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) = u
(r)
(k)
0
u
(s)
(k) =
k
0
mc
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) =
E
k
mc
2
rs
> 0
indeed:
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) =
E
k
mc
2
. .
note this factor
rs
> 0
Then also for:
(+)(r)
k
(x) = u
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
we have:
_
(+)(r)
k
(x)
_
(+)(s)
k
(x) =
E
k
mc
2
rs
also:
v
(r)
(k)
_
/ k +
mc
_
+
v
(s)
(k) = 0
v
(r)
(k)
v
(s)
(k) =
k
mc
v
(r)
(k) v
(s)
(k)
v
(r)
(k)
v
(s)
(k) =
k
0
mc
(
rs
) =
E
k
mc
2
rs
> 0
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite yg
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
So this is also positive!
Remark:
k
=
_
0 1
1 0
__
0
k
k
0
_
=
_
k
0
0
k
_
=:
k
SpinOperator:
S
k
: C
4
C
4
S
k
=
1
2
k
u, v are eigenfunctions of S
3
with
S
3
u
(
1
/2)
0
e
i
mc
ct
=
_
+
/
_ 1
2
u
(
1
/2)
0
e
i
mc
2
t
S
3
v
(
1
/2)
0
e
i
mc
ct
=
_
+
/
_ 1
2
v
(
1
/2)
0
e
i
mc
2
t
Here,
_
1
/2
_
means 1 or 2, like
_
+
/
_
means + or . So these solutions describe spin
1
/2-particles
(now, the fraction is meant).
Furthermore: For
(+)(r)
k
(x) = e
i
_
k
0
x
0
kx
_
_
u
(r)
(k) k =
_
k
0
,
k
_
()(s)
k
(x) = e
+i
_
k
0
x
0
kx
_
_
v
(s)
(k)
k =
_
k
0
,
k
_
_
()(s)
k
(x)
_
(+)(r)
k
(x) = 0 prove yourself!
Thus states of positive and negative energy are naturally orthogonal if they have opposite en-
ergies, but the same three-momentum
k.
IMAGE
Diracequations:
i
= i
0
(ct)
+i
3
k=1
k
x
k
=
i
c
0
t
+i
_
_
_
i
mc
_
(x) = 0
dene:
p
0
= i
x
0
=
i
c
t
p
k
= i
x
k
= i
k
k = 1, 2, 3
mc
_
(x) = 0
mc1
4
_
(x) = 0
_
/
p mc1
4
_
(x) = 0
Seite Bo Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SOLUTIONS OF THE FREE DIRAC-EQUATION
minimal coupling:
p
q
c
A
(x)
A
(x) -vector potential. Dirac equation for a particle of mass m, charge q in an electromag-
netic eld specied by A
(x) = 0, 1, 2, 3
_
q
c
(x) mc1
4
_
(x) = 0
electromagnetic eld:
F
(x) =
(x)
(x)
We now inspect (proposition):
_
_
i
+
q
c
A
(x)
_
mc
_
(C) (x) = 0
where
(C) (x) :=
5
(x)
If fulls our former Dirac equation. In e.g. Weyl-representation:
2
=
_
0 i
2
i
2
0
_
Argument:
_
_
i
+
q
c
A
(x)
_
mc
_
(C) (x) =
5
_
_
i
q
c
A
(x)
_
mc
_
(x)
=
5
2
_
_
0
_
i
0
+
q
c
A
0
_
+
1
_
i
x
1
+
q
c
A
1
_
2
_
i
x
1
+
q
c
A
2
_
+
3
_
i
x
1
+
q
c
A
3
_
mc
_
_
(x)
Weyl-representation:
i
0
=
_
0 1
1 0
_
i
k
=
_
0
k
k
0
_
k = 1, 2, 3
2
=
_
0 i
i 0
_
2
=
_
0 i
i 0
_
=
2
So we can write:
=
5
2
_
_
_
_
i
q
c
mc
_
(x)
_
_
_
= 0
Because of the Dirac equation.
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite B
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
z.i.z Wave packets
Lets start with linear combinations of positive energy solutions only:
(+)
(x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
r=1,2
b
_
k, r
_
u
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
b C
Normalisation:
_
d
3
xj
(+)
0
(t, x) =
_
d
3
x
_
d
3
k
t
(2)
3
m
2
c
4
E
k
E
k
r,r
k, r
_
b
_
k
t
, r
t
_
u
(r)
(k) u
(r
)
_
k
t
_
e
+i(
k
k
)ti
_
_
_
_
x
=
r
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
b
_
k, r
_
2
mc
2
E
k
= 1
If J
(+)
is the total current, we can do (with l = 1, 2, 3):
J
(+)
l
(t, x) =
_
d
3
xj
(+)
l
(t, x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
m
2
c
4
E
2
k
r,r
k, r
_
b
_
k
t
, r
t
_
u
(r)
(k)
0
l
..
=:
l
u
(r
)
(k)
=
p
l
c
E
k
)
(which is stil l to show).
z.i. Repetitorium zz
Wave packet (pos. energy comp. only)
+
(x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
r=1,2
b
_
k, r
_
u
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
Norm:
_
d
3
xj
(+)
0
(t, x) =
r
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
b
_
k, r
_
2
mc
E
k
. .
probability density
= 1
spatial component of current:
j
(+)
l
(t) =
_
d
3
xj
(+)
l
(t, x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
m
2
c
4
E
2
k
r,r
k, r
_
b
_
k, r
t
_
u
(r)
(k)
0
l
u
(r
)
(k)
Lets continue. . .
Gordon-identity:
Let u be a positive energy solution of the Diracequation:
Then:
u
(r)
(k)
u
(s)
_
q
_
=
2me
u
(r)
(k)
_
(k +q)
+i
(k q)
u
s
_
q
_
:=
i
2
[
_
+
_
/ k
mc
_
/ a
_
u
(s)
_
q
_
/ a = a
We nd:
u
(r)
(k)
0
. .
u
(r)
(k)
l
u
(r)
(k) =
2mc
u
(r)
(k) 2 k
l
u
(r
)
(k)
=
_
k
l
_
c
mc
2
rr
j
(+)
l
=
r
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
b
_
k, r
_
2
. .
probability density
p
l
c
E
k
The term
p
l
c
/E
k
is the group velocity of the wave-packet.
Lets inspect a Gaussian wave packet.
(0, x) =
1
_
d
2
_3
/4
e
1
2
|x|
2
d
2
w
w is a xed spinor
w C
4
w =
_
0
_
C
2
In general:
(t, x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
r
_
b
_
k, r
_
u
r
(k)e
i(kx)
+d
k, r
_
V
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
_
We have:
_
d
3
xe
1
2
|x|
2
d
2
i
_
kx
_
=
_
4d
2
_3
/2
e
1
2
2
d
2
. . . by comparison:
_
4d
2
_3
/4
e
1
2
2
d
2
w =
mc
2
E
k
r
_
b(k, r)u
(r)
(k) +d
k, r
_
v
(r)
_
k
_
_
k =
_
k
0
,
k
_
. . . b
_
k, r
_
=
_
4d
2
_3
/4
e
1
2
2
d
2
_
u
(r)
(k) w
_
d
k, r
_
=
_
4d
2
_3
/4
e
1
2
2
d
2
_
v
(r)
(k) w
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite B
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
If w =
_
0
_
then
kc
_
E
k
+mc
2
_
thus
[b[ if [ p[ c mc
2
if d
c
mc
2
=
mc
then components with typical momenta of pc mc
2
c
/d are suppressed.
Then negative energy solutions are unimportant, but if the packet is smaller than
/mc (=Compton
wavelength of a particle of mass m), negative energy components are important.
z.i.q Repetitorium z
General wave packet:
(t, x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
r
_
b (k, r) u
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
+d
(k, r) v
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
_
Norm:
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
r
_
b (k, r)
2
+
d (k, r)
2
_
= 1
new:
J
l
(t) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
_
p
l
c
E
k
r
_
b (k, r)
2
+
d (k, r)
2
_
+i
r,r
_
b
k, r
_
d
_
k, r
t
_
e
2
i
E
k
t
u
(r)
_
k
_
lo
v
(r
)
(k)
_
b
_
k, r
_
d
_
k, r
t
_
e
2
i
E
k
t
v
(r
)
(k)
lo
u
(r)
_
k
_
_
For further information see: Schwabl u..
=
i
2
[
]
l = 1, 2, 3
2E
k
2mc
2
2 10
21
Hz
ampl.
c
mc
2
4 10
13
m electrons
These small rapid oscillations are called Zitterbewegung.
Lets continue. . .
up to now: free motion:
_
i
mc
1
4
_
(x) = 0
(x) C
4
electric eld: -vector potential:
A
(x)
= 0, 1, 2, 3
A
0
(t, x) = (t, x)
A
i
(t, x) is a (-vector) eld
Seite Bq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SOLUTIONS OF THE FREE DIRAC-EQUATION
minimal coupling / minimal substitution:
p
q
c
A
(t, x)
p
0
= i
1
c
t
p
k
= i
x
k
= i
x
k
Dirac equation in an electromagnetic eld:
i
t
(t, x) c
q
c
A
0
(t, x) (t, x) =
_
_
c
3
k=1
k
_
p
k
q
c
A
k
(t, x)
_
+mc
2
_
_
(t, x)
=
0
k
=
0
k
k = 1, 2, 3
i
t
(t, x) =
_
c
_
i
q
c
A(t, x)
_
+mc
2
+q(t, x)
_
(t, x)
( p) =
3
k=1
p
k
k
=
3
k=1
p
k
k
( p) : C
4
C
4
Standard/Dirac representation:
=
_
1
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
_
k
=
_
0
2
k
k
0
2
_
k = 1, 2, 3
We now write:
=
_
, C
2
act.
, : R
3
R C
2
i
t
_
_
= c
_
_
_
0
2
_
i
q
c
A
_
_
i
q
c
A
_
0
2
_
_
_
_
_
+mc
2
_
1 0
2
0
2
1
2
__
_
+q
_
_
i
t
_
_
= c
_
_
_
_
_
_+mc
2
_
_
q(t, x)
_
:= i
q
c
A(t, x)
(a) =
3
k=1
a
k
k
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite B
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
Introduce:
_
_
= e
mc
2
t
_
_
i
t
_
_
= mc
2
_
_
+ e
i
i
mc
2
t
i
t
_
_
i
t
_
_
= c
_
_
_
_
_
_+q
_
_
2mc
2
_
0
_
Approximation:
q(t, x) mc
2
i
t
(t, x) 2mc
2
(t, x)
0 c
_
_
2mc
2
_
2mc
Approximately:
i
t
(t, x) =
_
_
2m
(t, x) +q(t, x) (t, x)
We know:
(a)
_
b
_
=
_
a
b
_
1
2
+i
_
_
a
b
_
_
(a)
_
b
_
=
2
+i
_
_
_
_
Indeed:
_
_
k
=
klm
_
i
x
l
q
c
A
l
(t, x)
__
i
x
m
q
c
A
m
(t, x)
_
. . .
= i
q
c
B
k
B =
_
A
_
i
t
(t, x) =
_
q
c
A(t, x)
2
2m
q
2mc
B
_
+q(t, x)
_
_
(t, x)
which is the Pauli-equation for the upper components of the Dirac-spinor. And:
_
2mc
Special case:
(t, x) = 0
A(x) =
1
2
_
B x
_
Seite B6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SOLUTIONS OF THE FREE DIRAC-EQUATION
time independent constant magnetic eld
B, indeed:
B = (curl A) (x)
_
div
A
_
(x) = 0
Coulomb-gauge.
Neglect the
2
-terms:
i
t
(t, x) =
2
2m
q
2mc
B
_
_
_
L + 2
..
g-factor
S
_
_
_(t, x)
_
a
A
_
:=
3
k=1
a
k
A
k
L
k
= i
klm
x
l
x
m
angular momentum operator
where S
k
=
1
2
B
_
=
1
1
2
k=1
B
k
S
k
The g-factor is the g-factor of the electron (Spin
1
/2).
Dirac-equation in a central electric eld:
A(t, x) = 0
q(t, x) = V
_
[x[
_
Now, put:
(t, x) = e
Et
0
(x)
H
D
0
(x) :=
_
_
i
3
k=1
x
k
+mc
2
+V
_
[x[
_
1
4
_
_
0
(x) = E
0
(x)
Remarks:
Parity: (T
0
) (x) =
0
0
(Tx) =
0
0
(x)
[T, H
D
]
= 0
Dene
J
k
:=
L
k
1
4
+
2
k
:=
5
k
=
5
k
k = 1, 2, 3
Dirac-representation:
k
=
_
k
0
0
k
_
_
J
k
,
H
D
_
= 0
Try to nd common eigenfunctions (R
3
C
4
) (of H
D
) and
[J[
2
,
J
3
, T.
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite By
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
We had already for eigenfunctions (R
3
C
2
)
[J[
2
,
J
3
, T
x
: C
2
C
2
.
2
J
l
j
m
j
(x
0
) =
2
j(j + 1)
l
j
m
j
(x
0
)
l
j
m
j
: o
2
C
2
x
0
o
2
x
0
=
x
[x[
x R
3
J
3
l
j
m
j
(x
0
) = m
j
l
j
m
j
(x
0
)
T
()
l
j
m
j
(x
0
) = (1)
l
l
j
m
j
(x
0
)
spherical (Pauli)-spinors:
l
j
m
j
(x
0
) =
m
l
,m
s
m
l
+m
s
=m
j
lm
l
1
2
m
s
[jm
j
) Y
lm
l
(x
0
)
m
s
l = j
1
2
m
s
=
1
2
This motivates the ansatz:
0
(x) =
_
_
l=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) F
_
[x[
_
=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) G
_
[x[
_
_
_
In fact:
=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) = (x
0
)
l=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
)
Also:
K
ljm
j
(x
0
) =
ljm
j
(x
0
)
where
K = 1
2
+
1
L
_
=
_
_
_
l + 1 if l = j
1
2
l if l = j +
1
2
2
=
_
j +
1
2
_
2
Through a lot of calculation, we may arrive at:
F(r) = f(r)
G(r) = ig(r)
c
_
f
t
(r) +
1
r
f(r)
_
+
_
E +mc
2
V (r)
_
g(r) = 0
c
_
g
t
(r) +
1 +
r
g(r)
_
_
E mc
2
V (r)
_
f(r) = 0
Seite BB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SOLUTIONS OF THE FREE DIRAC-EQUATION
z.i. Repetitorium zq
Dirac-equation in a central electric eld
H
D
0
(x) :=
_
_
i
3
k=1
x
k
+mc
2
+V
_
[x[
_
1
4
_
_
0
(x) = E
0
(x)
0
: R
3
C
4
Ansatz:
0
(x) =
_
_
l=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) F
_
[x[
_
=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) G
_
[x[
_
_
_
x
0
=
x
[x[
l
j
m
j
(x
0
) =
m
l
,m
s
m
l
+m
s
=m
j
lm
l
1
2
m
s
[jm
j
) Y
lm
l
(x
0
)
m
s
..
C
4
Common eigenfunction of
2
,
J
S
,
T,
T
0
(x) =
0
0
(x)
=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) = (x
0
)
l=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
)
K
ljm
j
(x
0
) =
ljm
j
(x
0
)
where
K = 1
2
+
1
L
_
=
_
_
_
l + 1 if l = j
1
2
l if l = j +
1
2
2
=
_
j +
1
2
_
2
c
_
f
t
(r) +
1
r
f(r)
_
+
_
E +mc
2
V (r)
_
g(r) = 0
c
_
g
t
(r) +
1 +
r
g(r)
_
_
E mc
2
V (r)
_
f(r) = 0
V (r) =
Ze
2
r
=
e
2
c
r f(r), g(r) e
r
, =
1
c
_
m
2
c
4
E
2
r 0 f(r), g(r) r
, = 1 +
_
2
(Z)
2
Lets continue. . .
Maybe important for the exam:
=
=
1
c
_
mc
2
E
_
f
t
() +
1
f () +
_
_
+
Z
_
_
g () = 0
g
t
() +
1 +
g () +
_
_
_
_
g () = 0
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite Bg
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
Ansatz:
f() =
_
_
k
a
k
k
_
_
e
g() =
_
_
k
b
k
k
_
_
e
a
0
,= 0
b
0
,= 0
Coecients of
q+1
e
:
(q + + 1 ) a
q
a
q1
+
+
b
q1
+ (Z) b
q
= 0
(q + + 1 +) b
q
b
q1
+
+
a
q1
+ (Z) a
q
= 0
With some calculation, we arrive at:
b
q
=
(Z) (q + + 1 )
(Z) +q + + 1 +
a
q
:=
+
. . .
a
q
a
q1
=
(Z) +q + + 1 +
(Z) +q + +
2 (q +) + (Z)
_
2
1
_
_
(Z)
2
+ (q + + 1)
2
_
Inspect for q :
a
q
a
q1
2
q
compare with: e
2
=
q=0
1
q!
(2)
q
C
q
C
q1
=
2
q
series must terminate:
Seite go Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SOLUTIONS OF THE FREE DIRAC-EQUATION
a
N+1
= 0
b
N+1
= 0
2 (N + 1 +) + (Z)
_
2
1
_
!
= 0
quantisation of E
(. . .)
n
2
E =
mc
2
_
1 +
(Z)
2
_
N+
k
2
+(Z)
2
_
2
N = 0, 1, 2, . . .
N N
0
2
=
_
j +
1
2
_
2
Remark:
b
N
=
+
a
N
Inspect:
f(x) =
1
_
1 +
x
(N+
2
x
2
)
2
f(0) = 1
f
t
(0) =
1
1
1
_
N +[[
_
2
f
tt
(0) =
3
4
1
_
N +[[
_
4
1
_
N +[k[
_
3
[k[
E = mc
2
_
_
_1
1
2
(Z)
2
_
N +[[
_
2
+
1
2
(Z)
4
_
_
3
4
1
_
N +[[
_
4
1
_
N +[k[
_
3
[k[
+. . .
_
_
_
_
_
N +[[ = n
n N
= mc
2
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
2
(Z)
2
n
2
1
2
(Z)
4
n
3
_
_
_
_
1
j +
1
2
. .
_
_
_
_
free structure
+
3
4
1
n
. . .
_
_
_
_
_
bound States notation:
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite g
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
n = N +[[ N
_
= j +
1
/2
_
j l spectroscopic notation
Energy
/mc
2
1 0 1
1
/2 0 1S1
/2
_
1 (Z)
2
2 1 +1
1
/2 0 2S1
/2
_
_
1+
1(Z)
2
2
1
1
/2 1 2P1
/2
0 2
3
/2 1 2P3
/2
1
2
_
4 (Z)
2
Table z.: bound states notation
IMAGE
z.i.6 Repetitorium z
Radial equation central eld problem:
c
_
f
t
(r) +
1
r
f(r)
_
+
_
E +mc
2
V (r)
_
g(r) = 0
c
_
g
t
(r) +
1 +
r
g(r)
_
+
_
E mc
2
V (r)
_
f(r) = 0
0
(r, , ) =
_
f(r)
l=j
1
/2lm
j
(, )
ig(r)
l
=j
1
/2lm
j
(, )
_
V (r) = c
Z
r
=
e
2
c
1
137
f() =
_
e
g() =
_
e
=
1
c
_
mc
2
E
_
= 1 +
_
2
(Z)
2
N
a
N+1
= b
N+1
= 0
n = N +[[
[[ = j +
1
2
E =
mc
2
_
1 +
(Z)
2
_
N+
2
(Z)
2
_
2
mc
2
_
_
1
1
2
(Z)
2
1
n
2
1
2
(Z)
4
n
3
_
1
j +
1
2
3
4
1
n
_
+. . .
_
_
Lets continue. . .
IMAGE
Experiment:
Seite gz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SOLUTIONS OF THE FREE DIRAC-EQUATION
IMAGE
wave functions for N = 0
_
_
2
(Z)
2
_
a
0
+ (Z) b
0
= 0
_
_
2
(Z)
2
+
_
b
0
+ (Z) a
0
= 0
b
0
=
_
2
(Z)
2
Z
. .
>0
a
0
also:
b
0
=
+
. .
>0
a
0
> 0
lowest state we have:
= 1 j =
1
2
N = 0 n = 1
Upper component spinor:
0
1
2
m
n=1, s
..
l=0
,j=
1
/2
(x) wave function
Scale in the wave functions is
=
1
c
_
m
2
c
4
E
2
We have:
E
2
1s
1
/2
= m
2
c
4
_
1 (Z)
2
_
Scale for the 1s
1
/2 function:
_
1s
1
/2
+
1s
1
/2
=
mc
2
c
(Z) =
Z
a
B
a
B
=
mc
is the BohrRadius
f
1s
1
/2(r)
_
Zr
a
B
_
1(Z)
2
1
e
_
Zr
a
B
_
g
1s
1
/2
=
+
f
1s
1
/2
(r) =
1
_
1 (Z)
2
Z
f
1s
1
/2
(r)
spherical Spinor:
0
1
/2m
j
(x
0
) =
m
l
m
s
=0
00
1
2
m
j
[
1
2
m
j
)
. .
=1
Y
00
(x
0
)
. .
1
m
j
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite g
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
thus:
1s
1
/2m
(r, , ) e
Zr
a
B
Zr
a
B
1(Z)
2
1
_
_
m
i
1
1(Z)
2
Z
(x
0
)
m
_
_
x
0
=
x
[x[
r 0 has a mild singularity, because:
_
Zr
a
B
_
1(Z)
2
1
exp
_
_
_
1
2
(Z)
2
_
log
_
Zr
a
B
_
_
_
Seite gq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Fundamentals of many-body problems
N-body system:
: R
3
. . . R
3
. .
N-times
C
with spin:
: R
3
. . . R
3
. .
N-times
C
2
. . . C
2
=
N
C
2
Let
1
/2 is a basis of C
2
:
+
1
2
=
_
1
0
_
1
2
=
_
0
1
_
Basis of
N
C
2
:
2
. . .
N
with:
1
. . .
N
,
1
. . .
N
) =
N
k=1
k
N-particle Hilbert-space is given by:
_
||
2
= , ) <
_
: R
3
. . . R
3
. .
N-times
N
C
2S+1
for spin s-particles. Schrdinger equation:
i
t
=
H
New symmetry:
Let be a permutation for 1, . . . , N
This acts on : as
(P
) (x
1
, . . . , x
N
) =
1
...
N
_
x
(1)
, . . . , x
(N)
_
(1)
. . .
(N)
=
_
(1)
...
(N)
(x
1
, . . . , x
N
)
(1)
. . .
(N)
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite g
CHAPTER . FUNDAMENTALS OF MANY-BODY PROBLEMS
Building a basis for L
2
_
R
3N
m
_
C
2s+1
_
N
_
.
Let ] be a -particle Hilbert-space ] = L
2
_
R
3
, C
2s+1
_
with a scalar product , ) and ONB
_
i
_
e.g. and oscillator-basis
i
= n
i
, l
i
, m
l
i
, m
s
i
Permutation group S
N
acts on
N
] (i.e. N-particle Hilbert space)
P
2
. . .
N
_
=
(1)
(2)
. . .
(N)
Let
/
N
(]) =
_
N
]
= (), o
N
_
be the space of antisymmetric N-particle states (here () signum of ).
o
N
(]) =
_
N
]
= , S
N
_
be the space of symmetric N-particle states.
Dene: For
1
/
N
(]),
2
/
M
(]) dene a skew-symmetric ( = anti-symmetric) product:
1
2
/
N+M
(]) :=
1
N!M!
S
N+M
() P
(
1
2
)
Likewise for
1
o
N
,
2
o
M
we dene symmetric product:
1
2
:=
1
N!M!
S
N+M
() P
(
1
2
)
Properties:
.
k
/
N
k
1
(
2
3
) = (
1
2
)
3
=
1
2
3
1
(
2
3
) = (
1
2
)
3
=
1
2
3
.
1
/
N
2
/
M
2
1
= (1)
NM
1
2
1
o
N
2
o
M
2
1
=
1
2
. for
2
. . .
N
an ON basis of
N
]:
2
. . .
N
,
2
. . .
N
) =
N
k=1
k
.
1
. . .
N
,
1
. . .
N
) = N!
N
k=1
2
. . .
N
=
1
N!
S
N
()P
2
. . .
N
_
Seite g6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
determinant
is an ONB of /
N
. Likewise:
1
N!n
1
!n
2
! . . . n
k
!
n
1
1
n
2
2
. . .
n
k
k
with N =
k
i=1
n
i
1
=
k
. . .
k
. .
n times
permanent
is orthonormal Basis of o
N
. let ]:
a
:
_
_
_
/
N
/
N+1
for /
N
o
N
o
N+1
for o
N
a
() :=
1
N + 1
a
() :=
1
N + 1
a
is dened by:
N+1
, a
()
N
) =: a
N+1
, ()
N
)
Then for /
N
C
a
_
k
_
1
. . .
j
. . .
N+1
=
_
_
0 if ,i
i
= k,
N + 1 (1)
j1
j
,k
1
. . .
&
&
j
. . .
N+1
Likewise for o
N+1
a
_
k
_
1
. . .
j
. . .
N+1
=
_
_
0 if i
i
= k,
if k =
1
N + 1 (n
1
+ 1)
j
,k
1
. . .
N+1
lets say k =
1
.
Denition: FockSpace
/ =
N=0
/
N
o =
N=0
o
N
/
0
= o
0
= C
[0) /
0
[0) o
0
vacuum.
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite gy
CHAPTER . FUNDAMENTALS OF MANY-BODY PROBLEMS
.o. Repetitorium z6
N-particle Hilbert-space:
]
N
=
N
]
_
i
_
ONB ]
then:
1
N!
1
. . .
k
ONB /
N
Fermions
1
N!n
1
! . . . n
k
!
vn
1
1
. . .
n
k
k
ONB /
N
Bosons
when:
1
/
N
1
2
/
N
2
1
2
=
1
N
1
!N
2
!
S
N
1
+N
2
() P
(
1
2
) = (1)
N
1
N
2
2
1
1
o
N
1
2
o
N
2
1
2
=
1
N
1
!N
2
!
S
N
1
+N
2
P
(
1
2
) =
2
1
vn
. . .
. .
n-times
P
G
_
1
. . .
N
_
=
(1)
. . .
(N)
Building up:
a
: /
N
/
N+1
a
() =
1
N + 1
a
: o
N
o
N+1
a
() =
1
N + 1
/
N
o
N
creation operator
a
(N+1)
,
(N)
) :=
N+1
, a
(N)
)
(N+1)
,
(N)
annihilation operator
a : /
N+1
/
N
a : o
N+1
o
N
in fact:
a (
k
)
1
. . .
N+1
=
_
_
0 if ,i
i
= k,
N + 1 (1)
j1
j
,k
1
. . .
&
&
j
. . .
N+1
a
_
k
_
1
. . .
j
. . .
N+1
=
_
_
0 if i
i
= k,
if k =
1
N + 1 (n
1
+ 1)
j
,k
1
. . .
N+1
l
n
l
= N + 1
Seite gB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Lets continue. . .
_
Fermionic
Bosonic
_
_
_
_
Fock-space:
_
_
_
/ =
N=0
/
N
o =
N=0
o
N
/
0
, o
0
=C
contain -element: [0) vacuum
0[0) = 1
dened by: a () [0) = 0
Basis /
N
:
1
N!
1
. . .
N
=a
1
. . . a
N
[0)
Remark:
a
) =a
Basis o
N
:
_
1
_
n
1
. . .
_
k
_
n
k
[0) =
1
N!
vn
1
1
. . .
vn
k
k
Still has a (normalisation)
2
= n
1
! . . . n
2
k
For /
N
:
_
a (
k
) a (
l
) +a (
l
) a (
k
)
_
1
. . .
i
..
=k
. . .
j
..
=l
. . .
_
_
_(1)
j1
(1)
i1
+ (1)
i1
(1)
j2
. .
=0
_
_
_
1
. . .
i
..
=k
. . .
j
..
=l
. . .
_
(
k
) , (
l
)
+
= 0
take adjoint
(
k
) ,
(
l
)
_
+
= 0
For o
N
:
_
(
k
) , (
l
)
= 0
take adjoint
(
k
) ,
(
l
)
_
= 0
For /
N
:
_
a (
k
) a
(
l
) +a
(
l
) a (
k
)
_
1
. . .
N
k = l:
k
_
i
_
0 +
1
N + 1
N + 1 = 1
k
,
_
i
_ 1
N + 1
N + 1 + 0 = 1
. . .
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite gg
CHAPTER . FUNDAMENTALS OF MANY-BODY PROBLEMS
k ,= l
= 0
_
a (
k
) , a
(
l
)
_
+
=
kl
1
For o
N
:
_
a (
k
) , a
(
l
)
_
=
kl
1
For Fermions:
a (
k
)
1
. . .
N
=
_
_
_
0 if k ,
i
N + 1 (1)
j1
1
. . .
&
&
j
. . .
N
if k =
j
a
(
k
) a (
k
)
1
. . .
N
=
_
_
_
0 if k ,
i
N + 1 (1)
j1 1
N+1
1
. . .
&
&
j
. . .
N
if k =
j
=
1
. . .
j
. . .
N
/
N
k
a
(
k
) a (
k
) = N
So this counts the total number of particles.
Bosons, also
p
a
p
_
a
_
p
_
= N
o
N
Generalisation for arbitrary states , (upper sign valid for /, lower for o):
_
a () , a
()
_
= , ) 1
_
a () , a ()
= 0
_
a
() , a
()
_
= 0
Number operator N():
N() = a
() a ()
.
N() [0) = a
() a () [0) = 0
. Bosons:
, ) = 1
_
N(), a()
=
_
a
()a(), a()
_
= a
()
_
a(), a()
. .
=0
+
_
a
(), a()
_
. .
11
a()
= a()
_
N(), a()
= N()a() a()N()
Annihilation operator decreases the number of particles by
Seite oo Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.o.8 Repetitorium z
+ fermions
bosons
_
a(), a
()
_
= , ) 1
_
a
(), a
()
_
= 0
_
a(), a()
= 0
(occupation) number operator
N() := a
()a()
[0)
_
_
_
/
0
o
0
N() [0) = 0
Bosons:
_
N(), a()
= a()
_
N(), a
()
_
= a
()
a
() =
_
_
_
/
N
/
N+1
o
N
o
N+1
a() =
_
_
_
/
N
/
N1
o
N
o
N1
Lets continue. . .
Remarks: (Fermions upper, Bosons lower row)
N()a
() [0) = a
a()a
() [0)
= a
()
_
1 a
()a()
_
[0) = a
() [0)
eigenvalue of N() on a
() [0) = +1
also: for Fermions:
N()
2
= a
()a()a
()a()
= a
()
_
1 a
()a()
_
a()
= a
()a() = N()
eigenvalue of N() can be u or only.
Operators in this occupation number formalism:
Typical Hamilton operator (N-particle system):
H =
sum of single particle operators
..
N
k=1
U(k) +
N
i<j=1
V (i, j)
. .
sum of all pair interactions
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite o
CHAPTER . FUNDAMENTALS OF MANY-BODY PROBLEMS
First consider
N
k=1
U(k) and matrix-element (Fermions):
1
...
N
,
N
k=1
U(k)
1
...
N
) =
1
...
N
,
N
k=1
U(k)
S
N
()
(1)
. . .
(N)
)
1
N!
Suppose that the single particle basis
_
i
_
is a ONB with:
U(i)
i
= U
i
with U
i
=
_
d
3
x
i
(x)
U (x)
i
(x)
i.e. U is diagonal in
_
i
_
.
. . . =
1
...
N
,
()
N
k=1
U
(k)
. .
=
k
U
(1)
. . .
(N)
)
1
N!
=
1
...
N
,
N (
) U
1
...
N
)
because:
N (
1
. . .
N
=
_
_
_
1 if
i
0 if ,
i
thus:
U =
N
k=1
U(k) =
N (
) U
,
U
)
. .
U
) a (
U =
,
U
) a
) a (
)
This is true in general, i.e. for fermions and bosons.
Now consider a basis trafo to an other ONB
_
_
:
dene:
a
_
=
) a
)
a
_
_
=
)
. .
=
a (
_
a
_
_
, a
_
_
1 (show yourself)
Seite oz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
U =
,
U
) a
) a (
)
=
,
U
) a
) a
_
U =
,
,
U
) a
_
a
_
_
where:
,
U
) =
_
d
3
x
(x)
U (x)
(x)
U,
N
_
= 0
N =
) a (
)
=
N (
)
Now the -body term:
(Fermions)
1
...
N
,
N
i<j=1
V (i, j)
1
...
N
) =
1
...
N
,
N
i<j=1
V (i, j)
()
(1)
. . .
(N)
)
1
N!
Again, take a -particle basis, such that
V is diagonal:
V (x, y)
(x)
(y) = V
(x)
(y)
e.g. suppose:
V (x, y) =
(x) 2
(y)
e.g.:
1
[x y[
=
l=0
l
m=l
4
2l + 1
r
l
<
r
l+1
>
Y
lm
_
t
,
t
_
Y
lm
(, )
r
<
= min
_
r, r
t
_
r
>
= max
_
r, r
t
_
x
_
r
t
,
t
,
t
_
y
_
r
t
,
t
,
t
_
=
1
...
N
,
S
N
()
1
2
N
i,=j=1
V (i, j)
(1)
. . .
(i)
. . .
(j)
. . .
(N)
)
1
N!
=
1
...
N
,
S
N
()
1
2
N
i,=j=1
V
(i)
(j)
(1)
. . .
(N)
)
1
N!
=
1
...
N
,
,
V
1
...
N
)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite o
CHAPTER . FUNDAMENTALS OF MANY-BODY PROBLEMS
where:
_
if
,
_
i
_
or
,
_
i
_
0
if ,= n
if = n
(n
1)
Now dene:
N
= N (
)
a
) = a
:=
N
= a
= a
_
_
a
, a
_
a
. .
=a
$
$
$
$$
= a
V =
N
i<j=1
V (i, j) =
1
2
V [
) a
with:
V [
) =
_
d
3
x
_
d
3
y
(x)
(y) V (x, y)
(x)
(y)
Trafo to a general ONB
_
_
:
V =
,,,
[V [
) a
) a
) a (
) a
_
_
where:
[V [
) =
_
d
3
x
_
d
3
y
(x)
(y) V (x, y)
(x)
(y)
H =
,
,
U
) a
+
1
2
,,,
[V [
) a
H,
N
_
= 0
N :=
_
=
) a
)
Seite oq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
We can also dene:
(x) :=
,x)
..
(x) a
)
This denes the eld creation operator.
(x) :=
(x) a (
)
This denes the eld annihilation operator.
_
(x) ,
(y)
_
=
,
(x)
(y)
_
a
_
_
, a
)
_
(x)
(y) =
(3)
(x y) 1
completeness of the basis
H =
_
d
3
x
(x)
U (x) (x) +
1
2
_
d
3
xd
3
y
(x)
(y) V (x, y)
(y)
(x)
. .
Order!
Particle density operator:
n(x) =
N
i=1
(3)
(x x
i
) =
,
a
_
d
3
y
(y)
(3)
(x.y)
(y)
=
,
a
(x)
(x)
(x)
Number operator:
N :=
_
dd
3
x n(x) =
_
d
3
x
(x)
(x) =
Current-density operator:
(x) :=
2im
_
(x)
_
_
(x)
_
_
(x)
(x)
_
.o.g Repetitorium z8
_
a
, a
=
_
a
, a
= 0
_
a
, a
= a
N =
:= a (
a
)
_
i
_
ONB
H =
,
,
U
) a
+
1
2
,,,
[V [
) a
H : T T
with:
(x) =
(x) =
(x) a
(x) ,
(y)
_
=
_
(x) ,
(y)
_
= 0
_
(x) ,
(y)
_
=
(3)
(x y)
H =
_
d
3
x
(x)
U (x) (x) +
1
2
_
d
3
xd
3
y
(x)
(y) V (x, y)
(y)
(x)
. .
Order!
[H, N]
= 0
Lets continue. . .
Lagrangedensity for Schrdinger eld
x =
_
x
0
, x
_
= (ct, x) = (t, x)
L
_
,
,
_
_
,
_
_
_
(x) :=
_
1
2
ic
_
(x)
_
(
0
) (x)
_
0
(x)
_
(x)
2
2m
_
(x)
(x)
_
_
action:
o :=
_
d
4
xL[. . .] (x)
o
!
= 0
Euler-Langrange equation:
= 0
0
_
1
2
ic (x)
_
2
2m
(x)
1
2
i (
0
) (x) = 0
i
t
(t, x) =
2
2m
(t, x)
dene conjugate momenta:
(x) :=
L
(
0
)
= i
1
2
c
(x)
(x) :=
L
(
0
)
= i
1
2
c (x)
Seite o6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Hamiltoniandensity:
] =
(x)
0
(x) +
_
_
(x) (x) L
Hamiltonian:
H =
_
d
3
x] =
2
2m
_
d
3
x
_
_
(t, x)
(t, x)
_
P.I.
=
_
d
3
x
(t, x)
_
2
2m
_
(t, x)
Eigenstates in a nite volume: V = L
3
periodic boundary conditions for the elds:
2
2m
()
n
(x) = E
(0)
n
()
n
(x)
()
n
(t, x) =
1
L
3
/2
e
i
_
k
n
xi
0
n
t
_
=
1
V
1
/2
e
i(kx)
with:
k
n
=
2
L
n
n N
3
0
n
=
E
(0)
n
k
n
2
2m
_
d
3
x
()
n
(t, x)
n
(t, x) =
n,
Now expand:
(x) =
n
a
n
()
n
(x)
(x) =
n
a
()
n
(x)
consider a
n
, a
n
to be annihilation / creation operators.
Now indeed with
_
a
n
, a
=
nn
:
H =
_
V
d
3
x
_
n
a
()
(x)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
2m
a
n
()
n
. .
=E
n
n
(x)
(x)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
n
E
(0)
n
a
n
a
n
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite oy
CHAPTER . FUNDAMENTALS OF MANY-BODY PROBLEMS
KleinGordon eld:
L
_
,
,
_
_
,
_
_
_
= c = 1
_
_
(
) m
2
EulerLagrange:
+m
2
= 0
] H =
_
d
3
x
(x)
t
(x)
t
= (
t
) (
t
)
The
t
has an arrow in both directions, to show it is applied in both directions (not a vector).
Expand:
(x) =
n
_
a
n
()
n
(x) +c
()
n
(x)
_
(x) =
n
_
a
()
n
(x) +c
n
()
n
(x)
_
(+)
n
=
1
2E
n
L
3
e
i
_
k
n
nE
n
t
_
E
n
=
_
m
2
+
k
n
2
K.G.:
nn
= i
_
d
3
x
()
n
(x)
()
n
(x)
0 = i
_
d
3
x
(+)
n
(x)
()
n
(x)
. . . . . .
H =
n
E
n
_
a
n
a
n
+c
n
c
n
_
now: c
n
c
n
= c
n
c
n
+1
Here: fermions above, bosons below
H =
n
E
n
_
a
n
a
n
c
n
c
n
_
+
n
E
n
. .
0[H[0)
Energy is positive denite only if
_
c
n
, c
n
_
=
nn
, so for bosons only.
Seite oB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory