Classification of research by

Methods
1. What was? : Historical
Research
2. What is? : Descriptive Method
3. Why? : Explanatory Method
4. What will be? Experimental
Method : Ex post Fact
Research or Causal-
Comparative Method
 Research
• R= Research
• AR= Action Research
• PR= Participatory Research
• PAR = Participatory Action
Research
 Writing the parts of the research
report
• The Introduction and the Problem
• The Review of the Literature and the
Hypothesis
• The Research Methodology
• The Research Findings
• Summary, Conclusions, and
Recommendations
 Writing the Proposal and
Writing the Report

• A research report : What

has happen?
• A proposal : What will
happen in the future?
 The Concept of Process
• “Process” defines as “any phenomenon
which shows a continuous change in
time,” or “any continuous operation or
treatment.” 500 years before Christ,
Heraclitus pointed out the importance of
the concept of process when he started
that “A man never step in the same
river twice; the man is different and so is
the river.
 Process
• Thomas Wolfe’s novel of the 1940s, You
Can’t Go Home Again, makes the same
point.
• Source: David Berlo.1960. The Process
of Communication. New York : Holt,
Rinehart and Winston.p.23.