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ŨŒ ƙٱijĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨĨ◵Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨϕĨ㆘
Ĩᢋ⾻ٱijĨ ǖƭٶœᮼǔƻ᪄ٵƫ㴕ĨጶĨ㶊ĨŨٱĴ ǔưĨ◵⋠㊞⩪Ĩƻ䁧ᐹ᳃ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨᷪᷫÛ㽓ຓĨÛ༶ٱĴ
ǎư㧟ǔƻٱijĨ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšٳƿٵƫٱijĨ䄸ٵƫ
Ǎƭٳƿ䄹Ĩ⩪Ĩ䄸ٵƫĨű࢟ ǖƯ ǎƱٱijٵƫٳƿ
Traditionalism
Ĝ㽇¸ٱijଞĨ⊝ٶœٳƿĨ⩪Ĩٶœٱij᪅ٱijĨ㻾➴Ĩٳƿٵƫٱij
㧟ĜຮᖞઍĨnjşٵƫ∇শٱij↺◵➴ Ǎƭٳƿ䄹ĨnjƮ njţÛຮĨٳƿٵƫٶœŕٵƫ䄺㻾⋍ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ⑀㮄ٱĴ
ǔư䄹䃂┌㯵ƻ䄹ٳƿٶœٱĴ
ǍưĨٳǔƿٱijٵƫٱĈijĨڄ⛨ĨٱijٵƫჍٱijƏŒ
ǔšĨ⩪Ĩ ǖƭٱĴ ǎư㧟ǔƻٱijĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ༳⦺ٳƿ⚮㻑ⓔĨ
ǖƭٱĴ ǎư㧟ᥪٱĴƙĨٶœ᨞Ĩ⚙Ĩẵnjşٱij㇟ٱijĨ⩪Ĩ ǖƭٱij㓋Ĩ⚮㻑ⓔĨŨ㧞űٶœٱij᪅ٱij㿋ٱijĨĶ
ǎưٱij㯵ƻٵƬ ŝ ǔƴٱijĨ⩪Ĩ⚮ٳǗƿጶĨ⪯ĨອٱĴƙĨ⩪Ĩƻ㈫ٵƬ Ľ šĨ㵃ٱĴ ǕƙĨĜ༳᳭Ĩŕٳ ǁ ƅ ǔţ㆕⩪ĨnjƮ Ǐ ř㍝Ĩŕٵƫ⢣ ĨĜ༠Ĩ㭛㺥⭼㻾⢣Ĩ㆕⩪ĨĶ ǎư ⊄ٶœٱijٳǔƿٱĈijĨڄ⛨ሱຮ⣃ٳƿĨ㽇ٱij¸Ĩ⦾␥ ǖƯ ǎƱĨڄ㮅ٶœ㻾⋍Ĩẵጸٵƫ⦾㖭䂕ອٱĴƙĨ⩪¹ຓ㝂Œ
ƙٱij⦾᪂ٱijƏⅆűᮃٵƫٶœٳƿ䄹ٳƿٵƫٱijĨ༳㶊ٳƿőŀ
ǔưٳƿƗٳƿٶœ⩪Ĩ㻭ٱĴƙĨ༶ٱĴ
njưŕỺᠷĨŖƀٱĴ ǔư⋻ٳƿٵƫٱijĨŖ
njƶ Ƃٳ ǁ Ʀ ĜຬĨ⾡㯵ٱĈij㻭ٱĴƙĨ⩪Ĩ
ǍƭĨŖ ǎƶ Ő ƨ ŸٳƿٵƫٱijĨခٱijĨtጨ㯵
ǖƭٱijٱijĨ⩪ٳƿೢ㝂Œ ƙٱij⩪ ǖƭٱijٵƫ㍠ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ㮄ٱĴƟ
ǔƲٱijĨ ǖƯ ǎƱĨĜ༳⾧Ĩ㯵⚮ ǖƭٱĴ njưٶœٱijٳǔƿٱĈijĨǔƻٱijٶœĨٵƫٶœǔƻٱĴƟ ǔƲٱij
Humanism
ຬĨ⦾ĨٱijଞĨ䁻ĨٶŔ
ǎưٶŔ njšĨ⦾
ĨĜ ǎư ⦾ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ⦿ٱijଞĨ⊝ٶœٳƿĨٶŔ
ǎưỺƏŒ ǔšĨ⩪Ĩٶœٱij᪅ٱijĨ⩪➴⚮㖭Ĩ㯵㖭ٱij⊾Ĩ
njƮ ƛǔƻٱij㪂ᚩĜ㻾¸ƆٵƫỼĶ
Ĩ㯵Ķ ǎư ƗٱijĨ㆕ƗٱijĨÛຮĨŕٳƿٵƫٶœٳƿٵƫٶœ◵Ĩ
ǖƯ ǎƱٱijٵƫٳƿٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
ǖƮ ǎƹ ƙ㭚○ٶœ⦾Ĩ⋈㭚ٶŔ ǎưỺ Ǎƭٳƿ䄹ⓡẵĶ ǎư ĨƗٱijĨĜٱĴ ǎưٶœٳƿٱijٳ ǁ
Ʀ ٳƿٵƫٶœĶ
ǎưٳƿٱĴ ǖưĨ⢣䀐ٵƫą⋀ĨƽٳƿষƏ㱔ٱij०ٱijĨ⢣Ĩๅ᥏⩪Ĩű㧟ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨű࢟
ǖƯ ǎƱٱijٵƫٳƿĨÛƻ∡Ĩ㰂㍝
⢣ĨĶ ǎư ĨƗٱijĨ㯵⊝ٶœٳƿĨٶŔ
ǎưỺĜٱĴ ǎưԢƏŒ ǔšĨ⩪Ĩ∠ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨĨ
ǖƯ ǎƱٱijٵƫٳƿٳƿٵƫٱijĨٱĴ
ǎưٶœĨĨ䇅ٱijĨűᮃٵƫٶœྂ⚮ፁٵƫٶŔ
njšĨĜⱜĨ¸ĨƏŒ ǔšĨ⩪Ĩ㵃Ĩ ǖƭٱij㓋Ĩ㰂㍝ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
njƮ Ǐ ř㍝ĨĶ ǎư Ĩ䄺Ĩྂ⚮ ǔƼ Ľ ǎƶ njƱĨ㥰ٱijٳ ǁ ƒ䄸ٶœ䇗Ĩ༶ٱĴ ǎư㧟⦾Ķ ǎư ĨƗٱijĨ⦾ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njš
2
Ǘƭٳƿ䀿ٶǗœ䄷ٳƿĨÛ
3
ͥ¸㍟ຮĨÛ
4
Ĩ㻾ٱĴ ǍưĨٳƿٱijĨ⩪Ĩŕ⍱ٵƫ
㧟㩅Ĩ◵የĨÛ㶄༶ᆽຮĨ䄺㮅ٶœ䄺Ĩ ٳƿٵƫٱij⍽ٱĴ
ǎưٳƿٶœą
Ŋ
njưⓔĨ
䀟
ٳƿٶǔœ⩪Ĩƽ㱔
㐛
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
Û
≛
Ĩ ǖƭ
㻢
◵
knowable
ٱĴƙĨĶ ǖưĨ
㺷ᣇ
Ũ
ฑ
Ĩ⩪ĨƗٱijĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ㶊Ĝ㶊Ĩ
㘘
㻾ٱĴƙٳƿ㵃ẵƻ
䀶
ⅆ
㻰
⍽ٱĴ ǎưٳƿٶœ⦾
㺷ᣇ
㆕Ɨٱij㻾⢣㭛⦾
ᖊ
ᮃٳƿٵƫٱijĨ⛨Ĩ㆕⩪
njưⓔĨ
㺷ᣇ
㵃ٵƫƏ
⁇
Ĝ㶊Ĩٶœጶٵƫ
⢿
◵ƗٱijĨ㭛ٳƿٵƫٱijĨ㶊Ĩ
ǖƭٳƿٵƫ
⃛
ጶ㶄ٳƿ
⇥
ٱijĨą
Ŋ
ٳƿ⢣㍝⦾Ĩƽ㱔
㐛
ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
Û
≛
ŕ ǖƭ㆘⊾ٳǔ ǁ
ū
༶ٱĴ ǎƶ
Ǝ
ǎ
Ƹ
njƹ
ƃ ō
ٱijĨϕ㆘㯵ƻ
⑃
ĨǔƻٱijĨĜƻ¸Ĩ ǖƯ njƱٱĴ ǕưĨƽ
✅
Ĩƻ
ᅦ
ٵƬ
ơ Ĺ
metaphysical contentions
ƽٳƿষƻ
ᅦ
ٵƬ
ơ Ĺ
ĨǔƻٱijĨŕٵƫٱĴ
ǎưٶœٳƿٱijٳǁ Ʀ ٶœٳƿĨ
Ŋ
njưⓔĨẵጸٵƫƗٱijĨ⢣Ĩƻٵ
ǘ
ƫ⊾ٶœ㰂㍝ٳƿٵƫٱij
Ĩ㯵Ǘƭٳƿ䀿ٶǗœĜྂ
ٱij
I think therefore I am
ƻ¸Ĩ㆕ƗٱijĨÛƻ¸Ĩ
ᓹᶰ
Ĩ⊝űٳƿ
◵űٶœ᨞ĨĨ㶊䄺Ĩ
㒤
◵ƗٱijĨĜ㶊ĨٱĴ ǖưᆽ
ᳩ
ٶœ䇗Ĩ⦾Ĩ
⑄
t
㔉
ĨٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨጶĨ⦿ĨǔƻŒ
ƈ
ٱijĨٳƿ
㑜
Ĩ◵
ConsciousAct of Ego
Ĝ㶊Ĩ
ٱijٳƿĨ
ᡳ
ٱijٵƫ◵
ĨĶ ǖưĨ㻾
᭞
Ĩ㯵
䃦㔸ᑜⵏ
ٱijٵƫÛŨ
㶅
Û
Უ
ٵƫÛǗƭٱijٳƿٱijٶǗŔ ǎưٶǗœÛٵƬ ǎ
Ƹ
Ľ Ɵ Ǘƹ ǔư㆘Û
ᰂ
ٱĴ Ǎư
≿
Ĩ
ǘ
Ŗ
Ů
Ǖ
Ơ
Ǎţ ᮃ
ᡳ
ٱijٵƫٳƿٵƫٱijĨٶœőٱĴ
njưĨٶœٵƫ
㋴
ő⦾Ĩ
≛
ĨڄĨĨ
≛
ٳƿٱijĨ䄺ĨĜ⦿ĨŨ
⇘
⢣ٳƿೢĨƗٱijĨ⩪Ĩ㯵¸
Rationalism
㤊᙮
Ĝ㶄ٶœ䇗Ĩ⦾ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ㶄ྂŒ
ś ĸ
ⱜĨ⦾ƻ䄹Ĩ㵃
䀤
⦾ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njš
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨٶœőٱĴ
njưĨ⦾
㱤
ڄ⛨ጶ㶊ٵƫٶœǔƻٱĴƟ ǔƲٱijĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
䂇ᾱ
ٵƫٳƿĨŕٵƫ
ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ㻾
᭞
Ĩ㶊Ĩ㻑ⓔĨĨ
ℜ
ٵƫ
㔮
ĨƗٱijĨ䄺ĨĜ㶊Ĩ༶⚮
ಕ
㵃Ĩ⢣ĨŨٵƬ Ő
ƈ㻰
ٱĴƙĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
≛
ĨƏ
⁇
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨ㶊Ĩ༶⚮ٶœ
㍾
⢣Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٱijٵƫٳƿ
ĜĜĜĜĜĜ㶊
≛
⦾ٶœٳ ǁ ƒٳƿ
㌱
ٶœ᨞Ĩ
㘫
Ĩ
ᡳ
ٱijٵƫ◵
㓶ʼn₩
ٱijĨ
ད
ٳƿ◵
ũ
ǖ
Ʒ ơ
ǏřĨ
ࢊ
Ũٶœ⚮␥
5
ⵏ
ٱijٵƫĜٱĴ ǎưٶœ
ጢ
⢣
ಿ
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨٶœ
ٱijĨĨٶǔœ
㋢
㰂㍝㯵Ķ ǎư ĨƗٱij
6
Ĩ
ᑜ➨
◵ njƮ Ǐ ř㍝Ĩ㯵ƻٵƫٳƿٱijٶœٳ
ǀ
njƱ
≿
⩪ٶœ
ٱij
㩖
ٱijÛٱĴ
ǎưٶœ⚮ٳƿĨĶ
ľ
ǕƟ ǖƹ
Ūᑜ㵧
ĨĨnjƮ njţ
䂆
ٶœڄ⢣Ĩ
㺷ᣇ
㰂㍝ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ㶄ྂ
ɤώ
ٱĴ ǖưĨ⩪Ĩ
≛
Ĩẵٱij
ㅘ
Û㶄ྂ⚮
Ĩ
ಕ
⢣ĨnjƮ Ǐ ř㍝Ĝ㶄
㽸
ٶœٳƿٱijٳǁ
Ʀ
Ŋ
njưⓔşⅆĨ⦾ ǖƭ
ٵƫ
㔮
Ĩ
≠ଷ
ٳƿೢĨ◵ ǖƯ ǎƱĨ㮄ٱĴƟ ǔƲٱijĨ㯵Ķ ǎư ƗٱijĨٶǔœ
㋢
ᷪᷫŨ
⇘
ǖƭٱijٳƿೢĨ⩪Ĩ㮄ٱĴƟ ǔƲٱijĨą
ƣᣊ
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨٳƿ
⇍
ٱijĨ
ǘ
űٶœٱijٳǔƿٱĈijĨÛ␥
ǘ
űٶœٱijٳǔƿٱĈijĨĜ⦿ĨĨ
ٱijĨٳƿٱij
⓶
ٱijĨ
ᡘ
Ĩ⩪Ĩͥ
㯶
㍟ຮĨĜ
⩩
Absolute sovereignty
ĜٱĴ ǎưٶœٳƿٱijٳǁ Ʀ ٶœ䇗Ĩ⦾Ĩ
⑄
ᷪᷫ⢣ٳƿೢĨ⩪ ǔƻᆽٱĴƟ ǔƲٱij㯵
ⵏ
ٱijٵƫĜٱĴ
ǎưٶœٳƿٱijٳ ǁ
Ʀ
ᖊ
ᮃ◵
ٱijĨٳƿٱij
⓶
ٱijĨ⢣ĨŨٱij⊾Ĩ
㽋
¸ྂ
㶌
ٳǗ
ǀ
njƱ
Ⲗ
ٱĈij⢣Ĩ
̢
ƗٱijĨ㯵
ĵ
őĜ⦿Ĩ
ଷ
ĨٳƿೢĨ◵ ǖƯ ǎƱĨ㮄ٵƬ ǎ
Ƹ
Ľ Ɵ Ǘƹ ǔư㆘
7
Ĩٳƿٵƫٱij
ᶰ
ٵƫٳƿ
8
Ĩ㯵ٱĴ
ǖưᆽĨ⦿Ũٱij
ᡏ
ٱijĨ◵
ƣᣊ
⩪ ǔƻٱijĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨűٶœٱijٳ
ǔƿٱĈijĨ⦾ƻ㭚ٱĴƟ ǔƲٱijĨሱ
⩩
Ĩ
ଷ
ǖƭٱijٳƿೢĨ⩪ ǖƮ ƛٱĴ ǎưٳƿĨ
㿢
ٱijĨĜ㶄ྂ¸Ĩٶœٵƫ
㋴
ǖƭٱijٳƿ
ᥭ
ٱij⩪ƻ㭚ٱij
ᣞ
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨ㶊ٱijĨ
㭸
ٱijĨĜ⦿ĨŨ
⇘
ڄٳƿೢĨ◵ƻ
ٱĴ ǎưٳƿĨ㝂
◀
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨĨŨ
◀
㯵Ķ ǎư ⦾ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšٳƿٵƫٶœٶŔ
ǎưٶŔ njšĨẵ
σ
⩪ٳƿĨĜ㽇¸㻑ⓔĨ
ٱĴ ǎưٳƿĨ㝂
◀
űٳƿ
ዛ
ĨÛٳƿ
㌱
ٶœ᨞Ĩƻ
㗛
ٳ
ǂ
Ǖ
ƺĺ
ٱijĨ⩪Ĩ
䁨㍞
ٱijĨ
ᾎ
ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ Ǎƭٳƿ䄹ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
ラጢ
㯵 ǖƯ ǎƱٳƿ
ዛ
Ĩ⦾
Dž
ǖ
Ʒ Ű ƚ
ٱijĨŨٶǗŔ ǎưٱijĨٶœ䇗Ĩ⦾ĨሱĨٱĴ
ǎưٶœ
ጢ
⢣ĨƽỼ
㒾₠
Ĩ
㮃
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
㓽
㭛ٱijٳƿٱijٶœ䄺㆘ᮃ
Ĩ
ʼn
ٵƫٱijĨ㯵Ķ ǎư ĨƗٱijĨٶǔœ
㋢῝㒾
༠Ĩ␥
῝㒾
༠ ǖƭٳƿ
⇜
ẵƻ
ㄽ
ٱĴ ǍưĨ⦾ٳƿٱijٳǔƿٱĴ njưĨ
⥑
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
㓽
㭛ٱijٶœٱijٳ
ǔƿٱĈijÛűٳƿ◵
ĨጶĨ
9
ĨƽỼ
㒾₠
Ĩ
㮃
ĜĨ◵ njş᳃༶
℧
Ĩ⍱
㿧
ٱijĶ ǎưٱijĨጶĨÛٱij¸ĨٱijଞĨ⑀⛨ٳƿ㆘ẵ
σ
⩪Ĩ㵃Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨ
Ĩٱij¸ƆٵƫỼ
ʼn
ٱijĨ◵ƻٵƫٳƿٵƫٶœٳ
ǔ ǁ
ū
njƮ njţ¸ᠷٶœőٱĴ njưĨ⢣Ĩ
⛳
Ĩ
㌤
ĨĨሱĨÛຮٱĴ ǖư⚮
ଷ
Ĩٳƿೢ
10
Ĝ
Ĩ
¾
ٶœ
⍺
ٱijĨ㯵Ķ ǎư ƗٱijĨٶǔœ
㋢◊
Œ ǔšٱij
Utilitarianism
ഗ
◵ƻٵƫٳƿ┌Ĩ
◊
Œ ǔšٱijĨĨຮĨ䄺Ĩ
₪
Œ ǔšĨ◵ሱĨÛ⦿ĨŨ
⇘
ٳƿೢ◵ ĨĜ㶄
䅈
ٵƫٳƿĨٳǔ
ǀ ǘ
ƱᆽٱĴ ǔưĨŕٵƫÛ㶄ŕٶœǔƻ
㩀
Ĩ㆕⩪Ĩnjş᳃ĨጶĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨٳ
ǔ
ǀ ǘ
ƱᆽĨŕٵƫÛ㶄
㙱
Ĩŕ
⍺
Ĩ㆕⩪Ĩnjş᳃Ĩ
䅈
ٵƫٳƿĨጶĨĜ㶊Ĩẵ ǖƯ ǎƱٶœ
⍺
ٱij
ᡳ
ٱijٵƫ⦾Ĩ
ƣ
Œ ǔšٱij ǖƯ ǎƱٶœ
⍺
ٱijĨ䄺Ĩٳƿٵƫٱij⢣ĨƽٳƿٱijٶœٱijĨ
㽰
ٱijٵƫٳƿĨ⩪Ĩǔƻٱij
{
᥏ٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
ǖƭ○Œ ǔšٱijĨ
ጇ
䃂┌Ĩ㯵ٳƿೢĨ⩪Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٶœ
⍺
ٱijĜ㶊Ĩ
ჲ
ٵƬ
ơ Ĺ
Ĩ ǖƮ ǎ
Ƹ
ţٱĴ njưٱijĨĨ
㡺
Ĩ⩪ĨሱĨÛ⦿Ĩ
permissiveness
Ĝٱij¸Ĩٳǔƿ
⋡
ٱĈijĨ◵ Ĩ
Å
ٱĴƟ ǔƲĨĨƽỼ
㒾₠
Ĩ
㮃
ẵ
σ
⩪Ĩ㵃Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njš
Feminism
⦾ ǔƻٵƫٳǔƿĨٵƫٶœ
㍞
ጶĨ㻾¸ĨٱijଞĨĶ ǎư Ĩ⦾ ٳƿٱijٶœٳ
ǀ
njƱ
≿
Ĩ⦾Ĩ ǖƭٱijٵƫ㍠ĜຮĨ
⻒
ٱijĨ
㦲
◵ƗٱijĨٱĴ ǔưőٶœŨ
㕄
űٵƫ㍠Ĩ⩪Ĩƻٵƫٶœ
㍞
ẵ
ᤳ
ٳ
ǂ
Ǐ
ŗ
⢣Ĩƻ
ٳƿ⊾ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ༠
Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨ䁻Ĩ⦾Ĩ
⼸
ٱĴ
Ů ū૩
ٳƿ䄹Ĩٳ
ǂ
Ǖ
ƺĺ
ٱijĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨĶ
ǎư ⦾ĨűٶœٱijٳǔƿٱĈij⦾Ĩ
䁨㍞
ٱijĨÛĶ ǎư ⦾Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٳƿ
ዛ
ĨĨ
㯰
ٱĴƀٳ
ǀ
njƱÛ
㥄
ٱijٳ ǁ ƒnjƭŒ ƨ ǔƲٱijĨĜຬĨ
㇂
Ĩẵ㵃ĨٳƿٱijĨǔƻٱijĨ⩪
㍞
ٱijĨ
ᾎ
ĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
Ǎƭٳƿ䄹ྂٱĈijĨྂٱĈijĨ⩪Ĩű
⁆
䄸ٵƫ ǕƗጶ⩪ٳƿٱijĨǔƻٱijĨ
⼸
ٱĴ
Ů ū
ٳ
ǂ
Ǖ
ƺĺ
ٱijĨ⩪Ĩ
䁨
Ĩ
䂇ᾱ
ٵƫٳƿĨ⢣Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨĜ
ⱞ
Ĩ
ԡ
Ĩ
⋂
ٱijٶœٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
ㆨ
Enlightenment
㯰
ٱĴ ǕưĨ ǖŕٱĴ ǕƟ ǔƲĨٳƿٵƫٱij
Renaissance
ڄŨٱĴ ǔưĨ⩪ Ĝ
Ĩ
ԡ
Ĩ
㚎
Ĩ
ぉ⇘
Ķ ǎưٱijĨ
㚎
Ĩ◵
䂇ᾱ
ٵƫٳƿĨẵ㵃०
ࣁ
Ĩ⦾Ĩƻ
⓿
ٱĴƀűٳǗ
ǀ
njƱٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
ⱞ
Ĩ
䅈
ٶœĨ
㤊᙮ 㔉
Ĩ
ٱĈijĨ
㦶
⩪Ĩű
⁆
Ĩ䄸ٵƫű࢟ ǖƯ ǎƱٱijٵƫٳƿĨĨ㮅ٶœű
ཏ⻒
ٱij
㦲ᡳ
ٱijٵƫ◵
⼸
ٱĴ
Ů ū
tٱĴ ǔư⚮
ӣ㕄
ẵĨ
ᑛ
ŕ⍱ٵƫŨٳǔƿ
⸝Ḱ
Û␥ٳǔƿⅆĨ
㻰
ٱĴƙĨÛǔƻٵƫٳǔƿĨٵƫٶœ
㍞
ą ǖƭٱijٵƫ㍠ĨÛǖƯ ǎƱٳƿ
ዛ
ÛűٶœٱijٳǔƿٱĈijĨĜٱĴ ǎưٱĴ ǍưĨٳƿٱijٳ ǁ Ʀ
䃧
ٶœǔƆٵƫٳ ǁ ƒ⢣Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨٳƿٵƫٱij
Ĩnjƭ
㔉
Ĩ
㘊㒾
⩪Ĩ␥
῝㒾
Ĝ
ⱝ
⦾Ĩ
Ἀ
⢣Ĩ⦾Ĩ㯵⚮Ũ
⇘
Ĩ
؈
㮅ٶœ⢣ƻٵƫٳƿ┌
㥝⠷
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨ㭛ٱijٳƿٱijٶœ䄺㆘ᮃ
Ĩ
㴵
ٳƿĨ⩪Ĩnjƭ
㔉
ĨٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨ
ƣോ
őٱĴ njưĨٳƿٱijĨ⩪ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨĨ
᮳
༶ٱĴ ǎư㧟ٳƿٵƫٱijĨᐹ᳃ĨÛᷪᷫ
ㅘ
Û
㯶
ٳƿĨ
㚪
ٳƿٵƫ
⃛
Ĩƻٵƫ
㶲
ٶœĨٳǔ
ǀ ǘ
ƱᆽٱĴ ǔưĨٵƫٳǔ
ǀ ǘ
ƱᆽĨŨ
ฑ
Ĩ⩪ĨٶǔŔ ǎƶ
Ɩ
ǔ
Ƹ
ǖƱٵƫ
⍧
ĨŕٵƫŒ
ƈ
⩪Ĩ ǖƮ
Ɗ
ٱĴ ǕƙٱijĨٵƫ
ṃ
Ĩ㆕⩪Ĩٶǔœ
㨑
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
ǖƮ
Ɗ
ٱĴ ǕƙٱijĨ
؈
㮅ٶœ⦾ĨየĨÛ㶊ٳƿ
ՠ
ٳƿٱij
ᥭ
ٱij
䀾
ⅆٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨ⩪
◊
Ĩٶœٳ
ǀ
njƱٳǔƿĨƏŒ ǔšĨ⩪
㍞
⦾Ũٱij⊾ĨጶĨ
ĨٱĴ ǎư
ʟ
⢣ƻ㭚ٱij
ᣞ
Ĩ
ࠧ㿧
ٱijĨ㮅ٶœű
ཏ
Ĝ
ⱞ
Ĩ
⩩
ٳƿĨ
ᳩ
Ə㱔
㳟
ٱijĨ◵ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨ⢣Ĩ
⢚䇋
⦾ ǖƭٱĴ ǎưٱijٵƫٳƿĨ㽓ຓĨ㝂Œ
ƙٱijĨ
Ā’ᦩ
Ĩ㮅ٶœ㝂Œ ƙٱijĨĜ㶊ٳƿٳƿ
㛼
㆘শ
༞
ĨǔƻٱijĨ
ʼn
ٶǗœ㆘
㯥
䄹Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٵƫ
ᶰ
Ѕ
ٱĴƙĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
㥄
ཻ
ĨÛ⦾
Ĝ
Ķ ǎưٱijĨ㆕⩪Ĩ
ԇ
㕄
ẵ ǖƭٱĴ ǎưٱijٵƫٳƿĨ㰂㍝Ĩƻ
◀
Œ
ƈ
⩪Ĩ
䀂
ٱijĨ
ᮮ
ٵƫ㖭ٱĴ ǕƙĨĨĜ
Ĩ⦿Ĩ㻑ⓔĨŨ㧞űٶœٱij᪅ٱijٳƿٵƫٱijĨ㭛
⿄
ٱĴ
Ǣ
ƀ
᭵
Ĩ
Ý
㶊Ĩ⦿Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨϕ㆘ĨşⅆሱĨ㆕⩪ĨٶǔŔ ǎƶ
Ɩ
ǔ
Ƹ
ǖƱ⦾ĨǔƻٱijĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ⦿Ĩٳƿٱij
⁇
ٱijອٱĴƙĨ⩪Ĩ
㍛
ٵƫỺሱĨĨٳƿٱijĨ
Ŵ㍀
Ĩশٱij㯵ƻٵƫٳƿٱijٶœٳ
ǀ
njƱ
≿
Ĩ⩪Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njš
Ŭ
ٵƬ Ľ šĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ
ǖƯ Ʀ ٱĴƀ Ǎƭٳƿ䄹⩪Ĩ䀐ٵƫ⋀ĨጶĨÛűٶœ⚮ٱijଞĨ
ʼn
ᠷ ǖƭٳƿ
₩
㵃ٵƫ⦾Ĩٶœٱij᪅ٱijĨű␥㯵ƗٱijĨ⦿Ĩ
ʼn
᪪
ٱij
䀠
ٳƿٶœ
◵ ǖƮ Ĩ◵ٶœٱij᪅ٱijĨƗٱijĨĜ༠Ĩ㻾¸ĨٱĴ
Ǎưٳ
ǀ
njƱĶ ǎư Ĩ⦾Ĩ ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨĨ⊝ٶœٳƿĨ⩪ĨሱĨٳƿٵƫٱijĨ༠Ĩ⦾ĨٱijଞĨ㯵ű࢟
ǖƯ ǎƱٱijٵƫٳƿĨ㰂㍝
Ĩ㆘⊝ٶœٳƿĨ
䅂
ٳƿٵƫٱijĨٱij¸
㬚
ٵƫٳƿĨĨ
ὔ
Ĩ⦾Ĩ⊝ٶœٳƿĨٶŔ
ǎưỺ
㡹
㝂ٳǔƿő ǖƯ ǎƱٶŔ ǎưٶŔ njšĨϕ
Post Modernism
Ĝ㶊ĨٱĴ ǖưŒ
ś ĸ
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