Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MC LC
THUT NG VIT TT ............................................................................ 1 LI NI U .............................................................................................. 4
1.1 nh tuyn trong chuyn mch gi truyn thng ....................... 6 1.2 ATM & IP .................................................................................. 8 1.3 IP over ATM ............................................................................ 10
CHNG 2. NH A CH V NH TUYN IP............................. 12
2.1 M hnh chng giao thc TCP/IP ............................................ 12 2.2 nh a ch IP ......................................................................... 13 2.3 nh tuyn IP ........................................................................... 15 2.4 Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong IP............................................ 17
2.4.1 nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ............................... 19 2.4.2 nh tuyn trng thi ng .......................................... 21 2.4.3 RIP (Routing Information Protocol) .............................. 23 2.4.4 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) ................................... 29 2.4.5 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) ................................... 36
N TT NGHIP
4.1 Gii thiu chuyn mch th ..................................................... 56 4.2 Kin trc ca chuyn mch th ................................................ 57 4.3 Cc thnh phn ......................................................................... 59 4.4 Cc phng php cp pht th ................................................. 62
4.4.1 Phng php downstream .............................................. 62 4.4.2 Phng php downstream on demand ........................... 63 4.4.3 Phng php upstream ................................................... 64
N TT NGHIP
THUT NG VIT TT
ARIS ARP ARS API AS ATM B-ISDN PRM BGP CBR CDV CLIP CoS CPCS CPE CRC CS CSLIP CSR EGP EIGRP ER FANP FDDI FEC FIB GFC GFMP ICMP ID IDRP IETF IFMP Aggregate route-based IP switching Address resolution protocol Address resolution server Application programming interface Autonomous system Asynchronous tranfer mode Broadband-ISDN protocol reference model Border gateway protocol Contant bit rate Cell delay variation Classical IP over ATM Class of service Common path convergence sublayer Customer prime equipment Cycle redundantce code Convergence sublayer Compressed SLIP Cell switch router External gateway protocol Enhanced interior gateway routing protocol Explicit route Flow attribute notification protocol Fibler distributed data interconnect Forwarding equivalen class Forwarding information base General flow control General flow management protocol Internet control management protocol Identifier Interdomain routing protocol Internet enginering task force Ipsilon flow management protocol
N TT NGHIP
InATMARP IP IPCP ISDN ISP ISR LAN LANE LFN LLC/SNAP LSA LSP MARS MBS MCR MPOA NHRP NNI ODR OSPF PAWS PCR PDU PMD PNNI PPP PVC RARP RFC RIP RSVP RTO RTT SAP
Inverse ATMARP Internet protocol IP control point Intergrated service digital network Internet service provider Intergrated switch router Local area network LAN emulation Long-fast network Logical link control/subnetwork access protocol Link state advertiseent Link state packet Multicast address resolution server Maximum burst sequence Minimum cell rate Multiprotocol over ATM Next hop resolution protocol Network-network interface On demand routing Open shortdest path first Protection against wapped sequence Peak cell rate Protocol data unit Physical medium dependent Private NNI Point-to-point protocol Permanent virtual circuit Reverse ARP Request for recommend Routing information protocol Resource reservation protocol Retransmission timeout Round trip time Service access point
N TT NGHIP
SAPI SAR SDH SDU SLIP SPT SSCS SVC TC TCP TDP TDM TER TIB T/TCP TOS TSR TTL UBR UDP UNI UPC VBR VCC VCI VLSM VPC VPI VPN WAN
SAP Identifier Segmentation/reasembly Synchronous digital heirachy Service data unit Serial line IP Server processing time Specific service CS Switched virtual circuit Transmission convergence Transmission control protocol Tag distribution protocol Time domain multiplexing Tag edge router Tag information base TCP extention for transactions Type of service Tag switch router Time to live Unspecified bit rate User data protocol User network protocol Usage parameter control Variable bit rate Virtual circuit connection Virtual circuit identifier Variable length subnet mask Virtual path connection Virtual path identifier Virtual private network Wide area netword
N TT NGHIP
LI NI U
Trc s pht trin ca cc giao thc Internet khi u t nhng nm ca thp nin 70 v tip tuc pht trin vo nhng nm sau . Ngy nay, mng IP thc s bng n c v khi lng lu lng cng nh cc yu cu v cht lng dch v nh: tc truyn dn, bng thng, truyn dn a phng tin, Nhng mng IP hin nay vn cha thc s p ng c cc yu cu v truyn dn lu lng, do , cn phi c mt gii php cng ngh mi a vo khc phc nhng nhc im ca mng ang tn ti. Cng ngh chuyn mch IP ra i v c xem l mt gii php tt gii quyt nhng yu cu trn. Chuyn mch IP l s kt hp hi ha ca cc giao thc iu khin mm do vi phn cng chuyn mch ATM. Chuyn mch IP khc phc c nhc im v tc x l chm ca cc b nh tuyn v tnh phc tp ca cc giao thc bo hiu trong chuyn mch ATM. Chuyn mch IP ang l im tp trung nghin cu ca cc hng vin thng ni ting trn th gii nh: Ipsilon, Toshiba, IBM, Cisco,.. Vi mc ch gn qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu tm hiu mt cng ngh mi tin tin trn c s nhng kin thc hc v nghin cu nhng ti liu mi. Em dnh thi gian lm n tt nghip ca mnh nghin cu v Chuyn mch IP. n ca em gm hai phn vi ni dung chnh nh sau: Phn I: Tng quan - Gii thiu chung v ATM v IP - nh a ch trong IP - Mt s phng php nh tuyn lp mng Phn II: Chuyn mch IP v ng dng - Chuyn mch IP - ng dng ca chuyn mch IP Thng qua n em c dp trnh by nhng hiu bit ca mnh v mt cng ngh chuyn mch mi. Tuy nhin do nng lc cn hn ch nn n khng trnh khi thiu st, em rt mong c c nhng ng gp qu bu ca thy c v ton th cc bn. Em xin chn thnh cm n ThS Nguyn Th Thanh K ngi trc tip hng dn v ch bo em c th hon thnh n tt nghip ny. Em cng xin cm n cc thy c trong hc vin v cc bn tn tnh gip em trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu Hc vin. Em xin chn thnh cm n
Sinh vin
Nguyn Quang Hiu SV Nguyn Quang Hiu
N TT NGHIP
Share Bus
Interface
Interface
Interface
Interface
N TT NGHIP
Trc s pht trin khng ngng ca Internet. Ngy cng c nhiu ngi hn s ng nhp vo mng v khi bng nh tuyn s ln hn, thi gian tra cu cng s lu hn. Kt hp vi s tng trng trong lu lng ngi dng, dn ti i hi phi to ra nhng router s dng cng ngh cao hn. Nh vo s tng cng tnh ton hng ti ca cc gi tin n cc giao din chuyn tip. Mt phn hoc ton b bng nh tuyn c th c lu trong b nh ca b chuyn tip u vo. iu ny cho php b chuyn tip u vo thc hin tnh ton hng i v nh hng cc gi trn ng bus tng ng vi b chuyn tip u ra m khng cn s can thip ca b x l trung tm. Hiu nng ca m hnh ny vn s b gii hn bi tc bus v thi gian yu cu sp xp trn mt bng nh tuyn ln trong sut thi gian tra cu. Mt cng ngh ci thin router khc l thay th bus bng mt switch. V ton b cng u vo v ra c kt ni vi nhau bng mt kt cu chuyn mch khng nghn. M hnh ny c gii thiu trong hnh 1.2.
Processor Forwarding Cache Forwarding Cache
Adapter
Adapter
Forwarding Cache
Forwarding Cache
Adapter
Adapter
N TT NGHIP
N TT NGHIP
N TT NGHIP
- L mt giao thc chuyn - S dng gi tin c chiu mch gi c tin cy v kh di c nh 53 byte gi l nng m rng cao. t bo (cell). - Do phng thc nh tuyn - Nguyn tc nh tuyn : theo tng chng nn iu khin chuyn i VPI/VCI -Nn lu lng rt kh thc hin. tng phn cng tc cao - n gin, hiu qu - Tc chuyn mch cao, mm do, h tr QoS theo yu cu - Gi thnh cao, khng mm do trong h tr nhng ng dng IP, VoA
u im Nhc im
- Khng h tr QoS
10
N TT NGHIP
Nh th c th s gy nn vn bnh phng N, rt phin phc, tc l khi thit lp, bo dng, g b s lin kt gia cc im nt, s vic phi lm (nh s VC, lng tin iu khin) u c cp s nhn bnh phng ca N im nt. Khi m mng li ngy cng rng ln, chi phi kiu s lm cho mng li qu ti. Th hai l phng thc xp chng s phn ct c mng li IP over ATM ra lm nhiu mng logic nh (LIS), cc LIS trn thc t u l trong mt mng vt l. Gia cc LIS dng b nh tuyn trung gian lin kt, iu ny s c nh hng n vic truyn nhm gi tin gia cc LIS khc nhau. Mt khc, khi lu lng rt ln, nhng b nh tuyn ny s gy hin tng nghn c chai i vi bng rng. Hai im nu trn u lm cho IP over ATM ch c th dng thch hp cho mng tng i nh, nh mng x nghip, nhng khng th p ng c nhu cu ca mng ng trc Internet trong tng lai. Trn thc t, hai k thut ny ang tn ti vn yu km v kh nng m rng thm. Th ba l trong phng thc chng xp, IP over ATM vn khng c cch no m bo QoS thc s. Th t, vn khi thit k hai loi k thut IP v ATM u lm ring l, khng xt g n k thut kia, iu ny lm cho s ni thng gia hai bn phi da vo mt lot giao thc phc tp, cng vi cc b phc v x l cc giao thc ny. Cch lm nh th c th gy nh hng khng tt i vi tin cy ca mng ng trc. Cc k thut MPOA (Multiprotocol over ATM a giao thc trn ATM) LANE (LAN Emulation M phng LAN) cng chnh l kt qu nghin cu gii quyt cc vn , nhng cc gii thut ny u ch gii quyt c mt phn cc tn ti, nh vn QoS chng hn. Phng thc m cc k thut ny dng vn l phng thc chng xp, kh nng m rng vn khng . Hin nay xut hin mt loi k thut IP over ATM khng dng phng thc xp chng, m dng phng thc chuyn mch nhn, p dng phng thc tch hp. K thut ny chnh l c s ca MPLS.
11
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
CHNG 2 NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
2.1 M hnh chng giao thc TCP/IP
TCP/IP l mt b giao thc m c xy dng cho mng Internet m tin thn ca n l mng ARPnet ca b quc phng M. Do y l mt giao thc m, nn n cho php bt k mt u cui no s dng b giao thc ny u c th c kt ni vo mng Internet. Chnh iu ny to nn s bng n ca Internet ton cu trong thi gian gn y. Trong b giao thc ny, hai giao thc c s dng ch yu l giao thc truyn ti tin cy TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v IP (Internet Procol). Chng cng lm vic vi nhau cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng. im khc nhau c bn ca TCP/IP so vi OSI l tng lin mng s dng giao thc khng kt ni (connectionless) IP, to thnh ht nhn hot ng ca mng Internet. Cng vi cc giao thc nh tuyn nh RIP, OSPF, BGP, tng lin mng IP cho php kt ni mt cch mm do v linh hot cc loi mng vt l khc nhau nh: Ethernet, Token Ring, X25
OSI Application Presentation Session Transport
SMTP
TCP/IP
Application
FTP
TELNET
DNS
TCP
UDP
Network
ICMP
IGMP
IP
ARP RARP
Data link
12
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
TCP/IP c kin trc phn lp, gm 4 lp chc nng sau: 1) Lp lin kt d liu (DataLink Layer): nh ngha cc hm, th tc, phng tin truyn dn m bo s truyn dn an ton cc khung thng tin trn bt k mt phng tin truyn dn no nh Ethernet, ATM, tokenring, frame-relay, 2) Lp giao thc Internet(Internet Protocol): Chuyn tip cc gi tin t ngun ti ch. Mi gi tin cha a ch ch v IP s dng thng tin ny truyn gi tin ti ch ca n. Giao thc IP c chy trn tt c cc my ch (Host) cng nh trong tt c cc thit b nh tuyn (Router). Lp IP l lp kt ni phi hng ngha l mng khng cn thit lp bt k mt ng dn no n ch trc khi gi tin c truyn qua mng n ch do vy, mi gi n ch vi mi ng ti u khc nhau v IP khng m bo th t n ch ca cc gi tin. Mng Internet hot ng trn bt k phng tin truyn ti no (nh c lp DataLink) v c th c rt nhiu ng dng trn lp IP nhng ch c mt lp IP vi giao thc IP duy nht l im hi t ca TCP/IP cho php n hot ng mt cch linh hot v mm do trn mng my tnh cc ln. Hin nay c hai phin bn ca IP l IPv4 v IPv6 (IPng). IPv4 l phin bn ang s dng thng nht hin nay nhng do nhu cu pht trin ca mng v cng ngh truyn thng trong tng lai gn s phi s dng phin bn IPv6. 3) Lp TCP/UDP: Lp ny chy trn nh ca lp IP v bao gm hai giao thc l TCP v UDP. TCP l mt kiu phng thc hng kt ni cho php cung cp cc dch v tin cy cn UDP s dng phng thc hng khng kt ni cung cp cc dch v km tin cy hn. TCP/UDP ch c chy trn h thng my ch v c s dng bi mi dch v lp ng dng. 4) Lp ng dng (Application Layer): L giao din gia ngi dng v mng Internet, lp ng dng s dng cc dch v lp TCP/IP. Cc ng dng rt a dng, phong ph v ngy cng nhiu nh Telnet, FTP, HTTP, SMTP,
2.2 nh a ch IP
a ch IP l a ch lp mng, c s dng nh danh cc my trm (HOST) trong lin mng. a ch IP c di 32 bt i vi IPv4 v 128 bt vi IPv6. N c th c biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn v nh phn.
13
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
C hai cch cp pht a ch IP ph thuc vo cch thc ta kt ni mng. Nu mng ca ta kt ni vo mng Internet, a ch mng c xc nhn bi NIC (Network Information Center). Nu mng ca ta khng kt ni vi Internet, ngi qun tr mng s cp pht a ch IP cho mng ny. V c bn, khun dng a ch IP gm hai phn: Network Number v Host Number nh hnh v:
0 16 31
Network number
Host number
Trong , phn Network Number l a ch mng cn Host Number l a ch cc my trm lm vic trong mng . Do vic tng cc WW theo hm m trong nhng nm gn y v s lng WW m ra rt nhiu, nn vi a ch IP l 32 bt l rt t do vy m rng kh nng nh i ch cho mng IP v v nhu cu s dng c rt nhiu quy m mng khc nhau, nn ngi ta chia cc i ch IP thnh 5 lp k hiu l A, B, C, D v E c cu trc nh sau:
0
Lp A NetID
7 8
SubnetID
15 16
HostID
31 23 3
SubnetID
0
Lp B NetID
15 16
24
HostID
31 26 27 31 31
HostID
0
Lp C NetID
23
SubnetID
HostID
0
Lp D NetID
26
Lp E
NetID
14
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
Lp C (/24): c xc nh bng ba bt u tin l 110 v dng ba byte u nh danh mng. N cho php nh danh ti 2.097.150 mng vi ti a 254 my trm trong mi my trm trong mi mng. Do , n c s dng trong cc mng c quy m nh. Lp D: c xc nh bng bn bt u tin l 1110, n c dng gi cc IP datagram ti mt nhm cc host trn mt mng. Tt c cc s ln hn 233 trong trng u l thuc nhm D. Lp E: c xc nh bng nm bt u tin l 11110, c d phng cho tng lai. Vi phng thc nh a ch IP nh trn, s lng mng v s my ti a trong mi lp mng l c nh. Do , s ny sinh vn l c cc a ch khng c s dng trong mng ca mt doanh nghip, trong khi mt doanh nghip khc li khng c a ch mng dng. Do tit kim a ch mng, trong nhiu trng hp mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet). Khi , c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cho cc mng con. Vng subnetid ny c ly t vng hostid ca cc lp A, B v C.
2.3 nh tuyn IP
nh tuyn trn Internet c thc hin da trn cc bng nh tuyn (Routing table) c lu ti cc trm (Host) hay trn cc thit b nh tuyn (Router). Thng tin trong cc bng nh tuyn c cp nht t ng hoc do ngi dng cp nht. Cc phm tr dng trong nh tuyn l:
- Tnh c th c (Reachability) dng cho cc giao thc EGP nh BGP. - Vc t kkong cch (Vector-Distance) gia ngun v ch dng cho RIP - Trng thi kt ni (Link state) nh thng tin v kt ni dng cho OSPF
Khng c giao thc nh tuyn no l ton din, tu vo c tnh, kch thc ca mng chn ph hp. Mng nh ng nht nn dng RIP, i vi cc mng ln c cu to thch hp th OSPF ti u hn.
U
* Nguyn tc nh tuyn :
Trong hot ng nh tuyn, ngi ta chia lm hai loi l nh tuyn trc tip v nh tuyn gin tip. nh tuyn trc tip l nh tuyn gia hai
15
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
my tnh ni vi nhau vo mt mng vt l. nh tuyn gin tip l nh tuyn gia hai my tnh cc mng vt l khc nhau nn chng phi thc hin thng qua cc Gateway. kim tra xem my ch c nm trn cng mt mng vt l vi my ngun khng th ngi gi phi tch ly a ch mng ca my ch trong phn tiu ca gi d liu v so snh vi phn a ch mng trong phn a ch IP ca n. Nu trng th gi tin s c truyn trc tip nu khng cn phi xc nh mt Gateway truyn cc gi tin ny thng qua n ra mng ngoi thch hp. Hot ng nh tuyn bao gm hai hot ng c bn sau: - Qun tr c s d liu nh tuyn: Bng nh tuyn (bng thng tin chn ng) l ni lu thng tin v cc ch c th ti c v cch thc ti c ch . Khi phn mm nh tuyn IP ti mt trm hay mt cng truyn nhn c yu cu truyn mt gi d liu, trc ht n phi tm trong bng nh tuyn, quyt nh xem s phi gi Datagram n u. Tuy nhin, khng phi bng nh tuyn ca mi trm hay cng u cha tt c cc thng tin v cc tuyn ng c th ti c. Mt bng nh tuyn bao gm cc cp (N,G). Trong : + N l a ch ca IP mng ch + G l a ch cng tip theo dc theo trn ng truyn n mng N Bng 2.1 minh ho bng nh tuyn ca mt cng truyn. n Host trn mng 10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 13.0.0.0 13.0.0.0 15.0.0.0 B nh tuyn Direct Direct 11.0.0.2 Direct 13.0.0.2 10.0.02 Cng vt l 2 1 1 3 3 5
Nh vy, mi cng truyn khng bit c ng truyn y i n ch. Trong bng nh tuyn cn c nhng thng tin v cc cng c th ti ch nhng khng nm trn cng mt
16
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
mng vt l. Phn thng tin ny c che khut i v c gi l mc nh (default). Khi khng tm thy cc thng tin v a ch ch cn tm, cc gi d liu c gi ti cng truyn mc nh. - Thut ton nh tuyn: c m t nh sau: + Gim trng TTL ca gi tin + Nu TTL=0 th Hu gi d liu Gi thng ip ICMP bo li cho thit b gi. + Nu a ch ch l mt trong cc a ch IP ca cc kt ni trn mng th x l gi d liu IP ti ch. + Xc nh a ch mng ch bng cch nhn (AND) mt n mng (Network Mask) vi a ch IP ch. + Nu a ch ch khng tm thy trong bng nh tuyn th tm tip trong tuyn ng mc nh, sau khi tm trong tuyn ng mc nh m khng tm thy cc thng tin v a ch ch th hu b gi d liu ny v gi thng ip ICMP bo li mng ch khng n c cho thit b gi. + Nu a ch mng ch bng a ch mng ca h thng, ngha l thit b ch n c kt ni trong cng mng vi h thng, th tm a ch mc lin kt tng ng vi bng tng ng a ch IP-MAC, nhng gi IP trong gi d liu mc lin kt v chuyn tip gi tin trong mng. + Trong trng hp a ch mng ch khng bng a ch mng ca h thng th chuyn tip gi tin n thit b nh tuyn cng mng.
17
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
cho cc gi n c ch ca chng vi kh nng cao hn. Bng chuyn pht khng , khng chnh xc s khin cho cc gi khng n c ch ca n v ti hn c th gy ra loop vng quanh mng trong mt khong thi gian gy ra lng ph ti nguyn bng tn v router . Cc giao thc nh tuyn c phn thnh nh tuyn gia cc min (interdomain) v trong mt min (intradomain). Mt min c gi l mt h thng t tr AS (autonomous system), AS l mt tp hp cc router c iu khin v qun l bi mt thc th n, n c xc nh bi mt s AS n. Cc giao thc trong mt min IGP (interior gateway protocol) c s dng gia cc router trong cng mt AS. Nhim v ca chng l phi tnh ton con ng r nht gia hai my bt k trong mt AS, do mang li hiu nng tt nht. Cc giao thc gia cc min EGP (exterior gateway protocol) c s dng gia cc router trong cc AS khc nhau. Nhim v ca n phi tnh ton mt ng qua cc AS khc nhau. V cc AS c iu khin bi cc t chc khc nhau nn cc tiu chun la chn mt ng qua mt AS ph thuc vo cc chnh sch nh chi ph, bo an, kh nng kh dng, hiu nng, quan h thng mi gia cc ASch khng ch n thun l hiu nng nh cc giao thc IGP. Mt v d ca EGP l BGP v cc v d ca IGP l OSPF v RIP. Hnh 2.3 di y a ra mt mng vi 3 AS chy cc giao thc IGP trong mt AS v EGP gia cc AS.
AS#2 RIP R BGP R R BGP
AS#1 OSPF R
R R
BGP
AS#3 OSPF R
R R
18
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
- Scalability c ch r bi kh nng ca giao thc nh tuyn h tr mt s lng ln cc router v cc mng trong khi ti thiu ho tng s lu lng iu khin gia cc router (cp nht c s d liu nh tuyn ) v cc ti nguyn router cn thit tnh ton cc bng nh tuyn mi. - Trnh loop. Khi mt giao thc nh tuyn tnh ton mt bng nh tuyn, n s c gng trnh cc con ng khin cc gi chuyn qua mt router hoc mt mng nhiu hn mt ln. N rt kh t c iu ny trong khong thi gian n truyn b s bin i v cu hnh n tt c cc router trong mng. Mc d vy, y l mt c tnh quan trng c h tr bi mt s giao thc nh BGP, EIGRP (enhanced interior gateway routing protocol). - Hi t. Khi cu hnh mng bin i (v d nh mt link b down hay mt mng mi c b sung) cc giao thc nh tuyn phi phn b thng tin ny khp mng cc router phn nh thng tin ny, x l ny c gi l hi t. Cc router hi t trn cu hnh chnh xc cng nhanh th cc gi s c phn pht thnh cng n ch. - Cc chun. Cc giao thc nh tuyn c pht trin bi IETF c lu tr trong cc RFC. N cho php cc nh u t khc nhau thc hin giao thc nh tuyn trn nn tng ring ca h v thc y kh nng hp tc. - Kh nng m rng. N nh ngha kh nng giao thc nh tuyn kt hp cc chc nng mi m khng thay i cc hot ng c bn ca n v c kh nng tng thch ngc tr li cc chc nng c. V d nh OSPF vi cc chc nng mi c b sung l multicast, nh tuyn QoS , h tr nh a ch lp lin kt. - Metric. y l cc tham s hoc cc giao thc c thng bo cng vi mng ch v tham gia vo tnh ton bng nh tuyn. Cc tham s ny c th l s cc hop, chi ph tuyn, bng tn, tr - Thut ton nh tuyn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn s dng mt trong hi thut ton nh tuyn c bn l vc t khong cch v trng thi ng.
19
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
n mi mng ny. Mt router chy giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch s thng bo n cc router k cn c kt ni trc tip vi n mt hoc nhiu hn cc vc t khong cch. Mt vc t khong cch bao gm mt b (network, cost) vi network l mng ch v cost l mt gi tr c lin quan n biu din s cc router hoc link trong ng dn gia router thng bo v mng ch. Do c s d liu nh tuyn bao gm mt s cc vc t khong cch hoc cost n tt c cc mng t router . Khi mt router thu c bn tin cp nht vc t khong cch t router k cn n th n b sung gi tr cost ca chnh n (thng bng 1) vo gi tr cost thu c trong bn tin cp nht. Sau router so snh gi tr cost tnh c ny vi thng tin thu c trong bn tin cp nht trc . Nu cost nh hn th router cp nht c s d liu nh tuyn vi cc cost mi, tnh ton mt bng nh tuyn mi,n bao gm cc router k cn va thng bo thng tin vc t khong cch mi nh next-hop.
Hnh 2.4 di y minh ho hot ng ca nh tuyn vc t khong cch:
(net1,1hop) Net1 Rout er C Rout er B (net1,2hop) Rout er A
20
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
tc: khng bao gi thng bo kh nng t ti mt ch cho next-hop ca n. Nh vy router A s khng bao gi thng bo vc t khong cch (net1,4) cho router B v router B l next-hop ca net1. nh tuyn vc t khong cch da trn thut ton Bellman Ford c thc hin trong mt s cc giao thc nh tuyn nh RIP, IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol).
B
Router B Router C
D
2
Router D Router E
21
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
ton mt cy bt ngun t chnh n v phn nhnh n tt c cc router khc da trn tiu ch ng ngn nht hay ng c chi ph t nht. Vi s hnh 3.10 th cy c thit lp router A nh trong hnh v bn phi. Cy ny c s dng tnh ton bng nh tuyn, thut ton tnh cy ng ngn nht l thut ton Dijkstra. Cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng c mt s tin b hn so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch: - Hi t nhanh hn. Mt s nguyn nhn khin n hi t nhanh hn l: Th nht, cc LSP c th c trn lt nhanh chng khp mng v c s dng xy dng mt cch nhn chnh xc v cu hnh mng. Th hai, ch c thay i cu hnh c phn nh trong LSP m khng phi l ton b c s d liu nh tuyn. Th ba, s c m v hn khng xy ra . - Lu lng b sung t hn. Cc giao thc ny ch pht cc LSP phn nh s bin i cu hnh ch khng phi pht i ton b c s nh tuyn. - Kh nng m rng. Cc giao thc trng thi ng c th c m rng h tr v truyn b cc tham s mng khc nh a ch, thng tin cu hnh. V mt router duy tr c s d liu cu hnh, thng tin mi l kh dng khi tnh ton mt ng n ch xc nh.
- Scalability. Cc giao thc trng thi ng c kh nng scalability tt hn
v cc router trong mt mng li c th phn thnh nhiu nhm. Trong vng mt nhm cc router thc hin trao i cc bn tin LSP vi nhau v xy dng mt c s d liu cu hnh ca nhm . trao i thng tin cu hnh gia cc nhm, mt b con cc router u tin tm tt c s d liu cu hnh nhm trong mt LSP v sau pht n n cc router xc nh trong nhm k cn. iu ny lm gim b nh v x l trong cc router v c s d liu cu hnh ch ln bng s router trong mt nhm v ch cc router trong nhm m c s bin i v cu hnh phi tnh ton cc cy shortcut path mi v cc bng nh tuyn. Khi nim phn cp ny c minh ha trong hnh 2.6 di y, n l mt khi nim quan trng c thc hin trong cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng nh OSPF, PNNI.
22
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
Summarized group
Logical Router Logical Router
Hnh 2.6: Phn cp nh tuyn trng thi ng 2.4.3 RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch ph bin c thc hin bi cc host v router TCP/IP. N c phn tn trong vng mt vi pht hnh khi u ca UNIX vo gia thp nin 80. Cc c tnh chc nng c bn ca RIP. - S dng thut ton nh tuyn vc t khong cch. - S dng tham s host-count - Cc router broadcast ton b c s d liu nh tuyn 30s mt l. - ng knh mng cc i m RIP h tr l 15hop. - N khng h tr VLSM (variable length subnet mask). RIP ni chung l n gin trong cu hnh, chy trn rt nhiu mng c trung bnh v nh, v vy n c xc nh l mt giao thc nh tuyn trong min (interior). RIP 2 khc phc mt s nhc im ca RIP 1 v n hot ng tng t nh RIP 1 v h tr VLSM. cung cp cho cc nh qun l mng, nhng ngi cn qun l khng gian a ch IPv4 mt cch mm do hn, th OSPF c s dng thay th. RIP c thit k nh mt giao thc broadcast, nhng n c th gi cc bn tin n cc node non-broadcast . Kh nng ny c th rt hu ch khi kt ni n mt router khc trn tuyn im-im (v d t router ca ISP n router ca khch hng). C th khng cho php s dng RIP trn cc giao din xc nh. lm c nh vy th cc nh qun l mng phi ngn chn cc bn tin RIP c to ra trn cc giao ny.
23
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
* Cc bn tin RIP
RIP chy trn UDP do cc bn tin ca n c ng gi trong UDP datagram v n chy trn cng s 520 (well-known port). Hnh 2.7 di y a ra nh dng cc bn tin RIP
0 7 8 15 16 31 0 7 8 15 16 31
Command
Version
(0) (0)
Command
Version
Cc trng thng bo c th c lp 25 ln do hn ch di cc i ca bn tin RIP l nh hn 512 byte. i vi RIP 2 cc trng d tr trong bn tin RIP 1 c m ho nh sau: - Routing domain xc nh routing deamonc kt hp vi bn tin ny. Trong UNIX y l trng process ID. Bng cch s dng min nh tuyn, mt my c th chy nhiu RIP ng thi. - Route tag: Nu RIP c s dng h tr EGP th trng ny cha mt s AS. - Subnet mask c kt hp vi a ch IP trong bn tin. - Next-hop address cha a ch IP ca ni m datagram nn c gi n, nu n bng 0 th datagram nn c gi n ni gi bn tin RIP ny.
24
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
RIP 2 h tr nhn thc trong khi RIP 1 th khng. Mi gi RIP c nhn thc ti pha thu nn giao din c cu hnh h tr nhn thc. Thng thng, nhn thc MD5 c thc hin mc d cc router c th c la chn khc. Gi RIP 2 nhn thc cng c nh dng tng t nh trong hnh 2.8:
0 7 8 15 16 31
Command
Version
0xffff
kh nng gi lu lng qua mt ng khng hiu qu hay c th cp nht nh tuyn mt qu nhiu thi gian t c hi t khi min nh tuyn khng n nh v chuyn lu lng khng hiu qu, c th khng chnh xc. Do c th gy ra loop hay s c m v hn. phn ln cc thc hin RIP u thc hin cc gii php khc phc s c m v hn. Mt thay i quyt nh l loi b nh thi 30s v khi mt router c mt cp nht nh tuyn n s gi i ngay lp tc. Vi gii php ny cc cp nht trung gian
25
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
khng gii quyt c vn , nhng n tng tc t c hi t. Mt s gii php khc c a ra di y. 1. Trt ngang (split horizon): Vi gii php ny tng ca n l khng cho php router gi thng bo qua giao din m n va n. N l trong hu ht cc tnh hung nhng khng hon ton v nu mng vt l c cu hnh b loop th s c m v hn vn tn ti. 2. Trt ngang vi o ngc poison: y l mt bin th ca trt ngang, n gi thng bo ti giao din n va n vi metric bng 16. 3. Holddown c tng cng cho giao thc vc t khong cch khi mt tuyn c thng bo l unreachable th router thng bo s t chi cp nht trong mt khong thi gian sau khi tuyn c thng bo. N lm tng thi gian hi t nhng trnh c loop. RIP khng s dng holddown nhng cc giao thc vect khong cch khc nh IGRP (Intergateway Routing Protocol) ca Cisco th c s dng. Vi IGRP, khi router bit mt mng b down hoc mt mng c khong cch ln hn so vi thng bo th tuyn n mng c t trong holddown. Trong thi gian ny, tuyn c th c thng bo nhng thng bo u vo v tuyn ny t bt k router no khc router thng bo trc u b hu b. Ngi ta c th khng mun s dng trt ngang trn cc link ni tip (non-broadcast ) nh X25, frame relay, ATM. Cc router c th c cu hnh khng cho php trt ngang.
* iu chnh nh thi:
Phn ln cc router high-end c c th cu hnh bin i tn s cp nht nh tuyn RIP v cc tham s khc. Cisco chy mt lot cc ng h nh thi (timer) cho cc hot ng nh tuyn theo yu cu ODR (on deman routing) i vi RIP. Cc tham s cu hnh RIP sau l kh dng i vi nh qun l mng. 1. Update: l khong thi gian gia cc ln cp nht v n c gi tr mc nh l 30s. 2. Invalid: khong thi gian sau mt tuyn khng hp l, n l khong thi gian nn bng 3 ln gi tr update. N c ngha l mt tuyn s l
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT
26
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
khng hp l nu n khng c cp nht. Tuyn khng th truy nhp mng sau s vo holddown. N c th vn c s dng cho chuyn pht gi, gi tr mc nh ca n l 180s. 3. Holddown l khong thi gian m thng tin trn cc tuyn ti hn b loi b,gi tr ny nn bng 3 ln gi tr update. Khi ht thi gian holddown, cc tuyn c thng bo bi cc ngun khc c chp nhn v tuyn c th truy cp. Gi tr mc nh ca n l 180s. 4. Flush l tng thi gian mt thc th nh tuyn phi duy tr trong bng nh tuyn trc khi b loi b. N t nht phi bng tng ca invalid v holddown. Gi tr mc nh ca n l 240s. 5. Sleep time l tng thi gian cp nht nh tuyn. Nu mt router chp nhn cp nht tc th, th tham s ny s c cu hnh. N nn nh hn thi gian update v c s dng cho hot ng ODR ca Cisco nhng khng kh dng i vi RIP. thit lp vic iu khin thng tin nh tuyn c truyn b nh th no qua router n/t cc giao din. Cc router c th c thit lp cung cp cc b lc RIP sau. - Trnh cp nht nh tuyn qua mt giao din nhm trnh cc router khc nhau trn mt LAN bit v cc tuyn ng. - iu khin vic thng bo v cc tuyn trong cp nht nh tuyn cho php nh qun l mng cm cc tuyn ang c thng bo trong cp nht RIP . - iu khin x l cp nht nh tuyn, n khng cho php tuyn discovered c x l. - Lc cc ngun thng tin nh tuyn, n c th xy ra trng hp mt tuyn tt hn c tm thy qua giao thc nh tuyn khc. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn x l thng tin chnh xc hn cc giao thc khc, n c th thit lp mc u tin cho cc ngun khc nhau i vi mt router. c im ny cho php nh qun l mng la chn mt giao thc cho mt giao din.
27
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
28
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
- Khng cho php s hp l ca a ch IP ngun. i vi mc ch bo an, mt a ch IP ngun cho mt bn tin cp nht RIP l khng hp l. Nhim v ny tho mn yu cu lc trn mt giao din, n cng l mt trap door cho mt min nh tuyn. - Cu hnh tr gia cc gi. - Cho php/khng cho php trt ngang. - Lc thng tin RIP v qun l kha - VLSM l mt cng c tt s dng a ch IP.
AREA 2
Router
ABR ABR
AREA 0
ABR
Router
AREA 3
AREA 1
Router Router
ABR
Router
Router
29
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
Mt mng OSPF phi c mt vng 0 c nh ngha nh vng backbone. Nu c nhiu vng c cu hnh, tt c cc vng khc 0 phi kt ni n vng 0 qua ABR (Area Border Router). Cc router trong mt vng thng bo trng thi ng LSA (Link State Advertisement) v xy dng mt s cc vng c gi l c s d liu trng thi ng. Thng tin c tm tt v cc cu hnh v cc mng c bit c chuyn gia cc vng thng qua ABR. Do cc router duy tr thng tin hon chnh v tt c cc mng v cc router trong vng ca n v thng tin c bit v cc mng v cc router ngoi vng ca n. t ti mng trong vng ny, cc router cn phi c thng tin hng cc gi n ABR ph hp. OSPF thu ht c s quan tm ca nhiu nh pht trin mng v qun l mng v mt s l do sau. - Cc mng ln hn bao gm nhiu hn cc router ang c trin khai v xy dng, kh nng scalability ln hn RIP v cc giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch khc. - Cc chc nng v dch v b sung ang v s cn c trin khai trn cc mng ny. L mt giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng, OSPF c kh nng m rng, tng cng cc chc nng n cung cp bng cch nh ngha v b sung cc trng mi mang thng tin mi trong cc LSA OSPF. - Nhng kh khn i vi OSPF bt u c khc phc khi rt nhiu cc k s mng trin khai v qun l cc sn phm mng chy OSPF. OSPF l mt giao thc thch ng, n iu chnh cc vn trong mng v cung cp thi gian hi t ngn n nh cc bng nh tuyn. N c thit k chng hin tng loop. OSPF c bao bc trong IP datagram v trng protocol ID ca IP i vi OSPF l 89, n c kh nng nh tuyn TOS v nh a ch mng con.
U
* Hot ng ca OSPF:
OSPF hot ng trn cc mng broadcast v non-broadcast, n cng
hot ng trn cc link im-im. Cc ng quay s, cc kt ni ISDN theo yu cu v cc kt ni o chuyn mch ca X25, frame relay, ATM to ra mi trng on-demand cho OSPF. tng chnh ca OSPF l n s cm mt s
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT
30
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
lu lng gi thng bo gia cc router c kt ni n link theo yu cu. Tip cn ny cho php kink yu cu th ng (lp 2 khng hot ng) nhng vn gi mi quan h vi OSPF. Khi link ny hot ng tr li OSPF s gi i cc thng bo trng thi ng trn link ny. Hot ng ca OSPF bin i ph thuc vo loi mng m n hot ng,di y a ra mt s hot ng ca OSPF thc hin vi tt c cc loi mng. OSPF thc hin mt giao thc hello, n l mt giao thc bt tay,v sau thc hin ping vi cc router k cn bit chc rng link hoc router no ang hot ng. Sau khi thc hin hello hon thnh, cc router ng tng c xem nh merely adjacent c ngha l cc router ny hon thnh mt phn ng b ch cha phi tt c. Tip theo,cc router trao i thng tin m t hiu bit ca chng v min nh tuyn. Thng tin ny c t trong cc bn tin LSA, n khng phi l thng tin m t ton b c s d liu trng thi ng nhng n cha thng tin router thu bit liu c s d liu trng thi ng ca n c ng vi c s d liu ca cc router ng tng vi n khng. Nu c th cc k cn c xc nh l fully adjacent. Cc router ny sau thc hin trao i cc LSA cha cp nht trng thi ng v thc s tr thnh cc k cn y . Cc hello c pht theo nh k gi cho cc router ng tng hiu bit ln nhau. Cc LSA c to ra phi c gi n cc router ng tng vi n 30s mt ln nhm ng b cc c s d liu trng thi ng.
Router A Hello
Router B
Merely adjacent
Hello
Merely adjacent
Database Description
Fully adjacent
Fully adjacent
31
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
* Cc vng OSPF:
Cc cng ty vi cc h thng ln c th hot ng vi nhiu mng,nhiu router v host. qun l mt mng rng cc phn t thng tin ny th phi s dng rt nhiu LSA. OSPF thc hin phn chia cc AS thnh cc phn nh hn gi l vng, nh lm gim tng s lu lng nh tuyn c gi qua AS v cc vng c cch ly vi nhau. N lm gim s thng tin router phi duy tr y v AS. Do thng tin c pht gia cc router duy tr cc bng nh tuyn OSPF gim . OSPF s dng multicast hn ch x l gi LSA ti cc node khng cn thit kim tra cc gi nh tuyn tng ng i vi mng broadcast. Cn i vi cc mng non-broadcast th OSPF s dng lc gi gim s cc gi nh tuyn c trao i gia cc router trong vng. Vng stub l vng m thng tin nh tuyn trn cc tuyn ngoi khng c gi i. Thay vo , ABR to ra mt tuyn mc nh n cc ch ngoi vng v cc tuyn trong vng stub s dng tuyn ny. Cc nh qun l mng c th thit lp ABR trnh khng cho n gi thng bo tuyn tm tt vo trong vng stub. Cc thng bo tuyn tm tt ny c thit k nh LSA loi. OSPF yu cu tt c cc mng c kt ni bng mt vng backbone, n c xem nh mt b cc node lin tc v kt ni cc link thng tin qua backbone vi nhau. Cc vng ni n backbone phi l cc vng stub, do OSPF h tr s dng cc tuyn o cc gi nh tuyn c th c gi t vng ny sang vng khc khng phi qua backbone. Cc tuyn o chy gia cc router v cho php cc gi LSA tm tt c xuyn hm qua cc vng. Trong khi thng tin nh tuyn c gi xuyn hm th lu lng ngi dng vn chn c ng vt l tt nht. Cc tuyn o c th c s dng duy tr kt ni gia cc vng nu backbone c th c chia ra, n c kt ni logic vi cc tuyn o. Cc mng ngoi kt ni vi cc AS OSPF khng phi l thnh vin ca AS ny. Cc router AS OSPF pht hin ra cc mng ny qua giao thc EGP v sau thng bo cc mng trong AS vi cc LSA ngoi.
U
32
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
bi cc nh qun l mng. V mt k thut, c th thit lp cc link-cost mt cch ng da trn di hng i,tr gy ra bi cc router v cc tiu chun hiu nng khc. Mc d vy, cc metric ng rt kh qun l, chng khng c s dng trong cc mng phi kt ni. Cc mng hng kt ni c th s dng cc metric ng hiu qu v bng tn c thit lp do mi kt ni v OSPF c th s dng cho cc thng bo. Mt khi mt kt ni c thit lp, n da trn mt tuyn tnh. Ngi s dng khc c th yu cu kt ni, trong thi gian OSPF c th tm thy mt tuyn tt hn v vy ngi s dng th 2 c th c mt ng khc. Cc cost c th c kt hp vi cc mng thuc cc AS khc nhau, chng kh dng nh giao thc EGP. Cost cng thp cng tt,c ngha l cc giao din thng bo mt cost thp c nhiu kh nng c s dng chuyn tip lu lng. Nhng tng s tt c cc link-cost gia 2 host bt k quyt nh lu lng c nh tuyn th no qua mng. AS khng nht thit phi chia vng, nu khng chia vng th c s d liu trng thi ng s trng nhau i vi tt c cc router trong AS. Mi router to ra mt bng nh tuyn s dng c s d liu cu hnh. Bng nh tuyn c to ra da trn cc hot ng ca cy spanning, n phn nh cy b ta ca mng
* Cc gi OSPF:
Hnh 2.11 di y minh ho 20byte tiu gi OSPF, mi gi LSA OSPF c gn vo tiu ny.
Header (160) LS age (16) Options (8) LS type (8) Link state ID (32) Advertisement router (32) LS sequence number (32) LS checksum (16) Length (16) Router type (8) Reversed (8) Number of link (16) Link ID (32) Link data (32) Link type (8) TOS metric (8) Metric (16)
Trng LS age ch ra thi gian t khi bt ngun ca LSA tnh theo giy (t 0 n 30). Nu n vt qu 30s th router ngun s gi li LSA v thit lp
33
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
trng ny bng 0. Trng option c s dng ch ra LSA nn c x l theo mt cch xc nh. Trng link state ID c s dng phn bit cc LSA cng c LS type nh nhau v c bt ngun t mt router xc nh, thc t n thng cha thng tin a ch. Trng advertising router cha gi tr router ID ca router ngun. Trng LS sequence number c tng ln bi router ngun ca LSA bt c khi no n mun cp nht LSA. Do mt s th t ln hn trong mt LSA ch ra rng n mi hn LSA c gi tr tng ng nh hn. Trng LS checksum c s dng ti pha thu kim tra tiu v d liu LSA b sai.N cng c lu trong c s d liu trng thi ng ca tt c cc router (a) quyt nh 2 LSA vi cng s th t l xc nh,n cng s dng LS age cho mc ch ny (b) quyt nh mt cch nh k xem phn cng v phn mm ca router c lm hng thc th LSA trong c s d liu. Trng length xc nh di ca tiu v ni dung ca LSA. Ni dung ca cc trng gi OSPF theo sau tiu rt khc nhau ph thuc vo loi gi LSA, vai tr ny c gn cho router nu router trn link imim hoc trn mt mng con chia s. Sau 20byte tiu LSA l cc trng sau. Trng number of link xc nh router ngun ang bo co bao nhiu link. Trng link ID c gi tr bin i, n cha router ID ca router k cn. Trng link data cng bin i ph thuc loi thng bo. Trng link type xc nh loi link. TOS metric khng c s dng trong Internet v b loi b khi hot ng ca OSPF cng nh IPv6.
U
OSPF v RIP thng c s dng trong cng AS. RFC1745 xc nh tng tc gia OSPF v BGP v IDRP (inter domain routing protocol ) vi IDRP l mt bin th c a dng ca BGP. Phn ln cc router high-end h tr hot ng phn tn tuyn, c ngha l bt k thng tin giao thc nh tuyn IP-based no c th c ti phn tn vo bt k giao thc nh tuyn IPbased khc. OSPF c th nhp/xut cc tuyn qua RIP, IGRP, EIGRP cho cc hot ng trong min. i vi cc hot ng gia cc min, OSPF c th xut/nhp cc tuyn qua BGP. OSPF thc hin cc hot ng bo mt trnh cc router v cc node khng c xc nhn gy nguy him cho mt min nh tuyn. Router OSPF c th c cu hnh h tr nhn thc password dng cleartext, kho b mt, MD5
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT
34
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
cu hnh mt min nh tuyn OSPF cc router c cu hnh thc hin cc nhim v sau - Cho php OSPF. cho php OSPF hot ng trn mt router th nhim v ny phi c cu hnh, n xc nh min a ch c kt hp vi tin trnh nh tuyn v area ID c kt hp vi min a ch IP. Cc tham s ny c thit lp cho mi giao din m OSPF hot ng. - Cu hnh cc tham s giao din OSPF . - Cu hnh OSPF qua cc mng vt l khc nhau. - Cu hnh cc tham s vng OSPF - Cu hnh khng n vng stubby - Cu hnh tm tt tuyn gia cc vng OSPF. Nu a ch IP trong mt vng l lin tc th tm tt tuyn cho php thng bo ca mt tuyn c tm tt u c thng bo cho mt vng khc nh ABR. thc hin nhim v ny, nh qun l mng cu hnh min a ch cho tuyn tm tt s c thng bo. - Cu hnh tm tt tuyn khi ti phn b cc tuyn cho OSPF. Cc tuyn c thng bo vo mt min OSPF c thng bo c lp trong cc gi LSA ngoi ring bit. Nhim v ny cu trc ln OSPF thng bo mt tuyn n cho tt c cc tuyn c ti phn b cng vi prefix mng n. - To link o. Nhim v ny to ra mt link o gia cc ABR v cc link o phi c cu hnh trong c hai router, thng tin cu hnh bao gm ID ca ABR khc v vng non-backbone. Cc tuyn o khng th c thit lp qua vng stub. - To mt tuyn mc nh. Nhim v ny c s dng to ra mt tuyn mc nh trn min OSPF. Thm ch mt router c th l router bin AS, n khng to ra mc nh mt tuyn mc nh trong min. - Cu hnh tm kim tn DNS. Cc router c mt s cc lnh cho php nh qun l mng xem hin th ca cc router. Tn min ca cc router DNS c th c hin th vi nhim v ny.
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT
35
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
- iu khin cc metric mc nh. Cc router high-end cho php nhim v ny c cu hnh da trn bng tn ca link trn mi giao din trn router. - Cu hnh OSPF trn giao din Ethernet n. Nhim v ny to ra mt giao din OSPF trn mt mng con Ethernet v cho php cc thit b trn on Ethernet nhn thy nhau vi cc gi hello OSPF . - Cu hnh ng h nh thi tnh ton tuyn. Nhim v ny c s dng xc nh thi gian OSPF bt u tnh ton ng ngn nht u tin t khi thu 1 LSA biu din mt bin i cu hnh. N c th c s dng thit lp thi gian gia 2 tnh ton SPF. - Cu hnh OSPF qua cc knh theo yu cu. Cu hnh hot ng nhim v ny ch l vo mt lnh . - Np cc thay i k cn. Cc router c cc phng tin g ri m rng, nhim v ny c th c cu hnh nu cc phng tin m rng khng c yu cu v cc nh qun l mng ch mun bit khi no trng thi ca k cn OSPF bin i. - Gim st v bo dng OSPF. Nhim v ny cung cp thng tin trn mt mng rng,bao gm ni dung ca cc bng nh tuyn ca cc router v c s d liu trng thi ng. N cng ch ra thng tin trn cc giao din router n cc k cn bao gm cc link o.
36
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
- S dng ca TCP trao i thng tin nh tuyn tin cy gia cc router BGP - H tr tp hp CIDR v VLSM. - Khng hn ch v cu hnh mng. Mt mng gm mt s AS chy BGP c ch ra trong hnh 2.13:
AS#1 BGP IBGP BGP IBGP BGP EBGP IBGP AS#1 BGP IBGP IBGP BGP IBGP BGP
37
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
thit k chy cc giao thc lp vn ti tin cy nh TCP. Do , nh qun l mng BGP khng cn thit quan tm n phn mnh hay thu lu lng c chnh xc khng Cc vn loi ny c x l bi lp vn ti. BGP hot ng bng cch xy dng mt s cc AS. S ny xut pht t thng tin nh tuyn c trao i gia cc router BGP trong cc AS, BGP xem ton b Internet nh mt s ca cc AS vi mi AS c xc nh bi s AS. S gia cc AS cng c gi l cy, trong khi cc AS thng c kt ni vi nhau trong mt quan h k cn th router BGP c th c cu hnh b qua cc router trung gian trong cy AS. BGP c mt s u im so vi cc giao thc vct khong cch: - BGP gi cc bn tin ch khi c bin i. - BGP c kh nng la chn ng loop-free thm ch khi h thng c th c cc loop vt l. - BGP cung cp cc ng d phng s dng khi ng hot ng b li m khng cn i cho cc bng nh tuyn mng n nh sau khi s c chm dt. - Cc quyt nh nh tuyn c th da trn cc cn nhc v chnh sch v khng nht thit ch da vo s hop t nht. iu ny rt quan trng i vi cc mng cng cng, ni m cc ISP a vo cc tho thun ng tng vi nhau. Cc tho thun ny c th c h tr vi cc chnh sch nh tuyn BGP. - Mt router BGP a vo mt mi quan h vi router khc qua cu hnh bng tay m khng phi t ng. N cng rt quan trng trong Internet h tr hoc t chi cc tho thun ng tng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn cn phi bit v cc k cn ca n v trao i thng tin vi chng nh th no. BGP khng l mt ngoi l, n h tr 2 loi k cn l k cn bn trong (cng AS) v k cn ngoi (khc AS). Cc k cn trong c th khng k cn v mt vt l, chng c th c t bt c u trong AS. Cc k cn ngoi k cn nhau v cng chia s mt mng con. BGP s dng khi nim speaker thng bo thng bo thng tin nh tuyn, speaker nm trong router v n phc v nh cc im ra cho cc mng c bit pha ngoi AS. Kt ni gia cc speaker BGP ca cc AS khc nhau gi l cc link ngoi v gia cc speader trong mt AS gi l link trong.
38
39
N TT NGHIP
IPCP
Switch
a)
Switch
Switch
Switch
b)
Hnh 3.1 Thit b chuyn mch IP (a) Thit b chuyn mch IP, (b): thit b chuyn mch IP o SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT
40
N TT NGHIP
Hin nay ngi ta s dng 2 c cu chuyn mch IP nh hnh v 3.1. Trong im iu khin giao thc nh tuyn (IPCP) trong c hai c ch u chy cc giao thc nh tuyn in hnh nh RIP, OSPF, BGP,... cung cp ng nh tuyn lp 3 mc nh. IPCP c th giao tip mt cch trc tip (kiu a) hoc gin tip (kiu b) vi cc thnh phn chuyn mch ti nh hng cc gi tin IP qua cc thnh phn chuyn mch. Tng t nh chuyn mch ATM thng thng, cc b chuyn mch s dng mt bng kt ni gm cc cng u vo, th u vo, cng u ra, th u ra tng ng. Trong hnh v, s a gi l chuyn mch IP v s b gi l chuyn mch IP o. Hai kiu ny phn bit bi cc im khc nhau sau: Th nht l khc nhau phm vi ca ng chuyn mch lp 2. Vi chuyn mch IP th ng chuyn mch lp 2 bao gm cc thit b chuyn mch IP ring l v cc thit b chuyn mch hot ng di s iu khin trc tip ca mt IPCP tng ng. thit lp ng chuyn mch xuyn sut (End-to-End) th cc b chuyn mch IP ny phi bt tay nhau cng cng tc. Nhng i vi kiu chuyn mch IP o, mt ng chuyn mch xuyn sut c xy dng bi mt chui cc thnh phn chuyn mch IP nhng di s iu khin ca mt IPCP duy nht. Th hai, khc nhau v tr ca cc cng vo b chuyn mch. i vi cu hnh a, cc cng vo v ra ca h thng chuyn mch cng trong mt h thng cn cu hnh kiu b, th c th trn cng hoc khng cng mt thit b chuyn mch. Th ba, khc nhau kiu s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu ATM UNI/PNNI. Trong kiu chuyn mch IP, da vo cu hnh mng IP v cc giao thc nh tuyn la chn mt ng dn chuyn tip xuyn qua mng v sau s dng giao thc iu khin c bit trao i vi nhau v cc chuyn mch IP ln cn nhau s thc hin c ch nh x ng chuyn mch xuyn sut thnh ng chuyn mch lp 2. Cn trong kiu chuyn mch IP o, s dng cc giao thc iu khin c bit khi u chu trnh nhng da trn cu hnh mng ATM, cc giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu
41
N TT NGHIP
la chn v xy dng cc ng chuyn mch lp 2. Trong trng hp ny phi s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu ATM UNI/PNNI. Cn phi lu rng, mt b chuyn mch IP c kh nng chy cc giao thc ATM trong mt h thng xuyn sut hoc trong cc on chuyn mch. Bo hiu UNI ca b chuyn mch IP v tnh nng qun tr VC c s dng nu nu hai thit b chuyn mch IP mun lin lc xuyn qua mt mng cc thit b chuyn mch ATM trung gian.
42
N TT NGHIP
- Ti u ra, nhn cc gi qua ng chuyn mch lp 2 v thc hin cc th tc chuyn tip IP chun khi cc gi ra khi h thng chuyn mch IP Khi nim u vo v u ra mt chuyn mch IP c ch ra trong hnh 3.2:
L3 L2
Chuyn tip L3 Chuyn mch L2
a)
L3 L2
Chuyn tip L3
b)
3.1.3 ng tt
Trong mi trng nh tuyn IP thng thng, gi tin t mng ngun c chuyn tip theo tng chng (hop-by-hop) qua mt chui cc b nh tuyn (router) n mng ch. Mt khi gi tin n mi b nh tuyn, b nh tuyn phi tin hnh kim tra bng nh tuyn, kim tra tiu , gim TTL (Tham s ch thi gian sng ca gi tin chng lp), bin dch theo
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT
43
N TT NGHIP
cc phng tin truyn dn c th, ... Nhng cng vic ny lm ny sinh thi gian tr hi t v thi gian truy cp gi tin khi qua mt ng nh tuyn. Thi gian tr ln dn n hiu nng truyn thp, bng thng nh chnh l hn ch ca phng php IP thng thng. gim thi gian tr ca gi tin khi truyn qua b nh tuyn phi b qua cc chng nh tuyn trung gian ca gi tin cng nhiu cng tt. ng dn ny ch c th mc 2 v gi l ng tt (Shortcut path). Vy, ng tt l mt ng dn kt ni o t mng ngun n ch b qua cc chng nh tuyn mc 3 trung gian. Mt ng tt nh vy c th c thit lp gia hai Host, hai b nh tuyn bin, hoc kt hp c hai. ng tt phi c cc thuc tnh sau: B qua chc nng nh tuyn lp 3 (lp mng) ng tt c th c xy dng da vo lu lng d liu hoc lu lng iu khin. phng php th nht, mt phn d liu c nh tuyn qua ng dn lp 3 trc khi h thng chuyn mch IP thit lp mt ng tt. phng php th hai, ng tt c thit lp da vo lu lng iu khin (nh cp nht bng nh tuyn) do , tt c d liu u c truyn qua n. Nu mt ng dn tt gia b nh tuyn bin vo v ra mng khng tn ti hoc t ngt b mt th lu lng vn c nh tuyn n ch theo ng nh tuyn lp 3 bnh thng. ng tt c th cng ng vt l (cng Node v lin kt) vi ng dn nh tuyn (Chuyn mch IP) hoc c th tch bit nhau (Chuyn mch IP o) Mt ng tt t bin vo v ra mng c th l mt ng dn xuyn sut hoc c to nn bi s kt ni mt chui cc ng tt nh hn. ng tt c th theo cu hnh im n im, in n a im hoc a im n im. H tr tnh nng QoS, CoS cho dch v s dng.
44
N TT NGHIP
3.2.1 a ch ring
Trong ch ny, c hai loi a ch IP v ATM ng thi c s dng trong mng. Do vy, mt b nh tuyn hoc mt my ch khi gn vo mt mng ATM phi c xc nh bi c hai loi a ch l IP v ATM. Nu knh PVC khng c thit lp t trc th mt my ch IP ngun phi bit a ch ATM ca my ch IP ch m n mun lin lc. Do vy, cn mt nh x a ch t IP n ATM my ch IP ngun c th yu cu mt kt ni SVC n my ch IP ch cn lin kt. My ch IP c th lm c cng vic ny nh vo cu hnh mng m n bit hoc nh vo vic truy cp n bng nh x a ch IP-ATM ca Server phn gii a ch (ARS: Address Resolution Server). Trong thc t, cn hai giao thc tch bit nh tuyn cho cc mng ch IP v ATM mc d c th c giao thc nh tuyn n c th h tr c hai loi trn (V d I-PNNI: Intergrated PNNI). Ch a ch tch bit c cc c im sau: Mi thit b c s dng mng phi c xc nh bi a ch IP v ATM. S dng cc giao thc nh tuyn tch bit cho hai loi a ch khc nhau. C th OSPF, BGP, ... cho IP v UNI, PNNI cho a ch ATM. Trong thc t, vic s dng c cu yu cu my ch Server thc hin lm xut hin tr cho gi tin khi thit lp ng nh tuyn bnh thng gia 2 my ch trn cng mt mng con hay ng tt gia thit b ngun v ch.
45
N TT NGHIP
Ch a ch tch bit c s dng kiu chuyn mch IP kiu chng ph v d nh gii php MPOA (Multi Protocol Over ATM).
3.2.2 nh x a ch IP sang VC
Trong ch ny, cc thnh phn mng v gi tin ch c xc nh bi a ch IP. Cc gi tin c truyn mt ng dn tt tch bit, mt VC, c thit lp da vo ni dung ca lp IP trong tiu ca gi tin. Cc giao thc iu khin c s dng a cc gi tin IP n cc ng dn tt m khng cn s dng a ch ATM hoc giao thc ca din n ATM tuy nhin, c s dng cc gi tr VPI/VCI lin kt thng tin lp IP vi mt kt ni VC. c im ca ch a ch IP-to-VC l: Ch s dng mt a ch duy nht l a ch IP Ch s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn thng bo a ch mng IP S dng giao thc nh x IP-to-VC lin kt gi tin IP vi mt ng tt. Ch a ch chuyn i ny c s dng trong tt c b chuyn mch IP ngang hng vi nhau v nhng khi khng s dng giao thc ca din n ATM hoc s dng thit lp mt ng dn tt. Cc gii php chuyn mch IP s dng ch a ch ny rt nhiu nh IFMP, GSMP,...
46
N TT NGHIP
chc nng c lp li bi lun tn ti 2 kiu a ch v chy trn 2 b giao thc cng chc nng. c im ca ch chng ph: S dng ch a ch tch bit Chy cc giao thc nh tuyn tch bit: IP (OSPF, BGP,...), ATM (PNNI), ngha l s dng hai cu hnh tch bit v mi cu hnh khng quan tm n nhau. V d, mt b nh tuyn IP chy giao thc OSPF ch bit cu hnh ca mng IP m khng bit v khng thy chuyn mch ATM. Nu s dng SVC th yu cu c s phn gii a ch gia IP - ATM v thc hin giao thc nh tuyn/ bo hiu UNI/PNNI thit lp ng nh tuyn bnh thng cng nh ng dn tt. Thng thng s dng cho cu trc chuyn mch IP o H tr cc ng nh tuyn mc nh (Lp 3) v ng tt (Lp 2) C cng mt phin bn cho k thut IP trn cc mng a truy nhp khng qung b khc (NBMA). Mt v d ca ch chng ph c minh ho nh hnh v 3.3 sau:
IPCP #2 IPCP #1 Bin vo Bin ra
ATM Switch #3
ATM Switch #4
47
N TT NGHIP
giao thc IP). ng dn tt c thit lp gia bin vo v ra, b qua cc chng nh tuyn trung gian l IPCP #1 v IPCP#2. Ti u vo mng, bin vo phi xc nh c a ch ATM ca bin ra, sau n thc hin cc giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu ATM thit lp ng chuyn mch lp 2 qua cc b chuyn mch ATM 1,3 v 4. Trong trng hp ny, gi tin c truyn qua ng tt khng cng lin kt vt l v Node nh khi n c truyn qua ng nh tuyn mc nh lp 3. iu ny cng rt hp l bi v giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu ATM quyt nh ng SVC t bin vo n bin ra ch ph thuc vo cu hnh mng ATM m khng ph thuc vo cu hnh mng IP.
3.3.2 M hnh ng cp
Trong ch ny, cc b chuyn mch IP thnh phn ch s dng a ch IP v giao thc nh tuyn IP. Ch ngang hng cng s dng mt giao thc iu khin ring thc hin s nh x lu lng IP vo cc ng tt. c im ca ch ngang hng: Ch s dng mt kiu a ch duy nht: a ch IP Ch s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn Chuyn mch IP s dng cc giao thc iu khin c bit nh x cc gi tin vo cc ng tt: ng chuyn mch lp 2. H tr c ng nh tuyn mc nh v ng tt. Hnh v 3.4 sau minh ho ch ngang hng.
IPCP #1 IPCP #2
Bin vo
Bin ra
IPCP #4 IPCP #3
ng nh tuyn IP ng tt
IPCP #5
48
N TT NGHIP
a ch IP-VC c thc hin bi v khng c s c mt ca thnh phn chuyn mch ATM v chy cc giao thc ca din n ATM. v d ny, ng dn tt trng vi ng nh tuyn mc nh xt v tnh vt l ca node v lin kt. S d c s ging nhau bi v trong ch ny ta ch dng mt giao thc nh tuyn IP tnh mt ng dn ti u n mt ch da vo cu hnh mng IP. Bng 3.1 sau y s a ra s so snh tm tt gia cc ch chuyn mch IP. Thuc tnh Ch a ch Giao thc nh tuyn Yu cu cc giao thc ca ATM Yu cu cc giao thc c bit IP-to-Shortcut ng nh tuyn lp 3 v ng chuyn mch lp 2 Cc thnh phn chuyn mch IP Trin khai cc mng Overlay a ch tch bit (IP v ATM) Yu cu c IP v ATM C Khng Peer a ch n (IP) v s dng nh x trc tip IP-to-VC Ch yu cu IP Khng C
Khng trng nhau Chuyn mch IP o, b nh tuyn, my ch MPOA, B nh tuyn gn vi mng ATM
Trng nhau Chuyn mch IP, b nh tuyn, my ch Chuyn mch IP chy IFMP/GSMP, ARIS, ...
49
N TT NGHIP
Hot ng c bn ca chuyn mch IP da theo lung lu lng c minh ho nh hnh v 3.5 v bao gm cc bc sau y: Gii php ny tin hnh da vo cc bc c bn sau: u tin N gi tin ca mt lung c nh tuyn theo tng chng qua mt hay nhiu thc th nh tuyn IP (R1, R2,..., RN) n ch. Cc thc th nh tuyn Ri ny thuc cc b nh tuyn IP, b nh tuyn IP o, hoc cc b nh tuyn c kt ni vi nhau bng cc kt ni ATM. Da vo c tnh ca lung IP v d kiu lu lng, s cng, a ch IP ngun/ch, tc n, ... cc thc th nh tuyn IP (ti bin cng nh gia mng) quyt nh khi u mt chu trnh ti iu khin. Chu trnh ti nh hng ny lin quan n vic yu cu h thng thit lp mt ng tt chuyn mch lp 2 v iu khin lu lng truyn qua ng tt va thit lp. Mt khi lung IP c ti iu khin th tt c cc gi tin cn li c truyn qua ng chuyn mch lp 2.
Ngun ch
N gi tn
Ti iu khin (N +1)+M gi tn
R1
B
R2
B
RN
N gi tn
ATM Switch
ATM Switch
ATM Switch
(N +1)+M gi tn
Hnh 3.5: Chuyn mch IP kiu hng d liu Hnh v 3.5 minh ho kiu chuyn mch ny. Kiu chuyn mch IP theo lung d liu c nhiu u im. Th nht, n khng cn thit chuyn mch tt c cc lung lu lng ca tt c cc lung. Bi v khng phi lung d liu no cng cn thit phi yu cuchuyn mch nh lung ICMP ping, hay th in t ti u,... Th hai, s ti iu khin ch c thc hin ring cho tng lung c th do , m bo cht lng gi tin truyn qua lung .
Tm li, c im c bn ca kiu chuyn mch IP theo d liu l: Tu vo tnh trng ca mt lung c th m thit b chuyn mch IP quyt nh thit lp mt ng chuyn mch cho lung y t ng
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT
50
N TT NGHIP
dng n ng dng khc hay t my ch n my ch. Mt lung c nh ngha l mt chui cc gi tin c chung cc thng tin tiu nh a ch IP ch/ ngun hay s cng TCP/UDP. S ti iu khin c thc hin c lp cho mi lung v phm vi c th ch cc thit b chuyn mch ln cn nhau hoc xuyn sut t bin vo v ra mng. Ngha l cc thit b chuyn mch c th x l khc nhau cho cng mt lung lu lng. Nu mt ng tt khng tn ti hoc t nhin bin mt th cc gi tin phi c nh tuyn n ch. Cc ng tt c thit lp da vo lu lng mang trng thi mm ngha l chng s hu b nu khng c lm ti trc mt thi gian nh trc (time out).
ch
51
N TT NGHIP
Gii php iu khin theo cu hnh cho chuyn mch IP ci thin hiu nng v tnh linh hot so vi gii php iu khin lung. Th nht, tt c lu lng gm mt hoc nhiu lung n cng mt mng ch c chuyn mch. Mt khc ton b lu lng c chuyn mch, khng ch c phn ui nh trong trng hp chuyn mch IP theo lung. Th hai, chuyn mch IP theo cu hnh c tr thi gian x l gi tin thp hn nhiu so vi phng php theo lung bi v cc ng dn chuyn mch ch c thit lp sau khi c thay i cu hnh hoc sau khi iu khin lu lng. Nu cu hnh n nh, cc ng dn chuyn mch s c thit lp v tt c lu lng thch hp s c truyn qua n. Xt v phng din qui m th gii php theo cu hnh l tt hn. Bi v s ng dn chuyn mch trong mt min nh tuyn l cn i vi s lng cc b nh tuyn hay kch thc ca mng. Ngoi ra, c th cho php cc mc cao hn s dng cc kt ni a im n im (v d s hp nht VC) dng chung mt tp mng ch. Bn cnh nhng u im nu trn th k thut ny cng c nhiu hn ch so vi k thut th nht. Th nht, c li v qui m v hiu nng thc hin th phi tr gi v chi ph. Chuyn mch theo cu hnh da vo cu hnh mng thit lp tt c cc ng tt c th c ngay c vi nhng ng khng c lu lng truyn qua do lm lng ph ti nguyn. Th hai, theo
52
N TT NGHIP
k thut ny vic thc hin cung cp QoS cho dch v l kh khn bi v cc ng tt cho cc lung l c nh v thi gian v tnh ti u. Th ba, c th sinh ra cc vng lp bi v nu s cp nht bng nh tuyn l cha chnh xc (cha kp thi) th cc thit b chuyn mch s xc nh cc th khng chnh xc dn n kh nng b lp. Tm li, cc c im c bn ca chuyn mch IP theo cu hnh l: ng tt c thit lp da vo s tn ti ca cc mng ch v ch c thit lp sau khi c s thay i trong cu hnh. Tt c lu lng c cng mt lung u c chuyn mch qua ng tt. u ra ca cc chuyn mch IP nhn c mt th mi tng ng vi mt a ch ch. Thng thng chuyn tip IP c thc hin nhng thay v chuyn trc tip cc gi n a ch IP ca chng tip theo, u vo chuyn mch IP c b sung thm vo cc th mi v t cc gi ln mt ng dn chuyn mch. Ti mi thnh phn chuyn mch trung gian, cc gi (hay cc t bo) c tro th. u ra chuyn mch IP nhn c cc gi t ng dn chuyn mch, loi b th v sau chuyn tip cc gi s dng cc th tc lp 3 thng thng. Cc gi c th c nh tuyn lp 3 thng thng n ch nu mt ng tt gp s c. C th gy ra cc vng lp ngn ti lp 2.
53
N TT NGHIP
nng thc hin rt cao. Nhng chuyn mch ATM khng phi l c ch chuyn tip mt gi tin bt k m n chuyn mch cc t bo t mt cng vo n mt cng ra tng ng. Do vy, trong tiu ca gi tin khng c thng tin no dnh cho vic chuyn tip goi tin IP. Trng quan trng nht trong t bo ATM l cc s xc nh kt ni (VCI/VPI) hay cn gi l nhn (label/tag). N gn ni dung ca t bo vi mt kt ni u cui-u cui o. Bi vy, mt chuyn mch ATM thnh mt b nh tuyn (hoc mt phn ca h thng nh tuyn), cn phi xy dng mt thnh phn iu khin lin kt ng chuyn tip cho cc lung lu lng IP ring l hoc hi t vi mt kt ni IP o. Trn thc t, tt c cc gii php chuyn mhc IP bao gm c MPLS u c c ch iu khin n gin l gn cc lung lu lng IP vo cc kt ni ATM o. Khi nim v s nh x mt lung cc gi tin thnh mt t bo nh, tiu c nh c a ra ln u tin chuyn mch th (Cisco) v sau l chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS ca IETF) cho php lien kt cc lung lu lng IP vi bt k phng tin truyn dn no. Mt ng chuyn mch (LSP) tng t nh mt ATM VC c th c thit lp xuyn qua mt chui cc b nh tuyn truyn gi tin mc 2. kt qu t c s gn kt gia IP v chuyn mch ATM mt s nh x gia c ch chuyn tip gi tin khng hng kt ni vi tiu phc tp trn mt kin trc hng kt ni n nh n gin. m bo quan im c bn ca IP l trng thi mm (Soft-state) c thc hin bng cch cc thit b ngang hng vn yu cu s gn kt cc on doc theo mt ng dn t bin vo mng n bin ra mng chuyn mch. Nhng cng c cc gii php khc n gin hn ang nhanh chng ni ln cng gii quyt vn l a ch chuyn mch IP, Ethernet Ggabit, th h tip theo ca Ethernet Crank h tr tc chuyn tip ln n 1Gb. Vi thit b ny, c th chuyn tip hng triu gi tin trong mt giy lp 3 t mng Ethernet ny n mng Ethernet khc. Cc b nh tuyn Gigabit v Terabit trong mng WAN c thit k cho mng th h sau s h tr hng chc thm ch hng trm gigabit trong mt giy cho tc chuyn tip. N s gn trc tip vo mng quang v ha hn s cung cp rt nhiu dch v vi tc cc cao khng ch cho d liu m cho ting ni v hnh nh.
54
N TT NGHIP
Tuy nhin mi gii php u c u nhc im ring v hin nay, ngi ta ch trin khai gii php u l chuyn mch IP lp 2. C nhiu gii php khc nhau ca cc cng ty khc nhau gii quyt vn ny. C th mt s gii php ca mt s cng ty ni ting trn th gii l: - Tag Switching (CISCO) - IFMP IP Switching (IPSILON) - IP Navigator (ASCEND) - CSR/FANP (TOSHIBA) - MPLS (IETF) Hnh v di y m t cy phn loi chuyn mch IP, cc cng ngh lin quan v cc gii php:
Chuyn mch IP
M hnh ng cp (Peer)
Lung MPOA
55
N TT NGHIP
56
N TT NGHIP
Gi IP
Tag=5
Gi IP
Tag=1
57
N TT NGHIP
Hnh v trn minh ho mt gi tin IP vo vi th bng 5, c dng truy nhp vo bng TIB, sau khi xc nh c thc th thch hp n thc hin c ch tro th v th ra by gi c gi tr bng 1v ra cng 5. Mt tnh cht quan trng ca chuyn mch th l chc nng iu khin lp mng tch bit khi hot ng ca lp chuyn tip chuyn mch th. S tch bit ny rt cn bi n cho php cc nh cung cp mng lin kt cc dch v mng hin ti v tng lai vi mt c ch chuyn tip n gin v quy m. Cc dch v nh nh tuyn da vo ch, nh tuyn a hng, v nh tuyn ni c th c lin kt vi mt tp cc th v khi c phn phi qua mng, c th hin di dng ng chuyn mch xuyn sut (end-to-end) cho tng dch v. Mc d cc dch v lp mng c th c rt nhiu nhng c ch chuyn tip c bn vn khng thay i. Bi vy, khi s dng mt dch v lp mng mi khng cn thit phi cp nht hay ti u li cc thnh phn v b my ca c ch chuyn tip. Mt v d in hnh l phin bn IPv6 s m rng khng gian a ch thnh 128 bit nhng vn khng cn c bt k s thay i no trn ng dn chuyn tip tn ti. Kin trc chuyn mch th gm hai thnh phn c bn l: iu khin v Chuyn tip. - Thnh phn iu khin chu trch nhim sinh ra v s dng hp l mt tp cc th gia cc thit b tham gia chuyn mch. Qu trnh phn phi th c thc hin bng cc giao thc iu khin ring nh TDP hoc c th s dng trn cc giao thc iu khin tn ti (VD: RSVP, PIM ) Thnh phn chuyn tip s dng thng tin v th cha trong mi gi v thng tin lu tr trong cc thit b chuyn mch thc hin qu trnh chuyn tip gi. Mc d mi th m nhn cc th hin khc nhau tu thuc vo phng tin vt l (v d VPI/VCI, DLCI,...) nhng c ch chuyn tip c bn l khng thay i. Do d chuyn mch th c th hot ng trn bt k mt k thut lin kt d liu no.
58
N TT NGHIP
Net 1
5
TSR
2 9
3
3
TIB
Net 2
ch Net 1 Net 2
59
N TT NGHIP
d) B nh tuyn chuyn mch th (Tag Switching Router-TSR): L thit b chuyn mch chy cc giao thc nh tuyn n hng v a hng, c kh nng chuyn tip gi tin lp 3, cng nh c cu to phn cng v phn mm h tr c ch tro th lp 2. Mt TSR c th phn phi cc th lin kt vi cc lung lu lng ca cc TSR ln cn v cc TSR c kt ni. TSR c th l cc b nh tuyn truyn thng, chuyn mch ATM, hoc cc thit b nh tuyn/chuyn mch. e) B nh tuyn bin chuyn mch th (TER:Tag Edge Router): L mt TSR t ti v tr vo hoc ra mng. TER c th chuyn tip gi tin lp 3, chy cc giao thc nh tuyn n hng, a hng chun. Khi mt gi tin lp 3 n b nh tuyn bin vo, TER c nhim v gn th cho gi tin bng cch c thng tin trong tiu ca gi tin v so snh vi bng TIB. T y, gi tin c truyn i da vo ni dung ca th va gn trn ng chuyn mch lp 2. Ti u ra mng, TER c nhim v loi b th v tip tc chuyn tip gi tin n chng tip theo trn ng n ch. f) Th ca gi tin (Tag):Th l mt trng trong tiu vi di c nh cha trong mt gi. Th c th mang gi tr l VPI/VCI trong t bo ATM hoc tiu DLCI trong PDU ca chuyn tip khung hoc shim tag trong mt gi ca chuyn mch th ( chuyn mch th th shim tag c chn vo gia phn thng tin ca lp 2 v lp 3) Hnh v 4.3 minh ho shim tag:
Payload IP Header Tag shim L2 Header
Tag (20)
COS (3)
S (1)
TTL (8)
60
N TT NGHIP
g) Bng thng tin th (Tag Information Base -TIB): TIB l mt bng kt ni hoc tro th c cc TSR xy dng v s dng. Cc thc th trong TIB c cp nht bi cc th cha trong TDP hoc cc giao thc iu khin khc. Hnh v 4.4 minh ho mt TIB.
Cng vo Nhn vo Cng ra Nhn ra ch
1 1
9 2
2 3
5 3
Net 1 Net 2
A X
Gi tin
C X
Gi tin
Gi tin Y
Hnh 4.5: Ngn xp th Trn hnh v: Mt gi tin c gn th X n TSR1, gi s ti y TSR #1 c yu cu s dng phng php ngn xp th, TSR #1 thc hin t thm mt th th hai (A) trn th th nht (X) tn ti to nn mt ngn xp th. By gi, gi tin c 2 th v n c truyn i theo ni dung ca th
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT
61
N TT NGHIP
pha trn nh xuyn qua mng chuyn mch. Gi s ti TSR #5, yu cu loi b ch ngn xp th, TSR #5 tin hnh loi b th nh v dng th lp 1 chuyn mch n TSR tip theo. Qu trnh xp th c th c s dng khi ng dng chuyn mch th vo nh tuyn phn cp .V d th mc 1 c gn vi b nh tuyn bn trong min (BGP),v th mc hai c th c cung cp cho b nh tuyn bn trong min(OSPF).
j) Lp chuyn tip tng ng (Forwarding Equivalence Class- FEC): Lp chuyn tip tng ng l mt chui cc gi c cng cc c im chung v c chuyn tip cng mt cch thc xuyn qua mng. V d, tt c cc gi c cng a ch mng ch c th xem l mt FEC n do , cc gi tin c gn vi cng mt th khi truyn qua mng. k) ng dn chuyn mch th (Tag Switch Path:TSP): L ng dn chuyn mch t bin vo n bin ra ca mng, xuyn qua mt chui cc TSR c to nn bi s lin kt mt FEC vi mt tp cc th.
TIB
Th ra =2
TIB
62
N TT NGHIP
- Vi mi thc th trong bng nh tuyn, thit b TSR downstream cp pht mt th v cp nht n thc th vo trong TIB. Sau , truyn mt yu cu lin kt th c dng <a ch ch, th> n thit b TSR upstream. - Khi thit b TSR nhn c yu cu lin kt th, n xc nh c chng tip theo trn ng n ch v TSR upstream s t th trn vo thc th tng ng v tr th ra.
TIB
63
N TT NGHIP
- Khi mt TSR downstream nhn c yu cu ny, n cp pht mt th v cp nht vo bng TIB gi tr ny v tr trng th vo sau n truyn mt bn tin c dng <a ch ch,th> cho TSR upstream. - Khi TSR upstream nhn c bn tin yu cu lin kt th ca TSR downstream n t gi tr th vo trng th ra trong thc th tng ng ca bng TIB TSR upstream.
TIB
Th ra =2
TIB
64
N TT NGHIP
khin c thit k cho cc mc ch c th. TDP hot ng da trn cc thit b TSR v TER n kt hp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn n hng v a hng thng thng. TDP hot ng c lp vi s kin (cc s kin) yu cu vic sinh ra v phn phi cc thng tin v gn th. Khi c mt cuc gi qua n ,TDP c th phn phi mt cch c hiu qu v tin cy thng tin lin kt th n cc thit b TSR.
65
N TT NGHIP
Sau khi thit lp mt kt ni TCP, mt chui cc bn tin khi u c truyn i t cc thit b TSR ngang hng vo trong mt trng thi hot ng. By gi, cc TSR mi bt u dng TDP trao i cc bn tin gn th. Thng tin cho gn th c ng gi thnh cc cu trc TDP PIE v thnh khung vi mt tiu TDP c nh truyn trn cc kt ni TCP c thit lp. Nu kt ni TCP b mt th thng tin v gn th b loi b v cc th phi c cp pht li.
mt lung lu lng no y. N c sinh ra da vo mt s kin (nh cp nht bng nh tuyn) hay p ng thnh phn TDP_REQUEST_BIND. Thng tin gn th c cha trong cu trc TLV v c th cha mt gi tr th, a ch mng hoc di. Cu trc ca TDP_PIE_BIND c minh ho nh hnh v 4.11.
Type(0x200) Request ID AFAM
BLIST_LENGTH
di
66
N TT NGHIP
BLIST_LENGTH: di ca danh sch lin kt BINDING_LIST: Trng ny c di thay i cha mt hoc nhiu thc th BLIST c ch nh trong kiu BLIST_TYPE. Thc th BLIST thng thng bao gm mt gi tr th 32 bit v a ch mng n hng hoc nhm a ch a hng. Trong trng hp lu lng n hng, di a ch cng phi c ch ra. Gi tr s chng HC nh ngha kiu BLIST 5 v 6 c s dng ch s chng nh tuyn m mt gi tin c gn th c truyn i qua ng chuyn mch. TDP_PIE_REQUEST_BIND: c s dng yu cu gn th cho mt a ch mng ch. TDP_PIE_WITHDRAW_BIND: c TSR dng thng bo rng n khng cn s dng c ch gn th na trong phin lm vic . TDP_PIE_KEEP_ALIVE: c mt TSR dng thng bo vi cho cc TSR khc ch n. Nu qu thi gian nh trc (time out) th kt ni TCP b mt. TDP_PIE_NOTIIFICATION: Thng bo cho thit b TSR ngang hng rng c mt s kin ng lu . V d nh xy ra li lm thay i dung lng ca TSR cng nh trng thi hot ng.
TDP_PIE_RELEASE_BIND: Thng bo gii phng kt ni UDP.
67
N TT NGHIP
Bn gi
Chuyn mch IP
Chuyn mch IP
Chuyn mch IP
Bn nhn
IFMP
Chuyn mch IP
Bn nhn
68
N TT NGHIP
69
N TT NGHIP
Mc d y l cch n gin nht nhng c mt s im cn xem xt. Mt thit b TSR hng ln cng c th c nhiu ngun a hng ln na, nn yu cu s nhn nhiu hn s nhn c phn pht chung. Mt khc nu c s thay i trong cu hnh mng th c th dn ti vic xut hin thit b TSR hng ln mi, do dod phi yu cu thc hin qu trnh gn li nhn. Nn qu trnh phn b v gn nhn xut pht t lung xung l thun li v thch hp hn, n cng hon ton nht qun vi thng tin ca cc node thnh vin nhm a hng vi qu trnh phn phi, n nh nhn trong nh tuyn n hng. Phng php ny cng cho php s dng cc bn tin nh tuyn a hng PIM thm phn thng tin ca nhn vo v n theo hng lung xung. Quan trng hn l khi c s thay i trong cu hnh mng dn ti hnh thnh thit b TSR mi th cng khng cn phi thc hin qu trnh gn li nhn.
70
N TT NGHIP
Thit b cnh
Chuyn mch IP
Chuyn mch IP
Thit b
Thit b cnh
Chuyn mch IP
Chuyn mch IP
Thit b
71
N TT NGHIP
phc v cc lung ring c bit, cho php truy cp nhanh hn hay chm hn khi i vo hay i ra khi mt mng xng sng ISP. Xem xt hai v d trong hnh 5.3:
Server
Chuyn mch IP
Mng
V d 1
Mng
Head End
Chuyn mch IP
V d 2
Hnh 5.3: Cc dch v cnh (edge service) ca chuyn mch IP
Trong trng hp th nht, mt chuyn mch IP l u cui pha trc ca mt server, trong b phn loi lung c lp trnh nhn dng v nh nhn cc lung c u tin cao hn, cc lung ny s i vo mng ISP theo ng chuyn mch; ngc li, cc lung khc s c x l tng chng vi n lc ln nht (best-effort). Trng hp th hai l mt trng hp th v; mt modem bng rng ti nh ring h tr IFMP (cp hoc xDSL) dng chuyn bn tin i hng IFMP hng ti u cui (Head End), do c lung lu lng IP xc nh ti nh s nhanh hn.
72
N TT NGHIP
cc PVC (kt ni o c nh) cung cp hiu nng lm vic ti u gia bt k cp b nh tuyn u vo-u ra no. Tuy nhin, trng hp ny phi yu cu ti O(NP2P) kt ni o v mt mc tiu tn t l thun cc ti nguyn s dng trong b nh tuyn, trong cc thit b chuyn mch cng nh cc nhn vin hot ng lin quan. Vic thay th bng cc thit b CSR trong li ca mng s gim bt yu cu cho mng li VC, gim lu lng iu khin phi truyn qua mng v cn xut hin ti cc b nh tuyn m vn cung cp c kh nng thit lp mt VC trc tip (ng ng chuyn tt) gia bt k cp b nh tuyn u vo-u ra no. Tt nhin ng tt ch m rng khi no c cc c ch s dng thit lp n. Do , khung cnh l tng cho mi trng ny l yu cu cc b nh tuyn bin phi h tr FANP nh minh ha trong hnh 5.4
B nh tuyn (FANP)
B nh tuyn (FANP)
Mng ATM
B nh tuyn (FANP)
B nh tuyn (FANP)
B nh tuyn (FANP)
73
N TT NGHIP
hnh mng m lu lng c th chuyn thng qua mt ng nh tuyn tng chng chun hay c t ln mt ng chuyn tt chuyn mch t bo
B nh tuyn (TDP)
B nh tuyn (TDP)
B nh tuyn (TDP)
TSR TSR
B nh tuyn (TDP)
B nh tuyn (TDP)
B nh tuyn (TDP)
B nh tuyn (TDP)
74
N TT NGHIP
B nh tuyn (ARIS)
B nh tuyn (ARIS)
B nh tuyn (ARIS)
ISR
ISR
ISR
B nh tuyn (ARIS)
B nh tuyn (ARIS)
75
N TT NGHIP
KT LUN
T nhng g trnh by trn v chuyn mch IP ta c th rt ra mt s kt lun sau y: Do tnh n gin v mt k thut v khng cn thay i nhiu v phn cng khi p dng vo cc h thng hin c, chc chn chuyn mch IP s l gii php cho mng Internet ang i hi tc cao v cung cp cc dch v phong ph vi s lng khng l nh hin nay v trong tng lai. Chuyn mch IP chnh l s kt hp u im chuyn mch tc cao ca chuyn mch ATM vi cc giao thc iu khin n gin, do khc phc c nhc im cho chuyn mch ATM v nh tuyn IP. Thm vo , chuyn mch IP cn c th p dng c cho nhiu kiu mng khc nhau: t cc mng truy nhp n cc mng li dung lng ln. Tuy nhin, cung c nhiu l do m k thut chuyn mch IP cn cha c p dng rng ri. Mt trong nhng l do l gi thnh, v trong nhiu trng hp chuyn mch tn km hn nhiu s vi nh tuyn thng thng. Hn na, trong mt s trng hp, vic cung cp QoS s thc hin kh khn v c th gy ra tr, trt, Nhng cui cng, c th ni rng u im ca chuyn mch IP l khng th ph nhn, n s l mt cng ngh chuyn mch cho tng lai. Chuyn mch IP v ang l im tp trung nghin cu ca nhiu hng trn th gii nhm a cc sn phm ng dng chuyn mch IP vo hot ng trong cc mi trng mng khc nhau. n nghin cu v chuyn mch IP mi ch l bc u xem xt nghin cu v mt gii php chuyn mch mi, mt gii php then cht gii quyt cc vn nan gii ca mng IP hin nay. Do thi gian c hn v nng lc nghin cu hn ch nn n chc chn s c nhiu thiu st, em hy vng rng s c thy c v cc bn gip em c iu kin tip tc nghin cu su hn v lnh vc ny, gp phn nhanh chng a cng ngh chuyn mch IP ny vo mng Vit Nam.
76
N TT NGHIP
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
77