Rtn`cro oÿkz bn jofd`kz nc ioz nfwtnzozuozjoz1 ~c nzr~b`k nxwiktorkt`k p bnzjt`wr`uk
Ni kdanr`uk bn nzrn otræj~ik nz nxof`cot o wotr`t bn ~c c~rt`bk jkca~crk bn e~ncrnz bn `cekt&foj`úc p bn rtodoakz rnút`jkz p nfwæt`jkz ioz wt`cj`woinz rtoczektfoj`kcnz kj~tt`boz nc ioznfwtnzoz uozjoz b~tocrn ikz ñir`fkz rtn`cro oÿkz# Bn focnto jkcjtnro ni rtodoak nxof`coj~ortk mtocbnz jofd`kz1 ni jofd`k nc ni r`wk bn nfwtnzo p nc io nzrtornm`o jkfwnr`r`uo (bnio mtoc nfwtnzo `cb`u`b~oi o ikz
ji~zrntz
bn wnq~nÿoz p fnb`ocoz nfwtnzoz q~n jkkwntocp jkfw`rnc ncrtn zæ p o ikz mt~wkz nfwtnzot`oinz)< ni jofd`k nc ikz fntjobkz (bn nfwtnzozq~n zntuæoc ~c fntjobk tnm`kcoi&coj`kcoi wtkrnm`bk bn io jkfwnrncj`o nxrnt`kt o nfwtnzozkt`ncroboz oi nxrnt`kt n `crntcoj`kcoi`oboz)< ni jofd`k nc ioz rnjckikmæoz wtkb~jrkz p zki~&j`kcnz (bn nfwtnzoz bnwncb`ncrnz bn rnjckikmæo `fwktrobo o nfwtnzoz `crncz`uoz nc @,B n`cckuobktoz)< p ni jofd`k nc ioz nzrt~jr~toz ktmoc`or`uoz p nc ikz z`zrnfoz bn b`tnjj`úc (iob`e~z`úc bn fkbnikz bn wioc`e`joj`úc io ow~nzro wkt io joi`bob p io einx`d`i`bob p ni nfwinkmncntoi`obk bn ioz R@J)#
Otr`l~i~ hkcnc hnid~t~o ozlkrot`lk `cektfoq`k nro ioc rnkt`lk nro ncw`t`lknc f~irqk hnrntkmn&cnk dornr`l od`or~ro oqlnc hkmn`ro hofot ~trnkroc n~zloi ncwtnznroc mntror~rolk ntoiboln&ro com~z`ol oqrntrqno bo# Qnhoql` iocol io~ oibolnro hocb` oqrntrqnc b`r~1 ncwtnzo fkroc nroinh`o&nzrtornm`oc mntror~rolk oibolnro (docolk ncwtnzo hocb`r`l nilottnl`c iocl`bnrqoc nroinh`oc ot` b`tnc ncwtnzo rx`l` nro ntro`cnc li~zrnttnroto nro ncwtnzo&roibnnroto)< fntlor~nrolkoibolnrol (locwklk inh`or`l dodnzr~ro qnmknc nzl~oibnlk nro coq`k fo`iolk fntlor~ dorncqntd`rq~to qn~bnc ncwtnznror`l locwkto dnm`tolk ncwtnzo coq`kotrnlkr~nroto)< rnlckikm`owtkb~lr~ nro lkcwkcd`bnnroc mntror~rolk oibolnrol (`cwktror~rolk rnlckikm`otnc fncbnlkncwtnznror`l @,M `crncrz`dklk ncwtnzo dntt`rqo`innroto)< nro ocrkiol~crqo&nm`r~tnroc nro q~&qncbot`rqo&z`zrnfnroc mntror~rolk oibolnrol (wiocm`crqo&ntnb~nc qodoil~cbno loi`rornotncnro foim~roz~cotnc oibnlk ow~zr~o nro @LRnc ntod`intotnc hnbownco)#
Rh`z otr`jin znnlz rk nxof`cn rhn fo`c jhocmnz ~cbntmkcn dp Dozq~n e`tfz kunt rhn iozr rh`trp pnotz# Rhn otr`jin nxof`cnz ek~t foakt jhocmnz `c Dozq~n e`tfz1 o zh`er `c rhn rpwn ocb z`n ke e`tfz ocb `c rhn`t jkfwnr`r`kc zrtornm`nz (etkf d`m `cb`u`b~oi ncrntwt`znz rk ji~zrntzke zfoii ocb fnb`~f ncrntwt`znz }h`jh jk&kwntorn ocb jkfwnrn }`rh kcn ockrhnt ocb rkjktwktorn mtk~wz)< o jhocmn `c rhn fotlnrz zntunb (etkf o wtkrnjrnb tnm`kcoi+cor`kcoi fotlnr rk oc `crntcor`kcoi+mikdoi kcn)< o jhocmn `c rnjhckikm`nz wtkb~jrz ocb zki~r`kcz (etkf e`tfzh`mhip bnwncbncr kc ektn`mc rnjhckikmp rk `cckuor`un T%B&`crncz`un e`tfz)< ocb e`coiip ojhocmn `c focomnfncr zrpin (rhn b`zznf`cor`kc ke cn} focomnfncr fkbniz o }`bnzwtnob jkff`rfncr rk q~oi`rp ocb einx`d`i`rp ocb o h`mh bnmtnn ke ~zn ke @JR rkkiz)#
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^c`untz`bob bni Woæz Uozjk (^WU+NH^)
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?#@crtkb~jj`úc4#Io z`r~oj`úc bn wotr`bo1 ioz nfwtnzoz p ni rna`bk nfwtnzot`oi bni Woæz Uozjko io oir~to bn ?087:#Bn mtocbnz nfwtnzoz `cb`u`b~oinz o jiñzrntnz p mt~wkz nfwtnzot`oinz2#Bn ~c fntjobk coj`kcoi wtkrnm`bk o ~c fntjobk od`ntrk p mikdoi1io `crntcoj`kcoi`oj`úc bn ioz nfwtnzoz uozjoz># Bn ~co rnjckikmæo `fwktrobo o ~co rnjckikmæo wtkw`o1 @,B n `cckuoj`úc5#Io rtoczektfoj`úc bn ioz nzrt~jr~toz ktmoc`or`uoz p ikz z`zrnfoz bn b`tnjj`úc=#Jkcji~z`kcnzTnentncj`oz d`di`kmtïe`joz
Woiodtoz jioun1 Woæz Uozjk nfwtnzoz `crntcoj`kcoi`oj`úc `cckuoj`úc#Lnp}ktbz1 Dozq~n jk~crtp ncrntwt`znz `crntcor`kcoi`or`kc `cckuor`kc#C#± bn jioz`e`joj`úc ANI1 K?2 K?> K:4 K::#
Jkfwnr`r`un obuocromn nfntmnz etkf wtnzz~tn jhoiincmn ocb obuntz`rptotnip etkf oc nozp i`en#
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Ni kdanr`uk bn nzrn otræj~ik nz bnzjt`d`t ioz wt`cj`woinz rtoczektfoj`kcnz kwnto&boz nc ioz nfwtnzoz uozjoz nc nzrkz ñir`fkz rtn`cro oÿkz o wotr`t bn io zæcrnz`z bn io `c&unzr`moj`úc tnoi`obo zkdtn nzro fornt`o p bn io `cektfoj`úc j~ocr`ror`uo p j~oi`ror`uonx`zrncrn# Ioz nfwtnzoz zkc ikz omncrnz nzncj`oinz bn io jkfwnr`r`u`bob bn ioz coj`kcnz p ioz tnm`kcnz (Wktrnt ?007< Dkzjhfo 4772) p wkt ik rocrk z~ ocïi`z`z tnz~iro e~cbo&fncroi woto jkfwtncbnt ni wtkjnzk bn jtnj`f`ncrk p jofd`k njkcúf`jk kwntobk nc
! Nzrn rtodoak zn ncfotjo bncrtk bni wtkpnjrk bn `cunzr`moj`úc
Fkbnik Uozjk bn Jkfwnr`r`u`bob p wkiær`jo`cb~zrt`oi
e`cocj`obk wkt Ktlnzrto&@czr`r~rk Uozjk bn Jkfwnr`r`u`bob# Omtobnjk ikz jkfncrot`kz tnj`&d`bkz bn F`lni Couottk#
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io JOWU o ik iotmk bn ikz ñir`fkz rtn`cro oÿkz q~n io ho iinuobk o rtocz`rot hoj`o ni nz&rob`k jkfwnr`r`uk b`t`m`bk wkt io `cckuoj`úc (Wktrnt ?007 p 4774< Ktlnzrto 4770)#Io wt`cj`woi i`f`roj`úc bn nzrn rtodoak tnz`bn nc io `fwkz`d`i`bob bn b`zwkcnt bn ~cof~nzrto kdanr`uo n `cuot`odin bn ocïi`z`z woto rkbk ni wntækbk oimk q~n wkt krtk iobk nzjkcz~zrocj`oi o ikz nzr~b`kz b`zwkc`dinz zkdtn nzro j~nzr`úc# Znmñc io fnrkbkikmæo nf&winobo ikz rtodoakz zkdtn io nfwtnzo uozjo tnoi`obkz b~tocrn nzrn wntækbk w~nbncomt~wotzn nc bkz jktt`ncrnz1 ~co bn r`wk j~ocr`ror`uk dozobo nc mtocbnz wkdioj`kcnz bnnfwtnzoz q~n nfwino borkz ocúc`fkz tnjkm`bkz wkt ktmoc`zfkz nzwnj`oi`obkz (@CNN^ZROR) doznz bn borkz nzwnj`oi`oboz (ZOD@ J@UNX p krtoz) k uæo f~nzrtnk wkt ikzwtkw`kz o~rktnz< p krto bn r`wk j~oi`ror`uk fïz jncrtobo nc nzr~b`kz bn jozk `cb`u`b~oinzk fñir`winz nc z~ `cfnczo fopktæo wtkromkc`obkz wkt nfwtnzoz bn àx`rk#
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Wkt krto wotrn jkc `cbnwncbncj`o bni fàrkbk nfwinobk ikz rtodoakz hoc nxof`co&bk rnfoz f~p jkcjtnrkz (`cckuoj`úc `crntcoj`kcoi`oj`úc joi`bob rofoÿk nrj#) jkc~c ncekq~n nzrïr`jk< jotnjnfkz zoiuk oim~coz nxjnwj`kcnz bn nzr~b`kz fïz mncntoinzk rtoczuntzoinz p q~n rncmoc ~c ncekq~n ikcm`r~b`coi k bn iotmk wiok# Io uot`nbob bne~ncrnz fàrkbkz p ncekq~nz nfwinobkz wkt io i`rntor~to nx`zrncrn io o~zncj`o bn ~cowkdioj`úc hkfkmàcno bn nfwtnzoz q~n w~nbo znt ~r`i`obo p ni znzmk bn io fopktæo bnikz nzr~b`kz bn jozk b`zwkc`dinz wtkukjo q~n nzrn rtodoak q~n nfwino ~co fnrkbkikmæoj~oi`ror`uo rncmo ~c jotïjrnt nzncj`oifncrn bnzjt`wr`uk p nxwiktorkt`k p q~n ioz mncnto&i`oj`kcnz k wtkwkz`j`kcnz q~n zn z~m`ntnc jotnjoc bn ~co dozn nzrobæzr`jo#
4
Io h`wúrnz`z bn wotr`bo nb`e`jobo o wotr`t bni nzr~b`k bn io i`rntor~to b`zwkc`din p bni ocïi`z`z bn ~co dozn nfwæt`jo hnrntkmàcno p uot`obo nz q~n ncrtn ?087 p io oj&r~oi`bob ioz nfwtnzoz uozjoz hoc nxwnt`fncrobk ~co mtoc rtoczektfoj`úc nc z~ doznbn tnj~tzkz p jowoj`bobnz nc z~z nzrtornm`oz jkfwnr`r`uoz p nc ni ncrktck nc ni q~nbnzottkiioc z~ ojr`u`bob1
:
z` o io oir~to bn ?087 ioz nfwtnzoz uozjoz rncæoc wkt tn&mio mncntoi ~co bàd`i dozn bn tnj~tzkz p jowoj`bobnz nzrodoc wkjk ojkzr~fdtoboz o
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Ni jiñzrnt bni jkckj`f`ncrk ohkto `crnmtobk nc @cckdozq~n ho jkktb`cobk io tnoi`oj`úc bn fïz bn57 nzr~b`kz bn jozk q~n hoc z`bk jkcz~irobkz woto tnoi`ot nzrn rtodoak io fopktæo w~di`jobkz (uàozn Qo&ttodn`r`o jkktb# ?00= o 4774 p 4772 o 477= j~po jkcz~iro bndk o io ofod`i`bob bn Anzñz Fornp) p b`zwk&c`dinz ojr~oifncrn nc }}}#jozkz`cckdozq~n#jkf< uàozn Tkbtæm~n Zo` p Fornp (477:) woto ~co bnz&jt`wj`úc bn io fnrkbkikmæo p jt`rnt`kz nfwinobkz woto z~ tnoi`oj`úc# ^c nzr~b`k bn jozkz fñir`win zkdtnwpfnz uozjoz `cckuobktoz nz ni bn io E~cboj`úc Jkrnj (?00=)# Nzo f~nzrto bn nfwtnzoz zn ho jkfwin&robk p ofwi`obk jkc io `cektfoj`úc tnjkw`iobo wkt ZWT@ woto ~c jkca~crk bn nfwtnzoz uozjoz ZWT@(4775)# Ni nzr~b`k j~oi`ror`uk bn Om~`ttn Jhotrnt`co
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# (4775) dozobk nc ncrtnu`zroz nc wtke~cb`bobo fïz bn :7 b`tnjr`ukz bn nfwtnzoz tnw~roboz p ozkj`oj`kcnz jiñzrnt p nfwtnzot`oinz ketnjn ~c b`omcúzr`&jk bn io wkz`j`úc jkfwnr`r`uo bn ioz nfwtnzoz uozjoz nc io ojr~oi`bob#
4
Jkkwnt p I`cbzop (?008) woto ioz zæcrnz`z bn `cunzr`moj`úc< p woto ikz nzr~b`kz bn jozk Dkcojhn (?008) p Jnwnbo (4775)# Bn focnto mncntoi zn ho znm~`bk ni wtkjnzk bn `cunzr`moj`úc z~mnt`bk wkt Jkkwnt p I`cbzop (?008) woto ioz zæcrnz`z bn `cunzr`moj`úc1 wiocrnof`ncrk bn io wtnm~cro bn `cunzr`moj`úc (p bn ikz`cb`jobktnz bn ocïi`z`z) ocïi`z`z bn io i`rntor~to p io `cektfoj`úc b`zwkc`din zninjj`úc bn io nu`bncj`onfwæt`jo p ocïi`z`z n `crntwtnroj`úc bn ikz borkz#
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Bn ektfo mncntoi zn jkcz`bnto o ioz nfwtnzoz jkfk ktmoc`oj`kcnz dozoboz nc z~z tnj~tzkz jowoj`&bobnz p jkckj`f`ncrkz q~n bnrntf`coc z~ nzrtornm`o p zkdtn ikz q~n nb`e`joc z~z uncroaoz jkfwnr`r`uozDotcnp (?00?) Mtocr (?00?) p (4772)#
Treinta años de cambios en las empresas vascas: un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo (Es)/ Thirty years of changes in the Basque firms (Spanish)/ Euskal enpresetan aldaketak hogeita hamar urtez (Es)
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