Presentation

23 November 2011

Andreas Edvan S. L. Edwin Kembauw Heribertus Edo T. Mc.Girt Lamberth R. Samsul Rizal Predy J. Samosir

10.2011.349 - 10.2011.041 - 10.2011.350 - 10.2011.088 - 10.2011.445 - 10.2011.405

Text 1
Title : Poor oral hygiene linked to heart disease
Main Idea are the red sentences the supporting idea are the blue sentences

Brushing your teeth twice a day lessens the chances of the developing heart disease, a new study suggests. Previous research has uncovered links between cardiovascular disease because low-grade inflammation, including swollen gums, may indicate atherosclerosis. The researches analyzed oral health routines and lifestyle behaviors such as smoking and physical activity of 11,869 participants in the Scottish Health Survey. [BM] 2010;340:c2451] participants answered how often they visited the dentist and how often they brushed their teeth each day. Nurses visited participants separately to document their history of heart disease and take blood samples to determine baseline levels of inflammation. The data was later compared against hospital admission and death records over an average of 8.1 years of follow up.

Out of 555 CVD events, 170 were fatal. Seventy-four percent of people who experienced events had a principle diagnosis of coronary heart disease. Compared to those who brushed their teeth twice a day, survey respondents who rarely or never brushed their teeth had a 70 percent extra risk of CVD (P=0.001), after adjusting for established risk factors. These respondents also had higher concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen, both inflammation biomarkers. Poor oral hygiene is associated with higher levels of risk of cardiovascular disease and low-grade inflammation, though the causal nature of the association is yet to be determined, the authors wrote. Still, the overall risk of CVD remained low, and the survey indicated generally good oral care habits.

Dr. Seow Swee-Chong, a consultant in the cardiology department at National University Hospital Singapore, pointed out several limitations of the self-reported survey data and its analysis. Looking at the data presented, there is clear association between poorer dental hygiene and male gender, lower socioeconomic class, smoking obesity, hypertension and diabetes all known risk factors for CVD, he said, which he noted weakened the data in spite of controlling for confounders. Likewise higher CRP and fibrinogen as a result of periodontitis does not necessarily translate to higher incidence of heart disease, and treatment of dental infections may not reduce heart disease. Although he acknowledged this as one of the largest studies to examine the association between oral hygiene and CVD, Dr. Paul Chiam, a consultant in the department of cardiology at the National Heart Centre Singapore, said randomized studies could help determine whether there is a causal relationship between oral hygiene and CVD. But Seow added that: there is little harm, and in fact a great deal of good, in promoting good oral hygiene in patients, even if the motivation a reduction of CVD may be unproven or even misguided.

Vocabulary of the text

1) Suggest = to put an idea into somebody. Example = the symptoms suggest a minor heart attack. 2) Health = somebodys good or bad physical or mental state. Example = smoking can seriously damage your health. 3) Participants = a person who is taking part in an activity or event. Example = she was an unwilling participant in his downfall. 4) Hygiene = clean and free from bacteria and therefore unlikely to spread disease. Example = the kitchen didnt look very hygienic. 5) Acknoewledge = to accept that something exists, is true or has happened. Example = she refuse to acknowledge the need for information.

Vocabulary of the text

6) Relationship = loving and/or sexual friendship between two people. Example = he was not married but he was in a stable relationship. 7) Determine = to make something happen in a particular way or be of a particular type. Example = the physical capabilities of a plant determine where it can and cannot live. 8) Risk = the possibility that something bad will happen, especially as a result of doing something or trying to do something. Example = we could probably trust her with the information but its just not worth the risk. 9) Lifestyle = the way in which a person or a group of people lives and works. Example = many people are trying to adopt a healthy lifestyle these day 10) Disease = medical problem affecting humans, animals or plants, often caused by infection. Example = the problem was finally diagnosed as health disease.

Text 2
Title : Intrauterine growth predicts childrens bone development Main Idea are the red sentences the supporting idea are the blue sentences

Fetal growth measured by ultrasound can be used to predict the importance of peak bone mass a major determinant of osteoporosis risk later in life. Recent work has reinforced the

importance of peak bone mass as a major determinant of

osteoporosis risk later in life. We know that early growth predicts adults bone mass and he risk of hip fracture later in life and that maternal life style, body build and 25 hydroxyl vitamin D status influence offspring bone mass, said Dr. Nicholas C. Harvey of
the MCR Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of
Southampton, UK, who led the study.

He aim of the work, he stated, was to describe the

relationships between intrauterine growth measurements

at birth and at 4 years of age. Researchers looked at 435

subjects from the Southampton Womens Survey, a large study on womens health and lifestyle in the UK. Ultrasound scans were used to record fetal abdominal circumference at 11, 19 and 34 weeks gestation. Subsequently, the childrens

bone mineral density at birth and at 4 years was measured

using dual x-ray absorptiometry.

Investigators found that late intrauterine growth (abdominal circumference from 19-34 weeks) was a stronger predictor of bone mineral density at birth than early intrauterine growth (abdominal circumference from 1-19 weeks). They also found, however, that early intrauterine growth was stronger predictor of bone mineral density at 4

years compared o late growth. This suggests that the child

reverts to the early growth trajectory during the first few years of post-natal life. Further work is needed to which perturbations of growth in later pregnancy may alter this natural pattern, the researchers reported.

Vocabulary of the text

1. Fetal = n (medical) foetal (especially name); adj connected with a foetus; typical of fotus ; foetal abnormalities Example = she lay cuted up in a foetal position. 2. Reinforced = to make a feeling, idea, ect : stronger example = Such jokes tend to reinforce radical stereotypes 3. Uterine = n (anatomy) the organ in woman and female animal in much babies develop before they are born sync womb uterine. example = Uterine cancer usually occurs after menopause. 4. Elucidate = v (formal) to make something clearer by explaining it more fully he elucidated a point of grammar. example = The Elucidate DJ and record producer team is made up of Ken Loi and Sean Beckwith. 5. Trajectory = my career seemed to be on a downward trajectory. n (technical) the curved path of something that has been fired; hit or thrown into the air: a missiles trajectory. example = The following command language parameters are specific for the tropical cyclone trajectory forecast requirements

Vocabulary of the text

6. Intrauterine = Within the uterus adj. example = The intrauterine device (IUD) is a form of birth control 7. Offspring = Noun a child of a particular person or couple example = the problems parents hare with their teenage offspring. 8. Extent Ham large, important, serious, etc its is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage. The physical size of an area : Example = you cant see the full extent of the beanch from here. 9. Fracture = (n) a break in a bone ar other bard material: a fracture of the skull. (V) to break or crack to make something breaker crack. example = His leg fractured in two places. 10. Life = the period between somebody birth and their death. Example = he is lived here all his life.

Thank you!