L1 ORAL LANGUAGE AND L2 READING COMPREHENSION

Table 1 Summary of Evidence for L1 Oral Language Skills Predicting L2 Reading Comprehension from Publication Years 2002 to 2012 Article n AgeGrade L1/L2 Classroom Statistical Instructional Procedure Language/ Model English (L2) Immersion Longitudinal structual equation modeling of growth from age 3;5- to 1st gr Stepwise Linear regression L2 Reading L2 Reading Comprehension Comprehension Type Name

Davison 81 et al. (2011)

1st

Spanish/ English

Passage Comprehension (cloze)

Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery, 1995

Erdos 86 et al. (2010)

1st

English/ French

French (L2) immersion

Sentence Comprehension (cloze)

Batterie dchelles multidimensionne lles pour l'evaluation de la lecture (BEMEL, 2006) Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery, 1991

Gottardo & 131 Mueller (2009)

1st-2nd Spanish/ English

English (L2)

Longitudinal Passage structual Comprehension equation (cloze) modeling of growth from 1st to 2nd gr

Lee 68 Swanson et al. (2008)

3rd

Spanish/ English

English (L2)

Hierarchical Passage Linear Comprehension regression (cloze)

Woodcock Reading Mastery Test-Revised, 1987 Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery, 1991; Gates MacGintie, 2000 Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery, 1991

Lesaux 87 et al. (2010)

4th-5th Spanish/ English

Mancilla- 173 Martinez & Lesaux (2010)

11 y.o.

Spanish/ English

Early transitional bilingual: Spanish (L1) in K-1 with increasing English (L2) English (L2); some students received Spanish (L1) instruction prior to school

Longitudinal structual equation modeling of growth from 4th-5th gr Longitudinal structual equation modeling of growth from age 4;5-11

Passage Comprehension (cloze) & Passage Comprehension (multiple choice)

Composite score: Passage (cloze) & Sentence (cloze) Comprehension

L1 ORAL LANGUAGE AND L2 READING COMPREHENSION

Article n AgeGrade L1/L2 Classroom Statistical Instructional Procedure Language/ Model L2 Reading L2 Reading Comprehension Comprehension Type Name

Manis 251 et al. (2004)

2nd

Spanish/ English

Early Hierarchical Passage transitional Linear Comprehension bilingual: regression (cloze) Spanish (L1) in K-1 with increasing English (L2) Early Hierarchical Passage transitional Linear Comprehension bilingual: regression (cloze) Spanish (L1) in K-1 with increasing English (L2) Early transitional bilingual: Spanish (L1) in K with English (L2) by mid-1st grade Three models: 1) Transitional bilingual; 2) Dual immersion; 3) English immersion. English (L2) Longitudinal Passage structual Comprehension equation (cloze) modeling of growth from 3rd to 6th gr

Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery, 1995

Miller 1531 et al. (2006)

K-3rd

Spanish/ English

Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery, 1991

Nakamoto 282 et al. (2008)

3rd-6th Spanish/ English

Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery, 1995

Nakamoto 502 et al. (2012)

K-3rd

Spanish/ English

Longitudinal Passage structual Comprehension equation (cloze) modeling of growth from K-3rd gr

Woodcock & Johnson, 1995

Pasquarella 137 et al. (2011)

1st-4th

Chinese/ English

Crosssectional structural equation modeling

Passage Comprehension (cloze)

Peabody Individual Achievement Test - Revised, 1998 Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery, 1991

Proctor 135 et al. (2006)

4th

Spanish/ English

Mixed: some Hierarchical Passage participants Linear Comprehension had English regression (cloze) only (L2); others had Spanish (L1)

L1 ORAL LANGUAGE AND L2 READING COMPREHENSION

Article n AgeGrade L1/L2 Classroom Statistical Instructional Procedure Language/ Model Bilingual (L1/L2) Structural equation modeling L2 Reading L2 Reading Comprehension Comprehension Type Name

Proctor et al. (2010)

91

4th

Spanish/ English

Passage Comprehension (cloze)

Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery, 1991 Norwegian translation of Woodcock & Johnson, 1989 Science texts on Global Warming

Rydland & 67 Aukrust (2012)

5th

Urdu or Norweigan Turkish/ (L2) Norwegian

Hierarchical Passage Linear Comprehension regression (cloze) & Authentic Texts (multiple choice)

Toloa 20 et al. (2009)

4th-5th Samoan/ English

Bilingual (L1/L2)

Hierarchical Composite score: Linear Passage (cloze) & regression Sentence (cloze) Comprehension

Supplementary Tests of Achievement in Reading, 2001

L1 ORAL LANGUAGE AND L2 READING COMPREHENSION

Publication Years 2002 to 2012 L1 Oral Language Predictor rec = receptive exp = expressive kind - 5th=grades 1. Rec vocabulary 2. Listening Comprehension Statistic Reported for the Predictor * p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001 Significant: 1. model path, t = 13.70* 2. model path, t = 8.85*

1. 2. 3. 4.

Kind rec vocabulary, fall Kind rec vocabulary, spring Kind exp morpholoy, fall Kind exp morpholoy, spring

Significant: 1. t = 3.44*** 2. t = 3.056** Non-significant: 3. t = 1.822 4. t = 1.022

Composite Oral Language score: rec vocabulary & exp syntax

Non-significant: Path coefficient: -.06

1. Rec vocabulary 2. Exp morphology

Non-significant: Change in R= 1. .03 2. .01

Composite Oral Language Non-significant: score: Path: rec vocabulary, exp vocabulary, Z = 1.5 & listening comprehension

Exp vocabulary

Non-significant: thus, statistic of path not reported

L1 ORAL LANGUAGE AND L2 READING COMPREHENSION

L1 Oral Language Predictor rec = receptive exp = expressive kind - 5th=grades Composite Oral Language Score: exp vocabulary & exp syntax Statistic Reported for the Predictor * p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001 Significant: Change in R=.02*

Narrative skills: Significant: mean length of utterance, total Change in R=.02*** number of different words, words per minute, and narrative story structure

Composite Oral Language Score: exp vocabulary & listening comprehension

Non-significant: thus, statistic of path not reported

Composite Oral Language Score: exp vocabulary, exp syntax, & listening comprehension

Non-significant: thus, statistic of path not reported

Rec vocabulary

Non-significant: thus, statistic of path not reported

1. Exp vocabulary 2. Listening Comprehension

Significant: 1. Change in R=.01* Non-significant 2. Change in R

L1 ORAL LANGUAGE AND L2 READING COMPREHENSION

L1 Oral Language Predictor rec = receptive exp = expressive kind - 5th=grades Composite Oral Language Score: exp vocabulary & listening comprehension Rec vocabulary Statistic Reported for the Predictor * p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001 Non-significant: thus, statistic of path not reported

Non-significant correlations, therefore L1 oral language not included in regression model

Composite Oral Language Score: exp vocabulary & exp syntax

Non-significant correlations, therefore L1 oral language not included in regression model