Professional Documents
Culture Documents
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
'D r d k u a&pD r d c if B uD ;
a':atmif q ef ; pk M unf
oef;0if;vIdif
oef;0if;vIi
d f
owq
d w
k d m raMumufwm[m wu,fo
h wd r[kwb
f ;l /
aMumufvsufeJY udk,fvkyo
f ifhvkyfxdkufwmudk vkyf
wm[m wu,fo
h wy
d /J tJ'aD wmh 'l;wkew
f ek e
f YJ vkyw
f hJ
ol[m awmfawmfowd&Sdw,fvYdk ac:&rSmyJ/
atmifqef;pkMunf
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
odkY ...
'Drdkua&pDrdcifBuD;
a':atmifq ef;pkMunf
eSihf
,HkMunfcsufaMumif h *kP fodum&SdpGmjzifh tusOf;usaeaom
edkii
f a
H &;tusOf;om;rsm; tm;vH;k udk &nfne
T ;f vsuf?
oef;0if;vIi
d f
31 - 7 - 2011
"In honour of
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (Mother of Democracy)
And I honour all political prisoners
Those who stand for political integrity in
Burma."
Than Win Hlaing
July 31st 2011
oef;0if;vIi
d f
aus;Zl;wifvTm
pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;todpdwf"gwf pmaypdwf
tjynfht0jzifh ulnDxkwfa0ay;aom tpfudkBuD; BMC apmaerif;ESifh tpfr
BuD;aemfeDeDvGifro
d m;pktm;vnf ;aumif; ? trSmpmcsD; jrihfay;aom OD;Adkvf
aomif; (OuX-NLD-LA)tm;vnf;aumif;? tzufzufrS 0dki;f 0ef;ulnaD y;
aom ref;rsK;d jrifhEiS fh rsuEf SmzHk;'DZidk f;a&;qGJay;aom oD[armifarmif? twGif;
'DZidk f;jyKvyk fay;aom udkrif;rif;? uGefysLwmpmpDpmdkuaf y;aom apmtJhuvdk
0g;wdkUtm; txl;aus; Zl;wif &SdaMumif; trSwfw& azmfjytyfygonf/
oef;0if;vdIif
31 - 7 - 2011
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
'Dru
kd a&pDrcd ifBu;D a':atmifqef;pkMunf
rmwdum
1/ BMC apmaerif; (xkwaf 0ol) \ trSmpm
-7
2/ OD;Adv
k af omif;\ trSmpm
-9
3/ rdcifaESmifBuKd ;udk ajzygthH - atmifqef;pkMunf
- 11
4/ tcef; (1) 'Dru
kd a&pDrcd ifBu;D
- 12
5/ brsK;d bd;k wl Adv
k cf sKyo
f rD;
- 19
6/ tcef; (2) aemufco
H rdik ;f
- 40
7/ tcef; (3) ppfwyftmPmodr;f ydu
k jf cif;
- 90
8/ tcef; (4) yxrqk;H aetdrt
f us,cf sKyu
f mv
- 106
9/ tcef; (5) Edb
k ,fqck s;D jri chf &H
- 144
10/ tcef; (6)
? trsK;d om;nDvmcH
- 159
11/
? trsK;d orD;xl;cReq
f &k &Sd
- 163
12/
? twdkut
f cdkucf H&
- 164
13/
? vGwv
f yfa&;qk
- 169
14/
? *kPjf yKaw;
- 170
15/
? 'kw,
d tBurd af etdrt
f us,cf sKyf
- 170
16/
? wwd,tBurd f aetdrt
f us,cf sKyf
- 171
17/
? rdwzf ufEikd if rH sm;aygi;f pnf;a&;qdik &f mqk - 171
18/
? jyefvnfvw
G af jrmuf
- 171
19/
? *kPjf yKcs;D jri yhf JG
- 174
20/
? *kPx
f ;l aqmifyg&*lbJGU
- 174
21/
? a':vmwpfoef;wefvGwv
f yfaom
pdw"f mwfqk
- 174
22/
? atoif Edik if w
H um 'Dru
kd a&pDqk
- 175
23/
24/ tcef; (7)
25/
26/
27/
28/
29/
30/
31/
32/ tcef; (8)
33/ tcef; (9)
34/
35/
36/
37/ tcef; (10)
38/ tcef; (11)
39/
40/
41/ tcef; (12)
42/ tcef; (13)
43/ tcef; (14)
44/
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
xkwaf 0ol\trSm
rMumrDu a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ (66) ESpaf jrmufarG;aeY tcrf;t
em;wck usaemft
h m; pma&;q&moef;0if;vIid u
f vlxak cgif;aqmif a':
atmifqef;pkMunfb0yk&H yd rf sm;ESihf 'Dru
kd a&pDBuKd ;yrf;rIrsm;tm; rSww
f rf;
wifjyKpx
k m;onfh ]'Drdku a&pDrdcifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf} pmtkyu
f kd
xkwaf 0ay;yg&ef yefMum;vmonft
h wGuf rqdik ;f rwGbJ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
ompGmjzifh xkwaf 0ay;vdu
k yf gonf/
pmtkyt
f m; xkwaf 0&onfh t"dutaMumif;t&if;rSm a':atmif
qef;pkMunf\ q,fpEk pS f (2) ckausmMf um 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf trsK;d om;vGwf
ajrmufa&;twGuf OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKr?I cdik rf mNrJjraH om oEd|mef&rdS EI iS hf EIid ;f
wkz,
G rf &Sdaom ud,
k u
f sK;d pGeYv
f w
T rf Irsm;onf usaemfwt
Ydk wGuf vrf;jyMu,f
ozG,?f rD;I;wefaqmifozG,f rm;rm;rwfrwfjzpfwnfaeonf[k xdxd
&S&S cHpm;&jzpfygonf/ olr\ av;pm;*kP,
f zl ,
G &f m jrifhjrwfr?I *kPo
f u
d m
&Spd mG wdu
k fy0JG ifrI? ajymifajrmufaomol&owEd iS hf ud,
k fusK;d riJah om pGeYv
f Twf
tepfemcHrw
I u
Ykd vnf; usaemfwq
Ykd ifEaTJ eaom w&m;aomwdu
k yf JGukd qk;H
cef;wdik q
f ufvufqifE&TJ eftwGuf vdt
k yfaeonfph w
d "f mwfcGet
f m;rsm;udk
wd;k yGm;aponft
h wGuaf Mumifv
h nf;jzpfygonf/
pmtkyw
f ae&m q&moef;0if;vIid af &;om;ouJo
h yYkd if a':atmif
qef;pkMunfonf ]rd;k usa&Tu,
kd }f r[kwyf g/ vGwv
f yfa&;zcif trsK;d om;
acgi;f aqmifBu;D Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;\ orD;jzpfaomfvnf; vlxak cgi;f aqmif
tjzpfoYkd jynfov
l x
l u
k vG,v
f ifw
h ulae&may;cJjh cif;r[kwyf g? (23)
ESpMf um Edik if aH &;c&D;Murf;wGif trsK;d rsK;d tzkzH Hk tprf;oyfc?H txkqpfc&H Ny;D rS
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pkjH ynfow
l &yfv;Hk \ wckwnf;aom arQmv
f ifch suf
tvif;a&mifjzpfonfh trsK;d om;jyefvnf&ifMum;apha&;udk azmfaqmifay;
Edik rf nfh acwfopfjrefrmhordik ;f wGif vlxak xmufcrH t
I &Sq
d ;Hk aom Edik if jH yK
acgi;f aqmif? Edik if w
H ume,fy,fwGif av;pm;todtrSwjf yKc&H aom Edik if H
a&;okcrdeftqifo
h kdY a&muf&v
Sd moljzpfygonf/ wdik f;&if;om;wOD;taejzifh
oef;0if;vIi
d f
vnf; a':atmifqef;pkMunfuo
hJ Ykd yk*Kd vw
f OD;tm; acgif;aqmiftjzpf ydik f
qdik &f jcif;\wefz;kd udv
k nf; tav;teuf*P
k ,
f rl yd gonf/
tESpf (35) ausmMf um u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;tk;H wGif u&ifah wmf
vSeaf &;&nfreS ;f csurf sm; atmifjrifjynfh0apa&;twGuf usa&muf&mtcef;
u@rS OD;aqG;qHjrnfw
h m0ef,lcho
J lwOD;taejzifh wef;wla&;ESihf ud,
k yf kid fjy
Xmef;cGiu
fh dk azmfaqmifEkid rf nfh jynfaxmifpkppfppfxal xmifa&;onf usaemf
\ tEdr &nfreS ;f csujf zpfygonf/ &nfreS ;f csujf ynf0h apa&;twGuf wck
wnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm jynfwiG ;f ppfudk tjrefq;kH &yfpJawGq
Y akH qG;aEG;tajz
&Smonfeh nf;jzifh trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;udk wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfonf
[k tckid t
f rm,kMH unfygonf/ ,if;uJhokYd jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;? awGU qkaH qG;
aEG;a&;? trsK;d om;jyefvnf&ifMum;apha&;ESihf ppfreS af om jynfaxmifpk ppf
ppfuw
dk nfaqmufa&;wnf;[laom wdkif;jyK? jynfjyKvkyfief;pOf tqifq
h ifh
wGif vlxkacgi;f aqmifa':atmifqef;pkMunfonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;
pkjH ynfov
l x
l Mk u;D w&yfv;Hk tm; vrf;jyMu,fozG,f OD;aqmif vrf;jyrIjzifh
Nidrf;csrf;aom? wef;wl om,m0ajymaom vlrsKd;aygif;pkrH Dw
S if;aexdkirf nfh
vlt
U zJt
GU pnf;w&yfuk d wnfaqmufEkid rf nf[al om,kMH unfrIjzifh pmtkyf
udk xkwfa0ygonf/
pmtkyfonf pmzwfot
l m; wpkHw&maomtusK;d aus;Zl;udk ay;pGr;f
Edik cf yhJ gu pmtkyu
f kd a&;om;jyKpck ahJ om q&moef;0if;vIid Ef iS hf xkwaf 0cJh
aom usaemfwo
Ykd nf vGepf mG rSyif 0rf;omMunfE;l aerdrnfrmS rvJ{G uef[k
d;k om;pGm ,kMH unfaerdygonf/
xkwfa0ol
BMC apmaerif;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
trSmpm
Edik if aH wmfvyk Mf urH w
I &m;cH *VKeOf ;D apm\ aemufq;kH aeYrsm;? tESpcf sKyf
jrefrmhordik ;f tbd"ge?f Edik if OhH aoQmifrif;{u&mZfrsm;? e,fcsq
JU efu
Y siaf &; rsK;d
csppf mqdq
k &mMu;D ocifu,
kd af wmfridI ;f ? trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifMu;D Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;txkyw
pd onfph mtkyfrsK;d pHkudk a&;om;jyKpck haJ om q&moef;0if;
vdiI u
f o
Jh Ykd xif&mS ;onfEh ikd if aH &;tusO;f om;a[mif; pma&;q&mwpfO;D a&;
om;jyKpak om 'Dru
kd a&pDrcd ifMu;D a':atmifqef;pkMunf pmtkyf trSmpm
a&;om;cGi&fh &Sdonft
h wGuf usaemft
h aejzifh twdik ;f rod 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
*kP,
f al erdygonf/
1991 ckepS t
f wGuf urmjh ird ;f csr;f a&;Edb
k ,fq&k &Scd aJh om jrefrmh'rD kd u
a&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunfonf Adv
k cf sKyo
f rD;yDyD ppftPm&Sif
pepfukd z,f&mS ; jrefrmEdik if v
H t
Ul cGit
hf a&;ESihf 'Dru
kd a&pD&&Sad &;twGuf
tyifyrf;tqif;&Jcu
H m rdru
d ,
kd af &;ud,
k w
f mrsm;udk ab;csw
d
f ow&d &dS dS
wdu
k yf 0JG ifaeoljzpfonf/ olonf jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pDta&;twGuf wdu
k fy0JG if
aeaom omrefEikd if aH &;acgif;aqmifwpfO;D r[kwaf y/ olUzcif Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;uJo
h Ykd acgif;aqmifrt
I &nftaoG;ESihf odraf rGx
U ufjruf jref
rmEdik fi&H dS wkid f;&if;om;vlrsK;d pktm;vH;k ESihf urmjh ynforl sm;uyg ,HMk unf av;
pm;wefz;kd xm;jcif;cH&aom21 &mpk\ tausmaf Z,s trsK;d orD; Edik if aH &;
acgif;aqmifjzpfayonf/
odu
Yk vdk xif&mS ;aom vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ t
aMumif;udk a&;om;xm;onfh pma&;q&moef;0if;vIid pf mtkyw
f Gif trSmpm
a&;om;cGif&h &Sjd cif;onf usaemf\ Edik if aH &;b0jzwfoef;rIrsm; xl;jcm;
onfh rSww
f idk fwpfct
k jzpf rSw,
f lcyhJ gonf/ tvGev
f nf; 0rf;ajrmufMunfE;l
rdygonf/
,aeY jrefrmEdik if \
H yuwdtajctaersm;onf vGwv
f yfa&;ESit
hf wl
pwifayguzf mG ;vmcJo
h nfh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D onf qufvufawmufavmif
aeqJjzpfjy;D ? qufvuf us,jf yefo
Y Gm;Edik o
f nft
h E&m,f&adS ecsed f trsK;d
10
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
11
rdcif\aESmifBuKd ;wdu
Yk kd ajzygthH
onf;pGmaomtemudk ukpm;ygthH
orD;\vHv
Yk 0d&,
d jzifh
emvefxyl gaptH
h
orD;\ pdwu
f ;l wdo
Yk nf
tu,ftjzpfodkY
a&mufaomtcsed w
f iG f
toifwYo
dk nfvnf;
aysmjf rL;Mu&rnf
arG;aus;Zl;udkrodwwfaom
xdkow
l dkYtm;
odem;vnfatmif
qGJaqmifEikd pf Gr;f udk
orD;tm; ay;ygav
tjcm; tjcm;aomolwdkY\
Iwcf sjcif;
uJ&h jJh cif;
rke;f wD;&G&hH mS jcif;
emrnfzsujf cif;wdu
hk kd
awG&U tHah omab;&efwu
Ykd kd orD;tvsOf;*&krjyk
orD; xDrnfr[kw.f ..
rdcifxrH S ]'griS go
h rD;}[laom
h u
H o
kd m awmifw
h yg\
wb0wGif usL;&ifo
wcgomao&onfjzpf
tb,fenf;ESihf ao&onfjzpfap avmuwGif rdcif\ aus;Zl;udk
orD; rxl;jcm; todwwfqHk;orD;jzpf&ygvdk\
atmifqef;pkMunf
12
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tcef; (1)
'Dru
kd a&pD rdcifBuD;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
13
14
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
15
q,fh&Spfjynfol@'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykH=uD;rS vlxkuwifajrmufvdkuf
aom vlxkacgif;aqmifjzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pkH av;pm;
todtrSwjf yKxm;aom jynfolw&yfv;kH . vlxkacgi;f aqmifvnf;jzpf
onf?
jyD;cJah om 1990 jynfEh pS /f arv 27 &ufae@wiG f usif;ycJah om
a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk jyefvnfokH;oyf=unfhv#if jynfolvlxu
k a':
atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;xm;onfh NLD ygwD v$waf wmfu,
kd f
pm;vS,rf sm;tm; wcJeuf qENay;cJjh cif;rSm wenf;tm;jzifh jynfol@uk,
d f
pm; wdkif;jynfta&;t&mrsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdik f&ef tcGifhtm%m
(Authorization or Mandate) v$Jtyfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf?
xdk@jyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkaygif;pkH.
axmufcrH _ukd &&Sx
d m;krH #ru Edik if Hwum xdyw
f ef;acgif;aqmif=u;D rsm;.
,k=H unftm;xm;r_udkyg&&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? xdk
tcsuu
f dk ppftkypf u
k rodusKd;u|jH yKI rsuu
f ,
G fjyK&ef=udK;pm;ygu jrefrm
EdkifiHonf rnfonfhtcgrS wnfjidrfat;csrf;I wdk;wufzG@HjzdK;r_udk &&SEd dkif
rnfr[kwaf y?
od@k jzpf&m ppftkypf o
k nf Om%ftar#mt
f jrif=uD;rm;I &ifu
h suaf om
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; npfenf;
rsK;d pko
H ;kH um jrefrmEdik fijH zpfpOfxrJ S 0dik ;f y,fxw
k &f eftm;xkwjf cif;rSm Om%f
tajrmftjrifenf;yg;I todOm%fEkHjcmr_[kyif qdk&ayrnf?
ppftkyfpk tuGufususpDrHcaJh om 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ. t"du
ypfrSwfonf a':atmifqef;pk=unf jzpfaeonfudk xif&Sm;pGm awG@jrif
ae&onf? 1990 a&G;aumufyJ&G v'fEiS fh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tcef;
uudk 2010 a&G;aumufyt
GJ opfjzifh acszsu&f efjzpfaeayonf? xdkok@d
rlv&nf&G,fcsuu
f dk,fYu rdk;om;onfhtavsmuf ppftpdk;&. 2008
em*pfzGJ@pnf;ykEH Sifh EdkifiHa&;ygwrD sm; rSwfyHw
k ifOya'wdk@onf 'Drku
d a&pD
qef@usifa&;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfqef@usifa&;pDrHcsuf jzpfaea=umif;
odomvSayonf? xdk@a=umifh a&G;aumufyGJrusif;yrDuyif 2010 a&G;
16
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
17
18
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
19
brsKd;bd;k wl Adv
k cf sKyforD;
a':atmifqef;pkMunf rdom;pk
20
oef;0if;vIi
d f
onf?
e,l;a'vDjrdKod@k rdcifEiS fhtwla&muf&pSd Ofu b0tpdwftydkif;tcsKd
udk bdvyfjyefoef;[k vlord sm;aom 'dk&moef;at;u a=umuf&GH jcif;rS
vGwu
f if;a&; trnf&dS jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aompmtkyw
f iG f
Tod@k a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf?
e,l;a'vDjrdKodk@ rdcifESifh twl
a&mufvmpOf u atmif qef ;pk = unf
onf uspfqHjrD; wkwfwkwf&Snf&Snf=uD;
rsm;ESihf 15 ESpt
f &G,f uav;rav;jzpfyg
onf? a,_ESifh ar&DuGefAifhausmif;ESifh
av'D&,
S f&D&rfaumvdyfwdk@Y qufvuf
ynmoifygonf? xdktcsdefrSpI olr.
tdENd,rdwfaqG todkif;t0ef;rSm us,fjyef@vmygonf? r[wWr*ENDESifh
*s0g[mvmael;wd@k . wdki;f jynfukd pl;prf;avhvmem;vnfEkid &f ef atmif
qef;pk=unftzdk@ tcGifhaumif;jzpfygonf? atmifqef;pk=unf. zcif
vnf; Twdik f;jynfuakd &mufz;l jyD; ael;ESiafh wG@qaHk qG;aEG;um &if;ESD;cifrif
aom em;vnfr_ &&SdcJhygonf? atmifqef;pk=unf.rdcif oHtrwf=uD;
cef@tyfjcif;cH&csdefu ael;onf 0ef=uD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJ
jzpfygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf tawG@t=uKHA[kokw us,jf yef@ap&ef rdcifa':
cif=unfppD Ofay;aomudprP sm;teuf atuDAidk f;em;ac: *syefyef;tvSjyif
enf;/ tEkynmbmom&yfrsm;avhvmjcif;ESifh jrif;pD;oifjcif;wdk@yg0if
onf? tdE,
Nd Edik if HorRw=uD;. ud,
k &f aH wmfwyfzJ@G avhusi&hf m jrif;pD;uGi;f
Y tdE,
Nd t&m&S=d uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;/ Edik if w
H umoHwrefrsm;. om;
orD;rsm;ESihf yef'pfael;.ajr; tif'&D m*END. om;jzpfol qefa*s;*ENw
D k@d EiS hf
atmifqef;pk=unf awG@qakH vh&ydS gonf? trSwf 24 tuUbmvrf; (No.24
Akbar Road) &SdaetdrfwGif pEN,m;qufoif&ygonf? xdk oHtrwf ae
tdrfonf =uD;rm;I tvGefcrf;em;wifhw,faom yef;O,smOfysK;d xm;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
21
22
oef;0if;vIi
d f
zwfoifhzwfxu
dk fonfh jrefrmESihf t*Fvyd fpmtkypf m&if;&Snf=uD;rsm; OD;pGm
ay;olrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? atmifqef;pk=unf. tody
nm tawG;tac:ydik f; zG@HjzdK;wdk;wufr_udk ydkIowdjyKrdjyD; pdwf0ifpm;cJh
olrmS wcsed u
f emrnf=uD;cJah om &efuek fwuUov
kd o
f r*~. td;k a0r*~Zif;
t,f'w
D mtzGJ@0ifESifh atmifqef;pk=unf.zcif Adv
k fcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
twl wuUodkvfausmif;aezwf OD;ndKjr (1914-1985) yif jzpfonf?
aemufydkif;wGif OD;ndKjronf pme,fZif;avmuwGif tvGefemrnf=uD;
cJah om pmtkyrf sm;pGmudk a&;om;cJhonfh pma&;q&mwOD;jzpfvmygonf?
olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifydkjyD; atmifqef;pk=unfzwf&ef t*FvdyfESifh
jrefrmpmtkyaf ygi;f rsm;pGmudk vrf;n$efay;cJo
h nf? OD;ndKjrvufaqmifay;
cJhaom tvGeftzdk;wefonfh [m;Awf*E0ifpmtkyfwGJwpkHvkH; (Harvart
Classic) udk tvGefwefzdk;xm;jyD; r=umc%zwfcJha=umif;vnf; atmif
qef;pk=unfu ,ae@wdik f owdw&&Sad eygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;jzifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf pmayavmuwHcg;udk zGihv
f pS Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf? atmif
qef;pk=unf. pmzwf0goemrSm tdE,
dN ra&mufcifuyif tjrpfw,
G jf yD;
jzpfygonf?
e,l;a'vDjrdKqifajczke;f tpGet
f zsm;&Sd ara&mfvD (Mehrauli) &yfuu
G f
wGif *kwpdu
k x
f ed ;f odr;f xm;Edik fjcif;r&So
d nfrSm=umjyDjzpfI ysupf ;D ,d,
k iG ;f
aeonfh tmaomu0d[m&trnfwGiaf om Ak'b
< momXmewck&o
dS nf?
xdkXme jyefvnf&iS foefvmEdik fap&ef a'vD&SdAk'<bmom0ifrsm;/ txl;
ojzifh Ak'b
< mom ud;k uG,af omEdik if Hrsm;rS oHtrwfrsm;. tultnDukd
a':cif=unf&,lcJhygonf? Tvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom
0ifrsm;ESifh tdE,
Nd Edik fiH tjcm;a'orsm;rS Ak'<bmom0iftcsKdtwGuf jyef
vnftouf0ifvmjyD; jzpfa om tmaomu0d[m&onf ESpfpOfus
a&mufaom Ak'<bmomyGJawmf=uD;rsm;usif;y&m/ bk&m;0wfjyK&m/ urR
Xmef;bm0empD;jzef;&mXme jzpfvmygonf?
a':cif=unfonf jrefrm/ xdkif;/ uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiHom; Ak'<bmom
bkef;awmf=uD;rsm;tm; rSefrSefyifhzdwf qGrf;uyfw&m;emavh&d.
S ? atmif
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
23
24
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
25
26
oef;0if;vIi
d f
a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf?
1962-63 ckES pf rsm;wGi f a':
atmifqef;pk=unfonf a'vDwuU
odv
k Yf Edik fiHa&;odyHb
` mom&yfukd avh
vmqnf;yl ;cJhonf? 1964 ckESpfrS
1967 ckEpS ftwGi;f atmufpzd@k 'f wuU
odkv&f Sd [l;pfaumvdyfY '\eaA'/
EdkifiHa&;ody`HESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yf
rsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJjh yD; 0dZm *k%f
xl; (B.A Honour) bG@J uk d &&Scd o
h J nf? bG@J
a':atmifq ef; pkMunf
&&Sd jyD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf
atmufpzdk Ywuodkvf ynmoifMum;pOf onf vydki;f r# [l;pfaumvdyfwGif pm
oif=um;yd@k csonf? ,if;aemuf ordkif;okawoD [,l;wifum (Hugh
Tinker) ESiht
f wl okawoevkyfief;wdk@ aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1968 ckESpf
wGif vef'efwuUokv
d f ta&Sydkif;ESihf tmz&du avhvma&;Xme/ EdkifiHa&;
odyX`H meY ok awoe vufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;&GufcJhonf?
xdk@aemuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk e,l;a,mufY aexdkifv#uf&Sd
aom bdvyfjyefoef;ESifhtwlaexdki&f ef e,la,mufjrdKodk@ a&muf&SdcJh
onf? bdvyfjyefoef; ac: 'dk&moef;at;onf t,f*sD;&D;,m;wGif (4)
ESpw
f mr# wm0efxrf;aqmifcjhJ yD;aemuf ukvor*~XmecsKyfo@kd jyefvnf
a&muf&adS ecsdejf zpfonf? bdvyfjyefoef;ESihf rdom;pkyrm&if;ES;D aeaom
z&ef@xa&*g (Frank Trager) u 4if; Edkiif w
H um qufqaH &;bmom&yf
ygarmuQtjzpfaqmif&Guaf eaom e,l;a,mufwuUov
kd Yf a': atmif
qef;pk=unf bGJ@veG foifwef;wuf&ef ulnDpDpOfay;cJhonf? ygarmuQ x
a&*gonf tar&dueftpdk;&. axmufyhHa&;tpDpOfjzifh jrefrmjynfwGif
ESpftawmf=um aexdkifcJhzl;onf? olonf ta&Sawmiftm&SESihf ta&S
zsm;Edik if Hrsm;wGif us,jf yef@pGm c&D;vSnv
hf nfz;l um xdka'orsm;. udpt
P
00wdk@wGif pdwf0ifpm;olwOD; jzpfygonf? xdka&;om;cJhaom bm;rm;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
27
ya'o&mZfEikd if rH S orRwEdik if o
H @kd trnf&pdS mtkyu
f kd a&;om;xkwaf 0cJh
onfrSm r=umjrifah o;acs? olonf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. wdk;wufr_
udk *kwpdu
k favhvmI vdktyfonfrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;cJhonf? a':
atmifqef;pk=unfESifh bdvyfjyefoef;wdk@aexdkif&m ref[wfwifrS e,l;
a,mufwuUov
dk o
f @dk omG ;&aom bwfpu
f m;c&D;rSm tawmftwef t
vSr;f a0;jyD; um;rl;wwfaom a':atmifqef;pk=unftwGuf yifyef;cufcJ
ygonf? bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrS yef;jcHwckudkjzwfjyD; 0g&Sifwef&ifjyif
(Washington Square) odk@ oifwef;wuf&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unf
oGm;&aomvrf;Y usupf m;avh&daS om vrf;o&J vl&rf;um;wdk@. tE W
&m,fuvnf; &Sdao;onf? odk@aomf a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@aetdrfrS
ukvor*~kH;udrk l 6 rdepfcef@ vrf;av#mufkHjzifh a&mufEdkifayonf?
xd@k a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf ukvor*~wiG f tvkyf0ifjy;D
aemufrS ynmqufvufoif=um;&ef pdwful;ay:onf? tvkyfav#muf
v$mrsm;/ axmufcpH mrsm;/ awG@qHak r;jref;jcif;rsm;ESihf jzpf;kd jzpfpOf=uef@
=umr_ESihf tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmv
f eG jf yD;aomtcg a':atmifqef;pk=unf
onf ukvor*~Y tvky&f &SdoGm;onf? ukvor*~Y 2 ESpfr# xrf;&GufcJh
jyD;aemuf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf ;Hk tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf bma&;qdik &f m
udpP&yfrsm; t=uHay;aumfrwDwiG f vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcGifh &&Sdco
Jh nf?
tqdkygXmerS aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rdrw
d k@d Eidk if Hrsm;. udk,pf m;vS,f
rsm;tjzpf cef@tyfxm;&jcif;r[kwfbJ bma&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif
u|rf;usiforl sm;tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfygonf? ukvor*~EiS fh
t&eftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;tjyif urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@/ pm;eyf&duQm
ESihf v,f,mpdkuyf sKd;a&;tzG@J rsm;uJhok@d aom txl;at*sifprD sm;. pDrHued ;f
tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf bwf*swrf sm;udk xdak umfrwDu avhvmrSwfcsucf s jyif
qifjy;D oabmwlnrD &_ &ef wifjy&ayonf? tvkyfrSm cufcJaomfvnf;
ukvor*~vyk fief;rsm;. ukeu
f sp&dwu
f kd tao;pdwpf pd pf&jcif;ESihf xl;c|ef
xufjrwfaomtzGJ@0ifrsm;wd@k a=umifh pdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;ayonf? xdk
28
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
29
,ywfrS 'DZifbmvv,fcef@qkv
d #if OD;pk;d wifonf tvkyu
f pd rP sm;/ jrefrm
udk,fpm;vS,ftzG@J ESifh tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@rsm;udk {nfhcHau|;arG;&
jcif;jzifh rtm;rvyfatmif&adS yonf? oDwif;u|w/f wefaqmifrke;f vrsm;
wGif bmoma&;qdik &f m ae@=u;D tcg=u;D rsm;Y e,l;a,mufjrKd &Sd jrefrmrdwf
aqGrsm;udk ol.tdro
f @dk zdwfac:{nfch Havh&Sdonf? OD;pd;k wif oabmxm;
=uD;oljzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrm
rsm;udk od;k rsm;/ qdwrf sm;[lI cGjJ cm;
rqufqHay? qdwfrsm;qdkonfrSm
ppftm%m&SiAf v
k d af e0if;vufatmuf
jrefrmEdik if .
H tajctaeudk a0zef
axmufjyolw@kd jzpfjy;D ,if;wd@k ukd jref
rm oHHk;todki;f t0dkif;u y,fxm;
jcif;udk cH&wwfygonf? OD;pdk;wif.
aetdrfY rnfolrqkd vGwfvyfyGifh
vif ; pG m rd rd w dk @ rwl u GJ j ym;aom
oabmxm;rsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;
bdvyfjyefoef;
jiif;ckHcGifh jyKEdkifayonf?
ac: 'd&k moef;at;
wae@ ukvor*~taxGaxG nDvmcHusif; yaecsdefY a':atmif
qef;pk=unfESifh bdvyfjyefoef;wdk@ukd OD;pk;d wifu aetdrfo@dk xrif;pm;csed ;f
cJh&m xdkpOftjzpftysufudk bdvyfjyefoef;u Todk@jyefajymif; ajymjy
cJhonf?
OD;pk;d wif. &D;Am;a';vf aetdro
f @k d usrwd@k ae@v,favmuf a&muf
oGm;cJyh gw,f? yef;rsm;/ &Guv
f yS ef;rsm;ESifh a&$a&mifjc,f jrefrm,Ge;f xnf
rsm;ESifh jynfah eaom av;axmifhyHk{nhfcef;r}uD;twGif;&Sd qdkzmrsm;/ uk
vm;xdkifrsm;udk tcef;eH&H uyfI aumfzDyef;uefwifI pm;yGJ=uD;rsm;udk
xdik fcaHk &SwGif tpDtpOfcsxm;ygonf? qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xdkifrsm;ay:
wGif taxGaxGnv
D mcH wufa&muf&ef a&muf&Sdaeaom jrefrmoH t
rwf=uD;rsm; woDwwef;=u;D xdik fae=uygonf? usrwdk@EiS hf rawG@z;l ao;
30
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
31
32
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
33
34
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
35
rsm;udyk g wajz;ajz;pkaqmif;vmcJo
h nf? Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. txWKy`wdW
udk taxmuftxm;cdik cf ikd v
f v
Hk jHk zifh jyKpk&ef&nfoefxm;&m pepfwus
okawoejyKygawmhonf?
wzufrv
S nf; 1985-86 ESprf sm;wGif *syeftpd;k &. ynmoifqk
udv
k ufcu
H m *syefEikd if u
H sKw
d w
kd uUov
kd /f ta&Sawmiftm&Sqikd &f m avh
vma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Sit
f jzpf oGm;a&mufoak woejyKcJyh g
onf? *syefEikd if YH okawoejyKpk&if; *syef-jrefrmcsp=f unfa&;toif;
tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESiahf wG@qu
Hk m 4if;wd@k rw
S qifh olrzcifEiS o
hf u
d |r;f cJah om t
ouf&iS q
f J *syefppfzufqikd &f m t&m&S/d t&mcHrsm;ESih f tqufo,
G &f cJh
onf? xdt
k csed u
f rdu
k u
f ,fonf tdE,
dN jynfajrmufyikd ;f qif;rvm;+rdK&Sd
tdE,
dN Edik if H tqifjh rifh pmayavhvma&;Xme okawoeynm&Sit
f jzpf
a&muf&adS eonf?
xdo
k @kd oak woejyK&if; 1987 ckEpS w
f iG f tdE,
dN Edik if q
H if;rvm;jrdK&Sd
txl;okawoejyKa&; tdEN,
d odyXH` me (Indian Institute of Advanced
Study) wGif okawoeynm&Sif (Resarch Fellow) tjzpf vkyu
f ikd cf o
hJ nf?
,if;od@k vyk u
f ikd &f if; vef'efjrdK&Sd vef'efwuUov
kd f ta&Swdik ;f ESihf
tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif yg&*lb@JG ,&l efvnf; bG@J ,pl mwrf;wapmif
udk jyKpk&efppD Ofco
hJ nf? xkt
d csed fu olr. vkyu
f ikd v
f y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;onf
vk@H v}uD;jcif;ESihf oEMd mef cdik cf ikd rf mrmcsxm;jcif;udk jyoaeonf[k qd&k
ayrnf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. bG@J ,&l ef wifoiG ;f cJo
h nfph mwrf;trnfrmS
jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;wdu
k yf w
JG iG f pme,fZif;rsm;u taxmuftuljyKcJyh Hk
(1910-1945) jzpfonf?
xdEk pS w
f iG yf if rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfonf rsupf rd w
S rd u
f kd cGpJ w
d u
f o
k &ef
twGuf vef'efjrKd od@k a&muf&v
dS mcJo
h nf? cGpJ w
d rf r_ sm; atmifatmifjrif
jrif&o
dS jzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&S&d aomfvnf; a':cif=unf
twGuf pdw&f i$ v
f ef;csr;f ajrzG,t
f csed jf zpfygonf?
vef'efjrdKwGif ESpv
f =umr#aexdik jf yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf 1987
36
oef;0if;vIi
d f
a':cifMunf kyt
f avmif;udk jyifxm;pOf
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
37
jyefa&mufvm=ujyD; wuUokv
d fynm&SifavmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;w
ustcsdefY rdcif=uD;a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif; owif;a&mufvmyg
awmhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf a=u;eef;&&Sdjcif; csufcsif;yif
&onfah v,mOfjzifh rdcif =uD;tm;jyKpk&ef &efukefodk@ vdkufygcJhonf?
1988 ckEpS w
f iG f rdcif=uD; a':cif
=unf emruse;f r_a=umifh jyefvnf
a&muf&dv
S maom a':atmifqef;pk
=unfonf jrefrmhEdkiif Ha&; tvSnfh
tajymif; wqpfcsKd;auG@wiG f rar#mf
vifhyJ xdawG@cJh&ayonf? Tae&m
Y ociftkef;jrifh/ OD;axG;jrifh/ ocif
wifjrwdk@udkvnf; &if;ESD;awG@qkHcJh&
onfudk azmfjy&efvkad yonf?
wdk;wufa&;
ociftkef;jrifo
h nf Adkvcf sKyf
ociftek ;f jrifh
atmifqef;ESifhyk*~dKvfa&;t& &if;ESD;oljzpfonf? wdk;wufa&;ESifh *sme,f
ausm*f sme,fwk@d wiG f t,f'w
D mtjzpf aqmif&u
G cf haJ om wd@k Armtpnf;
tk;H 0ifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? ociftkef;jrifu
h dk 1918/ {jyD 28 &ufae@wiG f
yJc;l wdik f;a'o=u;D / vufyw
H ef;jrdKY tzOD;zd;k aumif;/ trda':at;wifw@kd rS
zGm;jrifonf? 1933 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmvwGif vufyw
H ef;jrdK tpd;k &txuf
wef;ausmif;Y wdk@Armtpnf;tkH; auG;a=umfoHpm&Gufrsm; jzef@a0jcif;
jzifh e,fcsJqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf? *se,f
ausmfOD;cspaf rmifrSm xdpk Ofu ol. ausmif;q&mjzpfonf? 1934 ck/ rwf
vwGif vufyw
H ef;jrKd tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifc&Jh m
aq;wuUodkvfodk@rwufa&mufbJ &efukefowif;pmavmuodk@ 0if
a&mufvyk u
f ikd cf hjJ y;D a&ausm&f yfwGif *sme,fausmfOD;cspaf rmifEiS hf twlae
xdkifonf?
1938 ckEpS /f {jyDvwGif ykord fwGiu
f sif;yaom wwd,t=urd f jrefrm
Edik fiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifhodk@ wufa&mufcJhonf? 1938
38
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
39
40
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tcef;(2)
aemufco
H rdik ;f
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@csKyf(yxp)tpdk;&udk vufeufjzifjh zKwfcs tm%m
odr;f cJah om AkdvfcsKy=f uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifonfh ppfwyftm%modr;f awmf
vSeaf &;aumifpu
D 1962 ckEpS /f Zlvik d v
f 4 &ufae@wiG f jrefrmh qd&k ,
S f
vpfvrf;pOfygwD ac: rqvygwDudk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhonf?
rqv ygwDonf 26 ESpfwmumvtwGif; jynfolvlx=k uD; w&yf
vk;H tm; rpm;&0cref; pdwful;,Ofq&dk S,fvpf0g'rsm; r_di;f wdu
k fum jrefrmh
qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'vrf;pOfudk twif;t=uyftaumiftxnfazmfcrJh a_ =umifh
ta&Sawmiftm&SwiG f o,HZmwrsm;aygu,
G I
f pD;yGm;a&;zHG@jzdK;wd;k wuf
aejyDjzpfaom jrefrmEdik fiHonf pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm; =uKHawG@
vmum urBmhrdom;pkY zGH@jzdK;r_tenf;qkH;EdkifiHtjzpf pm&if;0ifoGm;cJh&
ayonf?
Tod@k tajctaersm; jynfolvlxt
k wGif;jzpfay:aepOf pufr_wuU
odkvaf usmif;om;tcsKd@ESifh tif;pdef=udKukef;taemuf&yfuGufrS vli,f
tcsKdwd@k . rar#mfvifhbJ cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;cJ&h onfh omref&efyaGJ v;wckudk
ta=umif;jyKI 1988 ta&;awmfykH pwifjzpfay:cJhavonf?
1988 ck/ rwfv 12 &uf/ paeae@n 9 em&D 15 rdepftcsdecf ef@wiG f
tif;pdefjrdK@e,f/ =udK@ukef;blwmteD; pENm0if;vufzuf&nfqdkifY pufr_
wuUodkvf 'kwd,ESpfausmif;om;rsm;jzpf=uaom armifausmfqef;0if;/
armif0if;jrifhtygt0if ausmif;om; 4 OD;ESifh t&ufrl;aeonfh &yfuGuf
aumifpDOuUX.om; aZmfaZmf (ac: ) nDnDvGiftygt0if taygif;tyg
5 OD;wd@k u pdik f;xD;qdik foDcsif;zGifhcdkif;&mrS pum;rsm;cdu
k f&efjzpfyGm;cJhonf?
,if;odk@ausmif;om;udk0if;jrifhtdkufcH&ojzifh OD;acgif;/ ausmESihf vuf
armif;wdk@wGif aygufjyJzl;a&mifaom '%f&mrsm;&&Scd Jh=uonf? xd@k a=umifh
ausmif;om; 3 OD;vnf; &Jpcef;od@k omG ;a&mufwikd =f um;cJo
h nf? tif;pdef&J
pcef;rSvnf; vufzuf&nfqdkifwGifjzpfyGm;cJhaomtr_ESifhywfowfI O
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
41
42
oef;0if;vIi
d f
&efuek pf ufrw
I uov
kd f
armifpk;d Edik w
f k@d aoqkH;cJ=h uonf? armifzke;f armfonf ,refEpS rf SpI pufr_
wuUov
kd af bmvk;H toif; twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,cl h&J mrS vuf&dS twGi;f
a&;rSL;xH aiGpm&if;rsm;oGm;a&mufvJt
$ yf&ef oGm;a&mufpOf qlyrl j_ zpfyGm;
pOfEiS fh=uKHawG@um vkHjcKHa&;wyfzJ@G 0ifrsm;ypfcwfr_a=umifh aoewfusnf
xdrSefcJhjcif;jzpfonf? q&mESifhausmif;om;rsm;u aoewfxdrSefaom
armifzkef;armftm;ayG@,jl yD; pufr_wuUodkvt
f wGif;wGif 0Sufxm;cJh=u
onf? armifpdk;Edkifonf aq;kaH &mufjyD;aemufr=umrDyif aoqkH;oGm;cJh
onf?
xd@k a=umifh rwfv 14 &ufae@wGif pufrw
_ uUov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;
onf aoqk;H '%f&m&ol ausmif;om;rsm;udk ta=umif;jyI qufvuf
qlylqENjycJh=uonf? xdk@jyif ausmif;omrsm;ta&;ESifh ywfowfaom
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; tpd;k &tm;awmif;qdkcJh=uonf?
(u) ausmif;rydwfa&;/
(c) ausmif;ywf0ef;usiv
f jkH cKHa&;csxm;aom &Jrsm;kyfodr;f ay;a&;/
(*) awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tjrefqH;k ajz&Si;f ay;Edkifrnfh wm0ef&Sdol
wOD;OD;ESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifig;OD;u
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
43
44
oef;0if;vIi
d f
rsm;u ypfcwfu
dk fESuv
f pl kcGJ=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;udk tifvsm;uef
abmifwiG f acsmifyw
d f ku
d Ef u
S cf rhJ E_ iS yhf wfowfI Adkvrf LS ;csKyaf [mif; atmif
=uD;u (8/ 6/ 88) &ufpGJjzifh a&;om;xm;aomtdwzf Gifhay;pmwGif T
odk@azmfjyxm;onf?
acgif;udkdkucf GJ/ ememdkuf[k pufxJrSmtrdef@ay;cJha=umif;/ rdef;
uav;rsm;udkqHyifqGJdkuf/ a&xJuefcs/ xbDu|wfIajy;onfh rdef;u
av;udk qHyifqGJIdkufa=umif;/ rdef;uav;tavmif;ESpfavmif; a&xJrS
ay:vma=umif;ponfjzifhazmfjyxm;onf? 4if;tjyif tif;vsm;uef
abmifay: Yjzpfonfhnu vlrsm;pGmaoqkH;cJha=umif;/ tavmif;rsm;udk
nwGif;csif;rD;_dcJha=umif;/ aoqkH;olrsm;ESifhywfowfI wvcef@=umrS
rdbrsm;xH pmjzifhta=umif;=um;a=umif;/ axmifxJwGifvnf; vkHxdef;
ykvyd frsm;u 0ifu
dk af =umif;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk t"rRusiahf =umif;/ axmif
xJwGif rsm;pGmnO;f yrf;ESyd pf uf=ua=umif;/ vlaygi;f 283 a,mufaoqkH;cJh
a=umif; tp&Sdonfjzifh a&;om;xm;avonf?
tvm;wl rwfv 17 &ufae@wGifvnf; &efuek fwuUodkvt
f wGif;
pka0;a&muf&daS eaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk vlpkcGJ twif;t"rR t=urf;
zufjzKd ciG ;f cJo
h nf? rqvtpdk;&xkwo
f wif;pmrsm;Yrl qENjyausmif;om;
ausmif;ol 154 a,mufudkom pDppfxdef;odrf;cJhonf? aoqkH;ol/ '%f
&m&olvkH;0r&Sd[k a&;om;azmfjy=uonf?
rqvtpdk;&onf ausmif;om;rsm;. ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;ESifh
ywfowfI awmif;qdkcsurf sm;udk vk;H 0vspfvsL_Ir&awmhojzifh rwfv
17 &ufae@wGif pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sifudk zGJ@pnf;ay;cJh&onf? xdkaumfr&Sif
onf 12/ 3/ 88 &ufae@wGif &efukefpufr_wuUodkvaf usmif;rsm; jzpf
yGm;cJhaom ta&;tcif;udk pkHprf;wifjy&rnfjzpfayonf? xdak umfr&Sift
zG@J udk jynfaxmifpkqk&d ,
S fvpforRwjrefrmEdik if H Edkiif aH wmfaumifprD S 1988
ckESpf/ rwfv 17 &ufpGJyg trdef@a=ujimpmtrSwf (4588)jzifh xkwfjyef
a=unmcJh&m xdktrdef@a=umfjimpmt& xdkaumfr&Siw
f Gif(u) OD;barmf (jynfol@w&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@0if)-OuUX
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
45
46
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
47
48
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
49
pnf;ay;cJhonfh &efukefpufr_wuUov
dk fausmif;om;wcsKdESifh =udKukef;
taemuf&yfuu
G fvlxktcsKdwdk@ jzpfyGm;cJhaomta&;tcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;
onfh tpD&ifcHpmudk wifoGi;f cJhonf? xdktpD&ifcHpmwGif tcef; (14)
cef;cGJI pmrsufESm 292 rsuEf mS jzifh tao;pdwpf pkH rf;azmfxw
k f&&Scd sufrsm;
udk wifjyxm;onf?
zkef;armfta&;tcif;udo
k ;kH oyf=unfv
h #if rqv ppftm%m&Sifrsm;
. =uD;rm;onfh yxrtrSm;wckrSm &yfuGufaumifpOD uUXudk bufvu
dk f
umuG,fay;r_ESifh vkHxed f;wyfzGJ@tiftm; tqrwefokH;jyD; ausmif;om;
rsm;udk t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfr_yifjzpfonf? 'kwd,trSm;rSm owif;pdppf
wif;=uyfr_jyKvkyfxm;onfomru owif;vdrv
f nfa=unmjcif;yifjzpf
onf? vkHxdef;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; jynfxJa&;0ef=uD;XmeESifh &JcsKyfwdk@u
tkycf sKyf&aomfvnf; rqv. tkyfcsKyfa&;,E &W m;zG@J pnf;ykHt& trde@f ay;
pepfonf a&maESmaecJhjyD; txufrS pGufzufr_rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf? &efukef
wdkif;Yvnf; a'oygwDOuUX/ wdik f;aumifpDOuUXESifh &efukefwkid f;ppfXme
csKyfwidk ;f rSL;[lI trdef@ay;Edkio
f nfh tm%mydik f (3) OD;&Sdonf? &efukejf rdK
vkHjcKHa&;twGuf wyfr (22)/ (44)/ (77) wdk@ukd qGJac:&mwGifvnf; wyfr
awmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf csucf si;f rodvu
kd &f bJ t"duk%f; ESrd Ef iS ;f &mY
vnf; vkx
H def;rsm;ESifh ppfwyf a&maxG;aeonfukd wyfrLS ;rsm;u r=udKuf
ESpo
f uf=uacs?
1988 arv 30 &ufae@wGif ausmif;rsm;jyefvnfziG fhvSpfonfhtcg
tusOf;axmifujyefvw
G v
f monfh ausmif;om;rsm;u ,if;wdk@ tawG@
t=uKHrsm;udk jyefvnf&iS ;f vif;=u&m ZGef 15 &ufae@rS 20 &ufae@txd
&efuek fwuUodkvf tyef;ajz&dyfomwGif qENjyyGJrsm; qufwdkufjzpfyGm;
cJhjyefonf? &[ef;oH Cmawmfrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ txufwef;
ausmif;om;rsm;ygrusef jynfov
l lxkyg tajrmuftrsm;yg0ifvm=u
onf?
ZGefv 21 &ufae@wGif ausmif;rsm;udk jyefydwfa=umif; a=unmcJh
aomfvnf; oydwaf rSmufrr_ sm; wjynfv;Hk od@k ysH ESHomG ;cJo
h nf? ,if;ae@Y
50
oef;0if;vIi
d f
&efuek w
f uUov
kd f (yifr)/ vdycf ;Hk aq;wuUov
dk f (1) ausmif;om;rsm;onf
wuUokv
d f0ef;twGif;rS jyifyodk@xGuv
f mjyD; vlxkESifhyl;aygif;um v_dif/
prf;acsmif;/ urm&Gwf/ r&rf;ukef;/ tif;pdefjrdKe,frsm;wGif qENjycJh=u
onf? prf;acsmif;jrKd e,fwiG f &JwyfzJ@G 0ifrsm;u at;csr;f pGm vufeufrhjJ zifh
qENjyaeolrsm;udk ypfcwfEdrS fESif;&m aoa=uxdcu
dk rf r_ sm;&Scd Jhonf? xdkae@
rSmyif &efukefjrdKxJ&Sdaq;wuUodkvfukd ausmif;om;xkonf jynfvrf;
twdkif;qufvufcsDwufoGm;&m [Hom0wDt0dkif;tausmf ajreDukef;
ta&mufY vkx
H ed ;f wyfz@GJ rsm;.wm;qD;r_a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vkH
xdef;wyfzGJ@rS ydyuQjzpfyGm;&m teD;tem;&Sd&yf=unfhaeonfh jynfolvl
xk. ylaygi;f wdu
k cf u
kd rf a_ =umifh vkx
H ed ;f 20 ESifh jynfow
l &mausmf aoqk;H
cJh&onf?
tpd;k &owif;pmrsm;Y qlyt
l =urf;zuform;rsm; vufeufrsKd;pkHjzifh
xdk;ckwfwdkufcku
d fr_a=umifh jynfo@l &JwyfzGJ@0if 6 OD; usqkH;jyD;/ 25 OD; jyif;
xefpmG '%f&m&&Scd o
hJ nf[k vdrn
f ma&;om;xm;cJhaomfvnf; jynfov
l l
xkaoa=uxdcdkufr_udkrl zkH;zdxm;cJhonf?
xdt
k awmtwGi;f awmif=u;D jrKd ESihjf ynfjrKd rsm;Yvnf; vlxq
k ENjyr_
rsm;jzpfymG ;cJ&h m yk'rf 144 xkwjf yefco
hJ nf?odak omf jynfjrdKY jzpfyGm;vsuf
&Sad om tkH uGqENjyr_rsm; vk;H 0xde;f r&awmhojzifh 1988 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f
22 &ufae@wGif tpdk;&u ppftkycf sKyfa&;a=unmum ppfwyfrS vufeuf
jzifh jzdKcGif;cJhonf?
,if;uJo
h @kd Edik fit
H ES@H &dS jrKd =uD;rsm;wGif qlyt
l Hk uGrr_ sm;jzpfymG ;aepOfrmS
1988 Zlvkdif 23 &ufae@wGif jrefrmhq&kd ,
S fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ta&;ay:
nDvmcH usif;ycJhonf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;Y ygwDOuUX OD;ae0if;onf
,if;Y tjypf&Sdra_ =umifh EkwfxGuf&aomfvnf; ppfwyfqdkwm rdk;ay:
axmifjyD;awm yh pfwmr[kwfbl;? ypf&ifreS af tmifypfw,f [k vlxEk iS hf
ausmif;om;rsm;udkped af c: jyD; ordki;f wGif trnf;puf=u;D xifatmif ajym
=um;oGm;cJhonf? Zlvidk f 24 &ufae@wiG f qufvufusif;yjyKvkycf Jhaom
rqvygwD ta&;ay:nDvmcH'w
k d,ae@tpnf;ta0;Y wyfrawmf pnf;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
51
52
oef;0if;vIi
d f
pmolykeu
f kd wyfom;tvk;H t&if;ok;H jyD; acsr_ef;jcif;onf ra&mif&mqDv;l
jzpfaea=umif;/ olykeftiftm;rsm;aom&Srf;jynfe,fa'owGif wyftif
tm;enf;enf;ESifh ppfqifa&;0ifaeonf[k ajymqdkcaJh =umif;/ 4if;onf
at;csrf;om,maom trmcHe,fajrwGif jynfajy;olyek frsm; =uD;xGm;
vmapaomqENjzifh rd;k om;aomt=uHtOm%fukd OuUX=uD;xHo@dk a&;
om;wifjycJha=umif;/ olonf wdkif;jynfudk wu,fcspfjrwfEdk;ol rsKd;cspf
yk*~Kdvt
f ppftrSefjzpfv#if Todk@a&SaemufrnDnGwfaom ajymqdka&;
om;r_ukd rjyKvkyo
f ifah =umif;/ OuUX=uD;onf Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESiht
f wl
vGwfvyfa&;wdu
k yf 0JG ifchJ rHk #omru wdik ;f jynfwGif ta&;=uKv
H mwdik f; wm
0ef,cl Jhonfhacgif;aqmifjzpfa=umif;/ txl;ojzifh 1958-59 ckESpfwGif
wdkif;jynfwGiftdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpfjzifh wm0ef,lapmifha&Smufay;cJhjyD;
1962 ckESpfwGif wdkif;jynftpdwfpdwfjydKuGrJ nfh tajctaersm;a=umifh
xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufc&hJ a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh OuUX=uD;taejzifh ygwDEw
k f
xGuu
f pd u
P kd jyefvnfpOf;pm;ay;yg&ef wifjyyga=umif; aqG;aEG;oGm;onf?
od@k aomf Zlvdkif 25 &ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom nDvmcH wwd,ae@
ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0; qk;H jzwfcsufcsrw
S fcJh&m vrf;pOfygwOD uUX=uD; OD;
ae0if;ESifh ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;pef;,kwdk@tm; ygwDwm0efrS
EkwfxGucf Gihjf yKjyD;/ ygw0D iftjzpfrS tem;,lcGihjf yK&ef/ jynfol@qENcH,yl JrG jyK
vkyf&efwdk@twGuf qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf?
Zlvdkif 26 &ufae@wGif ygwDA[dkaumfrwD '\rt=udrf tpnf;t
a0;udk jynfo@l v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;cef;rYusi;f yjyKvyk &f m A[dk aumf
rwD0ifrsm;u OD;pdefvGiftm; ygwOD uUXtjzpf wifajrmufcJh=uonf? xdk@
tjyif Edkiif aH wmf0ef=u;D csKyf OD;armifarmifcESihf jynfol@Oya'tusKd;aqmif
tzGJ@OuUX OD;jrifharmifwdk@tm; tcsKyfum;twGif; vlaygif; 41 a,muf
avrGef;usyfaoqkH;r_EiS fhywfowfI jzKwfcsvdkuo
f nf? xdk@aemufZlvkid f
27 &ufae@wGif qufvufusif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom pwkwt=udrf jynfol@
v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;rSvnf; OD;pdev
f iG t
f m; Edkiif aH wmfaumifpD OuUX
ESihf Edik if HawmforRwtjzpf a&G;cs,w
f ifajrm ufch=J uonf? xd@k tjyif Edik if H
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
53
awmfaumifpt
D wGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;xGe;f wifw@kd uv
dk nf;aumif; a&G;cs,f
cJh=uonf? Zlvdkif 28 &ufae@wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf vlpkvla0; rjyK
vky&f [k xkwfjyefxm;aomtrdef@udkqef@usifjyD; a&$wd*kHb&k m;Y oydwf
pcef;zGifhvSpI
f pkkH;qENjycJh=uonf?
Zlvkid f 29 &ufae@ta&mufwGif ppftpd;k &rS OD;atmif=uD;ESihf taygi;f
tyg 9 OD; (OD;=unf[ef/ atyDowif;axmufOD;pdef0if;/ OD;cifndK/ OD;=unf
armif/ OD;ba&$/ OD;cspu
f ku
d k/d OD;xGe;f a&$/ OD;atmifjrif/h OD;aZmf0if;OD;) wd@k tm;
Edkiif Hawmfudkxdyg;rnfhtE W&m,frS =udKwifumuG,fonfhy'k frjzifh xdef;
odrf;vdkufonf?
tajctaerSm wjznf;jznf;ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmum tpdk;&qef@usifa&;
auG;a=umfoHrsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? 1988 Zl
vdik f 28 &ufae@rpS I &efuek jf rdK@awmfpnfyifom,ma&;e,ferd w
d ft
wGif;&Sd jrdK@e,frsm;Yynmoif=um;aeaom ausmif;rsm;odk@ysH ESH@a&muf&Sd
vmonf? qENjyausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;ae@rS =o*kwfv 2 &ufae@
txd a&$w*d &Hk ifjyifawmfay:wGif oydwpf cef;rsm; zGiv
hf pS cf =Jh uonf? qENjy
ausmif;om;rsm;onf bk&m;&ifjyifay:wGif pkpnf;um vma&muf=u
aom vlxyk &dwo
f wftm; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a0iSjcif;/ tpdk;&qef@
usifa&;a[majymjcif;/ pmuyfjcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyfcJh=uonf?
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkESifh jynfolwdk@ pkkH;rdaomtcg bk&m;ay:rS
wqifh &efukejf rdKtwGif;&Sd jrdKe,ftcsKdwGif vSnhv
f nfqENjycJh=uonf?
xdk@a=umifh rqv tpd;k &onf 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv
f 3 &ufae@wiG f
EdkifiHawmfaumifp.
D a=unmcsuftrSwf 588jzifh &efukew
f idk f; ppftyk f
csKyfa&;Oya'udk xkwjf yefco
hJ nf? xd@k tjyif Edik fiaH wmf. pDrcH ef@crJG t
_ m%m
ESifh w&m;pD&ifr_tm%mrsm;udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf Adv
k fcsKyf=uD; apm
armiftm; tyfEiS f;cJo
h nf? umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyo
f nf Edik fiHawmfaumifpD
a=unmcsuf 588 yg vkyfyidk fcGit
fh & xdkae@rmS yif umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf
kH;. ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmcsuftrSwf (2)udk xkwfjyefI &efukefwdkif;
ppfXmecsKyf/ wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwkid f;rSL; Adkvrf SL;csKyfrsKd;nGe@f tm; rdru
d ,
dk fpm;
54
oef;0if;vIi
d f
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk aqmif&u
G f&ef tm%mv$Jtyfay;cJhonf?
od@k jzifh 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv
f 3 &uf n 7 em&DrpS I 1988 =o*kwf
v 24 &ufae@txd &efukefwkid f;ppfXmecsKyf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@rsm;udk
atmufygtwdkif;xkwfjyefcJhonf?
(u) &efukefwidk f;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trde@f trSwf (188)
jzifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oowfrSwfjcif;ESifh ppfa'orSL;rsm;cef@tyfjcif;?
(c) &efuek w
f ikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 288)jzifh
pDrHcef@cGJr_ESifh w&m;pD&ifr_wdk@EiS fhywfowfI n$ef=um;csufxkwfjyefjcif;?
(*) &efuek w
f ikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 388)jzifh
ppftyk fcsKyfa&;a'owGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;?
(C) &efuek w
f ikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkycf sKyfa&;trde@f trSwf (488)jzifh
jynfo@l vyk fief;ppfaq;a&;tzG@J tqifq
h ifw
h @dk ukd pDrcH ef@caJG &;udpPrsm; quf
vufaqmif&u
G fapjcif;?
(i) &efuek w
f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSwf(688)jzifh
nrxGu&f / vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vlig;a,mufEiS hf ig;a,mufEiS t
hf xuf oGm;
vmv_y&f mS ;jcif;rjyK&trdef@rsm; xkwjf yefjcif;?
(p) &efuek w
f ikd f;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 988)jzifh
ppftkycf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 688)jzifh xkwjf yefwm;jrpfcsurf sm;tm;
kyfodrf;jcif;?
1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 5 &ufae@twGif; ppftkycf sKyfa&; t=uH
ay;tzG@J tm; wyfrawmfrt
S &m&Sd=u;D wOD;ESihf jynfo@l Oya'tusKd;aqmif
tzGJ@rS wOD;tygt0if ckESpfOD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;aqmif&Gufco
Jh nf? xdk@jyif um
uG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adkvcf sKy=f u;D apmarmifonf &efuek w
f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyf wdik ;f
rSL;tm; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfkH;. a=unmcsuftrSwf(2) t& v$Jtyf
xm;aomtm%mt&yf&yfuu
dk sio
hf H;k apvsuf atmufygtwdkif;ppftyk f
csKyfa&;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
(u) AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;n$ef@ - OuUX (wdik f;rSL;/ &efuek fwidk f;ppfXmecsKy)f
(c) OD;&J0if; - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ &efukefwdki;f a'oygwDaumfrwD)
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
55
56
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
57
58
oef;0if;vIi
d f
(16) OD;
(4) OD;
(27) vuf qkH;_H;wdk@jzpfonf?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
59
60
oef;0if;vIi
d f
pnf;cJhonf?
(u) OD;wifatmif[ed ;f - OuUX (OuUX/ jynfol@w&m;ol=u;D tzG@J )
(c) OD;pef;armif - tzGJ@0if (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if)
(*) OD;pdkif;atmifxGef; - tzJG@0if (EdkifiaH wmfaumifpD0if)
(*) a'gufwm ref;oufpH - tzJG@0if (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if)
(i) OD;bjidrf; - ('kwd,OuUX/ tvkyform;tpnf;tkH;/ A[dkOD;pD;
tzG@J XmecsKyf)
(p) OD;cspfaqG - ('kwd,OuUX/ awmifolv,form;tpnf;tkH;
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@XmecsKyf)
(q) a'gufwmxGef;oif - (ygarmuQcsKyf/ aq;wuUodkvfrE Wav;)
(Z) OD;vSxGe;f - (jynfo@l vw
$ fawmfu,
dk pf m;vS,/f ausmufwef;2)
(ps) OD;apmv_dif - (ausmif;tkyf=uD;/ [oFmwaumvdyf)
(n) OD;atmifw;kd - twGi;f a&;rSL; (tzG@J 0if/ 0efxrf;a&G;cs,af vhusihf
a&;tzGJ@)
() OD;cifarmifat; - wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf/
A[dkw&m;kH;/ jynfol@w&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@)
xdkpOftwGif; ociftkef;jrifhonf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ocif
wifjrESifhrdwfqufay;cJhonf?
ocifwifjronf ociftek ;f jrif.
h urf;vSrf;csut
f & a':atmifqef;
pk=unfok@d tultnDay;&eftwGuf oabmwlncD suEf Spcf suu
f kd awmif;
qkcd Jhonf?
(1) a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS fh OD;axG;;jrifw
h @dk EpS Of D; a&;om;xkwjf yef
xm;aom tpd;k &ESihjf ynfolwk@d tm; arwWm&yfccH sufpmwrf;wGif jrefrmhqkd
&S,v
f pfygw0D ifrsm;tm; *dk%f;*%&So
d abmxm;&Sdjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;ae
onf? xdkoabmxm;udk kyfodrf;&ef?
(2) aemif ygwpD 'Hk rD u
kd a&pD tajctaersm;ay:xGe;f vmjyD; Edik if aH &;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
61
62
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
63
'Dru
kd a&pDa&G;cs,w
f ifajrmufyJrG sm; jyKvkyaf y;&ef t"du azmfjycJh=uonf?
vufrw
S fa&;xdk;Iawmif;qdck Jh=uaom wyfrSL;rsm;rSm (1) AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmifa&$
(2) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;apmjrifh
(3) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;vGif
(4) Akdvrf SL;=uD;a[mif; oD[ol& OD;vSarmf
(5) Akv
d frSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;=unf0if;
(6) Adkvrf SL;=uD;a[mif; OD;a&$
(7) Adv
k frSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;wifOD;
(8) Akv
d frSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;wifarmif
(9) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;odef;wkwf
(10)AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;cspfcdkif
(11) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;wifxGef;
(12)Akv
d frSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;batmif
(13) AkdvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;at;armif
(14) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;=unfarmif
(15)AkdvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;xGef;atmifausmf
wdk@jzpf=uonf?
'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ0ifaumfrwD (&efukef)uvnf; ,if;tzGJ@. o
abmxm;udk atmufygtwdki;f xkwfjyefco
Jh nf?
(u) vwfwavmtajctaet& jynfolrsm;.qENazmfxkwfjyD;
jzpfojzifh qENcH,lyGJ jyKvkyf&efrvdk?
(c) jynfol@qENazmfxkwfyJG ta&;ay: ygwDnDvmcHESifh ta&;ay:
v$wfawmfwdk@udk oydwfarSmuf&ef?
(*) vuf&SdzGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
(C) v$wfawmfESihw
f uG tm%mydkiftzGJtpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;udk
jynfolrsm;u xkwfy,fjyD;jyDqo
dk nfhta=umif; a'o/ jrdK@e,f/
&yfuu
G faus;&Gm/ a'otvdkuf a=unmoGm;&ef?
64
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
65
66
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
67
usrtcef;uudv
k J enf;enf;&Sifjyyg&ap/ bmjzpfvk@d vJqadk wmh vl t
aygif;u usrta=umif;udk odyfjyD;awmh rod=uygbl;/ rod=uwJhtcgus
awmh odcsifwJhqENawGvnf;&Sdygw,f/ 'gu rSefwJhtwdkif;ygyJ/ odawmh
vnf;odxdkufygw,f/ tJh'aD wmh tcsK@d uvnf; ajym=uw,f/ usr[m
Edik if jH cm;rSmaew,f/ Edik fijH cm;om;eJ@trd af xmifusaew,f/ jrefrmjynfEkid f
iH a&;ta=umif; bmodovJv@kd vJ ajym=uygw,f/ yxr usr'Duaepjy;D
awmh jynfolvlxek @J yGiyhf iG v
fh if;vif; qufqyH g&ap/ usrEdik if Hjcm;rSm aecJh
w,fqw
dk mvJ rSefygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'gav;twGufa=umifheJ@ usr wdkif;
jynftay:rSmxm;wJharwWm[m b,fvdkeJ@rS usqif;roGm;Edkifygbl;?
aemufwckajymcsifwmuawmh usr[m jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;t
a=umif; bmrSem;rvnf;bl;wJh/ wu,fawmh em;vnfvGef;vdk@cufae
wmyJ/ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; b,favmuf_yfaxG;w,f/ 'D_yfaxG;r_'%fudk az
azb,favmufccH &hJ w,fqw
dk m usrwd@k rdom;pk todq;Hk ygy/J azaz pdwf
yrf;udk,fyrf;eJ@ 'DEdkifiHa&;udkvkyfaqmifvmwm[m bmtusKd;pnf;pdrrf S
rcHpm;cJh&ygbl;/ 'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@vJ vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;wJhtcgusvdk@&Sd&if
xyfjyD;awmhtm%mvkwJh EdkifiHa&;rsKd;udk qufrvkyfbl;qdkwm azaz t
wdtvif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?
'Dvkad jymoGm;rsK;d a=umifhr@kd vJ usrvJ Edik if Ha&;avmueJ@ a0;a0; uif;
uif;aecsifygw,f/ tJh'Dvkd a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ@ tckrS
bmvdk@'Dvt
dk a&;tcif;rSm yg0ifaeovJvk@d ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ tJh'D[mu
awmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwdkif;jynfvkH;eJ@qdkifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeyg
w,f/ usrvJ azazh&JorD;vkyaf ejyD;awmh acgif;a&Smifjy;D awmhaevd@k rjzpf
awmhbl;/ 'Dta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh 'kwd, vGwv
f yfa&; wdkuyf GJ
=uD;vdk@ ac:&ifvnf;jzpfygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfa&;udkwrsKd;om;vkH;
vdkcsifwJhqENjyif;jyvGef;vd@k jzpfay:vmwJhwku
d fyGJ=uD;jzpfygw,f?
'Dru
dk a&pDe@J ywfowf&if azazajymcJw
h t
hJ csuaf v;wckukd usrzwf
jycsifygw,f? 'Dtcsufuawmh usaemfwdk@[m 'Drdkua&pD0g'udkom
acwfpm;atmifvky&f r,f/ tJh'D0g'rsKd;t&om vGwfvyfwJhArmEdkifiH xl
68
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
69
70
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
71
=uD;vmvd@k vJ ydjk yD;awmh pnf;eJ@/ urf;eJ@ xde;f zdk@vkyd gw,f/ pnf;r&SdwJh tif
tm;/ trSefw&m;eJ@rudkun
f w
D t
hJ iftm;qdkwm b,fawmhrS aumif;usK;d
ray;Edkifygbl;?
trsm;twGufyg tE &W m,fjzpfEkid fygw,f? tJh'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ trSef
w&m;eJ@udkufnw
D JhpGrf;tm;udkyJ qufjyD;awmhokH;=uyg/ trSefw&m;eJ@ r
udu
k fnw
D JhpGrf;tm;udk rokH;=uygeJ@? tck vlxb
k ufuae tm;=uD;aewJh
tcsed frmS tm;i,fwt
Jh ykid ;f udv
k J Edik x
f ufp;D eif;rvky=f uyge@J / 'Dvdk Edik x
f uf
pD;eif;vkyfwm[m tusifhraumif;ygbl;/ jynfolvlx&k J@ *k%fou
d Qmudk
vnf; usqif;apygvrd hrf ,f? jynfov
l x
l zk ufuaejyD;awmh cGiv
hf w
$ Ef ikd fwhJ
oabmxm;&Sw
d ,fqdkwmudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifay:ygap/ tckqdk
vdk@&Sd&if usrwdk@[m tm;vkH; jynfov
l lxktaygi;f u bmudkvdkvm;ae
ovJqw
dk mpOf;pm;vdkufv@dk &d&S if t"dutcsuu
f awmh ygwpD kH'Drku
d a&pD
pepfudk vdkvm;ae=uygw,f/ wygwDpepfudk jzKwfcscsif=uygw,f?
aemuf tckqkv
d k@d &d&S if orRw a'guw
f marmifarmif[m vlxq
k ENcH
,lyu
GJ sif;yzdk@/ rusif;yzdk@ nDvmcHac:r,fv@dk qdkygw,f/ usrtaeeJ@ajym
&&ifawmh 'DvlxkqENcH,lyGJ[m rvdkawmhygbl;? wwdkif;jynfvkH;&J qEN
[m uGufuGufuiG f;uGif;ay:aeygjyD? tm;vk;H [m ygvrD ef'Drku
d a&pDpepf
udkyJ vdkvm;aew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS ay:vGifaeygjyD? 'Dpepfudk tjref
qkH;ay:vmEdik zf @dk vkyaf y;zdk@qkw
d m ,ck tm%mydik t
f pd;k &awG&J wm0efjzpf
ygw,f?
yef;wdkifudkra&mufao;bl;qdkwm rarh=uygeJ@? 'Drdkua&pD&wJhtcg
usv@dk &&dS if b,fvjdk ynfaxmifp=k uD;udk wnfwhcH idk fjrJatmif b,fvv
kd yk &f
r,fqkw
d mudk pOf;pm;xm;=uygOD;? wdkif;jynf&Jtem*wfudk a&S;&_=uyg/
wdkif;jynf&@J tem*wfta&;udk rawG;=uvk@d &d&S if tckvufiif;jzpfay:vm
wJh jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awGuvnf; udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk tusKd;ay;Edkirf Sm r
[kwfygbl;? tJ'h aD wmh azazajymcJo
h vdk usrwd@k Edkiif o
H El kid fio
H m;rsm;[m
pnf;urf;kad ozd@k / nDnw
$ zf @kd qw
kd mudk b,fEpS cf gyaJ jymajym ajymvd@k rukef
Edkifatmif ajym&r,fhudpP=uD;wckjzpfaeygw,f?
72
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tckusrwd@k [m vlxq
k ENcH,yl =JG uD; rvdkawmhygb;l ? ygwDp'kH Drku
d a&pD
pepfudkyJ vdkvm;ygw,f? 'D[mudk jrefjrefjzpfatmifvkyfay;=uyg/ 'D[m
jzpfay:vmatmifv@kd w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJaG wGjzpfEkid zf @kd tajctae
udk zef;wD;ay;zd@k vykd gw,f? tckqv
kd @kd &d&S if jynfolvx
l w
k &yfv;Hk [m vuf
&Sdtpdk;&tay:rSm t,kHt=unf tifrwefysufaew,f? tJh'Dawmhum
oef@&Sif;pif=u,fwJh/ w&m;r#wwJha&G;aumufyGJjzpfay:vmzdk@ ta&;udk
tu,fIrsm; b,fvjdk zpfatmifvkyf&rvJ/ vkyaf y;zdk@&mawmif;ygw,f?
t"du&nf&,
G cf suu
f awmh 'Dtpk;d &vnf;r[kwfb;l / =um;jzwftpd;k
&vnf;r[kw/f aemuftpdk;&vnf;r[kwfbl;/ jynfaxmifpk=uD; wnfwHh
cdkifjrJ om,m0jzdK;a&;twGuf vkyfay;EdkifwJhtpdk;&ygyJ/ 'D t"duudpP t
ay:rSm rsuaf jcrjywfygapeJ@/ wdik ;f jynf&J tem*wfta&;udk rarhyge@J /
arhoGm;vd@k &&Sd if tck&&SdwJhatmifjrifr_[m aemifus qkH;_;H r_jzpfoGm;Edkifyg
w,f? tckusrwdk@ b,ftajctaerSma&mufaejyDv/J yef;wdkifudk uGuf
uGufuGif;uGi;f jrifae&ygjyD? jrifaewJhyef;wdkifudk tm;vk;H vufwJjG y;D awmh
csDwufoGm;=uygpdk@/ pdwf0rf;ruGJ=uygeJ@/ ausmif;om;av;awGzufu t
xl;pdwf0rf;ruGJzdk@vdkygw,f? ausmif;om;av;awGudk pdwf0rf;uGJatmif
vnf; xdk;qGray;=uygeJ@? ausmif;om;av;awG[m wdkif;jynf&Jtem
*wfacgi;f aqmifay;r,fh vli,fav;awGjzpfygw,f? 'Dausmif;om;av;
awG&@J pw
d f"gwu
f satmif vkyfvku
d rf ,fq&dk if aemifwkid f;jynfnDnw
$ fa&;
twGuv
f J xdyg;oGm;ygvdrhrf ,f?
nDn$wfa&;ta=umif;ajymaewJhtcsed frmS jynfaxmifpkta=umif;
c%avmufajymvdkufyg&ap? vlrsKd;pkawGtm;vkH;[m nDn$wfzdk@vdkyg
w,f? ckvltrsm;pkvlrsKd;pkuawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;awGjzpfygw,f/ vlrsm;pk
jrefrmawG[m vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh wdkif;&if;om;awGe@J pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH;
jzpfzk@d tvGe=f uKd ;pm;zdk@vykd gw,f? tm;rsm;aewJhvq
l kw
d m tm;enf;aewJh
vlukd tpOftjrJav#mjh y;D awmh nmay;zd@k vykd gw,f? tJ'h aD e&mrSm 'DwygwD
pepfukd axmufcaH ewJhval wGe@J ywfowfv@kd vJ usr wckajymyg&ap/ ygwD
0ifaygif; tajrmuftrsm; 'DygwaD y:rSm t,kHt=unfr&Sdawmhbl;qdw
k m
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
73
74
oef;0if;vIi
d f
ckEpS f/ =o*kwv
f 29 &ufwiG f &efuek w
f kid ;f A[ef;jrKd e,fY atmufygtzG@J 0if
21 OD;jzifhzJ@G pnf;cJhonf?
(1) OD;Ek (0ef=uD;csKyfa[mif;)
- em,u
(2) ref;0if;armif (EdkifiHawmforRwa[mif;) - OuUX
(3) AkdvfrSL;atmif (v$wfawmfOuUXa[mif;) - 'kOuUXa[mif;
(4) ol& OD;wifO;D (Adkvcf sKy=f u;D a[mif;) - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(5) OD;oef;pdef (ygvDreftwGif;0efa[mif;) - wGJzuf taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;
(6) OD;atmif (jrif;jcH) - aiGxdef;
(7) ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&) - tr_aqmif
(8) ocif cifatmif (om,m0wD) - tr_aqmif
(9) ocifodef;az (0g;c,fr) - tr_aqmif
(10)OD;atmifa&$ (tjidrf;pm;AdkvfrSL;csKyf) - tr_aqmif
(11) OD;apmjrifh (AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(12)OD;cifarmif (0ef=uD;a[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(13) OD;xGef;pdef (jrdwf) - tr_aqmif
(14) Adkvrf SL;xGef;wif (v#yfppftzGJ@ OuUX) - tr_aqmif
(15)OD;baqG ('kwd,twGif;0efa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(16)OD;n$ef@atmif (ygvDreftwGif;0efa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(17) ocifcspf ('kOuUX bm;aumifp)D - tr_aqmif
(18) OD;bxGe;f (OuUX&efuek fa&S@aersm;aumifp)D - tr_aqmif
(19) OD;&Jacgifne$ @f (ygvrD eftrwfa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(20) OD;oka0 (,cifygvDref 'Drkdua&pDygw0D if) - tr_aqmif
(21) a'guw
f m0rfudka[m(tjidrf;pm;oHtrwf=uD;) - tr_aqmif
,if;'Drdkua&pDESifh jidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (,m,D). &nf&G,cf sufrsm;rSm
(1) vufiif;ay:aygufvsu&f Sdaomjy\emrsm;udk tpGrf;ukef ajz
&Si;f &ef/
(2) 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf qENjyolrsm;. w&m;0ifawmif;qdkcsufrsm;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
75
76
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
77
78
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
79
80
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
81
&ef?
(i) w&m;r#waom taxGaxGa&GaumufyGJ atmifjrifpGm usi;f y
Edkiaf &;twGuf atmufygazmfjyyg yk*Kd~ vrf sm;udk a&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyf&ef?
(1) OD;baX; (tjidrf;pm; bmawmfrif;}uD;)
(2) OD;ausmfnGef@ (tjidrf;pm;uae'gqkid f&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;)
(3) OD;pef;armif (tjidr;f pm;ac|wmpkaqmif;a&;ESihf tmrcHpmcsKyf
rif;}uD;)
(4) OD;apm=um'd;k (tjidrf;pm;Adv
k frSL;csKyf)
(5) q&mcs,f (,cifygvrD eftrwfEiS hf jynfo@l vw
$ af wmf ud,
k pf m;
vS,f)
(p) a&G;aumufyJaG umfr&SifwGif tzGJ@0ifOD;a&wdk;jcif;/ vpfvyfonfh
ae&mwGit
f pm;xdk;jcif;udprP sm; aqmif&Guyf idk cf iG hu
f kd jynfo@l v$waf wmfu
EdkifiHawmfaumifpDodk@ v$Jtyf&ef?
(q) ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk rSwfyw
Hk ifjcif;/ a&G;aumufyGJ pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh vkyif ef;wm0efrsm; a&;qGjJ ymef;ay;jcif;wd@k ukd aumfr&Sif
ESifh ndEd_i;f aqmif&Gufay;a&;twGuf jynfol@v$wfawmfu EdkifiHawmf
aumifpDo@dk v$Jtyf&ef?
(Z) taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk jynfol@ v$wfawmftwGufom
usif;y&ef?
(ps) taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJu
G si;f yrnfah e@onf ,ae@rSpI oH;k v
jynfhaomaeh[k owfrSwfay;&ef/ od@k aomf ay:ayguv
f mrnfh ygwDtzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;u a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifok@d t=uHjyKcsuft& ,ae@rSpI
wvcGJjynfah omae@xuf rapmbJjzpfap/ oHk;vausmfveG o
f nht
f cgrS jzpf
ap jyifqifowfrSwfusi f;yEdkifonfh vkyfydkifcGifhudk jynfol@v$wfawmf
aumifpDo@dk v$Jtyf&efwdk@jzpf=uonf?
xdk@aemuf a&G;aumfyGJaumfr&Sifonf rdrdwdk@aumfr&Sif. oabm
xm;udk wdkif;jynfodk@wifjy&ef ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ
usif;ya&;aumfr&Si.
f a=unmcsuf trSw(f 1) udk atmufygtwdik ;f xkwf
82
oef;0if;vIi
d f
jyefvdkuo
f nf?
1? Taumfr&Sit
f zG@J 0ifrsm;onf touft&G,t
f & tzufzufrS
tem;,lae=uaom yk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfI rnfonfhygwDEidk fiHa&;udkr# quf
vufvkyu
f kid f&ef &nf&G,fcsu&f =Sd uolrsm;r[kwf=uyg? rdrw
d k@d . udk,fa&;
udk,w
f mtwGufvnf; wpHkw&m ar#mfrSef;xm;jcif;&Sd=uolrsm; r[kwf
=uyg? odk@&mwGif ,ae@jzpfay:aeaom wdkif;jynf.tajctaet& EdkifiH
awmfaumifpD aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk
vGwfvyfpmG =um;0ifaqmif&u
G af y;&ef arwm&yfccH sut
f &vnf;aumif;/
11 9 88 &ufaehu jynfol@v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif EdkifiHawmf
orRw. rdefh=um;csuftwdkif; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ
aumfr&Sif.vkyif ef;rsm;udk Edik if aH wmfaumifpDu wpHw
k &mpGuzf ufr_ rjyK
&Hkomr aumfr&Si.
f vdt
k yfaom tultnDrsm;udak y;rnf[k tmrcHcsuf
ay;jyD;v#if a&G;aumufyJrG sm;udk tvGwfvyfqk;H / tr#wqHk;/ tjrefqHk;
jyKvyk af y;&ef arwm&yfccH h&J m taxGaxGa&G;aumufyu
GJ pd rP sm;wGif aumf
r&Sifonf vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unfjcif;a=umihf
vnf;aumif;/ aumfr&Sit
f zGJ@0ifrsm;onf apwemtjynhft0ESifh wwf
pGrf;or# aqmif&Gufay;&ef aumfr&SifwGif yg0ifcJh=ujcif;jzpfygonf?
2? odk@ygI ygwpD Hk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk r=umrD
usif;y&eftwGuf ygwpD k'H rD ku
d a&pDudk awmif;qdkae=uaom &[ef;&Sifvl/
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;/ jynfolrsm;tygt0if wm0ef&Sdaom acgif;
aqmifrsm;onf Taumfr&SifESihf yl;aygif;ulnDaqmif&u
G f=ujyD; vdk
tyfaom t=uHOm%frsm;ay;=uyg&ef av;pm;pGm zdwaf c:tyfygonf?
odk@aomf jynfolvx
l Ek iS hf 'Dru
kd a&pDacgi;f aqmifrsm;u tpd;k & usi;f y
rnfah &G;aumufyJu
G kd t,Hkt=unfr&SdbJ =um;jzwftpd;k & zG@J pnf;ay;&efukd
om awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? tpdk;&u oH;k vjynhfaeaomae@wGif taxG
axGa&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yay;rnfqdkaomtcsufudkvnf; jiif;
qdkcJh=uonf?
1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 13 &ufae@wGif A[ef;+rdKe,f/ trSwf
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
83
84
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
85
vmonfudkyif awG@vmygonf?
4? odk@aomf T'Drdkua&pDwu
dk fyJGonf ESvHk;&nfwku
d fyGJjzpfygonf?
pnf;urf;aooyfpmG qENjy&if; &J&ifhaomESvHk;&nfowdjzihf atmifycGJ H,l
&rnfhwdkufyjGJ zpfonf? tpdk;&onf jynfoal wGtvd&k o
Sd nfh =um;jzwf t
pd;k &w&yf tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;&efrSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdyg/ ausmif;om;
xktygt0if jynfolw&yfv;Hk uvnf; xufjrufonfEh SvHk;&nf owd
udo
k m ppfreS o
f nfv
h ufeuftjzpf ravsmah omZG/J rqkwrf epfaom pdwf
"gwjf zifh jidrf;csrf;pGmqENjyr_udk raoGz,fvpJ w
d fr&Snrf /_ qENjyif;jyr_w@dk jzifh
t=urf;zufr_/ aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ESifh tjcm;tedmHkjzpfay:r_rsKd;rsm; rjzpf
ay:apzdk@ txl;a&Smif&Sm;&ef vdktyfygonf?
ppfrSefaom'Drku
d a&pDwu
dk fyGJ rkcsatmifjrif&rnf?
(yH)k ( OD;atmif}uD;)
(yH)k ( a':atmifqef;pk=unf)
(yH)k (ol&OD;wifO;D )
[lI jzpfonf?
xd@k tjyif (13 9 88) &ufae@xkwf Adkvfwaxmif owif;pmwGif
vnf; vuf&dS tpd;k &udk jynfol,k=H unfrv
_ 0Hk uif;rJu
h m =um;jzwf tpd;k
&zGJ@v#if oydwrf sm;&yfpJrnf? OD;atmif}uD;/ ol&OD;wifO;D ESifh a':atmif
qef;pk=unfwdk@ awGhqHkaqG;aEG;jyD; oabmxm;udk EdkifiHawmf orRwxH
ay;ydk@ [laomacgif;pOfjzifh a&;om;xm;avonf?
ygwpD pHk epfjzifh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyu
GJ sif;yrnfu
h pd eP iS fh ywfouf
I u|ekfyfwdk@. oabmxm;udk wifjyvkdygonf? vuf&SdtajctaerSm
wwdkif;jynfvk;H wGif tpdk;&tkyfcsKyaf &;,E&m; &yfqkid f;aejyD; jynfolvlxk
w&yfv;kH r=uHKpzl; pm;0wfaea&;/ vHjk cHKa&;jy\emrsm;ESihf &ifqikd af e&yg
onf?
ukefaps;E_ef;rsm; w&dyf&dyf}uD;jrifhvmjcif;/ tvkyftudkifysufI qif;
&J'kuaQ &mufjcif;/ &efuek f+rKd wGi;f Yyif vHkjcKH ru
_ kd tpd;k &u wm0efr,lEidk I
f
rdrdwk@d bmomvHjk cHKa&;udk wm0ef,lae&aom jynfov
l lxkrmS pdwq
f if;&J
86
oef;0if;vIi
d f
udk,q
f if;&JESihf ylyefaomua&mufae&ygonf?
tajctaerSm ae@pOfESifhtr# qdk;&Gm;vsuf&Sdygonf? Tjzpfay:ae
aom tajctaewGif tpdk;&u a&G;aumufyJu
G sif;yay;Edkifrnfh tajct
aer&Syd g? wae@xufwae@/ wem&Dxufwem&D ydrk q
kd ;kd &Gm;aeaom pD;yGm;
a&;/ vlra_ &;/ EdkifiaH &;/ vHkjcHKa&;tajctaersm;udk wm;qD;Edkif&efrSm wdkif;
jynfu vufcHEkid frnhf=um;jzwftpdk;& tjrefzGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;rSty tjcm;
enf;vrf;r&Sad wmhyg?
vuf&t
dS pd;k &tay:wGif jynfov
l x
l k ,Hk=unfrv
_ ;kH 0uif;aejyD;jzpfI
tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;ay;aomaumfr&Sifu OD;pD;usif;yay;rnfha&G;aumufyJu
G dk
wdkif;jynfu ,Hk=unfvufcH=urnfr[kwfyg?
jynfolvlxv
k ufcHrnfh =um;jzwftpd;k &zG@J onfEiS w
fh jyKd ifeuf qENjy
r_rsm;/ oydwaf rSmufrr_ sm;&yfpjJ yD; tpd;k &,E&m;rsm; jyefvnf vnfywf
jcif;/ a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;rsm; jyefvnftouf0ifvmrnf[k u|Eykf f
wdk@ ,Hk=unfygonf?
xdk@a=umihf pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxal xmif&efESifh 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnf
wnfaqmufI taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;&ef =um;jzwftpdk;&
tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;&efom &Sdygawmhonf?
tajctaerSm tcsde&f Sdoa&G qd;k &Gm;aombufok@d ul;ajymif;aeyg
ojzifh tcsed rf qdik ;f bJ =um;jzwftpd;k & tjrefqk;H zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef awmif;qdk
ygonf [lI azmfjyxm;onf?
xdk@o@dk yef=um;csurf sm;/ awmif;qdck sufrsm; xkwfjyefcJhjyD; r=umrDrSm
yif jynfolvlxw
k &yfv;kH vrf;ray:xGuI
f wygwDtm%m&Sif pepf
zsufodrf;a&;/ =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&; auG;a=umforH sm; ydkrku
d s,f
avmifcJhygawmhonf?
xdkpOftwGif; tpd;k &wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm; awG@qHk
aqG;aEG;aecsdefrSmyif AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;atmif}uD; vufrSwfa&;xd;k xm;
aom udk,fwidk fvufa&;jzifhpmudk rdwWLul;pufjzifh trsm;jynfolt=um;
jzefah 0vmonfudk awG@&./ xdkpmwGif OD;atmif}uD;u a&G;aumufyGJ
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
87
88
oef;0if;vIi
d f
=um;ay;yg&ef yef=um;cJhygonf?
(4) ,ae@ tajctaew&yfwiG f =um;jzwftpd;k &zGJ@pnf;&efrmS trSef
wu,f vdktyfcsuq
f dkonfudk tzGJ@tm;vHk;a&m/ jynfolw&yfvk;H uyg
vdkvm;awmif;wonfhtcsuf jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif vuf&Sdtpdk;& r
jyKwaf o;bJ tpd;k &opfw&yfukd rdrdw@dk qENt&zGJ@pnf;ygu =um;jzwftpd;k
&r[kwfbJ pifjyKd iftpdk;&w&yfjzpfvmEdkiyf gonf? Tod@k jzpfygu awmfvSef
a&;wGif tcsdeftcgroifhbJ ajcvSr;f rdygu rvdkvm;tyfaom [ef@wm;
aESmif,
h Surf E_ Sihf tjcm;tE&m,frsm; jzpfvmEdkiyf gonf? xdk@a=umifh vuf&dS
tpdk;&tm; z,f&Sm;jyD; jynfolwdk@vdkvm;aom =um;jzwftpdk;& jzpfay:
vmrSom jynfolwdk@tyfESif;onfhtm%m&yfjzifh ,ae@jzpfay:aeaom
tajctae tcuftcJtm;vHk;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEidk frnft
h jyif jynf
oltm;vHk;vdkvm;aom ppfrSefonh'f Drdkua&pDtpdk;&w&yf jzpfay:vm
atmif w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyJjG yKvkyfay;Edik f&ef vdktyfonfh tpD
trHtm;vHk;udk jynfolw@dk tvdkus jyKvkyfay;Edkif=uygrnf?
(5) Tod@k jzpfygI ausmif;om;rsm;vdktifqENukd usaemfw@dk oabm
aygufpmemygonf? vdkvm;aom&nfrSef;csufjcif;vnf; wlnyD gonf?
odk@&mwGif azmfjyjyD;cJhonft
h csut
f vufrsm;tay: av;eufpmG pOf;pm;
&rnfjzpfygaoma=umifh ,cktcsdefwiG f qENrapmrdzkhd av;pm;pGm arwm
&yfcHygonf[lI azmfjyxm;onf?
xdk@aemuf 1988 ckEpS f/ pufwifbmvwGif aumfr&Siv
f }l u;D rsm;onf
EdkifiHawmforRwa'gufwmarmifarmiftrSL;jyKaom EdkifiHawmf aumifpD
0ifrsm;ESifh awG@qcHk Jh=uonf? tqdkygy*k ~dKvfrsm;ESifh awG@qkcH JhpOf aumfr&Sif
tzG@J 0ifv}l u;D rsm;u rqvygww
D iG f wyfrawmf/ jynfo@l &EJ iS hf 0efxrf;rsm;
yg0ifaeonfhudpPudkpHkprf;&m EdkifiHawmforRw a'gufwmarmifarmifu
aumfr&Sit
f aejzifh rnfhok@d aqmif&Guaf pvdak =umif; t=uHay;yg/ t=uaH y;
onhftwdkif; aqmif&Gufygrnf[k ajym=um;cJhonf?
xdkhaemuf aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm;t=uHjyKonfhtwdkif; EdkifiHawmf
aumifpOD uUX a'guw
f marmifarmifonf a=unmcsuf 1488 udk xkwf
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
89
90
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tcef; (3)
ppfwyftmPmodr;f ydu
k jf cif;
xdk@aemuf jynfolvlxk. qENjyr_rsm;onf vHk;0&yfwef@jcif;r&SdbJ
qufvufI =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;udk awmif;qdkaeojzifh rqv
ygwDOuUXESifh EdkifiHawmfaumifpOD uUX a'guw
f marmifarmifonf EdkifiH
awmftm%mudk vH;k 0xde;f odr;f EdkifpGrf;r&Sdonft
h wGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;
csKyf AdkvfcsKy}f u;D apmarmif (aemifAkv
d cf sKyfrSL;}uD;) tm; ppfwyfrS tm%m
odrf;ydkuf&ef tcsufjyvdkufawmhonf?
Todk@jzifh jynfolw&yfvHk;awmif;qdkaeonfh =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@
pnf;ay;a&;udk rsuu
f GufjyKum 1988 ckEpS f/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@
wGif Edkiif Htm%mudk vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh odrf;ydkufvku
d fawmhonf? jref
rmhEikd if Ha&;ordki;f wGif ppfwyftm%modr;f r_ oHk;}urd &f cSd o
Jh nf? 1958 ckESpf
wGifw}udrf/ 1962 ckESpfwiG f w}udrfESifh ,ck 1988 ckESpw
f Gifw}udrf jzpf
onf?
,if;odk@ tm%modrf;ydkufchjJ yD;aemuf ,if;ae@rmS yif trde@f trSwf
188 jzifh EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ac: e0wudk zGJ@
pnf;a=umif; a=unmcJhonf? e0wtzGJ@wGif (1) Adv
k fcsKyf}uD;apmarmif
- OuUX
(2) 'kAv
kd fcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$
- tzG@J 0if
(3) Adv
k fcsKyfarmifarmifcif
- tzGJ@0if
(4) Adv
k fcsKyfwifxeG f;
- tzGJ@0if
(5) Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf atmif&aJ usmf - tzG@J 0if
(6) Adv
k cf sKyf bke;f jrifh
- tzG@J 0if
(7) Adv
k cf sKyf pdeaf tmif
- tzG@J 0if
(8) Adv
k cf sKyf cspaf qG
- tzG@J 0if
(9) Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf ausmb
f
- tzG@J 0if
(10)AdkvfrSL;}uD; armifoifh
- tzGJ@0if
(11) AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifat;
- tzGJ@0if
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
91
(12)AdkvfrSL;csKyf Om%fvif;
- tzGJ@0if
(13) AdkvfrSL;csKyf jrifhatmif
- tzGJ@0if
(14) Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf jroif;
- tzG@J 0if
(15) Adv
k rf SL;csKyfxeG ;f =unf
- tzG@J 0if
(16)AdkvfrSL;csKyf at;aomif
- tzGJ@0if
(17)AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;nGef@
- tzGJ@0if
(18)AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifnGef@
- twGif;a&;rSL; (1)
(19) Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;wifO;D
- twGi;f a&;rSL; (2)
ponf yg0ifcho
J nf?
1988 pufwifbmv 18 wGif e0wtzGJ@}uD;onf a=unmcsuf
trSwf 288 jzifh jynfol@v$wfawmf/ EdkifiHawmfaumifp/D 0ef}uD;tzGJ@/
jynfo@l w&m;ol}u;D tzJ@G / jynfo@l Oya'tusK;d aqmiftzG@J / jynfo@l vyk if ef;
ppfaq;a&;tzJ@G / jynfol@aumifpDtqifq
h ifrh sm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k af =umif;
a=unmvdkufjyD; 'k0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udkyJ wm0efrS&yfpJa=umif; a=unmcJh
onf?
,if;aemuf xdkae@rSmyif a=unmcsut
f rSwf 388 jzihf jrefrmEdik fiH
onf vGwv
f yfIwufuGaomEdkifijH cm;a&;0g'udk qufvufusiho
f k;H rnf
[k a=unmcJo
h nf? wqufwnf;rSmyif trdef@trSwf 288 jzifh jynfol
vlxkw&yfvHk; vdkuef m&efEiS fh Xmeqdik f&m0efxrf;/ tr_xrf;rsm;udk quf
vufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef trdef@trSwf 388 wdk@udk xkwfjyefcJhonf?
trde@f 388 t& 0efxrf;tm;vH;k onf 1988 pufwifbmv 19 &uf
ae@rSpI vkyfief;cGifodk@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf=u&efEiS fh pufwifbmv 26
&ufae@txd vkyfief;cGifr0ifygu wm0efr&S yfpJrnfqdkonfhtrdef@rsm;udk
quf wdkufxkwfjyefcJhonf?
pufwifbmv 18 &uf wae@wnf;rSmyif a=unmcsuf (188)/
(288)/ (388) ESihf trde@f trSwf (188)/ (288)/ (388) wd@k ukd
qufwku
d fxkwfcJhjyD; e0wppftpdk;&tjzpf pwifouf0ifv_yf&Sm;vmcJh
onf?
92
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
93
94
oef;0if;vIi
d f
xdk@aemuf aumfr&Sio
f nf jynforl sm;ESihf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;. t=uHjyK
csufrsm;udt
k ao;pdwaf vhvmjy;D jynfo@l vw
$ af wmf a&G;aumufyOJG ya'
onf usif;y&ef&Sdonfh ygwpD Hk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf
w}udrfomtoHk;jyK&ef &nf&,
G fIvnf;aumif;/ aemifwGif usif;yrnfh
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGufudkrl xdktcsdef
wGifrS pOf;pm;a&;qG=J uap&ef &nf&,
G fIvnfaumif;/ jynfol@vw
$ af wmf
a&G;aumufyGJOya'udk jyKjyifa&;qGjJ yD;aemuf epwtzGJ@odk@ wifjycJhonf?
e0wtzG@J onf ,if;Oya'=urf;udk 1989 arv 25 &ufae@wiG f
aumfr&SifESifh ndE_dif;pdppfjyD;aemuf 1989 ar 31 &ufae@Y jynfol@v$wf
awmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya' (e0wOya' trSw1f 489) udk jymef;ay;cJh
onf? ,if;Oya'wGif tcef;aygi;f (15)cef;ESihf yk'rf aygi;f (82) ck yg0ifonf?
enf;Oya'jymef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif aqmif
&Gu&f rnfh tao;pdwef nf;pepfOya'rsm;udk 1989 ZGef 30 wGif jymef;
ay;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf Edik fiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfykw
H ifjcif;Oya'/ enf; Oya'
rsm;udk jymef;jyD;aemuf aumfr&Sifonf a&G;aumufyJG 0ifa&muf,OS fjydKif
vdkaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbm 30
&ufae@rSpI rSwyf HkwifcGifhjyKcJhjyD;aemuf aemufqHk;&ufrS 1989 azazmf
0g&D 28 &ufae@ukd aumfr&SifrS owfrSwfa=unmay;cJhonf?
odkhuvdk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif zGJ@pnf;cGifhjyKvdu
k fjyD;
aemuf atmif - pk - wif tjzpf txl;yl;wGJvy_ &f mS ;ae&mrS OD;atmif
}uD;bufrS (4) OD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;/ OD;wifOD;bufrS
(4) OD; pkpak ygi;f (12) OD;yg0ifonfh trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dt
k vkyf
tr_aqmiftzGJ@udk 1988 ckESp/f pufwifbm27 &ufae@wGif pwifzJ@G pnf;
vdkujf y;D w&m;0ifrw
S fyw
kH ifc&hJ m a&G;aumufyJaG umfr&Siu
f 1988 atmuf
wdb
k m 3 ae@pyJG g a=unmcsut
f rSwf (3) jzifh w&m;0ifEidk if Ha&;ygwt
D jzpf
twnfjyK xkwfjyefa=unmay;cJhonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;
0if;wif/ a': jrifhjrifhcifESifh OD;atmifvGif (ky&f Sio
f kyfaqmif/ 'gku
d fwm)
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
95
96
oef;0if;vIi
d f
(5) OD;omxdk
(6) OD;odef;Edkif (*k%fxl;)
(7) OD;cifarmifarmifjrifh
(8) OD;armifarmif
(9) OD;eef;EG,f
(10) OD;bd;k atmif
(11) OD;aomif;'ef
(12) OD;vSarmif
(13) OD;apmjrifh
(14) OD;a&$
(15) OD;at;armif
(16) OD;wifat;
(17) Adkvf&JxGf (&JabmfoHk;usdyf)
(18) OD;oef;xGef;
(19) OD;csdefydk;
(20) OD;vSarmif
(21) OD;xGe;f wif
(22) OD;aomfu (armifaomfu)
(23) OD;ukd,k (armifudk,k)
(24) OD;rdk;ol (armifrk;d ol)
(25) OD;csrf;at;(armifp;l prf;)
(26) a'gufwmwifrsKd;0if;
(27) a'gufwmoufrif;
(28) OD;0if;cuf
(29) OD;wifa&$
(30) OD;cifarmifaqG
wd@k jzpfonf?
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf zGJ@pnf;jyD;pumvrSmyif &efukef
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
97
tygt0if wEdik if v
H ;kH a'otoD;oD;u wufa&mufvm=uonhyf gwD0if
olrsm;ESifh qufvufpnf;H;k v_yf&Sm;vdkolrsm;udk ygwD0if (tzGJ@csKyf0if)
av#mufv$myHkpH (25) apmifE_ef;pDxkwfay;jyD; ,m,Dpnf;Hk;a&;rSL;rsm;
tjzpftodtrSwfjyKay;cJhonf? odk@jzifh tzGJ@csKyf0ifOD;a&onf tcsdefwdk
twGif;rSmyif tqrwefwk;d yGm;vmcJhayonf? tjcm;aomEdik fiaH &;ygwD
tzJG@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;u tHh=o,l&avmufatmif tcsdefwdktwGif;
a&yef;pm;vmr_onf tzG@J csKyf. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;
pk=unftay: vlxk. ar#mfvifhtm;xm;,kH=unfr_ESifh av;pm;r_yifjzpf
onf?
,if;od@k vlxak xmufcrH _}u;D rm;vmaom trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pD tzJ@G
csKyf}uD;twGif; yxrqkH;ay:xGufcJhonfh jy\emrSm tzJG@csKyf. OuUX
OD;atmif}uD;ud,
k w
f kid u
f pwifzefw;D azmfxkwcf o
Jh nf? tzJ@G csKyftwGi;f
uGejf rLepfrsm; a&muf&adS eyg+yD? ,if;udk tjrefq;Hk z,f&mS ;ypfa&; qdo
k nfh
jy\emyif jzpfonf? xdkpOfu OD;atmif}u;D . 1988 Edk0ifbm 29 &ufpJG
yg ta&;ay:oHk;oyfcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif;az: jyxm;onf?
ta&;ay:okH;oyfcsuf
(1) ,ckvuf&Sdtajctaet& trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwGif
uGefjrLepfESihf uGefjrLepfvdkvm;oltkyfpk }uD;xGm;vmonf?
(3) xdk@a=umifh (1) tdk*sD,l*sDESifh uGejf rLepfvy_ f&Sm;r_ukd ta=umif;
jyKI teD;tem; (a&G;aumufyGJa&G;csde)f wGif a'gufjzKwfI y,fEdkifonf?
(2) tjcm; y,fEidk af omtcsurf mS aiGa&;aju;a&;jzpfonf? wdik ;f ESijfh ynf
e,frsm; wGif aiGpm&if;ppfjyD; jzpfae&efvko
d nf?
(4) xdk@a=umifh atmif-pk-wifruG&J ef vdkonf? txl;*kpdkufI
}udK;pm;&efvdkonf?
(5) xdkhajumifh atmif-pk-wif tzGJ@twGif;rS uGefjrLepfrsm;/ uGef
jrLepfvdkvm;olrsm;udk tem;,l&ef arwm&yfcHoifhonf?
(6) ajcurjrJ vufujrJ/ vufurjrJajcujrJ&ef/ tu,fI trsKd;
98
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
99
100
oef;0if;vIi
d f
trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf. jyef=um;a&;vkyif ef;wcktjzpf rSwf
wrf;v$m pmpOfukd yHkreS fxkwaf 0cJhonf? ,if;rSwfwrf;v$mwGif wjynf
vHk; a'otoD;oD;u rawmfrw&m;tzrf;tqD;cH&r_rsm;/ tjypfay; t
a&;,lcH&r_rsm;ESifh w&m;r#wr_r&Sdonfh tjzpftysuu
f pd Prsm;tay: uef@
uGujf cif;/ &_Hcsjcif;udk azmfjycJhonf?
xd@k a=umifh e0w tpdk;&. jynfxaJ &;ESihf omoema&;0ef}u;D Xmeu
yHkESdyfolrsm;ESifh xkwaf 0olrsm; A[kdrSwfyw
Hk iftzGJ@neG f=um;csu(f 38)
udk xkwfjyefI 1962 ckEpS f yHkEySd fo/l xkwfa0olrsm; rSwfykw
H ifolrsm; rSwf
yHkwifOya'udk vdkufemjcif;r&Sdygu xda&mufpGmta&;,lrnfjzpfajumif;
xkwjf yefa=unmvdkufaomtcg e0w tpdk;&tay: ydkI tjrif r=unf
vifjzpfcJhonf?
xdkumvtwGif; 1989 ckESpf/ arv 12 &ufae@wGif ausmufwH
wm;+rdKe,f/ 37 vrf; trSwf 145 &Sd r[meENmykHESdyw
f dkuftm; ppftpd;k &
u w&m;r0ifpmapmifrsm;dkuef ySd frj_ zifh ta&;,laqmif&u
G cf h&J mwGif trs;kd
om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf. dkufESdyq
f Jpm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; yg&o
dS Gm;cJhonf?
xdt
k jzpftysuw
f @dk onf NLD tm; tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:od@k
wGef;wifvdkufovdk jzpfoGm;cJ&h onf?
xdahk emuf 1989 ckEpS f/ ZGev
f 6 &ufae@ wGif jynfxaJ &;ESihf omoem
a&;0ef}uD;Xme. a=unmcsut
f rSwf 38 tay: rvdkufemEdkifa=umif;
NLD u ta=umif;=um;cJhonf?
xdkpOftwGif; ZGefv yxrywftwGif;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unfeSifh
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. wwfodynm&Sifrsm;jzpf=uonfh armif
aomfu/ a': jrifhjrihfcif/ om,m0wDprf;prf;EJ@G / armifudk,k/ armif0Ho/
armifcufyef/ OD;wifr;kd wd@k tzG@J awG@qkaH qG;aEG;cJ=h uonf? xdak qG;aEG;yGw
J iG f
wwfoyd nm&SiftzGJ@u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk [ife&Da';zpf aomf
d;k .pmyd'k fudk pma&;q&marmifaomfu &GwfjycJhonf? tzGJ@0iftm;vHk;u
oabmusI NLD jrefrmvdkudkufnDrnfhpmom;udk 0dkif;I t=uHjyKay;
=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu if;wd@k .t=uHjyKcsuu
f dk oabmusI
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
101
102
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
103
104
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
105
106
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tcef; (4)
yxrqk;H aetdrt
f us,fcsKyfumv
xdk@aemuf ae@wae@ 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvkid f 20 &ufae@wGif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfESifh OD;wifOD;wdk@tm; EdkifiHawmftm; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;vdk
olrsm;. ab;te&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&SmufonfhOya'yk'fr 10 (c)
t& aetdrfwGif wm;qD;rdef@xkwfI wm;qD;xm;jcif; cHcJh&onf?
xdo
k k@d ta&;,ljcif;ESifhywfoufI Zlvidk fv 21 &ufae@wGif e0w.
t}udrf 50 ajrmuf owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJY 1989 ckESp/f Zlvidk f 20 &ufae@ eHeufrSpI a':atmifqef;pk=unf
ESifh ol&OD;wifO;D wdk@tm; Edik fiHawmftm; aESmuf,Suzf sufq;D vdkorl sm;.
ab;tE&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&Smufonfh Oya't& ta&;,lvdkuf
&a=umif;/ TOya'onf EdkifiaH wmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh Edkiif aH wmf
vHjk cHKa&;udkjzpfap/ trsm;jynfolw@dk . at;csrf;om,ma&;udjk zpfap xd
yg;rnfhte&m,frS }udKwifumuG,fEdkif&efvnf;aumif;/ Edkifio
H m;rsm;.
rlvtcGit
fh a&;rsm;udk rxdcu
dk fapbJ Edik fiHawmftm; aESmifh,u
S zf sufqD;
vdo
k rl sm;.ab;tE&m,frS umuG,&f efvnf;aumif;/ jymef;xm;aom
Oya'jzpfa=umif;?
,if;yk*Kd~ vfEpS Of ;D tm; tqdyk g Oya'yk'rf 10 (c) t& vkyyf ikd cf iG hfrsm;
udk usio
fh ;kH jyD; wm;qD;r_jyKvyk x
f m;a=umif;/ Tyk'rf 10 (c) t& ta&;,l
jcif;cH&oltm; wESpftxd wm;qD;r_jyKvkyfEdik fonf[k jymef;xm;
a=umif; Todk@wm;qD;r_rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;qdk&mY (u) rnfonfhae&ma'owGif raexdki&f [k owfrSwjf cif;/
(c) rnfonfhae&ma'owGifom aexdkif&rnf[k owfrSwfjcif;/
(*) oGm;vmr_udk vdktyfovdk wm;qD;jcif;/
(C) owfrSwfonfht&m0wKrsm;udk vuf0,fxm;&Sdjcif; (odk@r
[kwf) toHk;jyKjcif;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;wd@k udk jyKvkyfEdkifa=umif;?
azmfjyygOya't& if;wd@k tm; ta&;,l&mwGif um,uH&iS frsm;
onf vuf&aSd exdkifvsu&f Sdaom tdrftoD;oD;wGifom aexdkifI tdrfjcH
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
107
jyifyodk@xu
G cf mG oGm;vmcGirfh jyKyga=umif;/ if;. tdrfaxmifpx
k w
J iG f yg&Sd
aom w&m;0ifrdom;pkrsm;om jyifyodk@ tapmifhta&Smufjzihf oGm;
a&mufEdkifa=umif;/ odk@aomfvnf; ,if;wdk@tm; EdkifiHjcm;oH;Hk rsm;/ EdkifiH
a&;ygwDrsm;/ Edik fiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh qufoG,folrsm;xHok@d oGm;a&mufcGifh
rjyKyga=umif;/ jyifyyk*~dKvfrsm;udkvnf; vludk,fwdkifaomfvnf;aumif;/
w,fvzD ek f;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; vma&mufqufo,
G jf cif;rjyK&ef uef@
owfwm;jrpfxm;a=umif;/ um,uH&Sifrsm;tm; vdt
k yfonfh aq;0g;
ukor_ESifh usef;rma&;udpPrsm;udk aqmuf&Gufay;&ef EdkifiHawmfu wm
0ef,lxm;a=umif;?
TuJhodk@ ta&;,laqmif&Gucf Jh&jcif;onf azmfjyygyk*K~d vfEpS fOD;. O
ya'csKd;azgufvyk f&yfrsm;a=umifjh zpfa=umif;/ txl;tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfudk
tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfhtajctaersm;jzpfay:atmif aqmif&GufcJhjcif;
a=umifhjzpfa=umif;/ if;tjyif wdik f;&if;om;jynfolrsm;ESifh wyfrawmf
udk aoG;cGjJ yD; wdik ;f &if;om;jynfolrsm;u wyfrawmftay: rke;f wD;atmif
aqmif&GufcJhjcif;rsm;a=umifh jzpfa=umif;/
1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f 19 &ufae@ nae 6 em&DwiG f VOA jrefrm
ydki;f tpDtpOfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf.a=unmcsufY 'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ jynfolvlxk toufaysmufatmifvdk@ usrwdk@
b,fawmhrS rvkyyf gbl;/ jynfov
l lx&k J toufudk trsm;}u;D wefz;dk xm;
ygw,f? e0wvdk wefzk;d rxm;wJh tkyfpkr[kwyf gbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk@v@dk usr
wdk@Ekid fiHrSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if ppftpdk;&tkycf sKyfr_qdkjyD; a=unmcsuf[m zufqpf
0g'awGp;dk rdk;aejyDqkw
d m tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwdk@ jynfol jynf
om;awG[m zufqpf0g'atmufrmS ke;f uef&rSmyJ? 'Dru
kd a&pD&zdk@twGuf
'Dzufqpf0g'atmufrSmow&d d&S eSd @J qufjy;D kef;uefoGm;zd@k jzpfygw,f [k
yg&Sda=umif;/
Todk@ r[kwfrrSefpGyfpGJcsufrSm jynfol@wyfrawmfudk zufqpfESifh
Edi_ ;f ,SOfxm;ojzifh tvGefem=unf;p&maumif;a=umif;/ jynfoEl iS hw
f yfr
awmfonf zufqpfudk rsm;pGm&GH&Sm rkef;wD;a=umif;/ xdk@a=umifh jynfol
108
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
109
110
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
111
112
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
113
(12)em*awmifwef;a'owdk;wufa&;ygwD
- 2 OD;
(13) u,m;jynfe,fvlrsKd;aygif;pHk'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 2 OD;
(14) watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf - 2 OD;
(15)u,ef;trsKd;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@
- 2 OD;
(16) 'Drkdua&pDygwD
- 1 OD;
(17) 'Dru
k d &ufwpfwuUov
kd b
f @JG &ESihf ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; tzG@J
- 1 OD;
(18)rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ@
- 1 OD;
(19)u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
- 1 OD;
(20)&Sr;f jynfu;kd uef@'rD du
k &ufwpfygwD
- 1 OD;
(21) jynfaxmifpk"EktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
- 1 OD;
(22)ureftrsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
- 1 OD;
(23) r&mjynfol@ygwD (ryy)
- 1 OD;
(24) jynfaxmifpt
k rsK;d om;rsm;'Dru
kd a&pDygwD
- 1 OD;
(25)jrdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om;nDnw
G af &;tzG@J (rcrnz) - 1 OD;
(26)vm;[ltrsKd;om;zGH@jzdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
- 1 OD;
(27)jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
- 1 OD;
xdk@aemuf a&G;aumufyw
GJ Gif 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifjyD; v$wfawmf ud,
k f
pm;vS,fwOD;r# a&G;aumufwifajrmufcsif;rcH&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwD (63)
ygwDtm; e0wrS 1992 Zefe0g &D 22 &ufae@&ufpJyG g trde@f trSwf 292
jzifh zsuo
f drf;cJhonf? xdk@jyif a&G;aumufyw
GJ Gif v$waf wmfuk,
d fpm;vS,f
tenf;qHk;wOD;ESifhtxuf a&G;aumufwifajrmufcH&onfh EdkifiaH &;ygwD
(20) tm; e0wtzG@J rS 1992 rwf11 &ufae@ &ufpyJG g trde@f trSwf
792 jzifh zsuo
f drf;cJhjyefonf?
od@k aomf a&G;aumufyw
GJ iG f wOD;r#ta&G;rcH&aomfvnf; e0wtpd;k
&u w&m;0if &yfwnfcGihaf y;cJhaomygwD (3) ckrmS udk;uef@'Dru
dk a&pDESifh
114
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
115
wdk@ jzpf=uonf?
e0wppftpdk;&onf rnfo@dk rS ar#mfvifhrxm;rdonfh &v'frsKd;
jzifh trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu tjywftowftEdik &f &So
d mG ;r_tay:
tHh=owkefv_yfoGm;cJh&jyD;aemuf tzG@J csKyftay: enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh zdESdyfa&;udk
apmif;ay;vkyfaqmifvmcJhayonf?
e0wppftpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJtjyD;Y a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdki f&
&SdchaJ om EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;onf (1) aiGa=u;tiftm;jzifh trwfae&mrsm; 0,f,x
l m;Edik o
f nfh bm
oma&;tpGe;f a&mufrsm;u bmoma&;e,fajr cGx
J u
G af &;udk jyifqifvm
=uonf? ratmifjrifv#if vufeufudkifwdkufrnf?
(2) vlrsKd;a&;tjrifusOf;ajrmif;onfhygwDrsm;uvnf; e,fajrrsm;
udk cGJxGuf&efjyifqifvm=uonf? cGifhrjyKv#if aomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh
aygi;f rnf/ vufeufudkifwdkufrnf?
(3) tm%m&vmrnf[k ar#mfvifhaeaomEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf
taemuftkyfpkoH kH;rsm;/ jynfyrS taemuftkypf k udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh
&if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHvm=ujyD; taemuftkyfpu
k dk tvGet
f u|H rSDcdktm;
udk;&ef jyifqifvm=uonf?
(4) taemuftkyfpkt}udKuf vdkufvkyfaeaomfvnf; vuf0J0g'D
rsm; v$rf;rdk;aeaomfygwrD sm;onf tm%m&Sifpepfudk xlaxmif&ef }udK;
pm;ae=uonf?
(5) wyfrawmfu tm%mrodr;f Edkif&eftwGuf ppf;Hk udk &efuek +f rdK
tjyifbuf tif;wdik fo@kd a&$&ef =unf;/ a&/ av/ wyfrawmfukd =unf;wyf/
a&wyf/ avwyf oD;jcm;pD cGJxw
k zf @JG pnf;&ef/ 'kw,
d Adv
k frLS ;}uD;ESihf txuf
tqifrh sm;udk wyfrawmfrSxw
k yf ,fypfjyD; tcsKdudk cHk ;Hk wifI ta&;,l&ef
wdk@udk aqG;aEG;=uum wyfrawmfudk +zdKcGJypf&ef/ zsufodrf;ypf&eftxd
=uHpnfvm=uonf[I
l tajctjrpfr&Sd pGyfpJGjyD; zGwv
f #momef
ESpcf OG m%fjzifh uvdraf phjirf;pifum tEdik &f trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
tm; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&;udk cg;cg;wl;wl; jiif;qefco
Jh nf? xd@k aemuf
116
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
117
a&G;aumufyGJtopfusif;ya&;udk trsKd;om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfu vHk;0
vufcrH Smr[kwb
f ;l vd@k qHk;jzwfxm;wmjzpfygw,f [lI wdwv
d if;vif;
ajym=um;cJhonf?
NLD tm; rJxnfa
h y;cJhaomjynfov
l x
l t
k m;vnf; a':atmifqef;
pk=unfu 1990 jynfEh pS af &G;aumufyrJG mS vlx[
k m wm0efauscyhJ gw,f? usr
wd@k Eikd if eH J@ Edik if Hujynfov
l x
l ke@J wjcm; 'Dru
dk a&pDtwGuf v_y&f Sm;ke;f uef
ae&wJhEdkifiHu jynfolvx
l keJ@pmvdk@&d&S if usrwd@k &J vlx[
k m EdkifiHa&;t&
tifrwefrS &ifhusufw,fvdk@ usrwdk@ owfrSwf&rSmyg? bmjzpfvk@d usr
wdk@ 'Dvadk jym&vJqkad wmh usrwdk@&JEdik fiH 'Drku
d a&pDvkcd sifwJh jynfolvx
l k
[m 'Dru
dk a&pDudk &,lay;Edkifwt
Jh zGJ@wckudk axmufcHr,f/ yHhyk;d r,f/ 'Dvdk
vkyfrS usrwdk@&J'Drdkua&pD[m wdk;wufEdkifr,fqdkwmudk jrifw,f/ [kd
tzGJ@uadk y;/ 'DtzGJ@udkay;/ usrwd@k &J EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh Edik fiHa&;ygwDawG trsm;}uD;&Sdwt
Jh xJrSm tJ'DEkid fiHa&;ygwDawG
rSmvnf; rdrw
d @dk &J wefb;k d eJ@ rdrw
d @kd &jSd y;D om;yg? odk@aomfvnf; jynfov
l lxk
[m 'DvdkrJawGjyef@oGm;vdk@&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf epfemEdkifw,fqdkwm
em;vnfvdk@ rJawGudk rjyef@apbJ usrwdk@ trsK;d om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf
twGuf rJay;cJw
h ,fqw
kd m 'gjynfolvx
l t
k aeeJ@ xdkux
f u
kd w
f efwefvkyf
cJhw,fqdkwm usr 'Dvdkajym&rSmyJ? 'g EdkifiHa&;&ifhusurf _udk jyw,fvdk@
usruawmh,Hk=unfw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh usrwdk@ 'D (82) &mcdkif
E_ef;&wmudkawmifrS tm%mrv$Jay;wm/ usrwdk@rsm;om (50) &mcdkif
E_e;f wnf;wnf;av;&w,fqkv
d h&dk &Sd if b,favmufyjdk yD;awmh tcuftcJ
jzpf&rvJqw
dk m pOf;pm;=unfh? usrwdk@&JtzG@J [m 'Dvw
dk cgwnf; 80 &m
cdkifEe_ ;f ausmfe@J Edik fcv
Jh @dk vnf; wurBmvHk;u todtrSwjf yK&w,f? b,f
vdkrS urBmudkrsufvn
S fhjyjyD;awmh tzGJ@csKyfudk jynfolvlxak &G;aumufyGJ
wke;f u tm;ay;wmr[kwyf gb;l ? wnf;wnf;uav;Edik w
f mygv@kd rajym
Edkib
f l;? tJvadk wmifrS rJ 60 &mcdkifE_e;f yJ&Sdygw,f/ nmw,fqdkjyD;awmh
trsKd;rsKd;ajymzdk@}udK;pm;wmawG tck&Sdaewm od=uwmyJ/ 'Davmuf
118
oef;0if;vIi
d f
awmifrS jywfjywfom;om;Edkix
f m;vk@d 'Davmufolw@kd ajymEdik fwm? tJvkd
om usrwdk@om jywfjywfowfowfrEdik fcJhvdk@&d&S if trsKd;rsKd; wcgwnf;
rsufvSnfh uGuaf wGeJ@vkyt
f Hk;r,f? urBmudkvnf; vSnfhpm;zdk@/ usrwdk@
jynfov
l x
l t
k aeeJ@ 1990 a&G;aumufyrJG mS 'Dru
kd a&pDukd &,lay;Edkiw
f ,f
vd@k jynfolvlxu
k ,Hk=unfwht
J zG@J tpnff;udk Edik if aH &;&ifu
h sufwt
Jh jrife@J
rJay;cJhwm[mawmh wm0efausygw,f? xdu
k x
f u
dk w
f efwefeJ@ vkycf w
hJ myJ
vdk@ usrajymcsifygw,f [lI ajym=um;cJhonf?
e0wppftpdk;&onf a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifru
D yif ol&OD;wifOD;ESifh a':
atmifqef;pk=unfwdkhudk rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; cHxm;&
onhftwGuf ,m,DOuUXtjzpf wm0ef,x
l m;aom OD;=unfarmif OD;
aqmifonfh NLD A[dt
k vkyfr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;u 90 jynfhESpf a&G;
aumufyt
JG Edik &f aom NLD tm; e0wtpd;k &xH v$waf wmfac:,lay;a&;
udk Oya'ESifhtnD wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf?
a&G;aumufyGJtjyD; &ufaygif; (60) twGif; ac:ay;&d;k xHk;pH&do
S nfh
v$wfawmfudk ac:,lray;onft
h wGuf tzGJ@csKyfonf a&G;aumufyJG usi;f
ycJo
h nfh ar27 &ufrS &ufaygi;f 60 t=um; 1990 jynfEh pS f Zlvikd 2f 8/
29 &ufae@rsm;wGif NLD A[kdOD;pD;tzG@J ESifh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
yxrt}udrf ndE_dif;tpnf;ta0;udk usif;y&ef ac:,lcJhonf?
ppftpd;k &onf NLD . tpnf;ta0;rwdkifcif w&uftvdk (Zlvkid f
v 27 &uf) wGif e0wtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf Adv
k fcsKyfcifnGe@f (aemifAv
dk cf sKyf
}uD;/ tus,fcsKyfzrf;qD;cHxm;&ol) vufrSwfjzifh a=unmcsut
f rSwf
(190) udk uref;uwef;xkwjf yefjyD; tzGJ@csKyf.tpnf;ta0;}u;D udk }uKd
wifuef@owfcsKyfcs,[
f ef@wm;r_udk jyKvkyfco
Jh nf?
e0wtpd;k &. a=unmcsuftrSwf 190 tjynft
h pHkrSm atmufyg
twdik f;jzpfonf?
(1) jrefrmEdik if o
H nf 1948 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&D (4) &ufae@wiG f vH;k 0
vGwv
f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEidk fiHjzpfonf?
(2) 1988 ckEpS ftwGif; ta&;tcif;rsm;jzpfay:cJhojzifh Edkifiw
H 0Srf;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
119
vHk;wGif tajctaet&yf&yf,,
dk Gif;ysufjym;cJhonf? xdkodk@ ,kd,Gif;ysuf
jym;cJo
h nfh tajctaet&yf&yfukd tcsderf Dxed f;odr;f Edik &f eftwGuf jynfol
jynfom;tm;vHk;tusKd;iSm wyfrawmfu Edik if aH wmftm%mt&yf&yfudk
vH;k 0wm0ef,lcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmftygt0if EdkifiHawmf tm%m
ydik t
f zG@J tpnf;rsm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f vsuf Edik if aH wmfjidrf0yfrw
_ nfaqmufa&;
tzGJ@ukd zGpJh nf;um wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfukd aqmif&Gufrnfjzpfa=umif; a=u
nmjyD; EdkfifiHawmf. ta&;udpPt00udk wm0ef,laqmif&Gufcho
J nf?
(3) Edik fiHawmfjird 0f yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J onf Edik if HawmftwGi;f
jird 0f yfydjym;a&;/ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;ESihf e,fajrat;csr;f om,ma&;wd@k ukd
xda&mufpGmxdef;odr;f Edkif&ef vdt
k yfaomOya'/ trdef@/ a=unmcsu/f Oy
a'uJhodk@tm%mwnfaomtrdef@rsm;udk xkwfjyefco
Jh nf?
(4) jynfolrsm;. pm;0wfaea&;acsmifvnfap&ef yk*v
~ u
d / or0g
,r/ zufpyfvkyfief;rsm; vkyu
f dkifEdkifap&eftwGuf t[ef@twm;jzpfap
aom Oya'rsm;udyk ,fzsufjyD; vkdtyfaomOya'/ trdef@nGef=um;csuf/
Oya'uJho@dk tm%mwnfaomtrdef@rsm;udkvnf; xkwfjyefvsuf vuf
awG@ taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u
G fvsuf&do
S nf? xdk@jyif Edkiif Hawmf.
a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm;udk ar#mfrSef;I vkyaf qmifoifhonfrsm;udkvnf; vkyf
aqmifvsuf&Sdonf?
(5) Edkiif Hawmfjidr0f yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J onf Edkiif w
H 0ef;vH;k wGif
vrf;yef;qufoG,rf _vkjH cHKacsmarG@ap&efESifh wdk;wufaumif;rGeaf p&ef t
wGuf aqmif&Gufoifhonfrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufvsuf&do
S nf?
(6) Edik fiHawmfjidr0f yfrw
_ nfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf rnfonfhzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udkr# vdu
k ef musio
fh ;Hk aomtzGJ@tpnf;r[kwb
f J EdkifiaH wmf
udk rm&S,af vm (Martial Law) jzifh tkycf sKyaf eaom tzG@J tpnf;jzpfa=umif;/
EdkifiHawmfjidr0f yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J tpdk;&onf ppftpdk;&tjzpf
tkyfcsKyfvsuf&aSd =umif;ESihf ukvor*~tygt0if urBmhedkifiHtoD;oD;rS
vufcHxm;onfh tpdk;&jzpfa=umif; tm;vHk;todyifjzpfonf?
(7) Edik if w
H umqufqaH &;eSifh ywfoufI Edik if aH wmfjidrf0yfr_ wnf
120
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
121
122
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
123
w&yfonf vGwv
f yfa&;r&rD a&;om;xm;onfh Oya'ESifh vGwfvyfa&;
&&SdonfhaemufrS a&;om;xm;onfh Oya'[lI ESpfrsKd;&So
d nf? vGwfvyf
a&;&&Scd Jh=uonfh urBm@Ekid fiHtoD;oD;wGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vuf
qkyv
f ufuikd f&jy;D rSom wdik ;f jynfjyKvw
$ af wmfuadk c:,lI zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'udk a&;qGJ=uonfh tpOftvm&So
d nf? jrefrmEdkifiw
H Gifrl wdkif;jynf
jyKv$wfawmfwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyD;rS vGwfvyfa&; a=u
nmcJh&onf? xdko@dk aqmif&GufcJhjcif;onf xdktcsdeu
f edkifiHacgif;aqmif
rsm;taejzifh jAdwo
d #w@kd xrH S jird f;csr;f aomenf;jzifh vGwv
f yfa&;udk tjref
&,lvkad omqENa=umifh aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; rSm xif&Sm;onf?
(16)1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'udk avhvmygu vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;
aemufa&;qGjJ cif;jzpfjyD; jynfol@qENc,
H yl jGJ zifh jymef;cJah omOya'jzpfonf
udk rnfolr#jiif;qdkjcif;jyKEdik frnfr[kwfyg?
(17)1947 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'onf vGwv
f yfa&;r&rD a&;qGJ
onfh Oya'jzpfjyD; 1974 ckEpS zf @JG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'onf vGwv
f yfa&;&jyD;
rS a&;qGo
J nfOh ya'jzpfa=umif; uGmjcm;csufukd txl;owdjyK&efvo
kd nf?
(18)ygwDpk'H Drku
d a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyw
GJ iG f 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd if
cJ=h uonfh Edkiif aH &;ygwDtrsm;pk.qENrmS zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'opf a&;qGJ
a&;jzpfa=umif; ,if;wdk@. oabmxm;a=unmcsufrsm;t& od&SdEdkif
onf? 1974 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'a&;qGJpOfu wdik f;&if;om;rsm;t
a&;ESiyfh wfoufI yifvHknDvmcHwGif &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESiho
f m
aqG;aEG;ndEi_d f;cJhjyD; rGef/ &cdkifpaomvlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;ndE_dif;r_ r&Sd
a=umif; awG@=u&rnfjzpfonf? ,ae@jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f Edik if aH &;Edk;=um;vm
aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; trsm;tjym;&S&d m if;wdkif;.qEN oabm
xm;rsm;udk ndEid_ ;f &,ljy;D cdik rf monfhz@GJ pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfw&yf a&;
qGJjymef;&ef txl;vdktyfaea=umif; xif&Sm;aeonf?
(19)Edkiif Hawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf ppftpdk;&w&yf
jzpfonfESifhtnD rm&S,favm (Martial Law) Oya'udk udkifpGJoHk;aeonfh
tpd;k &jzpfonf? xdko@kd jzpfonfESit
hf nD jrefrmEdkiif Htm; atmufygtwdik ;f
124
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tm%moHk;&yfjzifh usifhoHk;vsuf&o
Sd nf?
(u)
Oya'jyKrt
_ m%m? ? Edik if aH wmfjird 0f yfrw
_ nfaqmuf
a&;tzGJ@uom usifhoHk;ydkicf Gifh&Sdonf?
(c)
pDrcH ef@crJG t
_ m%m? ? Edik if aH wmfjird 0f yfr_ wnfaqmuf
a&;tzGJ@u usifhoHk;ydik fcGi&fh o
Sd nf? odk@&mwGif ,if;tm%mudk tpdk;&tzGJ@
ESifhwuG jynfe,f/ wdkif;/ +rdKe,fpk/ +rdKe,f/ &yfuGufaus;&Gmtkypf k jidr0f yf
ydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@tqifhqifhtm; cGJa0ay;vsuf pDrHcef@caGJ &;
udpP&yfrsm;udk pkaygif;acgif;aqmifrj_ zifh wm0efay; aqmif&Gufapvsuf&Sd
onf? ,if;odk@ aqmif&Gufapjcif;rSm zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh ay:ayguf
vmrnft
h pd;k &vufxufwiG f 0efxrf;rsm;onf Xmeqdik f&mvkyif ef;rsm;udk
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifhuif;&Si;f pGm aqmif&GuEf dkifap&ef avhusifhaqmif&u
G f
ay;aejcif;jzpfonf?
(*) w&m;pD&ifrt
_ m%m?
?Edik if aH wmf+ird 0f yfrw
_ nf aqmuf
a&;tzG@J u usio
fh k;H ydik cf iG h&f o
dS nf? odk@&mwGif zG@J pnf;yHktjccHOya' ay:ayguf
vmonft
h csdew
f iG f tavhtusi&hf ap&ef omref&mZ0wfrE_ iS hf w&m;
rr_ponfrsm;udk w&m;Hk;tqifhqifhzGJ@pnf;jyD; ppfaq;pD&ifapvsuf&Sd
onf?
(20)xdk@a=umifh ,ae@tajctaewGif jynfolrsm;u a&G;aumuf
wifajrmufvu
dk af om ud,
k fpm;vS,rf sm;onf tem*wf'Dru
dk a&pD Edik if H
awmf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=u&ef wm0ef&do
S nfhyk*K~d vfrsm; jzpf
onf?
(21)Edkiif aH wmftm%m&,la&;twGuf ,m,Dz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccH Oy
a'a&;qGJI tpdk;&zGpJh nf;jcif;udk rnfonhfenf;ESirfh # vufcHEidk frnf r[kwf
onfhtjyif xdkokhad qmif&Gufygu Oya'ESihftnD xda&mufpGm ta&;,l
rnfjzpfa=umif;ESihf jynfo@l qENEiS t
hf nD cdik rf maomzG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
opft& ay:aygufvmrnfh tpdk;&w&yfrzGJ@pnf;rD =um;umvwGif EdkifiH
awmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@taejzifh
(u) jynfaxmifpkr+ydKuGJa&;/ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ r+ydK
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
125
126
oef;0if;vIi
d f
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS Zlvdkiv
f 29 &ufae@wGif xkwfjyefcJh
aom *E<cD ef;ra=unmpmwrf;tjynft
h pHkrmS atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf?
1? trsKd;om;'Drku
d a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS jynfol@v$waf wmfu,
dk fpm;vS,f
rsm;jzpf=uukef aom u|Ekfyfwk@d onf jrefrmouU&mZf 1352 ckESpf/ 0gacgif
vqef; (7) &ufEiS hf (8) &uf (1990jynfEh pS /f Zlvikd f 28 &ufEiS hf 29 &uf)
ae@rsm;wGif &efukef+rdK/ ausmufwHwm;+rdKe,f&Sd *E<dcef;raqmifY pka0;
a&muf&Sd=u+yD; wdki;f &if;om;jynfolw&yfvHk;. tusKd;iSm EdkifiHawmfa&;
&mtjzmjzmESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfac:qdkzGJ@pnf;a&;udpPt00wdk@ukd aqG;
aEG;ndE_dif;wdkifyif=ujyD; oumv wnDwnGwfwnf;qHk;jzwfum T
*E<cD ef;ra=unmpmwrf;ukd xkwjf yefa=unmvdkuf=uayonf?
2? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ESpfaygif;(30) twGif; yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf
1990 jynfEh pS f arv 27 &ufae@Y usi;f ycJah om ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pD taxG
axGa&G;aumufyJ}G uD;wGif jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,pf m;vS,af e&m (485)
ae&mtwGuf usi;f ycJ&h mY trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfonf trsm;jynf
olvlxk}uD;. wcJeufaom axmufcHr_wjdkh zifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,f
pm;vS,af e&m (392) ae&mwGif tEdki&f &Scd ahJ yonf? od@k &mwGif trsK;d om;
'Dru
dk a&pDzGJ@csKyfonf urBmh'Dru
dk a&pDEdkifiHrsm;. usihfxHk;rsm;twdkif; zGJ@
pnf;&rnfh tpdk;&w&yfudk cdkifrmpGmzGJ@pnf;edkifavmufonfh xuf0uf
ausmf jynfol@v$wfawmfu,
dk fpm;vS,ftiftm;xuf ausmfvGef krH #ru
v$waf wmfuk,
d fpm;vS,t
f a&wGu.
f &mcdik fEe_ ;f (80) ausmt
f xd vHk;vH;k
vsm;vsm;tEdik f&&Scd Jhojzifh jynfo@l v$waf wmftm; OD;aqmifEidk faom t
aetxm; tcdkiftrm&&Sdxm;jyD; jzpfayonf?
3? ,cktcg ygwpD 'kH Dru
kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; atmifjrif
pGm usi;f yjy;D cJjh y;D jzpfavonf? taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}GJ u;D jyD;v#if jynfo@l
v$waf wmfudk ra&S;raESmif;umvY tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;&rnfrmS "rRwm
yifjzpfavonf? jynfolvlxkuvnf; Ttwdkif; ar#mfvifhae=uay
onf? od@k aomf a&G;aumufy}JG uD;jyD;I &ufaygi;f (60) =umvmonfw
h ikd f
atmif jynfol@vw
$ fawmfudk rzGJ@pnf;&ao;ay?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
127
a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm;trsm;pktEdik &f &Sx
d m;aom trsK;d
om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@J csKyfonf Edkiif HawmftwGuf avmavmq,f tusKd;
pD;yGm;ESihf a&&Snt
f em*wfumvtusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk tajccHxm;I/ wrsK;d
om;vHk; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;pdwf"gwfjzifh yGif;vif;aom/ dk;om;aom/
apwemtjynfyh gaom ESpOf D;ESpfzufnEd id_ ;f aqG;aEG;aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm; jyKvyk f
oGm;&ef EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@o@dk trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyfA[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzG@J rS tqdjk yKcsufudkvnf; Edik fiHawmfjidrf
0yfrw
_ nfaqmufa&;tzG@J u wpHw
k &m ta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;r&Scd Jah y?
4? &[ef;&Sijf ynfolrsm;/ v,form;rsm;/ tvkyo
f rm;rsm;/ ausmif;
om;vli,frsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom wdik f;&if;om;jynfol vl
xk}uD;onf Edik if Hawmf'rD ku
d a&pDtcGit
fh a&;rsm; uef@owfcHxm;r_a=umifh
vuf&SdrsufarSmufjyKae&aom pm;0wfaea&;=uyfwnf;r_/ pdk;&drfxdwf
vef@ae&r_EiS fh aomuAsmyg'ab;rS uif;vGwaf &;wd@k twGuf 'Dru
kd a&pD
tkycf sKyfa&;pepfukd tjrefqH;k ul;ajymif;a&muf&&dS ef qENjyif;jyvsuf &Sad e
ayonf?
5? 'Drku
d a&pDpepfuku
d sifhoHk;onfh ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/
wdki;f Edkiif w
H dkif;wGif jynfo@l vw
$ fawmfudk tjrifhqk;H aom rkKd if}uD;w&yf
tjzpf jynfolvlxw
k &yfv;Hk u tav;tjrwfjyKxm;jcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiH
awmf*k%u
f suo
f a&udk jrifhwif=upjrJjzpfavonf? u|Eykf fw@dk jrefrmEdkifiH
wGifvnf; 'Drku
d a&pDjynfol@vw
$ af wmfjuD;w&yf iGm;iGm;pGihpf Gifh wnf&daS e
rSom usufoa&r*Fvm xnf0gjynfhpHkjyD; urBmhtv,fwGif av;pm;cH
xdu
k af om *k%t
f *F gtaygi;f jzifh wifhw,fayrnf[k u|Efyk fw@dk u tav;
teuf ,Hk=unf=uayonf?
6? ,ae@ jynfow
l dk@ &ifqdkifae&aom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;
paom t=uyftwnf;rsm;onf jynfolwdk@u ,Hk=unfudk;pm;pGm a&G;
cs,fwifajrmufvdkufonfh jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@
pnf;aom jynfol@vw
$ af wmfuom OD;aqmifI jynfol@qENEiS t
hf nD ajz
&Si;f tyfayonf?
128
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
129
130
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
131
132
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
133
,m,DOuUXOD=unfarmifzrf;qD;axmifcscv
H u
kd &f jyD;aemuf tzG@J csKyf
. ,m,DOuUXtjzpf Adv
k frSL;a[mif;OD;atmifa&$ jzpfvmcJo
h nf? tjidrf;
pm; AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifa&$onf r&rf;ukef;+rdKe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)
wGif trsKd;om;'Drku
d a&pDtzG@J csKyt
f m; ud,
k pf m;jyKI 0ifa&muf ,SO+f ydKicf hJ
&m a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&onf? OD;atmifa&$udk 1918 ckESp/f arv
19 &ufae@wiG f tzOD;zd;k uGe;f / trda':ode;f wifw@dk rS zGm;jrifco
Jh nf? 1940
jynfEh pS w
f iG f &efuek w
f uUov
dk f bDat (0dZm ) bG@J &&Scd jhJ y;D 1942 rS 1945
txd Adv
k fcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bD
tdkifat)/ ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf(bD'Dat) ESifh ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfr
awmf (yDbt
D ufz)f wd@k wGif yg0ifco
Jh nf? 1945 rSpI wyfrawmf (=unf;)
wGif ud,
k yf idk ftrSwf 3505 jzifh Adkvf}uD;tqifhrSpI wm0efxrf;&Gucf Jh&m
1950 wGif Adv
k frLS ;}uD;tqifhjzifh ppfaxmufcsKyf/ 1955 wGif ajrmufydkif;
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wdk;jrifhjcif;cH&onf? 1955 ckESpf/ azazmf
0g&v
D 25 &ufae@rS 1961 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v
D 15 &ufae@twGi;f awmif
ydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif Adv
k frSL;csKyftqifhjzifh wdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;
aqmifaepOf a&G;aumufyYGJ bufvku
d v
f kycf Jha=umif; pdppfawG@&Sd&ojzifh
qdu
k m 1961 ckEpS f/ azazmf0g&v
D (13) &ufae@wiG f &mxl;cef@xm;a&;tzG@J
tpnf;ta0;rS wyfrawmfwiG f ppfrx
_ rf;jcif;rS tjidr;f pm;,lciG fhjyKcJhonf?
1961 rS 1975 txd jrefrmEdkifiq
H kid f&moHtrwf}uD;tjzpf =opaw;vs/
(e,l;ZDvef) ygy;l wGJI tD*spf/ jyifopf/ (pydefEiS hf ,leufpudk) tzGJ@wdk@yg
yl;wGw
J m0ef,I
l 1975 wGif tjidr;f pm;,lco
hJ nf? 1980 jynfEh pS /f ZGev
f
7 &ufae@wGif EdkifiHh*k%f&nfbGJ@ (yxrqifh) csD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf? rsKd;cspf&J
abmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J ESifh trsKd;om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyw
f k@d wiG f A[dktvkyf
tr_aqmifESifh OuUX wm0ef,lcJhonf?
,m,DOuUXOD;atmifa&$ukd e0wppftpd;k & jypfru
_ six
hf ;kH yk'rf (165)
t& qifhac: jyD; (190) udk vdkufem&ef qifhac:ta=umif;=um;cJh&m OD;
atmifa&$u 1990 jynfEh pS /f Ed0k if bm 12 &ufwiG f trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pD
tzG@J csKyf A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf awG@qkaH qG;aEG;um NLD . a=unmcsuf
134
oef;0if;vIi
d f
trSwf (3090) xkwfjyefay;cJhonf? a=unmcsuf tjynfhtpHrk Sm 1? e0wtzG@J . (27 7 90) ae@pJGyg a=unmcsuftrSwf (190)
tay: trsKd;om;axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J u ygwDp'kH rD ku
d a&pD taxGaxGa&G;
aumufyJw
G Gif yg0if,OS f+ydKicf Jh =uonfh EdkifiaH &;ygwDrsm;. oabmxm;ukd
awG@qakH r;jref;um atmufygtcsufrsm;udk wm0efcv
H ufrw
S fa&;xd;k apcJh
ygonf?
(u) a=unmcsuf (190) udk aocsmpGmzwfa_ vhvm od&jSd y;D
jzpfygonf?
(c) a=unmcsuf (190) udk vdkufemrnf rvdkufemrnf?
(*) a=unmcsu(f 190)udk rvdu
k ef mygu Oya't& ta&;,l
cH&rnfudk od&ySd gonf?
(C) a=unmcsuf (190) udk rvdu
k ef mygu ygwDtzG@J tpnf;
rsm; zsufodr;f cH&rnfukd od&Sdygonf?
2? ,if;ar;jref;csufrsm;udk usifhxHk;yk'fr (160) t& ac:,lar;jref;
Edik fciG &hf o
dS nfjzpfI ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rsm;rS if;wd@k wm0efay;tyfvu
kd o
f nfh
udk,fpm;vS,fyk*dK~ vfrsm;udk ac:,lar;jref;onf[k qdkif&mu qdkygonf?
Ttcsuu
f kd oufqidk f&mygwu
D vufrSwaf &;xd;k &rnfph m&Guw
f iG f twd
tvif; a&;om;azmfjywm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif if;vufrw
S fa&;xdk;&rnfh
pm&Guw
f iG f oufqidk f&mtzG@J tpnf;ygwD. A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
rsm;. trnfpm&if;udkvnf; yl;wGJxm;ygonf?
3? jypfrq
_ kid f&musix
fh ;Hk Oya'yk'fr (160) rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfyg
onf?
Police Officer Power of Require Attendance of Witnesses
Any police officer making an investigation under this chapter, by order
in writing, require the attendance before himself of any person being within
the limit of his own or any adjoining station who, from the information given
or other wise, appear to be acquainted with the circumstances of the case, and
such person shall attend as so required.
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
135
136
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
137
138
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
139
wdk@ jzpf=uonf?
1995 ckESpfwGif ppfwyf. xdk;ppfqifwu
dk fcdkufr_rsm;a=umifh rme,f
yavmusqHk;oGm;jyD;aemufydkif;wGif NLD-LA XmecsKyfonf xdkif;Edkiif Ht
wGif;odk@ajymif;a&$cJo
h nf? xd@k aemuf trsKd;om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwf
ajrmufe,fajr) onf rsm;r=umrDrmS yif NLD-LA *syefXmecG/J awmifu&dk ;D
,m;XmecGJ/ tar&duefXmecGJ/ =opa=w;vsXmecGJ/ rav;&Sm;XmecGJ/ aemf
a0;XmecG/J jAdwdefXmecGJrsm;udk zGifhvSpfEidk fcJhonf? 1996 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 7
&ufae@wGif trsKd;om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf vGwfajrmufe,fajr (vli,f)
tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;Edik cf jhJ yD; 1998 Zefe0g&v
D wGif vli,f txl;tpnf;ta0;
udkac:,lI A[dv
k li,fvkyfief;tzG@J udk jyifqifwdk;csJzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhonf?
trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) . A[dkOuUX
t jzpf a'gufwmpdef0if;/ OD;0if;cuf/ OD;wifatmifw@dk u toD;oD;wm0ef
,lcJhovdk twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudkvnf; OD;oef;xGf/ OD;at;oef;/ OD;jrifh
od%f;/ a':pef;pef;ESifh OD;jrifhp;dk wdk@u ,lcJhonf?
NLD-LA . aemufq;kH nDvmcHukd 2009 pufwifbm 15 rS 17 t
xd usif;yjyKvkyfI vuf&dOS uUXwm0efudk OD;Adkvfaomif;/ 'kOuUXtjzpf
a'guw
f mat;ausmEf iS hf twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;jrifhp;kd wdk@u wm0ef,x
l m;
onf? NLD LA udk A[dkaumfrwD0if (15) OD;/ t&efA[dkaumfrwD0if
(2) OD; pkpkaygif; (17) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf?
NLD-LA ay:aygufjy;D r=umrDrSmyif tmZmenfacgi;f aqmifwOD; jzpf
ol OD;b0if;. om; a'guw
f mpdef0if;OD;aqmifaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrm
Edkiif H trsKd;om;nGef@aygif;tpd;k & (National Coalition Government Union
of Burma- NCGUB) ac:pif+ydKiftpkd;& ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
NCGUB udk e,fpyfa'oodk@ xGuf ajy;wdrf;a&Smif vmaom a&G;
aumufcH jynfo@l v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdESifh KNU XmecsKyf rm
e,fyavma'owGif 1990 jynfEh Sp/f 'DZifbm 18 &ufae@Y pwifz@JG pnf;cJh
onf? tzGJ@udktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwDrS a'gufwmpdef0if;/ trsKd;om;
'Drkd ua&pDtzG@J csKyfrS OD;bdkvSwifh/ OD;oef;uG,f/ OD;jrifhatmif/ OD;0if;udk/
140
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
141
om;BuD;jrifhqef;atmif rdcifuk,
d pf m; qmcga&mhAq
f k vufcH,al epOf
142
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
143
jrefrmEdik fiw
H Gif jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOft&yf
&yfwiG f jynfh0pGm yg0ifqifE$JydkifcGifhr&Sd? vGwfvyfIw&m;r#waom a&G;
aumufyrJG Swqifh jyocJhaom vlxkqENudk wu,fav;pm;r_&Sd/ r&S?d w
&m;Oya'pd;k rdk;a&;udk jrifhwifjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfaom w&m;
pD&ifa&;rdKifwnfaxmifjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk xd
a&mufpmG tumtuG,fay;jcif;&S/d r&Sd ponfwk@d ukd urBmu ,ae@ apmifh
=unfhavhvmaeygonf?
trsKd;om;jyefvnfaygif;pnf;nDnw
G faomtcgY jrefrmEdkifolEidk fiH
om;wdk@onf vdkvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk taumiftxnf
azmfEdkiv
f drfhrnf[k usrtpOft+rJ,kH=unfxm;ygonf? umv=um&Snf
pGm cHpm;cJh=u&aom udk,fydkiftusKd;pD;yGm;udk cdkif+rJatmifumuG,f&ef
enf;y&d,m,frsm;xufydkI trSefw&m;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sad &;udk wefzdk;
xm;jcif;jzifh vdkvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfajrmuf
Edkifvdrfhrnf[k usrar#mfvifhygonf?
vl@tcGifhta&; odk@r[kwf 'Drdu
k a&pDta&;ESifh oufqidk faom qkcsD;
jrifhjcif;cH&onf[k od&Sd&onft
h cgwdkif;Y csucf si;f qdkovdyk if usr. t
awG;rsm;onf rdrw
d k@d ,=kH unfcsufrsm;twGuf trsK;d rsK;d tepfemcH=u/ pGef@
v$wfcaJh om &J&ifhwnf=unfvo
S nfh vkyaf zmfuidk zf ufrsm;xHok@d a&muf&dS
oGm;wwfygonf? rdrdwdk@Edkiif H. uH=urRmudk rdrdw@dk qkH;jzwfydkifcGifh &&Sda&;
twGu}f udK;yrf;aeaom jynfolvx
l kudkvnf; tpOfrjywf owd&vsuf
&Sdygonf? ,ae@csD;jrifhaomqkudk jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;rsm;ESifh vkyaf zmf
udkifzufrsm;udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHygonf?
usr. wdik ;f jynfEiS hf usrudk TuJho@dk *k%fjyKvdu
k af om tjynfjynf
qdki&f m vl@tcGit
hf a&;Oya'tzJ@G . aqmif&Gucf sufrsm;udk vGefpmG av;pm;
csD;rGrf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;I ed*kH;csKyfvdkuyf gonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
&efuek f
12/ arv/ 1992
144
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tcef; (5)
Edb
k ,fqck sD;jrichf &H
xdk@aemuf aemfa0EdkifiH atmfpvdk+rdK&Sd Edkb,fqkcsD;jrifha&; aumfr
wDu 1991 ckEpS t
f wGuf jidrf;csr;f a&;Edkb,fqu
k kd a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tm; csD;jrifha=umif; 1991 atmufwdkbm 14 wGif xkwfjyefa=unmcJh
onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &&Sdco
Jh nfhqkrsm;teuf +ird ;f csr;f a&; Edb
k ,f
qkonf tjrifhqkH;qkjzpfonf? qkcsD;jrifha&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u a':
atmifqef;pk=unf. owWo
d nf tm&SEikd if Hrsm;. txl;tHh=ozG,f/ cs;D usL;
zG,Of yrmrsm;xJrS wckjzpfygonf? olronf zdEydS cf sKyfcs,jf cif;rS vGwf
ajrmufa&;twGuf wdkuyf G0J ifaeaom t"du ta&;ygonfh ykH&yd w
f ckjzpf
ygonf? ,ck 1991 ckESpftwGuf +idrf;csr;f a&; Edkb,fqktm; a':atmif
qef;pk=unfudk csD;jrifh&if;/ urBmw0Srf;wGif 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;
rsm;twGuf +idrf;csr;f pGmwdkuyf 0JG ifae=uonfh jynfolrsm;tm; axmufcH
tm;ay;&efESihf olr. tvHrvSJ+idr;f csr;f a&; wdu
k yf 0JG ifr_rsm;udk *k%jf yKonfh
taejzifh Tqkukd cs;D jrihv
f ku
d yf gonf [lI qkH;jzwfcho
J nf? 1991 ckESpf/
'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@Y atmfpvdk+rdKawmfwGif usif;ycJhaom 1991
jidrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,fqkcsD;jrifhyo
GJ dk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf udk,fwkdif
rwufa&mufEkid fojzifh om;}uD;jzpfol jrifh qef;atmifu rdcifudk,pf m;
wufa&mufqk,cl Jh&onf?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
145
Nidrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqkwHqdyf
146
oef;0if;vIi
d f
Nidrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,f *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;vTm
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
147
148
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
149
ud,
k w
f nf; qef@usifco
Jh jl zpfygonf? Todk@aomowu
d kd rnfonft
h &m
u cHEdkifygrnfenf;? olrtm; rypf&ef aemufqHk;trdef@ay;vkdufol Adkvf
rSL;.pdwfxw
J Gif rnfok@d &dSygoenf;? olr.owdukd av;pm;Ivn;f jzpf
Edkiyf gonf? =urf;wrf;aomtiftm;jzifh rnfonft
h &mudrk # atmifjrifEidk f
rnfr[kwfonfudk ,if;yk*~dKvfu oabmaygufIvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf?
t=urf;zufr_. tqk;d 0g;qH;k aom &efoo
l nf t=urf;zufr_yifjzpfI
,if;wkd@udk wdkuzf suf&mwGif a=umuf&HG r_uif;rJhjcif;onf txufjrufq;Hk
vufeufjzpfygonf? olr.tm;usz,
G &f m &JprG ;f owad =umifh atmifqef;
pk=unfonf *ENDESifh zcifjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uJhodk@ =oZmwduUr
}u;D rm;vSaomoauFw. trSwt
f om;tjzpfo@kd a&muf&v
Sd mjcif; jzpf
ygonf? Adv
k fcsKyaf tmifqef;onf 4if;. vGwv
f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G f
r_rsm; rjyD;jywfao;rD vkyf=uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&ygonf? Todk@ ol&Jabm
a=umifpGmvkyfaqmifjcif;/ AdkvfcsKyaf tmifqef;tm; jrefrmhEkid if aH &; jzpfpOf
xJrS z,f&mS ;Edik frnf[k vkyf=uHowfjzwfolrsm;u ,lqcJhygv#if wuf
wufpifvrJG mS ;r_omjzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vGwv
f yfaom
jrefrmjynfoltwGuf pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr.
_ oabmjzpfvmjyD; vGwv
f yf
aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk aqmif&GuEf ikd &f ef ,ckwku
d yf 0JG if}udK;yrf;aeolrsm;
tm; pdwf"gwfwufuGaponfh yk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfvmygawmhonf? Todk@
erlemxm;p&m/ pdw"f gwfwufp&mtjyif jynfolvlxpk dwfEv
S ;Hk wGif Adv
k f
csKyfatmifqef; &,lxm;onfhae&ma=umifh 4if;aoqHk;jyD; ESpfaygif; 40
ausmft=umwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf EdkifiHa&; pwifvyk fudkif&ef vdk
tyfaomtajccHukd &&dSEidk fchyJ gonf? olronf zcif.tarGtESpfukd quf
cHcjhJ yD; ,cktcg olrudk,w
f idk f jrefrmjynfwiG o
f mrubJ tm&Swu
dk f wcGif
vHk;ESifh tjcm;urBmhae&m tESH@tjym;wGif t=urf;zufr_udk awmfvSefI
vGwfvyfaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnfaxmif&ef oauFwjzpfaeygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf. &JpGrf;owdESifh jrifhrm;aomar#mfrSef;csufwdk@
onf us aemfw@dk wiG f&aSd om taumif;qH;k pGr;f &nfudk ay:xGuv
f mrnf[k
usaemfw@kd uo
Jh @kd aom omrefy*k dK~ vfw@kd cpH m;=uonf[k usaemf,=kH unfyg
150
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
151
152
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
153
154
oef;0if;vIi
d f
aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ tvGv
J GJtrSm;rSm;jzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ESihf wefzdk;r&dS
aomusyfaiGwdk@ESifh &ifqdkifae&aom jrefrmtpd;k &onf rdrw
d dk@ jyKvkyfcJh
onfhtwdkif; cHpm;ae&onfrSm oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkyg?
od@k aomfvnf; vuf&dStm%m& tpdk;&usqHk;oGm;jcif;onf pD;yGm;
a&; vHk;0+ydKus ysufjym;oGm;&aoma=umifh rjzpfygapESifh[k usaemf av;
eufpGm ar#mfvifyh gonf? ,ckESpt
f wGuf qka=ujimpOf Edkb,faumfrwD
u azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; vl@tajccH*k%mw&m;t& yef=um;xm;
onfudk tm%m&tpd;k &u *kjyKaumif; jyKrdygvrd rhf nf? zdEydS cf sKyfcs,fI
a=umuf&HG xdwfvef@atmifjyKvkyfaeaom vuf&dSvrf;pOfrsm;onf jref
rmh Ak'<bmomtpOftvm. rGejf rwfaomudk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk csKd;
azmufaejcif;jzpfonf[k,lqum &GHrkef;aeolrsm;vnf; ppftpdk;&tzGJ@
wGif yg&dSa=umif; usaemfoyd gonf? TonfrSm tcsnf;ESD; ud,
k fvdk&m
ud,
k q
f jJG yD; awG;ac: jcif;r[kwb
f J usaemfrh cd ifuk,
d fwidk f tm%mtqih&f Sd
yk*dK~ vrf sm;ESihf xdawG@qufqH&if; &&dv
S maom,H=k unfry_ ifjzpfygonf? ppf
r_xrf;rsm;ESifh 4if;wd@k rdom;pkrsm;om t"dutm;jzifh aexdkifaom rJqEN
e,fajrrsm;wGif olr.ygwD tEdik f&&do
S nfrSmvnf; Ttcsufudk xif&Sm;
pGm om"ujyjcif;yifjzpfygonf? tm%mydkirf sm;xJrS ,if;wd@k r#wvdkaom/
oifjh rwfvakd om yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u jrefrmjynf. tvdt
k yfq;kH aom tcsed u
f m
vY 4if;wdk@.cHpm;csurf sm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf tusKd;oufa&mufr_
&dSEkid f&ef vkyfEdkifygap[k usaemfav;eufpmG qENjyKygonf?
usaemfh rdcifom ,ae@ vGwfvyfaeygu vl}uD;rif;rsm;ukd aus;Zl;
wif&adS =umif; ajymqdk&if; zdESyd o
f El Sifh zdEydS cf Hae&olwk@d onf 4if;wd@k . vuf
eufrsm;udk pGe@f vw
$ I
f twlwuGy;l aygi;f um jird ;f csrf;a&;pdw"f gwef iS hf uk
%mw&m;wd@k tay:wGif tajccHaom wdik ;f jynfukd wnfaqmufapEdik &f ef
twGufyg qkawmif;ay;yg&ef vl}uD;rif;wd@k tm; yef=um;rnf[k usaemf
odygonf?
usaemhfrcd iftm; 'Drku
d a&pDtajymif;tvJrsm;udk jird ;f csr;f aomenf;
vrf;jzifh&,lvadk om EdkifiHa&;twdkut
f cH[k r=umc% xkwfazmfajym
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
155
156
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
157
1991 ckESpt
f wGuf Edkb,fvfjidrf;csrf;a&;qk usrudkay;tyf&ef qHk;
jzwfvu
kd af =umif; usr yxr=um;od&aomtcgwGif csufcsi;f jzpfay:vm
aomcHpm;csufrsm;rSm av;eufaomed0gwpdwfESifh txl;aus;Zl;wifr_
wd@k yifjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkiif HwiG f 'Dru
kd a&pD&&d&S ef }uKd ;yrf;tm;xkwf wdkuf
yGJ0ifae=uolrsm;. tepfemcHr_ESihf qif;&J'kuQcHpm;&r_rsm;a=umifhom
usrudk Todk@*k%fjyKjcif;jzpfonfukd od&dS&ojzifh rk'dwmw&m; yGm;rsm;
&jcif; jzpfygonf? Todk@ }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf wdkufyGJ0ifae=uonfudk vl
}u;D rif;rsm;u todtrSwjf yKjcif;jzifh 'Dru
dk a&pDwu
dk yf u
JG kd tvGet
f zdk;wef
vSaom taxmuftyHhay;vdu
k o
f nft
h wGuf vGefpmG rSyif aus;Zl;wifrd
ygonf?
usrwd@k . pkaygif;}udK;yrf;r_wGif yg0ifolrsm;tm;vH;k udk,fpm; Tqk
}uD;udk vufcH&,la=umif; usrom;}uD; tvufZENm;(jrifhqef;atmif)
u ajym=um;cJo
h nfrmS usr.cHpm;csufukd wdwu
d susazmfjyjcif;yif jzpfyg
onf? usrwd@k jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;rsm;. ta&;udk *kjyKa=umif; jyo
onft
h wGuf usr vdu
_ v
f u
_d v
f JS vSJ aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajymvdyk gonf?
usr&&dSaomqkaiGrsm;jzifh jrefrmjynfynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;
bmwnfaxmif&efvnf; usrcifyGef; rdkufu,ftJ&pftm; ajym=um;
xm;ygonf? usrudk,w
f dik f ,if;bmxdef;tzG@J udk tjynft
h 0 }uD;=uyf
Edkirf nfh tcsed u
f mvrwdkirf D Tbmxde;f vkyif ef;ESiq
hf ikd faom Oya'a&;
&mudpP&yfrsm;tm;vH;k udk usrcifyeG f; tm; usrud,
k pf m; aqmif&u
G fyidk cf iG hf
ay;xm;ygonf?
usrtaeESiahf jym&rnfqydk gu usrom;}u;D u aemfa0;jynfojl ynf
om;rsm;ta=umif;/ cspfcif&if;ESD;pGm aEG;axG;aomarwmpdwfjzifh ajym
=um;oGm;onfudk =um;odvdkuf&onfhtwGufvnf; usr rsm;pGm ESpf
ouf=unfE;l rdygonf? qkay;yGt
J crf;tem;udk =unfE;l zG,f&m/ rarhEikd f
zG,&f mjzpf&yftaejzifh txl;ojzifh wufa&muf=uaom jrefrmrsm; t
wGuf jyKvyk af y;&ef }uKd ;pm;aqmif&u
G fay;=uonfrsm;udk =um;od&aom
tcgwGif usrpdwv
f _yf&Sm;&onftxd =unfEl;rdcJhygonf?
158
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
159
tcef; (6)
trsKd;om;nDvmcH
1990 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyJw
G Gif tjywftowftEdkif&&Scd Jhaom t
rsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf ppftpdk;&tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;&ef
t}udrf}udrfawmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; vHk;0vufrcHbJ y,fcscho
J nf?
xd@k aemuf ppftpd;k &onf 1993 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v
D 9 &ufae@wiG f zG@J
pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'a&;qGEJ ikd af &;twGuf twkta,mif trsK;d om;nDvm
cHudk pwifusif;ycJo
h nf?
,if;nDvmcHodk@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@OuUX OD;atmifa&$onf
e0w pDpOfxm;onft
h wdkif; cGJwrf;usOD;a&jzifh twkta,miftrsKd;om;
nDvmcHudk yg0ifwufa&muf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf? Todk@jzifh OD;atmifa&$
OD;aqmifaom NLD rS jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (86) OD;onf
e0w. trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufch=J uonf? ppftpd;k &tm; jyef
vnf wkef@jyefwu
dk fy0GJ ifEkid pf rG ;f tajctaer&So
d nfhtwGuf ar#mvdu
k af e
ovdk jzpfc&Jh onf?
e0wppftpdk;&onf trsK;d om;nDvmcH. OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yf/ t
cef;vdkufacgi;f pOf (15) ck/ tajccH&rnfrh l (104) csuu
f kd nDvmcHu,
kd pf m;
vS,frsm;tm; twif;csrw
S fcdkif;cJhonf?
pifppf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkonfrSm wdkif;jynf. toufjzpfo
vd/k tajccHtkwjf rpfvnf;jzpfonf? zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf jynfwiG ;f
ppfr;D udk ydkjyD;awmufavmufoGm;apEdkifouJo
h dk@ ESpfaygif; 60 awmuf
avmifaeaom jynfwGif;ppfrD;udkvnf; tuket
f pifjidrf;owfay;Edik fpGrf;
&Syd gonf? zGJ@pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'onf Edik fio
H m;wOD;pD wOD;pDwidk f;. udk,f
a&;vHjk cHKr/_ 'Dru
dk a&pDEiS fh vl@tcGit
fh a&;wkd@udk tjynfht0tmrcHEidk fonfh
taetxm;udk zefwD;ay;EdkifouJhokd@ EdkifiHom;wOD;pD/ wOD;pDwdkif;.
uH=urRmudk v_yfvdk@r&atmif wkyfaESmifcsKyfwnf;xm;EdkifpGrf;vnf; &Sdyg
onf?
xd@k a=umifh TzGJ@pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'twGuf tajccHrlrsm;csrw
S fjcif;/
160
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
161
'Dru
dk a&pDtajccHrlrsm;ESifh rudu
k fnDr_rsm;tay: nDvmcHtwGif; wifjy
aqG;aEG;cJhaomfvnf; e0wtpdk;&onf av;pm;vdkufemjcif;r&Sdacs?
xkpd OftwGif; 1995 ckEpS /f Zlvidk fv 10 &ufae@wiG f a':atmifqef;pk
=unftm; Oya'rJhtus,fcsKyfjzifh xdef;odrf;zrf;qD;xm;&mrS jyefvnf
v$wfay;cJhonf? a':atmif qef;pk=unfonf vGwfajrmufvmvmcsif;
,m,DOuUXtjzpfaqmif&u
G af eonfh OD;atmifa&$/ ygwrD v
l OuUX OD;wif
OD;/ OD;=unfarmifwdk@tygt0if tzJ@G csKyf tr_aqmifvl}uD;rsm;ESifh ndE_id f;
aqG;aEG;r_rsm;vkyfaqmifovd/k zdzk &Jjzpfaeonfh ygwpD nf;Hk;a&;ESifh wnf
aqmufa&;udpPrsm;udk pepfwus jyefvnfwGef;wifEdkifa&;/ tzGJ@csKyf t
wGif; pdwf"gwf=uH@cdkifjrifhrm;a&;rsm;udk +rdKe,ftzGJ@csKyfk;H rsm;txd tESH@
oGm;I tm;ay;pnf;H;k v_@H aqmfru
_ dk qufwu
kd v
f yk af qmifcho
J nft
h wGuf
tzGJ@csKyftwGif; jyefvnfv_yf&Sm; Edk;=um;tm;opfvmcJhonf? tzGJ@csKyf
qufvuf&yfwnf wnf&aSd &;udkyJ aZmif;ay;vkyaf qmifvmcJh&ovdk &yf
wnfvkyfaqmifvmcJhonfh OD;atmifa&$ukyd if tzGJ@csKyfOuUXtjzpf quf
vufae&may;xm;onf?
xdk@aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf if;. jcHa&Sw&m;yGJrsm;udk
tywfpOfrysuf azmfaqmifEkid fcJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. xuf
jrufonhft&nftaoG;/ wnf=unfckid frmonfh t&Sde=f oZmrsm;a=umifh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfjcHa&Sw&m;a[majymyGrJ sm;onf vlx=k um; a&yef;
pm;cJhovkd/ vlxk}uD;. ,Hk=unfcspfcifr_udkvnf; &,leidk fcJhonf[k qdk&
ayrnf?
Tod@k jzifh tzG@J csKyfonf vlx=k um;Y/ jynfwiG ;f jynfyY a&yef;tpm;
qH;k / vlxkaxmufcHrt
_ &qH;k tzGJ@}uD;tjzpf qufvufay:vGif xif&Sm;cJh
onf? tzGJ@csKyfonf awG@qkaH qG;aEG;a&;/ 90 jynfhEpS fa&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd
av;pm;vdkufema&;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf nded_if;
aqmif&GufoGm;a&;rsm;udk e0wppftpdk;&xH awmufavsmufwifjy
awmif;qdck aJh omfvnf; ppftpdk;&. qef@usifzufwek @f jyefrr_ sm;udo
k m &&Sd
cJhonf?
162
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
163
trsKd;orD;xl;cRefq&k &Sd
xdkpOftwGif; e,l;a,muftajcpdkuf rpf (Ms) r*~Zif;rS 1995 ck
ESpt
f wGuf trsKd;orD;xl;c|eq
f k (12) qka&G;cs,fc&Jh wGif a':atmifqef;pk
=unfyg0ifcJhonf?
acgif;jzwfjyD;ud,
k ,
f l
e0wppftpd;k &onf trsK;d om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd acgi;f jzwfjyD;
ud,
k ,
f l qdo
k nfh enf;AsL[mrsK;d udk wd;k jri u
hf sio
hf ;kH um OD;aqmifol xdyyf ik d ;f
tqifhESifh atmufajcpnf;Hk;a&; tqifhqifht=um; tquftpyfrJh
atmif v_y&f Sm;r_r&&Sdatmif tpDtpOf&d&S dw
S k;d jrifh vkyfaqmifvmcJhonf?
164
oef;0if;vIi
d f
om"utm;jzifh ygwq
D ikd f;bkwrf sm;jzKwcf sjcif;/ qdki;f bkwv
f ufcw
H ifxm;
onfhtrd f&Sifrsm;udk qufvufrwif0Hhap&ef enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh [ef@wm;/ +cdrf;
ajcmuf/ zdtm;ay;jzKwfcscdkif;jcif;/ tzGJ@csKyf0ifa&Saersm;/ q&m0efrsm;udk
a&Saevdu
k cf iG hEf Sifh aq;ukocGirfh &&Sdap&eftwGuf vdkifpifyk o
f rd ;f jcif;/ t
zG@J 0ifrsm;.rdom;pk0ifrsm; Xmeqdik &f m0efxrf;rsm;jzpfaeygu rdom;pk0if
rsm;udk jcdr;f ajcmufzdtm;ay;I tzG@J csKyf0iftjzpfrS Ekwfxu
G cf ikd ;f jcif;/ tzG@J
csKyf0ifrsm;udk trsKd;pHt
k a=umif;&SmI rw&m;zrf;qD;ta&;,ljcif;/ yk'fxD;
yk'frrsKd;pHkwyfI ESpf &Snfaxmifrsm;csrSwfjcif; ponfwdk@udk ,kwfrm
aumufuspfpGm jyKvkyfvmcJhonf?
twdu
k t
f cdu
k cf &H
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ygwpD nf;H;k a&;c&D;pOfrsm;tay: Yvnf;
ay:ay:xifxif taESmifht,SufjyK [ef@wm; wm;jrpfcJhjyD; ppftpdk;&zGJ@
pnf;xm;onfh vufuidk fwkwf cg;ydkufaqmiftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh =uHcdkif
a&;toif;0ifrsm;udt
k oH;k jyKum touftE&m,fjyKonftxd ajymif
ajymifwif;wif; zdESdyaf pmfum;vmcJo
h nf?
Edkiif Ha&;ygwDonf jynfolvlxk.vkdvm;csufESifhqENudk nDnw
G f pk
pnf;r_jyKEdkiaf &;twGuf EdkifiHa&;t& pepfwus zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh tzGJ@
tpnf;wckjzpf&m EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yfonf 'Drdkua&pDuk d rSefuefpGm usifh
oHk;EdkifcGifhESifh jynfolvlxkudk ppfrSefpmG udk,fpm;jyKcGifh&&Sd&ef vdt
k yfay
onf? xdk@jyif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf t&Snfojzifh wnfwnfjidrfjidrf cdkif
rmpGm &yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf pnf;Hk;a&;pGrf;&nfrsm;tay: wnfrSDae
aoma=umifh EdkifiaH wmftwGif; vGwv
f yfpGm pnf;Hk;v_y&f Sm;cGifh &&Sd&rnf
jzpfonf?
1996 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv 9 &ufae@wGif ygwDpnf;H;k a&;c&D;pOftjzpf
c&D;xGufpOf a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh 'kOuUX ol&OD;wifOD;/ 'kOuUX OD;
=unfarmifwdk@ pD;eif;vdu
k fygcJhonfhum;udk =uHzG@H v&l rf;um; 200 ausmf
u wkwf/ "m;/ ausmufcJvufeufrsm;pGmudkifjyD; &efukef+rdKv,facgif A
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
165
166
oef;0if;vIi
d f
vsu)f trsKd;om;'Drku
d a&pDtzG@J csKyu
f uruxjyK OD;aqmifum jynfo@l
v$wfawmfu,
dk pf m;jyKaumfrwDudk atmifjrifpmG zGJ@pnf;Edik cf jJh cif; jzpfonf?
pwifzJ@G pnf;pOfu jynfol@v$waf wmfu,
dk fpm;jyKaumfrwD0ifrsm;rSm
(1) OD;atmifa&$
- OuUX
(2) OD;oef;xGef;
- twGif;a&;rSL; (1)
(3) OD;at;omatmif
- twGif;a&;rSL; (2)
(4) ol&OD;wifOD;
- tzG@J 0if
(5) a':atmifqef;pk=unf
- tzG@J 0if
(6) OD;vGif
- tzG@J 0if
(7) OD;vSaz
- tzG@J 0if
(8) OD;pdk;jrifh
- tzG@J 0if
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
167
168
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
169
vGwv
f yfa&;qk
2000 jynfhESp/f rwfv 18 &ufae@wGif tdki,
f mvefEdkiif H 'Avif+rdK
wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 'Avif+rdKawmf. vGwfvyfa&;qk
udk *k%fjyKcsD;jrifhcJhonf? qkudk ol@udk,fpm; om;i,fxdefvif; ac: uif
tJ&pfu qkvufc,
H cl ho
J nf? *k%jf yKrSww
f rf;v$m;tm; a':atmifqef;pk
=unf udk,fwdkifwufa&mufvufrSwfa&;xd;k Edkifonht
f csdeftxd apmifh
qdkif;xm;rnfjzpfonf? awmiftmz&duorRwa[mif; ref'Jvm;tm;
qkcs;D jrifhcpJh Ofuvnf; tvm;wl udk,fwidk fvufrSwfa&;xdk;Edkifonftxd
rSwfwrf;v$mwGif csefvSyfxm;cJhzl;onf? tqdkygqkudk tar&dueforRw
a[mif;rsm;jzpf=uonfh *|eftufzu
f ae'D/ bDvu
f vifwef/ 'kw&d ajrmuf
ykw&f [ef;rif;}uD; *|efaygvfESifh rmomx&Dqmwdk@tm; qkcsD;jrifhcJhjyD;jzpf
170
oef;0if;vIi
d f
onf?
*kPjf yKaw;
c&pf 2000 jynfEh SpftwGuf tdik f,mvefEdkifi/H +rdKawmf 'Avif tkyf
csKyfa&;tzGJrSay;tyfonfh +rdKawmf*k%fx;l aqmifqk a':atmifqef;pk
=unfESifh yl;wGJ&&SdcJhol a&mcfhaw;oH&Sif bdkEdkESifhtzGJ@rS a':atmifqef;pk
=unftm; *k%fjyKpyfqdkxm;onfh Walk On aw;oDcsif;udk 2002 ckESpf/
azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufae@Y tar&duefjynfaxmifpk *&rfraD w;*Dw
qkay;yGJwiG f taumif;qH;k qkcsD;jrifhcHcJh&onf?
'kw,
d tBudrf aetdrt
f us,fcsKyf
2000 jynfhESp/f =o*kwv
f (24) &ufae@wiG f 'kwd,OuUX ol&OD;wif
OD;/ &efukew
f idk f; pnf;H;k aumfrwDOuUX ocifp;kd jrif/h &efuek w
f ikd f; pnf;H;k a&;
tzGJ0if a'gufwmrsKd;atmif/ tzGJcsKyfvli,f(16) OD; ,mOfarmif; ESpfOD;
tygt0if wdk@ESifhtwl &efukew
f zufurf; 'v+rdKrSwqifh &efukew
f dkif;/
uGrf;jcHukef;+rdKESifh aumhrSL;+rdKrsm;od@k pnf;H;k a&;udpPrsm; aqmif&u
G f&ef
&efuek f+rdKyef;qd;k wef;qdyfurf;rSwqifh c&D;xGu&f ef pDpOfch&J m yef;qd;k wef;
qdyu
f rf;wGif wem&DcJcG ef@ tm%mydik rf sm;rS ydwq
f @kd xm;cJhjyD;rS wzufurf;
okdhul;cGifh&cJhonf? 'v+rdKodk@ a&muf&Sdonft
h cg }udKwifapmifhqdkif;ae
onfh tzGJ@csKyfum;ESpfpD;jzifh uGrf;jcHukef;odk@ c&D;xGufvmpOf 'v+rdKrS
txGuf (3) rdkifcefhta&muf usefppfom;&yfuu
G fwGif tm%mydik frsm;rS
a&Sc&D;rqufEidk f&ef twif;t"rRyw
d fqdk@wm;jrpfxm;ojzifh tqdkyg ae
&mYyif c&D;qufxGufEkid fonftxd tajccsapmifhqdkif;aecJh&m (9) &uf
ajrmufae@jzpfonfh pufwifbmv (1) &ufn 11;15 em&DwiG f &Jwyfz@JG ESihf
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tiftm; 300 ausmfu a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh
tzGJ@tm; 0ifa&mufp;D eif;jyD; twif;t=uyfzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifac:aqmifjy;D
&efuek +f rdKod@k jyefy@kd I 2000 jynfEh pS /f pufwifbmv 1 &ufae@rS 14 &uf
ae@txd 'kwd,aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzifh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;jcif; cHcJh&
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
171
onf?
wwd,tBudrf aetdrt
f us,fcsKyf
xdk@aemuf 2000 jynfhESpf/ pufwifbm 20 &ufae@wiG f 'kwd,OuUX
OD;wifO;D ESiht
f wl tzG@J 0ifrsm;vdu
k fygvsuf tzG@J csKyv
f _yf&Sm;r_r&Sdeidk &f ef ydwf
yifwm;qD;r_rsm;/ tzG@J csKyf ;kH rsm;ydwfapjcif;/ qdik ;f bkwfrsm;csapjcif;rsm;udk
pHpk rf;avhvm&ef yxrc&D;pOftjzpf naerD;&xm;jzifh rEav;od@k oGm;
a&muf&ef pDpOfcJh&m rD;&xm;vufrSwfukefaeonf[k ta=umif;jyI
vufrw
S fa&mif;ray;bJ aemufwae@ eHeufapmapm 2000 jynfEh pS /f puf
wifbm 22 &ufae@wiG f &efuek fbw
l m}u;D rS t"rRaetdrjf yefy@kd jyD; wwd,
t}udrf aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzifh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif; cHcJh&jyefonf?
jyefvnfvGwaf jrmuf
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrftus,fcsKyftjzpf 1 ESpf 5 v
14 &ufuscHcJh&jyD;aemuf 2002 ckESpf/ arv 6 &ufae@wGif aetdrf t
us,cf sKyfrS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJo
h nf?
vGwaf jrmufvmjy;D aemuf 0g&Sifwefy@dk po
f wif;pmwGif yl;wGx
J w
k af 0
onfh Parade owif;pHrk *~Zif;wGif jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pDrcd if}uD; a':atmifqef;
172
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
173
174
oef;0if;vIi
d f
*kPjf yKcsD;jriyhf JG
aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS vGwfajrmufjyD; &ufydkif;twGif;rSmyif 2002
ckEpS /f arv 23 &ufae@Y Akdvrf LS ;atmif (&Jabmfo;kH usyd )f OD;aqmifaeonfh
0g&ifEh idk if aH &;orm;}u;D rsm;u aetdrt
f us,cf sKyrf S vGwaf jrmufvmaom
a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 0g&ifhEidk fiHa&;orm;}uD;ocifodef;az (0g;c,f
r) aetdrfwGif *k%fjyKyGu
J sif;yI yef;uHk;pGyf*k%fjyKum a&Squf aqmif
&Guf&rnfh 'Drkdua&pDa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;umv
twGif; t*Fvdyef ,fcsJwd@k tm; wdu
k cf u
dk &f mwGif Adv
k fcsKyfatmifqef; udkif
pGcJ Jhaom oHk;a&mifjc,fa'gif;tvHESihf zufqpf*syefwdk@tm; wdu
k fcdkuf&m
wGif udik pf cGJ ho
J nfh teDa&mifatmufcHaxmifhwiG f =u,fjzLwyfxm;aom
tvHwk@d udk trSwfw&ay;tyfcJhonf?
*kPx
f ;l aqmifyg&*lbUJG csD;jrichf &H
2002 ckEpS f/ arv 25 &ufae@wiG f usi;f yonfh tar&duefjynf
axmifp/k e,l;a,muf+rdK&Sd bmhofaumvdyf. (142) }urd fajrmuf bGJESi;f
obiftcrf;tem;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; *k%fxm;aqmif yg&*l
bGJ@udk csD;jrifhtyfESi;f cJhonf? tvm;wl 0g&iS fwef'DpD&Sd tar&duef wuU
odkv.
f 1996 ckESpf aqmif;&moDbGJ@EiS f;obif tcrf;tem;Yvnf; a':
atmifqef;pk=unftm; *k%fxl;aqmifyg&*lbGJ@ csD;jrifhcJhz;l onf?
a':vmwpfoef;wef vGwv
f yfaompdw"f gwfqk
tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k Sd z&D;'rf;zd&k rftzG@J }uD; (Freedom Forum
Foundation) uvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vGwfvyfaom pdwf
"gwfqk csD;jrifhay;cJhonf? av[kefpD;ysHuGae[ef tawmifyHESpfckyg
kyfwkESifh qkaiGtar&duefa':vmwpfoef;udk cs;D jrifhcjJh cif;jzpfonf? t
qdkygqkonf jynfolvlxk.ESvHk;om;wGif pGJrufavmufatmif owd
ajymifajrmufpmG v_yf&mS ;aqmif&u
G folrsm;tm; a&G;cs,af y;tyfonfq
h k
jzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;vnf; 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
175
a&;ESifh vl@tcGit
fh a&;&&S&d eftwGuf vGwv
f yfonfhpw
d "f mwfjzifh t=urf;
rzufbJ }udK;pm;v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufonfrsm;udk *k%fjyKonft
h aejzifh
qkcsD;jrifhcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k qka&G;cs,faumfrwDu a=unmcJh onf?
atoif Edik if w
H um 'Dru
kd a&pDqk
2002 ckESpfonf a':aqmifqef;pk=unftwGuf qktrsm;qHk;&&Sd
aomESp[
f k qd&k ayrnf? 2002 ckEpS f/ pufwifbmv 20 &ufae@wGif
*&dEkid fiH atoif+rdKawmfrS atoifEdkifiHwum'Drdkua&pDqk (Athens
International Prize for Democracy) &&SdcJhonf? qktjzpf 'Drkdua&pDzcifjuD;
Pedicles . udk,fwydki;f yHkkyw
f kwpfckEiS fh Honorary Citizen of Athens [k
pmwrf;a&;xd;k xm;onfh a&$wq
H dyfwckjzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf
onf tqdkygqk&&Sdonfh urBmhyxrqHk;yk*~dKvfjzpfygonf?
2002 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 16 &ufae@wGifvnf; jyifopfeidk fiHyg&D+rdKY
a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ,leufpudktzGJ@}uD;. onf;cHpdwf&Snfr_ESifh
t=urf;rzufr_jrifhwifa&;qdkif&m Madanjeel Singh qk csD;jrihfcH&onf?
tqdkygonf qkaiGa':vmwpfodef;yg&do
S nf?
2002 ckEpS ftwGuf pDteftef (CNN) EdkifiHwumowif;Xme.
tm&Sa'o owif;ta&;}uD;qH;k xdyw
f ef;owif; 10 yk'fwGif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfaetdrftus,fcsKyfrS vGwfajrmufvmonfh owif;yg&SdcJh
onf? tjcm;owif;rsm;rSm tif'ekd D;&Sm;Edik fiH bmvDu|ef;wGif AH;k cGcJ &H onfh
owif;/ ta&SwDarmEdkifio
H pf ay:xGef;vmonfhowif;/ ygupPwefwiG f
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;rS t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;odk@ ajymif;vJvmonfhowif;/
wkwjf ynfY acgif;aqmiftajymif;tvJowif;/ ud&k D;,m;u|e;f qG,f
wif;rmr_owif;rsm;yif jzpfygonf?
jAdwed fEdkifiHrS xkwv
f $ifhaeonfh BBC rsuaf rSmufa&;&mtpDtpOfrS
jAdwdefEdkifiH aomw&Sifrsm;. qENrJay;onfh tpDtpOfwGif *k%fxl;
aqmif jAdwdefEkid fiHom;tjzpf Edkiif HwumrS yk*~dKvfrsm;xJrS rnfol@tm;
ay;rnfenf; [lonfh qENrpJ pfwrf;wGif aomw&Sif (51) &mcdkifE_ef;u
176
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
177
tcef; (7)
'Dy,
J if; vkyMf uHowfjzwfrI
2003 ckESp/f arvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;ESifh NLD t
zGJ@0ifrsm; ppfudkif;wdik f;odk@ pnf;Hk;a&;c&D; oGm;a&mufcJhonf? xdkc&D;pOf
twGif; arv 30 &ufae@wGif a&$bkdcdkif/ 'DyJ,if;+rdKteD; us&D GmY etz
Y ppftpdk;&apcdkif;csut
f & ,if;wd@k vufyg;aprsm;u acsmif;ajrmif; wdkuf
cdkucf Jh=uonf? 'DyJ,if;vky=f uHowfjzwfr_Y t=urf;zufcHc&Jh ol a':nGef@
nGe@f u xdpk Ofu tjzpftysuu
f kd atmufygtwdik ;f tao;pdwf rSwrf o
d r#
jyefvnfajymjycJhavonf?
arv 30 &ufae@reuf 9 em&D rH&k Gm+rdK NLD H;k a&SrSm a':atmif
qef;pk=unfu wufa&mufvmcJw
h hJ vlxyk &dwo
f wfudk rdef@cGe;f ajym=um;
ygw,f? rdef@cGe;f ajymjyD; jyeftxGufrSm vlxku a':pke@J vdkujf yD; ol@&Jrdef@
cGef;awGudk vdkufem;axmifcsifw,fvdk@ ajymw,f? tJ'DrSmyJ =uHzGH@eJ@prG f;
tm;&SifawG aemufu xyfvdkufwmawG@&ygw,f? tJ'Dwke;f u rHk&Gm+rdK
xJrSm yHrk SefomG ;vmaewJhum;awGvnf; rawG@&awmhbl;? usrwdk@tkypf k
awG&Jum;eJ@ =uHzGH@&Jum;awGyJ &Sdygw,f?
ae@v,f 1 em&DavmufrSm a':pku bkwvif+rdKu vlxkeJ@ awG@
qHkjyD; E_wfceG f;qufpum;ajymcJhygw,f? jyD;awmh NLD vli,ftzGJ@udk zGJ@
pnf;ay;cJhygw,f? usrwdk@ pdkif;jyifuaexGufvmawmh n 7 em&D xdk;
aeygjyD? tJ'u
D aexGuv
f mjyD; rdepf 20avmufrmS yJ usrwd@k us&D mG a&muf
vmw,f? tJ'D&GmrSm a':pku tJ'&D Gmem;w0du
k frSmae=uwJh &Gmom;awG
udk E_wfcGe;f qufpum; tenf;i,fajymygw,f? tcsdefuvnf; aemuf
usaejyDjzpfv@kd a':pku rde@f cGe;f rajymawmhb;l vdk@ awmif;yefpum; ajym
cJhygw,f? 'DyJ,if;+rdKudkvnf; tcsderf Da&mufz@dk ukad wmh usrwdk@awG tJ'D
&Gmuae jyefxGufvmcJh=uygw,f?
xGufvmjyD;odyfr=umbl; usrwdk@&Jum;wef;udk armfawmfqdkif
u,fwpD; a&mufvmjyD; &Gmom;awGudk du
k af ewJhta=umif; vmajymyg
w,f? a':pkudk}udKqdkz@dk apmifhae=uwJh uav;/ rdef;rtygt0if &Gmom;
178
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
179
180
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
181
182
oef;0if;vIi
d f
wyf&if; {nfh&dyo
f mwGifwpf}udrf/ rif;bl;+rdK&Sd ppfwyf{nfh&dyfomwGif wpf
}urd &f yfem;jyD;aemuf ZGev
f (2) &ufae@ eHeuf 8 em&D 20 rdepfwiG f tif;pdef
axmifodk@ ydk@aqmifxde;f odrf;jcif; cHcJh&onf? ZGefv 24 &ufae@txd
tif;pdeaf xmiftwGi;f &Sd tdrif ,fwpfvk;H wGif xde;f odrf;xm;cJhonf? ZGev
f
24 &ufae@wiG f tif;pdefaxmifrS &JreG w
f yfpcef;&Sd &Jacgi&f yd fomod@k ajymif;
a&$xm;cJ&h mrS pufwifbmv 16 &ufae@wiG f a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf
trsK;d orD;a&m*gjzpfyGm;cJh&m aq;Hkwufa&mufcGJpdwu
f ko&ef vdktyfI
&efukef+rdK tm&Sawmif0ifaq;Hkodk@ wifydk@cJhonf? aq;Hw
k Gif rD;,yfESifh
om;zGm;qdkif&ma&m*gukd cGpJ w
d fukor_cH,ljyD;aemuf Edik fiHwum. zdtm;
ay;r_a=umifh ppftpdk;&onf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; pufwifbm
v23 &ufae@wiG f oufqikd &f mq&m0ef}uD;rsm;u aq;Hrk q
S if;cGihjf yKaom
tcg aetdrfodk@jyefydk@I pwkwt}udrfaetdrftus,fcsKyfjzifh xdef;odrf;
xm;cJhonf? 2004 ckESpf/ arv 20 &ufae@wGif ukvor*~ txl; udk,f
pm;vS,f tDb&m*rfbm&Donf aetdrftus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;cH&aom
a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS fh oGm;a&mufawG@qkcH Jhonf? owif;pm&Sif;vif;
yGJY ppftpkd;&u owif;axmufrsm;tm; if;.vHkjcHKa&;t& aetdrfwiG f
acwaexdkif&ef uef@owfxm;jcif;omjzpfygonf[k ajym=um;cJhaomf
vnf; 2004 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm 27 &ufae@wGif 1975 ckEpS w
f Gif jymef;I/
1991 wGif jyifqifxkwfjyefcJhonfh EdkifiHawmftm; aESmifh,Suf zsuf
qD;vdkorl sm;. ab;tE&m,frS umuG,af pmifha&SmufonfhOya' yk'fr
10 (c) jzifh jypf'%fcsrSwfcJhonf?
rnfonfh&mZ0wfr_ukrd # usL;vGejf cif;r&Syd gbv
J suf zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f
jcif;cHvku
d f&I jzpfay:vmaom epfemqHk;_;H r_onf vlwa,muftzd@k T
r#xuf}u;D rm;aom epfemqH;k _;H r_[I
l r&SEd idk af y? xdk@jyif ,if;od@k xde;f odr;f
cHvdkuf&onfhtwGuf xdky*k ~dKvf. yk*~vdu vGwfvyfrv
_ nf; qHk;_;H oGm;
awmhonf? txl;ojzifh ESpf&n
S fvrsm; xdef;odrf;cHvdkuf&ygu xdkol.
kyf0wKydkif;qdkif&mempfemqHk;_H;r_ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mxdcu
dk fqHk;_H;r_vnf;
jzpfch&J ayonf? trSepf ifppf Edik fiHawmftm; aESmuf,u
S zf sufq;D vdo
k lrsm;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
183
184
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dy,
J if;vkyMf uHowfjzwfrt
I a&;,laqmif&u
G af &;
aumfr&Sif
'DyJ,if;vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sifonf
'DyJ,if;owfjzwfr_twGuf trSefw&m;azmfxw
k fa&;/ 'DyJ,if;owfjzwf
r_ESifhqufpyfI jynfwGif;jynfyESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&mtokdif;t0dkif;wGif
Oya'a&;&mtajccHI vlxkwdkuyf GJESifhaygif;pyfvkyaf qmifoGm;&ef &nf
&G,fcsufjzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhjyD; tzGJ@0ifav;OD;yg0ifonf? aumfr&Siftm; jrefrm
EdkifiHa&Saersm;aumfpDESifh jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpDwdk@ yl;aygif;I
2004 ckEpS f/ ZGev
f 25 &ufae@wiG f xdik ;f jrefrme,fpyfwae&mY zG@J pnf;cJjh y;D
Zlvdkifv 4 &ufae@wGif }udKwif (ueOD;t=urf;zsOf;) tpD&ifcHpm wpf
apmifudk xkwjf yefcJhygonf?
'Dy,
J if;vky=f uHowfjzwfr_ ta&;,laqmif&u
G af &;aumfr&Sif tygt
0if EdkifiHwumrS vltrsm;u xdkvkyf=uHowfjzwfr_onf tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd
usL;vGeaf om &mZ0wfrj_ zpfa=umif; tcsut
f vufrsm;jzifh tcdik t
f rm
pGypf GJxm;onf?
vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_ESifh ywfoufI vkyaf qmifr_rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;
oufoufr[kwb
f J epfemcJholrsm;twGuf w&m;r#wr_&mS azGay;&ef jzpf
a=umif;/ xdkvky=f uHowfjzwfro
_ nf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf trsKd;om;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
185
'Dru
dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhom t"du oufqdkifonf r[kwfbJ
jrefrmjynfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;ESifh oufqdkifaea=umif; aumfr&Sif.
}udKwiftpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf?
xdk@jyif 'DyJ,if;vky=f uHowfjzwfrw
_ Gif jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;udk pkHprf;
azmfxkw+f yD; toufao'%f&m&&Scd o
hJ nfh epfemqk;H _H;cJhorl sm;udk auseyf
r_&o
Sd nftxd awmif;yefr_rsm;jyKvyk f&rnf[k 'Dy,
J if;jzpfpOfwiG f touf
raousef&pfcJholrsm;u xkwfazmfajym=um;cJhygonf?
*kPx
f ;l aqmif yg&DNrdKo
U q
l k
2004 ckEpS f/ 'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@ eHeuf 10 em&DwiG f yg&D+rdKY
tcrf;tem;w&yfusif;yI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; jyifopfEidk fiH.
*k%fx;l aqmifyg&+D rKd olqk (The Honorary Citizen of Paris) udk csD;jrihcf haJ v
onf? tqdyk gqt
k m; 2004 ckESpf/ ZGefv 8 &ufae@wiG f a&G;cs,cf hjJ cif; jzpf
jyD; 2004 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@Y a':atmifqef;pk=unf Edb
k ,f
jidrf;csrf;a&;qk&&Sdcho
J nfh (14) ESpaf jrmufESpfwGif qkay;yGJusif;ycJhjcif;jzpf
onf? tcrf;tem;od@k a':atmifqef;pk=unfu,
dk pf m; 0ef}uD;csKyf a'guf
wmpdef0if;u qkvufcH&,lcho
J nf?
&efppfwuov
kd rf S *kPx
f ;l aqmifyg&*lbUJG
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 'Dru
dk a&pDESifh vl@tcGit
fh a&; wdkuyf GJ0if
aeolrsm;tm; av;pm;todtrSwjf yKonfhtaejzifh xdkif;EdkifiH &efppf
wuUodkvf (Rang sit University) rS *k%fxl;aqmifyg&*lbGJ@ (Honorary
Doctorate in Politics, Philosophy and Economics) udk ay;tyfcsD;jrifhcJhonf?
EdkifiHa&;ody`H/ '\eaA'ESifh pD;yGm;a&;bmomwdk@wGif *k%fx;l aqmifbGJ@
&&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfonf? bG@J cs;D jriyhf u
JG kd 2004 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm 26 &ufae@wiG f
&efppfwuUodkvq
f kESif;obifyGJESiht
f wl jyKvkyfcJhonf? a':atmifqef;
pk=unf. jrefrmjynftem*wfta&;udk jidr;f csrf;pGmwdu
k yf 0JG ifaer_twGuf
ay;tyfchjJ cif;jzpfa=umif; &efppfwuUokv
d f. xkwfjyefcsufY azmfjyxm;
186
oef;0if;vIi
d f
vGwv
f yfaomvlom;qk
2005 ckEpS /f ZGev
f 16 &ufae@nydik ;f wGif tdik ,
f mvefEidk if H. 'kw,
d
+rdKawmf *dka0;+rdKwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vGwfvyfaom vl
om;qk udk ay;tyfcho
J nf? *dak 0;+rdKawmf0efu,
dk fwikd af y;tyfonfh tqdk
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
187
188
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
189
190
oef;0if;vIi
d f
udk zefwD;csiI
f jzpfonf? od@k aomf ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;onf t}uD;
tus,pf k;d &draf eaoma=umifh 'dik ,
f mavmh od@k r[kwf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;
udk rdrad owGi;f rdrw
d ;l &onft
h vky/f rdrv
d nfyif;}udK;uGif;pGyf&rnf}h udK;pif
[k oabmxm;um olwdk@twGuf qHk;H_;r_w&yf[k _jrifae=uygonf?
ppftm%m&Sirf sm;onf vl@tcGit
hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;ESihf qufwu
dk rf Sm;
cJah omtrSm;rsm;/ usL;vGecf ahJ om&mZ0wfrr_ sm;/ vmbfpm;r_rsm;/ tm
%mtvGJo;Hk pm;jyKr_rsm;tay: tjypfay;ta&;,lcH&rnfudk a=umuf&GH
ae=uayonf? xd@k tjyif ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;onf ,if;wd@k . t&nftcsif;/
vkyfief;wm0efxrf;aqmifrr_ sm;ESifh Ed_if;pmvdkufv#if tqaygif; ajrmuf
rsm;pGm ydkrk&d &Sdaeonfh vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;/ pnf;pdrOf pPmrsm;udk bdef;pGJ
ovdk wyfrufpJv
G ef;ae=ujyD; ,if;wdk@udkpGef@v$w&f eftwGuf tdyfruf
xJrmS yif rpOf;pm;Edik f jzpfaeayonf? 'Dru
dk a&pDEidk if rH sm; umuG,af &;OD;pD;
csKyf&mxl;onf tm%mwef;pDZ,m;wGif eHygwf 10 tjyifbufwiG o
f m
&Sdaom &mxl;wckjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh rnfhonfhtcgrS wdki;f jynftusKd;
emp&m&Sv
d #if vGr;f p&m ESihaf jz qdkovdk twdw.
f emusn;f r_/ rke;f wD;r_/
udk a&S_rnfh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk jyKvkyrf nfrxifay? [efjy awG@qHk
aqG;aEG;r_rsm;udkom jyKvkyfrnfjzpfygonf?
xdhak =umifh jy\emrsm;udk twlwuGtajz&Si;f &efEiS fh rwluGJjym;r_
rsm;udk o[Zmwjzpfap&eftwGuf 'dkif,mavmh'fudk vlwdkif; tjyeft
vSef av;pm;wefzdk;xm;&rnf jzpfayonf?
wzufESifhwzuf tjyeftvSefav;pm;em;vnfr_/ ,Hk=unfr_&SdrS
vnf; tay;t,l vkyI
f &ayrnf? wOD;ESiw
hf OD; oHo,rsm;udk acszsuf
I tem*wfudk a&S;_O;D wnfum yGiv
hf if;dk;om;pGm tajz&Smcsifonfph dwf
aumif;/ apwemaumif;&Sda=umif;udkvnf; jyo&ayrnf? ta&;}u;D qHk;
tcsufonf vuf&SdEdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk pkaygif;aqG;aEG; tajz&SmI
'dki,
f mavmh'fyg0ifolrsm;tm;vHk; tEdkif&Edik frnfhtajctae (Win Win
Situation) udk zefwD;Edi
k fonfudk vufcH&efyif jzpfayonf?
xd@k a=umifv
h nf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu 'dik ,
f mavmhEiS hf ywfouf
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
191
192
oef;0if;vIi
d f
acgif;aqmif a'guw
f mrmwifvlomuif;. 1967 ckESpf/ Ed0k ifbmvESifh
'DZifbmvwGiaf [majymcJo
h nfh emrnfausmf vl@tcGit
fh a&;qdik &f m rde@f
cGef;aygif;csKyfudk ac:qdkonfhtrnfhjzpfonf? 1986 ckESpfwGif a'gufwm
rmwifvo
l muif;vky=f uHc&H jyD;aemufyikd f; ol.rde@f ceG ;f aygi;f csKyu
f dk trSef
w&m;pdw"f gwfE_;d aqmfol Trumpet of Conscience trnfjzifh pmtkyx
f w
k f
a0EdkifcJhonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t
hf wl tar&duefq;D edwf v$waf wmftrwf
wufuae'D (Ted Kennedy)/ atmufv$wfawmftrwf*|ef;vl;0pf (John
Lewis) ESifh bkef;awmf}uD; uavm'Dbvuf (Claude Black) wdk@udkvnf;
,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf tdyfrufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfolrsm;qk
(Realizing the Dream) udkcsD;jrifhcJhonf?
,kMH unfcsufow
H refqk
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk 2009 ckEpS f
twGuf ,H=k unfcsuo
f w
H ref (Ambassador of Conscience) qkukd ay;tyfcsD;jrifh
vdu
k af =umif;/ 2009 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v
f 27 &ufae@wGif Edik if w
H um vGwfjird ;f
csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@ (AI) u xkwfjyefa=unmcJhonf?
vlwOD;wa,muf. xl;c|efonfhacgif;aqmift&nftaoG;eSihf t
cGifhta&;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&mwGif urBmay:&Sd vltrsm;. pdwf
"gwu
f kd wufuGaponfhpGrf;aqmifcsurf sm;a=umifh tqdkygqu
k kd ay;tyf
jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf?
,if;qkudk tdkif,mvefEdkiif H'rfbvif+rdKwGif AI tzGJ@u ay;tyfcsD;
jrijhf cif;jzpfjy;D 2008 ckEpS u
f tdik ,
f mvefEikd if &H dS U 2 aw;*DwtzG@J uv
kd nf;
ay;tyfcsD;jrifhchzJ l;onf?
qkay;yGJtcrf;tem;Y AI tzG@J . taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; Irene Khan
u &Snfvsm;cufcJwhv
J l@tcGit
fh a&;wdkufyaGJ wGrSm jrefrmEdik fiu
H vlrsm;
twGuo
f mru urBmw0Srf;vH;k u vlrsm;twGufyg a':atmifqef;pk
=unf[m ar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ ow&d JoauFw trSwftom;wckyg [lI
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
193
ajym=um;oGm;onf?
194
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
195
tcef; (8)
a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ pmayvuf&mrsm;
vlxak cgi;f aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf pma&;0goemygol w
OD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf ola&;cJhonfh pmayvuf&mrsm;&Sdygonf? ol.
pmayvuf&mrsm;udk zwf&y_ gu olr. pmaya&;om;[efEiS hf tawG;t
ac:rsm;udk od&&dS rnft
h jyif pmayA[kow
k vdu
k pf m;=uaom wdik ;f &if;om;
jynfov
l x
l t
k wGufvnf; tusKd;&Sdayonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf
jrefrm/ t*FvdyfESpfbmompvHk;wGif ta&;a&m tajymyg u|rf;usif Edkif
eif;onf? pma&;pmzwfvnf; tawmf0goem}u;D yH&k ygonf? pmzwf0go
em}uD;Hkomru pmtkyftawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; 0,f,lpkaqmif;wwf
onf[k =um;od&ygonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf.EdkifiHa&;pmayrsm;onf &ooabm ouf
0ifaom pmayvuf&mrsm;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol@pmayrsm;u
196
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
197
198
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
199
200
oef;0if;vIi
d f
xif&Sm;ayonf?
IF
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you.
If you can trust yourself when oll men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, dont deal in lies.
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
201
Rudyard Kipling
202
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tu,f
tu,fI
rif;todkif;t0dkif;u wkev
f _yfajcmufjcm;jyD;
'gawG[m rif;a=umifhvdk@ 0dkif;0ef;tjypfwif=uwJhtcg
rif;[m acgif;at;at;eJ@ &ifqdkifEdkifr,fqk&d if?
tu,fI
tm;vk;H u rif;udkr,kHouFmjzpfvmwJhtcg
olw@dk udkem;vnfpGm cGifhv$wf&if;eJ@
rif;udkrif; ,k=H unfr_tjynfh&Sdr,fqk&d if ?
tu,fI
apmifhoifhwht
J csdeu
f dk apmifhEdkifjyD;
tJh't
D wGufvnf; rarmryef;aeEdkifr,fqdk&if?
'grSr[kwf
rif;&J@ta=umif; r[kwfw&m; rkom;pum;=um;&wJhtcg
rif;uvnf; tvdrftnmawGeJ@ rwkef@jyefbl;qdk&if?
'grSr[kwf
rif;udkvlwumu 0dkif;0ef;rkef;wD;wJhtcg
rif;uvnf; trke;f awG jyefryGm;bl;qdk&if?
tu,fI
pdwfu;l ,Of tdyfrufawG[m
rif;tay:rSm rv$rf;rdk;apbJ pdwful;Edkifr,fqk&d if?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
jyD;awmh
tawG;tac: pdwfu;l awG[m
ar#mrf Sef;csufoufoufom rjzpfapbJ awG;ac:Edkifr,fqk&d if?
tu,fI
atmifjrifr_okceJ@ qkH;_H;rSK'kuQawGudk =uKHawG@&wJhtcg
wlnaD om avmu"Hw&m;awGygvm;&,fvdk@
cH,lxm;Edkifr,fqdk&if?
tu,fI
rif;&JtrSefpum;awGudk
vlvdrfvlnpfawGu vSnfhpm;ajymif;vJjyD;
rkom;tjzpf axmifacsmufqif npfwJhtcg
rif;[m wnfjidrfpGmeJ@ em=um;Edkifr,fqdk&if?
tu,fI
rif;b0wckvk;H ay;jyD;
t&dyw
f =unfh=unfheJ@ jznfhqnf;cJh&wJh t&m&mudk
zsufqD;cHvdkuf&jyD;wJhaemufrSm
tifrwefrS ao;i,fwhJ wefqmyvm t&m&meJ@
jyefvnfwnfaqmufEdkifr,fqk&d if ?
tu,fI
rif;Edik fcJhor#awGtm;vk;H [m
auGwvSnfh =uufwckefyrm
wvSnfhwcgwnf;eJ@ qkH;&_H;oGm;cJ&h if?
jyD;awmh
203
204
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
205
tu,fI
vlwidk f;udkwefzdk;xm; av;pm;&ayr,fh
pGJvrf;r_ oHa,mZOfawG xm;raebl;qdk&if?
tu,fI
wdkawmif;vSwJh rypfy,fEdkifwJh wrdepftwGif;rSm
t"dyg` ,f&SdvSwJh puUef@ajcmufq,ftjzpf
tokH;csEdkifr,fqdk&if?
ighom;a&
rif;[mt&m&m&SdwJh t&m&mjzpfwJh
urBm=uD;udk qkyu
f kid fvdk@
t&m&m bmrqdk rif;pGrf;EdkifjyDaygh?
tJ'Dawmhrif;[mvnf;
a,mufusm;aumif;wa,mufaygh?
atmifqef;pk=unf
206
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tcef; (9)
tuGuq
f if xyfrzH rf;qD;cH&rI
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrt
f us,cf sKyo
f ufwrf;jynfch ge;D Y
2009 ckEpS /f arv 6 &ufae@wiG f ppftpk;d &.pDpOfay;r_jzifh tar&duefEkid if H
om; *|ef0DvsH,ufawmonf a':atmif;qef;pk=unf.aetdrftcsKyfok@d
wdww
f qdw0f ifa&mufEkid cf ho
J nf? *|e0f v
D s,
H ufawm0ifa&mufcrJh _udk t
a=umif;jyKI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; tr_qifum Oya'csKd; azmuf
onf[k wzufowfpGyfpGJI aetdrftus,cf sKyfpnf;urf;azmufzsufr_
Oya'yk'rf (22) jzifh w&m;qdik &f ef ppftpd;k &u a': atmifqef;pk=unfukd
arv 13 &ufae@wiG f tif;pdefaxmifwGif;odk@ ajymif;a&$csKyfaESmifvdkuf
onf? arv 18 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk aetdrt
f us,f
csKyf pnf;urf;azmufzsurf _ yk'rf (22) jzifh tif;pdeaf xmifwiG ;f &Sd ajrmuf
ydkif;cdik f txl;w&m;u H;k wifw&m;pGJqcdk hJ onf? ,if;aemuf =o*kwfv
11 &ufae@wGif tvkyf=urf;ESifhaxmif'%f (3) ESpf'%fcsrw
S fcJhonf? a':
atmifqef;pk=unftm; jypf'%fcsrSwfonfhae@Y ppftpdk;&. rw&m;
tr_ q if u m jypf ' %f c sr_ u d k
ta=umif;jyKI vlxktkHuGr_w&yf
ay:ayguf
vmrnf u d k
}udKwifod&Sdxm;onfh tpkd;&onf
tpdk;&drfvGefum ppftm %m&Sif
Adkvfc sKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ trdef@ jzifh
jypf'%fxuf0ufudk qdkif;iHhxm; jyD;
usefjypf'%f 18 vudk aetdrfwGif
qufvufxed f;odr;f &ef ajymif;vJ t
rdef@csrSwfvdkufonf? Todk@ a':
atmifqef;pk=unfonf vGwf&uf a':pktm; aetdro
f ufwrf;wdk;ap&ef
N*Kd [farTcaJh om ],ufawm}
aphcgeD;Y ppftpd;k &. rw&m;tr_
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
207
208
oef;0if;vIi
d f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
209
210
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
211
(17)OD;Om%f0if;
- tzG@J 0if
(18)OD;[Homjrifh
- tzG@J 0if
(19)OD;ode;f nGe@f
- tzG@J 0if
(20)a'gufwma':ar0if;jrifh
- tzG@J 0if
ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
xd@k aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf.t,lcw
H ifoiG ;f r_ukd &efuek w
f ikd ;f
w&m;H;k u y,fcsco
h J nft
h wGuf jypfrq
_ ikd &f m jyifqifra_ v#mufvcJ suu
f kd
A[dw
k &m;H;k od@k 2010 jynfEh pS f Zefe0g&v
D 18 &ufae@wiG f xyfrw
H ifoiG ;f
cJo
h nf?
od@k aomf 2010 jynfhEpS /f arv 10 &ufae@wiG f etz jynfxaJ &;
0ef}uD;Adv
k cf sKyfarmifO;D u a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vmrnfh Ed0k ifbm
vwGif jyefvw
$ af y;rnf[k ajym=um;cJ&h m a':atmifqef;pk=unfu a&S
ae}uD;OD;Om%f0if;ESihf aetdrw
f iG af wG@qpkH Of 'g rw&m;wJh ajymqdck suyf g
yJ [k jyefvnfw@kH jyefco
hJ nf[q
k o
kd nf? OD;Om%f0if;u ed0k ifbmrSm
a':pkukd v$waf y;r,fv@kd jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;u ajym=um;wmeJ@ywfoufjyD;
a':pku 'grw&m;wJah jym=um;csuyf w
J ?hJ bmvd@k vnf;qdak wmh ol@ukd t
jypfcsxm;wJjh ypfre_ @J ywfoufjyD;awmh Ekid if aH wmfw&m;H;k csKyu
f trde@f rcs
212
oef;0if;vIid f
tJet
f ,fv'f D\ txl;aMunmcsuf
2010 jynfEh Sp/f rwfv 23 &ufae@wiG f NLD tzG@J csKyfonf txl;
a=unmcsuf trSwf 20310 udk xkwjf yefc&hJ m a=unmcsuf tjynfh
tpHrk mS atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf?
Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpo
D nf 2010 jynfh
ESp/f rwfv 8 &ufae@wiG f jynfaxmifpak &G;aumufyaJG umfr&SifOya'/
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rSwyf w
kH ifjcif; Oya'/ jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfa&G;aumufyJG Oy
a'/ trsK;d om;v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya'/ wdik ;f a'o}uD;v$waf wmf
odk@r[kwf jynfe,fv$waf wmfa&G;aumufyGJOya'wdk@ukd jymef;vdu
k f
onf?
txufygOya'rsm;udk zwfa_ vhvmoH;k oyf=unfv
h #if 'Dru
kd a&pD
usipfh Ofrsm;/ vGwv
f yfrr_ sm;/ w&m;r#wr_rsm;/ r&Sad =umif;wd@k ukd txif
t&Sm; awG@jrifae&ygonf? t"duusaom om"utcsKd rSm
(1) jynfaxmifpak &G;aumufyaJG umfr&SiOf ya'. yk'rf ()wGif Edik if H
a&;ygwrD sm;udk Oya'ESit
hf nD aqmif&u
G af p&ef }uD;=uyfjcif;/ }uD;=uyf
apjcif;ESihf vrf;n$ejf cif; [k aumfr&Sit
f m; wm0efEiS hf vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm; ay;
tyfxm;ygonf? TonfrmS 'Dru
kd a&pDusiphf OfEiS t
hf nD vGwv
f yfpmG pnf;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
213
214
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
215
rsm;onf tvdt
k avsmufysujf y,fonf[rk w
S ,
f &l rnf qdo
k nfjh ymef;
csuw
f @kd rmS vH;k 0 w&m;enf;vnf;rusyg? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if /H Edik if H
awmfz@JG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'yk'rf 446 wGif wnfqJOya'rsm;onf jynf
axmifpv
k w
$ af wmfu y,fzsujf cif;/ jyifqifjcif;rjyKao;rD TzG@J pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'ESihf rqef@usio
f r# twnfjzpfonf [k twdtvif; jy
mef;xm;ygonf? Tyk'rf 446 eSit
hf nD zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya't& ay:
aygufvmonfh jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfu jynfol@ v$wfawmf a&G;
aumufyOJG ya' (Oya'trSwf 489) wk@d ukd y,fzsujf cif;r[kwb
f J Oya'
jyKolu Oya'udck sK;d azmufjyD; y,fzsujf cif;onf vH;k 0w&m;enf;vrf;
rusyg? 1990 jynfEh pS f ygwpD Hk 'Dru
kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy&JG v'ftm;
vGwv
f yfIw&m;r#waom a&G;aumufy[
JG k owif;xkwjf yefI jrefrm
Edik if jH yefwrf;wGif jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; v$waf wmfac:,l
zG@J pnf;ay;jcif;r&Sdao;onft
h wGuf ,if;a&G;aumufyJ&G v'fonf tvdt
k
avsmuf ysujf y,fjcif;r&Syd g?
(7) jynfaxmifpak &G;aumufyaJG umfr&SiOf ya'/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwf
yHw
k ifjcif;Oya'/ jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfa&$;aumufyOJG ya'/ trsK;d om;v$wf
awmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya'/ wdik ;f a'o}uD;v$waf wmf od@k r[kwf jynfe,f
v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya'rsm;udk jymef;Edik &f eftwGuf jynfolvl
xkxH Oya'rl=urf;rsm; csjy&Si;f vif;jcif;r&Sb
d J jynfov
l x
l x
k rJ S t=uHjyK
csurf sm; oabmxm;qENrsm;udk awmif;cHjcif;r&Sb
d J tm%mydik w
f @kd pdwf
}udKuf wpfzufowfa&;qGcJ jhJ cif;jzpfygI w&m;r#wr_v;kH 0r&Syd g?
ok@d ygI trsK;d om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf A[kt
d vkyt
f r_aqmiftzG@J t
pnf;ta0;qH;k jzwfcsut
f & trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfOuUXu Edik if H
awmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESih f zGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpOD uUXtay: 2010 jynfh
ESpw
f &m;pD&ifa&;Oya'yk'rf 5(u)(Z)(n) ESihf 1887 ckEpS f oD;jcm; ouf
omcGihf tufOya'yk'rf 45 ESifh 54 t& &efuek +f rdKw&m;H;k csKyw
f iG f 2010
jynfEh pS /f rwfv 23 &ufae@Y w&m;pGq
J dyk gonf? w&m;H;k w&m;rXmerS
wm0ef&o
dS u
l usrwd@k Y pD&ifyikd cf iG rhf &Sv
d @kd [k ajymjyD; tr_wu
JG kd ae@v,f
216
oef;0if;vIid f
umhwu
f rfbv
J x
f yfraH wGUqcHk Gi&fh
2010 jynfEh pS /f arv 10 &ufae@wiG f a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ta&Stm&SEiS yhf pdzw
d af &;&m vufaxmufEikd if H
jcm;a&;&m0ef}uD; umhwu
f rfbv
J f onf xyfraH wG@qHak qG;aEG;cGi&hf &Scd hJ
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
217
onf? rpPwmurfbv
J u
f a':atmif
qef;pk=unfEiS hf NLD A[dt
k vkyt
f zG@J
0ifrsm;tm; ol@taeeJ@ vuf&dS t
wkdut
f cHtiftm;pkjzpfonfh NLD
onf rnfonfyh pkH jH zifh wnf&adS eonf
jzpfap/ rSwyf w
kH ifonfjzpfap/ rwif
onfjzpfap/ w&m;0ifygwD jzpfonf
rpwmuumhwfurfbJvf
jzpfap/ rjzpfonfjzpfap NLD udk tar a':atmifqef;pkMunftm;awGq
U pHk Of/
&duefjynfaxmifpkonf qufvuf tm;ay;axmufcu
H n
l D yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Guo
f mG ;rnf [k ajym=um;oGm;onf?
twkta,mifa&G;aumufyJG
xd@k aemuf 2010 jynfEh pS /f rwfv 29 &ufae@wiG f NLD A[dk tvkyf
tr_aqmiftzG@J u etzppftpd;k & xkwjf yefcahJ om a&G;aumufyq
JG ikd &f m
Oya'rsm;onf qdwaf cgi;f udck sw
d I
f acG;om;a&mif;rnf'h rD u
kd a&pD (0g)
w&m;r#wr_v;kH 0gr&So
d jzifh Edik if aH &;ygwt
D jzpf xyfrH rSwyf w
kH ifrnfr[kwf
a=umif; NLD ud,
k pf m;vS,f (113) OD;wd@k u uef@uu
G o
f rl &Sd qH;k jzwfvu
kd f
=uonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 2010 jynfEh pS /f Ed0k ifbm 13 &ufae@wiG f
aetdrt
f us,cf sKyo
f ufwrf;aphawmhrnfjzpfaoma=umifh etz ppft
pd;k &onf a&G;aumufyu
JG kd olr rvGwrf D wywftvdk Ed0k ifbmv 7 &ufae@
wGiu
f si;f y&ef wufow
k f u
kd pf pD Ofvu
kd af wmhonf? aetdrt
f us,cf sKyf
uscaH e&onfh a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmjynfov
l x
l t
k m; a&S
ae OD;Om%f0if;rSwqifh rJqEN&iS rf sm;taejzifh rJay;cGi&hf o
dS vd/k rJray;bJ
aeEdik cf iG &hf o
dS nf [lI rSm=um;vdu
k af vonf?
218
oef;0if;vIid f
tcef; (10)
a':atmifqef;pkMunf vGwfjyD
a':tmifqef;pk=unfonf 2010 jynfEh pS /f Ed0k ifbmv 13 &ufae@
us,cf sKyfusc&H aom a':cifcif0if;ESihf r0if;rr (c) ri,fw@kd vnf; jyef
nae 5;15 em&DwiG f aetdrftus,cf sKyfrS jyefvnfvw
G af jrmufvmcJh
onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t
hf wl a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrYf t
vnfvw
G fajrmufch=J uonf?
jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;Xme jrefrmEdik if &H w
J yfz@JG / &JcsKyfAv
kd rf LS ;csKyfcif&o
D nf
Ed0k ifbmv 13 &uf nae 5 em&DwiG f A[ef;+rdKe,f a&$awmif=um; (1)
&yfuu
G /f wuUov
kd &f yd o
f mvrf;/ jcHtrSw(f 5456) &Sd a':atmifqef;pk
=unf. aetdro
f @kd omG ;a&mufI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; av#mah ygh
ajymif;vJvu
kd af om jypf'%fumvjynfo
h nfh 2010 jynfEh pS /f Ek0d ifbm
13 &ufae@wiG f jypf'%ftm;vH;k udk vGwjf idr;f csr;f omcGijhf yKvdu
k af =umif;
jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;Xme.trde@f ukd &Si;f vif;zwf=um;onf?
,if;aemuf jrefrmEdik if &H w
J yfz@JG &JcsKyfAv
kd rf LS ;csKyfcif&o
D nf &efuek f
ajrmufyikd ;f cdik f w&m;H;k u jypfrq
_ ikd &f mtr_}uD;trSwf 472009 jzifh
Edik if aH wmftm; aESmif,
h u
S zf suq
f ;D olrsm;. ab;tE&m,frS umuG,f
apmifah &SmufonfOh ya'yk'rf 22 t& rw&m;tjypfay;jcif;cH&aom ac:
cifcif0if; (b) OD;wiftek ;f ESihf r0if;rr (c) ri,fav; (b) OD;Om%fvif;
wd@k EpS Of ;D tm;vnf; qdik ;f iHx
h m;onfh av#mah ygah jymif;vJvu
kd af om jypf
'%fumvjynfhonfh 2010 jynfEh pS /f Ed0k ifbmv 13 &ufwiG f jypf'%f
tm;vH;k udk vGwjf idr;f csr;f omcGihf jyKvdu
k o
f nht
f rde@f ukd zwf=um;onf?
,if;od@k &Si;f vif;zwf=um;&mwGif jrefrmEdik if &H w
J yfz@JG &JcsKyAf v
kd rf LS ;csKyfcif&D
ESit
hf wl &efuek w
f ikd ;f a'o}u;D &Jwyfz@JG &cJ sKyf}uD;atmif'ikd ;f / owif;wyfz@JG
'kw,
d owif;wyfzG@J rSL; &JrLS ;}uD;0if;Edik fxeG ;f / wdki;f w&m;ol}uD; OD;jrifh
atmif/ wdik ;f Oya't&m&SOd ;D atmifoef;jrifEh iS hf wm0ef&o
dS rl sm; vdu
k yf gvm
cJh=uonf?
vGwjf ird ;f csr;f omcGit
hf rde@f rsm;udk zwf=um;jyD;aemuf &JcsKyf Adv
k rf LS ;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
219
csKyfcif&o
D nf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; use;f use;f rmrmawG@&ojzifh
0rf;omyga=umif;/ rdrw
d @kd . t"duvkyif ef;wm0efrmS w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k a&;
ESihf &yf&mG at;csr;f om,ma&;jzpfyga=umif;/ Edik if aH wmf. a&Sc&D;wGif at;
at;csrf;csr;f / wnfwnfjidrjf idr&f Sad pvdak =umif;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tm;ajym=um;&m a':atmifqef;pk=unfu Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfcif&.
D rsuEf mS udk
aphaph=unfI
h tjyKH ;jzifh wk@H jyefco
hJ nf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfvw
G af jrmufvmonfukd }udKwifapmifq
h ikd ;f
ae=uaomvlx}k uD;u uef@owf{&d,mudk oufqikd &f mrS z,f&mS ;ay;
tjyD;wGif uef@owf{&d,mxdyrf S jcH0od@k tajym;tv$m;oGm;a&mufum
a':atmifqef;pk=unfuse;f rmygap[k tm;ay;atmf[pfqak wmif;cJ=h u
onfu d k awG @ &ayonf ? a':atmif q ef ;pk = unfo nf aetd r f jcH 0
od@k xu
G I
f vlxt
k m; E_wcf eG ;f qufpum; ajym=um;cJo
h nf? od@k aomf
toHcsJpufrsm;wyfqifxm;jcif;r&Sad oma=umifh apmifh}udKae&aom
vlxo
k nf toHuakd umif;pGmr=um;Edik af oma=umifh a':atmifqef;pk
=unfu eufjzef 12 em&DwiG f a&$*w
kH ikd v
f rf;&Sd tzG@J csKyf;kH Y vlx}k uD;udk
rde@f ceG ;f ajymp&m&So
d nf[I
l rSm=um;cJo
h nf? ,if;aemuf aetdrt
f wGi;f Y
NLD tzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmifrsm;ESifh awG@qa
kH qG;aEG;cJo
h nf?
xd@k aemuf Ek0d ifbmv 14 &ufae@wiG f trSwf 97c/ taemufa&$*kH
wdik v
f rf;/ A[ef;+rdKe,f&dS trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf;kH a&SY ae@v,f
12 em&DwiG f vlxyk &dowf 1 ode;f ausmu
f kd rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;&mwGif
jynfoal wGrygbeJ @J bmudprP S ratmifjrifb;l / bmrSvyk v
f @kd r&bl;?
usrwd@k tvkyu
f v
kd yk =f u&r,f? usrwd@k u uH uHv@kd ajymw,f? usrwdhk
tvkyu
f v
kd yk =f u&r,fw
h m0efawGukd ra=umufb;l ? wm0efrausrmS udb
k J
a=umufygw,f? usr jynfoal wGukd arwm&yfcyH g&ap? usrwd@k e@J quf
qHwt
hJ cgrmS yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; ow&d &dS dS ajymqdq
k ufq=H uyg? 'g[m 'Drkd
ua&pDtajccHygy?J vGwv
f yfpmG ajymqdyk ikd cf iG /hf vGwv
f yfpmG ajymqdyk ikd cf iG hf
qdw
k m vGwv
f yfpmG qJqykd ikd cf iG eh f @J rwlb;l ? usr jynfoal wGukd arwm&yfcH
csiw
f muawmh apmapmu usrajymovdyk gy/J ud,
k phf w
d x
f rJ mS &Sw
d mawG
220
oef;0if;vIid f
udk usrwd@k ut
kd oday;yg? pma&;jyD;awmhy@k d v@kd vnf;&ygw,f? pmwdu
k u
f kd
pdwrf cs&&if 'DrmS yJ vmay;yg? jynfoal wGpw
d x
f rJ mS bm&So
d vJqw
kd m
usr odcsiw
f ,f?
tvkypf vkyw
f chJ grmS 0D&,
d xkw&f r,f/ tvkyt
f v,fyikd ;f a&mufwhJ
tcgrmS 0D&,
d xkw&f r,f/ tvkyaf emufq;kH ydik ;f a&mufcge;D rSm 0D&,
d xkwf
&r,f? tvkyq
f w
kd m +yD;w,f&,fv@kd r&Sb
d ;l ? tvkyw
f ckjyD;vnf; aemuf
tvkyu
f ay:vmrSmyJ? avmu}u;D rSm auseyfp&m/ auseyfp&mtcsed f
awGqkw
d m b,fawmhrSr&Sdb;l ? 'gayr,fh r}udK;pm;yJe@J r&bl;? usrtaeeJ@
awmh usruawmh vkyaf y;r,fv@kd usr rajymEdik b
f ;l ? jynfo&l J ,H=k unf
r_&&dS if/ jynfo&l J tm;ud;k r_&&dS if/ jynfo&l J axmufcHr&_ v
dS @kd &&dS if usrwd@k
vkyt
f m;awG trsm;}uD;wufvmr,f? usrwa,mufxJ vkyv
f @kd r&bl;?
usrwa,mufxv
J J rvkycf sib
f ;l ? wa,mufxv
J yk w
f ,fqw
kd m 'Dru
dk
a&pDr[kwb
f ;l ? usrwd@k bmyJvyk zf @kd q;kH jzwf/ qH;k jzwf jynfou
l kd today;
ygrh ,f?
usr trsK;d om;&if=um;apha&;twGuf qufvufvyk o
f mG ;ygrh ,f?
&if=um;apha&;twGuf jynfoal wGtenf;qH;k emr,feh nf;eJ@ vkyo
f mG ;
r,f/ vH;k vH;k rembl;vd@k vnf; usr rajymEdik b
f ;l ? onf;cHaewm =umjyDqkd
wm r[kww
f J[
h mawGukd onf;cHaewmvm;? onf; cHoifhwmawGukd
onf;cHaewmvm;/ trSm;eJ@trSeu
f kd cGjJ cm;jyD;awmh od&r,f? trSeb
f uf
uae &yfwnf&w
J Jo
h w&d &dS r,f? azazajymcJw
h phJ um;wcGe;f &Syd gw,f?
ol@vyd jf ym&JcHk ;kH a&SrSm olrm;rm;rwf&yfjyD;awmh tppfc&H w
J ,fw?hJ usr
&J vdyjf ymcHk ;kH a&SrSmvnf; ae@wikd ;f rwfwyf&yf&yJ gw,f? jynfoal wGvJ
'Dvykd J ud,
k &hf J vdyjf ymcHk ;kH a&SrSm ae@wikd ;f rwfwyf&yfjyD;awmh rm;rm;rwf
rwf tppfc&H =J uyg?
usr,H=k unfwm[m vl@tcGit
fh a&;udk,k=H unfw,f/ w&m;Oya'
pd;k rk;d a&;udk ,H=k unfw,f/ tJ'gawGtwGuf usrwd@k tjrJwrf; vkyaf qmif
oGm;&r,f/ yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& b,fo@l urk d ek ;f vd@k / b,f0gu
h rkd ek ;f vd@k qjkd yD;awmh
vkyaf ewmr[kwfb;l ?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
221
222
oef;0if;vIid f
tcef; (11)
vGwaf jrmufjyD;umv EdkifiaH &;aqmif&u
G cf sufrsm;
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrt
f us,cf sKyfrS vGwaf jrmufvm
jyD;aemuf 2010 jynfEh pS /f Ed0k ifbm 14 &uf naeydik ;f wGif bDbpD D jrefrm
ydik ;f oD;oef@qufo,
G af r;jref;r_ukd TuJo
h @kd ajz=um;oGm;cJo
h nf?
usr tjrJajymcJyh gw,f/ ar#mv
f ifch suq
f w
kd m tvkyef @J wrJG S ar#mf
vifch suv
f @kd ac:vd@k &r,f/ tvkyef @J wGrJ xm;wJah r#mv
f ifch suu
f awmh pdwf
ul;,Oftyd rf ufawGy/J usrtaeeJ@uawmh 'Dar#mv
f ifch suaf wGukd tvkyf
jzpfatmif vky&f rSmjzpfygw,f/ usrwd@k uvnf; tvkyv
f yk &f r,f/ 'Dar#mf
vifch suaf wG taumiftxnfazmfz@kd twGuf jynfov
l x
l u
k ,
kd w
f ikd u
f
yg0ifjyD;vky&f r,fqw
kd m em;vnfatmif usrwwfEikd o
f r# jynfov
l x
l k
udk ajymcsiyf gw,f/ jynfo@l tiftm;udk usrwd@k tm;ud;k w,f/ jynfoal wG
uvnf; usrwd@k ukd tm;udw
k ,fq&kd if wzufe@J wzuf tm;ay;&r,f/
tm;jznhaf y;&r,f/ ,H=k unfpw
d cf srw
_ nfaqmufomG ;&r,f/ tJ'v
D kd vkyf
oGm;&if &r,fv@kd usr,H=k unfygw,f?
ppfp;kd &[m 22 ESprf uvd@k ESp2f 20 yJjzpfjzpf jynfov
l x
l &k J ,H=k unfr_
udk r&,lEikd v
f @kd &&dS if a&&Snrf mS bmrSratmifjrifEikd b
f ;l vd@k ,H=k unfw,f/
jynfov
l x
l &k J ,H=k unfre_ @J ppfreS w
f ahJ pwemtiftm;yg&r,f/ tJ'grygv@kd
uawmh b,ft&mudrk S a&&Snw
f nfaxmifv@kd &rSmr[kwb
f ;l ?
NLD &J &yfwnfyi
kd cf iG rhf &Sad wmhb;l qdw
k m usrwd@k 'Dtcsed rf mS ajymvdhk
r&ygb;l / tJ'gu wydik ;f yg/ aemufwydik ;f u usrwd@k &J t"duvkyif ef;[m
NLD &Sio
f ef tm;oefa&;twGurf [kwb
f ;l / jynfov
l x
l &k iS o
f efa&; t
wGuf usrwd@k tjrJqufvyk af erSmyJ
ukvr*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf befurD eG ;f uvnf; a':atmif
qef;pk=unf jyefvnfvw
G v
f mr_ukd }udKqdak =umif;ESihf useEf ikd if aH &; t
usO;f om;rsm;tm;vH;k udk jyefvw
$ af y;&ef ppftpk;d &xH awmif;qdck o
hJ nf?
tar&dueforRw bm;&uftdb
k m;rm;u a':atmifqef;pk=unf
vGwaf jrmufvmr_ukd 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf&a=umif;ESihf a':atmifqef;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
223
224
oef;0if;vIid f
wmudk v_u
d v
f }JS udKqykd gw,f/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m 'Dru
dk a&pDacgi;f
aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfw,f/ wurBmvHk;uvnf; av;pm;wJyh k*~Kd vfjzpf
w,f/ vGwv
f mjyDqakd wmh ArmjynfrmS 'Dru
kd a&pD&atmif ol wenf;
wzHek @J }udK;pm;ay;r,fv@kd ar#mv
f ifyh gw,f? wkid ;f &if;om;awGtay:rSm
vnf; olu yHrk eS q
f ufqrH &_ ydS gw,f? ol@taeeJ@ ppfreS w
f hJ zuf'&,f jynf
axmifpu
k v
kd nf; wnfaqmufz@kd ydik ;f jzwfc,
H x
l m;oljzpfygw,f? tm;
vnf;ay;w,f? vkyaf qmifvrd rhf ,fv@kd vnf; ar#mv
f ifyh gw,f? [lI
ajym=um;oGm;onf?
u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;tH;k (KNU) . 'kOuUX z'dak ';Apfomuayg
uvnf; a':pktaeeJ@ jyefjyD;awmh Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS csucf si;f ryg0ifbJ
jyefo;kH oyfz@kd vdv
k rd rhf ,fv@kd xifygw,f/ bmvd@k vq
J akd wmh ESp&f n
S v
f rsm;
tcsKyfccH &hJ wJt
h cgrmS pdwaf &m/ vla&m yifyrf;cJw
h 'hJ %fawG&ydS gw,f? tJ'D
'%fawGuaejyD; jyefjyD;awmh aumif;vmatmif jyefjyD;awmh em;oifh
w,fvkd@ xifygw,f? tcka&G;aumufyJGjyD;jyD/ tajymif;tvJuawmh
tjyifyef;tm;jzifah wmh t&yfom;tpd;k &yHpk rH sK;d jzpfayr,fv@kd wu,fh t
ESpo
f m&uawmh zdEydS w
f phJ pftpd;k & qufvufwnf&dSaerSmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'v
D dk vlxq
k ENuv
kd nf; *krpdu
k /f Edik if w
H umoabmxm;udv
k nf; t
av;rxm;/ tJ'h v
D kd tpd;k &atmufrmS a&Sudk b,fvEkd ikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;&
r,f/ 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;/ jynfaxmifpt
k a&;twGuf b,fvv
kd y_ &f mS ;&r,f
qdw
k m jyefjyD;awmh tcsed ,
f o
l ;kH oyfz@kd vw
kd ,f? tem;,lz@kd vnf; vdw
k ,f
vd@k jrifygw,f [lI ajym=um;cJo
h nf?
rGejf ynfopfygwD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; Edik [
f o
H muvnf; yxrOD;qH;k a':atmifqef;pk=unfvw
G v
f mwJt
h wGuf usaemfw@kd
0rf;omw,f/ }udKqw
kd ,f/ 'kw,
d taeeJ@ ol&J &yfwnfcsuf trsK;d om;
jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;udk aZmif;ay;jyD;awmh/ t"duxm;jyD;awmh vkyf
aqmifcsiw
f ,fqw
kd u
hJ pd t
P ay:rSm usaemfw@kd taeeJ@ odyu
f 0kd rf;omtm;
& jzpfryd gw,f [lI ajym=um;oGm;onf?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
225
226
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
227
228
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
229
a':atmifqef;pk=unfwufa&mufI trSmpum;ajym=um;cJ&h m (64) ESpaf jrmuf jynfaxmifpak e@rmS tm;vH;k [m ydjk yD;nDnw
G zf @kd e@J
wOD;tay:wOD;em;vnfr&_ jdS y;D pnf;vH;k r_&=dS uzd@k tcktcsed rf mS ta&;t
}uD;qH;k yJv@kd usrxifygw,f? usrwd@k Eikd if [
H m wu,fjh ynfaxmifpk ppf
ppfjzpfzhkd vlwikd ;f rSmwm0ef&ydS gw,f? 'gah =umifh 'kw,
d yifvn
kH v
D mcH rvGJ
raoG vdt
k yfygw,f [lI ajym=um;oGm;cJo
h nf?
xdak e@rmS yif trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfonf a=unmcsut
f rSwf
20211 udk xkwjf yefco
hJ nf? a=unmcsut
f jynft
h pHrk mS rdrw
d @kd jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ucsi/f u,m;/ csi;f / rGe/f Arm/ &cdik /f &Sr;f
paom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;/ vlrsK;d pkrsm;onf umv&Sn=f umpGmuyif
wajrwnf;ae/ wa&wnf;aomuf twlwuG qd;k wlaumif;buf ae
xdik v
f mcJ=h uygonf? wdik ;f wyg;.aus;u|eb
f 0odhk twlwuG usqif;cJh
=u&ouJo
h @kd u|eb
f 0rS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuv
f nf; twlwuG ke;f
uef} udK;yrf;cJh=u&onf?
,if;uJo
h @kd Edik if .
H vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;cJ&h mwGif trsK;d om;
acgi;f aqmif}uD;Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;
onf tajrmfjrif}uD;rm;r_/ tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;,H=k unfr/_ rdom;pkpw
d f
"gw&f rdS w
_ @kd jzifh tajytvnfaqG;aEG;nEd id_ ;f =uum jynfaxmifpo
k m;tm;
vH;k wd@k . pnf;vH;k nDnw
G rf u
_ kd &,lcyhJ gonf? xd@k a=umifh rdrw
d @kd Eikd if H vGwf
vyfa&; jyefvnf&&Sad &;twGuf 1947 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v
D (12) &ufae@
wGif &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f / yifv+kH rdKY ordik ;f armfueG ;f 0if yifvpkH mcsKyf udk
vufrw
S af &;xdk;csKyfqEkd ikd cf o
hJ nf?
,if;yifvpkH mcsKyfwiG f e,fpyfa'orsm;twGuf e,fwiG ;f tkycf sKyfa&;wGif ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk f
csKyfa&; &mcdik Ef e_ ;f tjynf&h adS p&rnf[al omrlukd oabmwln=D uonf?
(pmcsKyftyd'k f - 5)
e,fpyfa'orsm;. e,foel ,fom;rsm;wd@k onf 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if rH sm;
wGif tajccHrrl sm;tjzpf todtrSwjf yKxm;aom tcGit
fh a&;wd@k ukd cHpm;
230
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
231
232
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
233
Ekid if t
H rsK;d orD;rsm;ae@txdr;f trSwf k;d &m,Ofaus;r_*w
D yGaJ wmfukd 2011
ck ZGev
f 10 &ufrS 19 &ufae@txd 10 &ufwidk w
f ikd f pnfum;odu
k +f rKd uf
pGm usi;f ycJ=h uonf?
,ae@ ZGev
f 19 &uf we*FaEGae@onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf.
(66) ESpfajrmufarG;ae@jzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 1988
ckEpS rf pS I jrefrmhEikd if aH &;avmuod@k ajcpkeyf pf0ifa&mufum jrefrmEdik if H
wGif ppftm%m&Sit
f pd;k &tm; jzKwfcsI 'Dru
kd a&pD&&Sad &;twGuf vl
xk}uD;ESit
hf wl OD;aqmifwu
kd yf 0JG ifaeonfrmS (23) ESpw
f ikd cf jhJ yDjzpfonf?
od@k aomf 23 ESpu
f mvtwGi;f ppftpd;k &. aetdrt
f us,cf sKyf t}urd }f udrf
csxm;jcif;cH&onft
h wGuf olr.arG;ae@yrJG sm;udk ESppf Of rusi;f yEkid cf ahJ cs?
,ckEpS f a':atmifqef;pk=unfarG;ae@yYJG jynfe,fEiS w
hf ikd ;f toD;oD;rS
wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;. d;k &mtursm;/ k;d &m"avhrsm;/ pmaytEkynm/ ,Of
aus;r_jyyGrJ sm;/ aps;a&mif;yGaJ wmfEiS hf *Dw+ydKiyf rJG sm;/ ajzazsmyf rJG sm;udv
k nf;
pnfum;odu
k +f rdKufpmG usif;ycJ=h uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 66
ESpjf ynfah rG;ae@yo
JG @kd trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)
rSvnf; o0%fvm$ wapmifay;yd@k cJo
h nf? ,if;o0%fvm$ Y 2011 ckESpf/ ZGefv (19) &ufae@/ Tae@wGif usa&mufaom
trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif 1991 ckEpS f urBmjh idr;f csr;f a&;Edb
k ,fq&k iS f a':
atmifqef;pk=unf. (66) ESpjf ynfah rG;ae@tcgor,wGif a':atmifqef;
pk=unf use;f rm&$iv
f ef;ygapa=umif;ESihf pdwcf sr;f omud,
k rf muse;f pGmjzifh
touf&mausm&f n
S yf gapa=umif; OD;pGmyxr qkreG af umif;awmif; arwm
yd@k otyfygonf?
ppfreS af om 'Dru
kd a&pD&&Sad &;/ vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk tmrcHr&_ &Sd ap
a&; ponfh jynfov
l x
l .
k ppfreS v
f jkH cKH onfb
h 0rsm; cHpm;pHpm;Edik &f eft
wGuf ESpaf ygi;f 20 ausm=f um rarmryrf; tifwu
kd t
f m;wdu
k f aqmif&u
G v
f suf
&Sad om u|Eyf k w
f @kd .acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aqmif&u
G cf suf
rsm;udk rdrw
d @kd trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) rS OD;
nGwf*%
k jf yKvdu
k yf gonf?
234
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
235
236
oef;0if;vIid f
ydwo
f rd ;f ypfco
hJ nf? tpk;d &Xmersm;Yvnf; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. "mwf
yHrk sm;udk csw
d q
f jJG cif;rjyKawmhbJ vuf&x
dS w
k af 0oH;k pGaJ eaomaiGpuULrsm;Y
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. "mwfy/kH kyyf rkH sm;udk z,f&mS ;ypfco
hJ nf? tmZmenf
ae@ta=umif; pmoifausmif;rsm;Y a[majymyGJ rsm;jyKvkyjf cif;/ pmpDpm
uH;k +yKd ifyu
JG si;f yjcif;/ jyKvkyjf cif;wd@k uv
kd nf; ydwyf ifwm;qD;cJo
h nf? xd@k t
jyif jrefrmEdik if o
H @kd vma&mufvnfywfaom tpd;k &{nfo
h nfawmfrsm;udk
tmZmenfuek ;f Y vGr;f ol@yef;acGcsI *g&0jyKr_ tpDtpOfrsm;tm;vH;k udk
ydwyf ifcho
J nf? Adkvcf sKyaf tmifqef;jywdu
k u
f kv
d nf; tmZmenfae@ w&uf
rSvI
JG use&f ufrsm;wGif rzGiv
hf pS af wmhay?
jrefrmppftm%m&Sirf sm;onf tmZmenfae@udk arS;rSdefatmif
jyKvkyaf eonfh &nf&,
G cf surf mS (1) tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD;Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf vlxw
k &yf
vH;k tm; pkpnf;IvGwv
f yfa&;t&,lay;onfh trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;
jzpfouJo
h @kd if;.orD;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; vlxt
k m;
OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKum 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf wnfaxmifaeonfudk rvdk
vm;jcif;?
(2) jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f 'Dru
kd a&pDpepf tajcwnfomG ;ygu ppfreS af om
tkycf sKyaf &;/ Oya'jyKa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;ponfh rdKk if}u;D (3) &yf ay:xGe;f
vmygu ppftm%m&Siftqufquf usL;vGecf Jhaom/ usL;vGeq
f Jjzpf
aomtjypfrsm;udk wefjyefta&;,lrnfukd pd;k &draf e=ujcif;?
(3) vlxw
k &yfv;k H udk pkpnf;Edik rf nfh NLD ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unf
udk z,f&mS ;Edik yf gu jrefrmEdik if u
H kd ppftm%m&Siaf cgi;f aqmifrsm; pdwf
}udKuf qufvuf}udK;udik Ef ikd rf nf[k xifjrif,q
l aejcif;?
(4) tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;ESihf vli,frsm;
onf vuf&pdS pftm%m&Sit
f pd;k &. ppftjrif/ ppf&yfwnfr/_ ppftm%m
&Sipf epfwnfwchH ikd jf raJ &;udk qef@usiw
f u
kd yf 0JG ifaeonfh vlxak cgi;f aqmif
rsm; jzpfaejcif;? ponft
h csurf sm;a=umifh jzpfayonf?
od@k aomf ,ckEpS f 2011 ck/ Zlvikd v
f 19 &ufae@wiG f usa&mufcahJ om
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
237
238
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
239
240
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
241
242
oef;0if;vIid f
tcef; (12)
a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ rdefYrSmcsufrsm;
wdik ;f jynfrmS vGwv
f yfry_ jkd yD;awmh&csi&f if/ vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm;
jynfjh ynfhppkH kHcpH m;csiv
f @kd &S&d if vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f [m Edik if aH &;udk 0goemyg
&r,f? Edik if aH &;udk vky&f &J r,f? vkycf si&f r,f?
wcsKd u Edik if aH &;qdw
k m[m Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGvyk w
f hJ tvkyv
f @dk
xifw,f? r[kwyf gb;l ? wcgwek ;f u azazu ajymygw,f? Edik if aH &;[m
ud,
k ef @J rqdik b
f ;l xifayr,fh Edik if aH &;[m ud,
k q
hf aD &mufvmvdrrhf ,f? 'gukd
a&Smifv@kd r&bl;? 'g bmjzpfv@kd vq
J akd wmh 'DEikd if w
H iG ;f rSm jzpfaewJu
h pd rP eS f
or#[m Edik if aH &;yJ? a&Smifv@kd r&bl;aemf? pD;yGm;a&;qdw
k mvJ Edik if aH &;yJ?
vlra_ &;qdw
k mvJ Edik if aH &;yJ? bmrqdk Edik if aH &;yJ? 'ga=umifrh @kd v@kd jynfov
l l
xk[m Edik if aH &;u|r;f usiEf ikd rf S Edik if [
H m wd;k wufrmS yg? jynfov
l x
l [
k m
Edik if aH &;ru|r;f usib
f ;l ? Edik if aH &;todr&Sb
d ;l qdv
k @kd &&dS if Edik if w
H Edik if H wd;k
wufz@kd qw
kd m b,fvrk d rS jzpfEikd yf gb;l ? tJ'aD wmh ud,
k &hf J rdom;pk/ ud,
k w
f OD;
wa,mufe@J ywfoufwu
hJ pd aP wGuykd J pdw0f ifpm;r,fqv
kd @kd &&dS if usrwd@k Eikd f
iHukd tusK;d jyKEdik rf ,fh jynfojl ynfom;awGqw
kd mawmh b,fawmhrS jzpf
vmrSmvJ r[kwyf gb;l ? tJ'aD wmh ud,
k &hf J rdom;pke@J ud,
k w
hf OD;wa,muf
aumif;usK;d twGuyf J rpOf;pm;=uyge@J ? tJ'v
D pkd Of;pm;vd@k &&dS if a&&Snrf mS
ud,
k t
hf usK;d vJ rjzpfvmEdik yf gb;l ?
vl@tcGit
hf a&;qdw
k m vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f ydik q
f ikd cf iG &hf w
dS ,f? ud,
k w
f if
r[kwb
f ;l ? ud,
k &fh eforl sm;yifv#if vl@tcGit
hf a&;&S&d r,f? tJ'h aD wmh wae@
usrwd@k &J 'Dru
kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_}uD; atmifjrifomG ;wJt
h cgus&if &_;H wJo
h l
awG[m olw@kd tcGit
hf a&;awGuk d jynfjh ynf0h 0cHpm;Edik &f r,f? 'g[m usr
wd@k &J 'Dru
kd a&pDwm0ef jzpfw,f?
'Dru
kd a&pDrwd;k wufww
hJ ikd ;f jynf[m pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; rwd;k
wufEikd yf gb;l ? Edik if aH &;a&m/ pD;yGm;a&;a&m rwd;k wufww
hJ kid ;f jynf[m tif
rwefrS qif;&JErG ;f yg;jyD; 'kurQ sm;wJw
h ikd ;f jynf jzpfomG ;rSmyJ? tck usrwd@k
wdik ;f jynfvnf; 'Dtwdik ;f yJ jzpfcyhJ gjyD? tJ'aD wmh Edik if aH &;t& pjyD; wnf
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
243
244
oef;0if;vIid f
ud,
k t
hf zG@J tpnf;tusK;d udyk J vkyaf er,f? ud,
k t
fh odik ;f t0dik ;f tusK;d yJ
vkyaf er,fqv
kd @kd &&dS ifawmh ppfreS w
f ahJ pwemvd@k rac:Edik yf gb;l ?
wygwt
D m%m&Sipf epf pd;k rd;k oGm;&w,fqw
kd m jynfov
l x
l [
k m
rSeu
f efwhJ Edik if aH &; todtjrifawG r&Sv
d @kd bJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh aemuf
wcg xyfjyD;awmh tm%m&Sirf jzpfapcsib
f ;l ? usrwd@k Eikd if u
H kd 'Dru
dk a&pD
pepft& tm;vH;k pdwcf sr;f oma&;twGuf xlaxmifapcsiw
f ,fqv
kd @kd &&dS if
Edik if o
H El ikd if o
H m;tm;vH;k [m ud,
k rhf mS &Sw
d hJ Edik if aH &;wm0efawGukd xrf;
aqmifz@dk vykd gw,f?
'Dwikd ;f jynf/ 'Dajr}u;D [m tifrwefrS csr;f omw,f? jynfov
l x
l k
awG[m tifrwefrS qif;&Jaew,f? 'grjzpfoifw
h u
hJ dpyP ?J 'Dwikd ;f jynf
'Dajr}uD;[m 'DavmufawmifrS csr;f omae&if rSerf eS u
f efuefvrf;pOfe@J
jynfov
l x
l t
k wGuf tusK;d aqmifomG ;r,fh tpd;k &rsm;[m jynfov
l x
l k
udv
k nf; csr;f omatmif vkyaf y;Edik &f r,f?
usrwd@k [m t=urf;zufwEhJ ikd if aH &;tqd;k ausmo
h o
H &m}uD;udk
csK;d zsuyf pf&awmhr,f? vGecf w
hJ hJ q,fpEk pS f wcsKd udjk yef=unfrh ,fq&kd if
jrefrmjynf&J tpd;k &tajymif;tvJ[m t=urf;zufenf;awGuae ay:
ayguv
f mwmcsn;f yJ? 1958 rSm yxrt}urd f ppfwyftm%modr;f wm/
1962 ckEpS rf mS 'kw,
d t}udr/f 1988 ckEpS rf mS wwd,t}udr/f Edik if aH &;
tajymif;tvJrmS t=urf;zufenf;udo
k ;kH wm jrefrmjynfrmS raumif;wJh
tpOftvmwckjzpfaejyD?
t=urf;zufr_ jyD;awmh tajymif;tvJ
t=urf;zufr_ jyD;awmh tajymif;tvJqw
kd hJ tqd;k oHo&mudk
usrwdk@tqHk;owfvkdcsifjyD? t=urf;rzufenf;uae xGufay:vmwJh
ppfreS w
f hJ tajccHuswhJ Edik if aH &;tajymif;tvJqw
kd mrsK;d udk topfujyefp
csiw
f ,f? 'Denf;u t=urf;zufenf;xuf trsm;}uD;ydck ufw,fqakd yr,fh
a&&Snt
f wGuaf wmh yifyef;&usK;d eyfygw,f?
wdu
k yf q
JG v
kd @kd t=urf;zufwo
hJ abmrsK;d eJ@ ajymwmr[kwb
f ;l ?
&J&&J if&h if/h ZGo
J wed @J vky&f r,fo
h abmrsK;d eJ@ajymwmyg? ppfwu
kd yf q
JG &kd if
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
245
vufeuftiftm;eJ@ ppfajrjyifuq
kd ifjyD;awmh &efou
l kd wdu
k cf u
kd w
f myg?
tck[mu ESvkH;&nfwu
kd fy?JG ESvH;k &nfwu
kd yf JGqw
kd m[m ppfajrjyifukd
qif;rS &efou
l kd &ifqikd jf y;D wku
d &f rS r[kwb
f ;l ? wcsed v
f ;kH wdu
k af e&wm?
ESv;kH &nfwkduyf q
JG w
kd m ud,
k Efh v
S ;kH om;xJrmS tjrJyw
J u
kd fcu
kd af e&r,f?
ud,
k fEh v
S kH;om;xJrmS ud,
k v
f ckd siw
f hJatmifjrifrr_ &rcsif;/ ke;f uefr,f/
}udK;pm;r,fqw
kd t
hJ od[m &S&d ygr,f?
wu,fqd&k if owd&dSw,fqw
kd m ra=umufwm[m wu,fh
owdr[kwb
f l;? a=umufvsufe@J udk,v
f kyo
f ifv
h yk x
f u
kd w
f mudk
vkyfwm [m wu,fo
h wyd ?J tJ'aD wmh 'l;wkefwek ef @J vkyw
f o
hJ [
l m
awmfawmfowd &Sw
d ,fv@kd ac:&rSmyJ?
usrwd@k [m yef;wdik rf a&mufao;ygb;l ? yef;wdik u
f akd &mufz@kd u
Om%fe@J 0d&,
d eJ@ vH@k veJ@ vdyk gw,f? 'Dwu
kd yf }JG uD;[m ESv;kH &nfwu
kd yf }JG u;D
rd@k vkd Om%fynmudo
k ;kH zd@k trsm;}uD;vdyk gw,f? usrwd@k jynfov
l x
l [
k m
vkyw
f t
hJ &mwdik ;f ukd qifqifjcifjcif pOf;pOf;pm;pm;vky&f ygr,f? trsm;
tusK;d udk OD;wnf&ygr,f?
usrwd@k Edik if [
H m wu,fjh ynfaxmifppk pfppfjzpfz@kd vlwikd ;f rSm
wm0ef&ydS gw,f?
usrwd@k wOD;csi;f &yfwnfv@kd b,fvrkd S rjzpfb;l ? Armcsn;f yJvnf;
&yfwnfv@kd rjzpfb;l ? rGecf sn;f yJvnf; &yfwnfv@kd rjzpfb;l ? &Sr;f csn;f yJ
vnf; &yfwnfv@kd rjzpfb;l ? usrwd@k jynfaxmifp}k uD; wnfwchH ikd jf raJ &;
qdw
k m tm;vH;k uae wpnf;wH;k wnf;aerS jzpfr,fqw
kd m usr,Hk =unf
w,f?
ArmvlrsK;d [m vlrsm;pk}uD;jzpfaevd@k wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;udk av;pm;
yg? wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;&J ,Ofaus;r_ukd av;pm;yg? pdw0f ifpm;=uyg? avh
vm=uyg? tJ'v
D kd wa,mufe@J wa,muf&J ,Ofaus;r_/ wa,mufe@J
wa,muf&hJ ,H=k unfcsurf sm;udk avhvmem;vnfrS usrwd@k tcsi;f csi;f
wu,ho
f abmwlawGtjzpfe@J &Edik rf mS yg?
igu ucsi/f iguArm/ igu&Sr;f qdw
k hJ pdw"f gwaf wG tckxm;vd@k
246
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
247
rjzpf&bl;?
wud,
k af umif;r=uH=uyge?hJ trsm;twGuv
f yk =f uyg? trsm;t
usK;d aqmifwv
hJ rl sm;[m vlomaooGm;r,f? b,fawmhrS emrnfrao
bl;?
usrwd@k tck'rD u
kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_xJ yg0ifvmwm[m tm%mvdk
csiv
f @kd yg0ifvm=uwmr[kwb
f ;l ? wm0efux
kd rf;aqmifcsiv
f @kd yg0ifvm
=uwmyg?
rw&m;wJu
h pd u
P v
kd kyzf @kd a=umuf&r,f? rrSew
f u
hJ pd u
P kd vkyzf @kd
a=umuf&r,f? avmurSm a=umufz@kd qw
kd m 'DEpS cf yk &J w
dS ,f?
w&m;r#wwJhOya'awGukd usiho
f ;kH rSom vlom;awG[m wu,fh
udk ,Ofaus;wJv
h uQ%m ay:vmrSmyg?
vdyjf ymoef@&if tm%mrJo
h rl mS vnf; pGr;f tm;&Sw
d ,f?
Edik fiaH &;t&/ vlra_ &;t& tajymif;tvJwckuv
kd ckd si&f if nD
nGw=f uzd@k vw
kd ,f?
ra=umufatmifqdkwm udk,fhrmS cH,lcsufwck&Sd&r,f? udk,f
a=umufwphJ w
d x
f uf ydjk yD;jyif;xefwphJ w
d w
f ckuakd rG;&r,f? ud,
k af =umuf
wJph w
d x
f uf ydjk y;D awmh vkycf siw
f phJ w
d u
f rsm;&r,f? 'Dvpkd w
d "f gwaf wGarG;rS
&rSmyJ?
trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd ygww
D cktaeeJ@&yfwnfz@kd wnf
aqmufcw
hJ mr[kwyf gb;l ? 'Dru
kd a&pD&atmif v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G rf ,hf
tzG@J wcktaeeJ@ wnfaxmifcw
hJ myg? jrefrmEdik if rH mS jynfoal wG[m 'Drkd
ua&pDukd vdv
k m;aeoa&G/ tm%mydik af wGu w&m;0ifw,fyaJ jymajym/
w&m;r0ifbl;bJajymajym trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfuawmh quf
vuf&adS eOD;rSmyJ?
usrwd@k trsK;d orD;awG[m t&nftcsi;f &Sw
d ,fv@kd usr,H=k unf
ygw,f? b0rSm ke;f uefEikd w
f h J t&nftcsi;f qdw
k m enf;wJt
h &nftcsi;f
r[kw?f 'Dvkd b0rSm ke;f uefEikd w
f t
hJ &nf;tcsi;f &Sv
d @kd vnf; pGe@f peG @f pm;pm;
eJ@ jynfyudo
k mG ;jyD;awmh b0opfxal xmifz@kd }udK;pm;=uwmyg? 'Dv}kd udK;
248
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
249
250
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
251
tcef; (13)
a':atmifqef;pkMunf 'dik ,
f m&D
1942/ pufwifbmv 6 ae@v,f 2 em&DwiG f *syefacwfaq;Hk
}uD; (,ckEikd if aH wmfumuG,af &;wuUoo
kd )f ta&Sbuf tpGeq
f ;kH cef;r
aqmifwiG f olejyKq&mr rcif=unfEiS hf ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf Adv
k f
csKyfAv
kd af wZwd@k vufxyfr*FvmyGjJ yKvkyo
f nf?
252
oef;0if;vIid f
Adv
k cf sKyf vkyMf ucH &H onfh twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
253
254
oef;0if;vIid f
0efxrf;aqmifco
hJ nf?
1971 Ed0k ifbm 31 ajrmufyikd ;f Ak'<bmomr[m,e. vlra_ &;ESihf
,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mordik ;f a=umif; okawoDa'guw
f mrdu
k u
f ,ft&J pf (Dr.
Michael Viallancourt Aris) ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd xdr;f jrm;vuf
xyfonf?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
255
ynm&Sit
f jzpf aqmif&u
G o
f nf?
1977 pufwifbm 24 a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf rdu
k u
f ,ft&J pf
wd@k . om;i,f xdef vif;ac: uifrf (Dannian Kim Arundel Aris) udk zGm;jrif
onf?
1995 rS 1986 *syefEikd if /H wdu
k sKw
d uUov
kd f ta&Sawmiftm&S
qdik &f mavhvma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Sit
f jzpf oGm;a&muf okaw
oejyKcJo
h nf?
1987 tdE,
dN Edik if /H qif;rvm;+rdK@&dS txl;avhvma&; tdE,
dN
odyXH` mewGif okawoDtjzpfvyk u
f ikd o
f nf?
vef'efwuUov
kd t
f a&Swdik ;f ESihf tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif yg&
*lb@JG twGuf 1920-1945 twGi;f xkwaf 0cJah om pme,fZif;rsm;onf
jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;udk taxmuftultjyKcJyh kH trnf&dS bG@J veG pf mwrf;
udk wifoiG ;f onf?
1988 vef'efwuUov
kd u
f a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; yg&*l
bG@J ,&l eftwGuf xdu
k w
f efot
l jzpf owfrw
S o
f nf?
1988 rwf rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfemruse;f jzpfra_ =umifh rdcif}uD;
tm; jyKpkapmihaf &Smuf&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmEdkiif o
H d@k
a&muf&Sv
d monf?
=o*kwfv 8 jrefrmEdik if H w0Sr;f vH;k Y 88 'Dru
kd a&pD ta&;awmf
yH}k uD; ay:aygucf o
hJ nf?
=o*kwf 26 a&$wD*HkapwDawmftaemufbufrkcfwGif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfonf rqvtpd;k &. jynfov
l x
l t
k m; t=urf;zuf+zdKcGaJ er_
udk qef@usicf ahJ om rde@f ceG ;f udk vlaygi;f wpfoed ;f ausmw
f ufa&mufonfh
vlxt
k pnf;ta0;yGYJ yxrqH;k t}udrf rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;cJo
h nf?
1988 pufwifbmv 14 OD;atmif}u;D / a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf
ol&OD;wifO;D wd@k . jynfow
l &yfv;kH od@k yef=um;csupf mwapmif xkwjf yef
a=unmonf?
pufwifbm 18 &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk ppfwyfrS vuf
256
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
257
258
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
259
1995 Zlvkdiv
f 10 a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aetdrt
f us,f
csKyftjzpf wm;qD;xm;onft
h rdet
f m; e0wtpk;d &rS jyefvnfyk o
f rd ;f
ay;cJo
h nf?
e,l;a,muftajcpdu
k f rpf (Ms) r*~Zif;rS 1995 ckEpS t
f wGuf
trsK;d orD; xl;c|eq
f ak &G;cs,&f mY a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg0ifco
hJ nf?
1999 rwfv 27 a':atmifqef;pk=unfcifyeG ;f jzpfol rku
d u
f ,f
tJ&pf vef'ef +rdKY uG,v
f eG cf o
hJ nf?
2000 rwf 18 tdik ,
f mvefEikd if H 'Avif+rKd wGif a':atmifqef;pk
=unftm; 'Avif+rdK@awmf vGwv
f yfa&;qkukd *k%jf yKcs;D jrichf o
hJ nf?
=o*kwf 24 a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'kw,
d OuUXol&OD;wifO;D
&efuek w
f ikd ;f pnf;H;k a&;aumfrwDOuUXocifp;kd jrif/h &efuek w
f ikd ;f pnf;H;k a&;
tzG@J 0ifa'guw
f mrsK;d atmif/ tzG@J csKyfvil ,f 16 OD; (,mOfarmif;ESpOf ;D
tygt0if) wd@k EiS t
hf wl &efuek w
f zufurf; 'v+rdKrSwqifh &efuek w
f idk ;f
uGr;f jcHuek ;f ESihf aumhrLS ;+rdK@rsm;od@k pnf;H;k a&;udprP sm;aqmif&u
G &f ef &ef
uke+f rdKyef;qd;k wef;qdyu
f rf;rSwqifh c&D;xGu&f ef pDpOfc&hJ m yef;qd;k wef;
qdyu
f rf;wGif 1 em&DccJG ef@ tm%mydik rf sm;rS ydwq
f @kd xm;cJjh y;D wzufurf;od@k
ul;cGi&hf cJo
h nf? 'v+rdKod@k a&muf&o
dS nft
h cg }udKwifapmifq
h ikd ;f aeonfh
tzG@J csKyfum;ESppf ;D jzifh uGr;f jcHuek ;f od@k c&D;xGuv
f mpOf 'v+rdKrS 3 rdik cf ef@
ta&muf usepf pfom;&yfuu
G w
f iG f tm%mydkirf sm;rS a&Sc&D;rqufEikd &f ef
260
oef;0if;vIid f
twif;t"rR ydwq
f @kd wm;jrpfxm;cJo
h jzifh pufwifbmv (1) &uf ae@n
11; 15 em&Dtcsed w
f iG f &JwyfzJ@G ESihf ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;tiftm; 300 ausmf
u a':atmifqef;pk=unftzG@J tm; 0ifa&mufp;D eif;jy;D twif;t=uyfzrf;
qD;csKyfaESmifac:aqmifjyD; &efuek +f rdKaetdro
f @kd jyefy@kd co
hJ nf?
pufwifbm 1 rS 14 xd a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 'kw,
d
t}udrf aetdrt
f us,cf sKyf zrf;qD;cJjh yefonf?
2000 pufwifbm 21 a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'kw,
d OuUX
OD;wifO;D ESit
hf wl tzG@J 0ifrsm;vdu
k yf gI tzG@J csKyf v_y&f mS ;r_r&SEd ikd &f ef ydwyf if
wm;qD;r_rsm;/ tzG@J csKyf;kH rsm;ydwo
f rd ;f jcif;/ qdik ;f bkwrf sm;csapjcif;rsm;udk
pHpk rf;avhvm&ef yxrc&D;pOftjzpf naerD;&xm;jzifh rEav;+rKd ok@d oGm;
a&muf&efpDpOfch&J m rD;&xm;vufrw
S fuek af eonf[k ta=umif;jyI vuf
rSwaf &mif;csray;bJ aemufwae@ eHeufapmapm 2000 jynfEh pS f pufwif
bm 22 &ufae@wiG f &efuek b
f w
l m}uD;rS t"rR aetdrfo@kd jyefy@kd jy;D wwd,
t}udrf aetdrt
f us,cf sKyf zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cJo
h nf?
2001 a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; *smreDtajcpdu
k f Edik if w
H um
Edik if aH &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_rsm; vGwv
f yfpmG aygi;f pnf;a&;qdik &f m qkay;a&;
tzG@J }uD;u Collegue United Nations qkcs;D jrio
hf nf?
2002 ar 6 ukvor*~. v#Kd 0Su,
f =kH unfrn
_ Ed id_ ;f csut
f &
a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; etztpk;d &u aetdrt
f us,cf sKyfrS jyefvnf
v$wfay;cJhonf?
ar 23 Adv
k rf SL;atmifO;D aqmifonfh 0g&ifEh idk if aH &;orm;}uD;rsm;u
a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ocifoed ;f azaetdrw
f iG f *k%jf yKyGu
J si;f yonf?
ar 25 tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k d S bmhoaf umvdy.
f 142 }urd f
ajrmuf bG@J EiS ;f obiftcrf;tem;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; *k%x
f ;l
aqmifyg&*lb@JG cs;D jrio
hf nf?
2003 ar 30 a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESit
hf wl
ppfuidk ;f wkid ;f / 'Dy,
J if;+rdKe,f pnf;H;k a&;c&D;pOftwGi;f olr. ,mOfwef;
tm; ppftpk;d &. a'guw
f ikd t
f zG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom =uHzG@H EiS phf rG ;f tm;
&Sirf sm;u 'Dy,
J if;+rdKe,f us&D mG teD; t=urf;zufwu
kd cf u
kd cf =hJ uonf?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
261
olrtm; axmufco
H nft
h zG@J 0ifrsm; 282 OD; aoqH;k I &maygi;f rsm;pGm
xdcu
kd 'f %f&m&&Scd o
hJ nf?
ar 31 a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf etzvufyg;aprsm;. acsmif;
ajrmif; wdu
k cf u
kd rf c_ cH &hJ mrS toufraovGwaf jrmufcjhJ yD;aemuf a&OD;+rdK
t0if*w
d t
f a&mufY tm%mydik rf sm;. zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf?
ZGef 2 a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; trSwf (6) wifu
h m;wyf&if;
{nh&f yd o
f mwGif zrf;qD;xm;&mrS tif;pdeaf xmifo@kd y@kd I xde;f odr;f cJo
h nf?
ZGef 24 tif;pdeaf xmifrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; &JreG w
f yf
pcef;&Sd &Jacgi&f yd o
f mod@k ajymif;a&$xde;f odr;f cJo
h nf?
pufwifbm 16 a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aq;Hw
k ufcpJG w
d u
f k
o&eftwGuf &JreG f&yd fomrS &efuek +f rdKtm&Sawmf0ifaq;Ho
k d@k wify@kd chJ
onf?
2003 pufwifbm 27 a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; tm&Sawmf
0ifaq;Hrk S aetdro
f @kd jyefy@kd I pwkwt
}udrf aetdrt
f us,cf sKyf xde;f odr;f
cJo
h nf?
2004 {jyD 27 a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; awmfu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if rH S
2004 ckEpS t
f wGuf *Gr*f sL;vl@tcGit
hf a&;qk cs;D jrio
hf nf?
Edk0ifbm 27 a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; Edik if aH wmftm; aESmihf
,Suzf sufqD;vdkolrsm;. ab;tE&m,fru
S muG,fapmifha&Smufonfh
Oya'yk'rf 10 (c) jzifh jypf'%fwESpf xyfrw
H ;kd cJo
h nf?
2005 Ed0k ifbm 27 etz ppftpd;k &u a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tm; aemufxyfjypf'%f (6) v xyfrw
H ;kd cJo
h nf?
2006 rwf 1 qG'D ifEikd if pH awmh[rk ;f +rdKwGif jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pDacgi;f
aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 2005 ckEpS t
f wGuf tdak vmhyef;qk
cs;D jrichf o
hJ nf?
arv 20 a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ukvor*~eikd if aH &;XmerS
vufaxmuftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; tDb&m[if*rfbm&Du awG@qckH hJ
onf?
262
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
263
264
oef;0if;vIid f
(14)OD;0if;jrifh
- tzG@J 0if
(15)OD;xGe;f xGe;f [def
- tzG@J 0if
(16)a'guw
f m0if;Edik f
- tzG@J 0if
(17)OD;Om%f0if;
- tzG@J 0if
(18)OD;[Homjrifh
- tzG@J 0if
(19)OD;ode;f nGe@f
- tzG@J 0if
(20)a'gufwmar0if;jrifh
- tzG@J 0if
wd@k jzpfonf?
2010 Ed0k ifbm 13 etzppftpk;d &u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk
jrefrmpHawmfcsed f nae 5 em&D 15 rdepfwiG f aetdrt
f us,cf sKyfrS jyefvnf
v$wfay;cJhonf? xd@k aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rdepfydik f;t
wGi;f rSmyif ol@jcHa&Sod@k xu
G I
f vlxu
k kd rde@f ceG ;f wdak jym=um;cJo
h nf?
Ed0k ifbm 14 a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrt
f us,cf sKyfrS
vGwaf jrmufvmjyD;aemuf A[ef;+rdKe,fa&$*w
kH ikd v
f rf;&Sd trsK;d om;'Dru
kd
a&pDtzG@J csKyf ;kH a&SY ae@v,f 12 em&DwiG f vlxt
k m; E_wcf eG ;f qufred @fceG ;f ajym
=um;cJo
h nf?
Ed0k ifbm 23 a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrt
f us,cf sKyfrS vGwf
ajrmufcjhJ yD;aemuf om;i,fuifraf c: udx
k ed v
f if;onf jynf0ifciG Ah f ZD m
&&So
d jzifh jrefrmEdik if o
H @kd vma&mufjyD; rdcifjzpfot
l m; awG@qo
kH nf?
Edk0ifbm 26 vGwv
f yfonft
h m&StoH (RFA) rS pDpOfwifquf
onfh vlxEk Siafh ':atmifqef;pk=unftar;tajzuY te,fe,f t
&yf&yfy&dwo
f wfrsm;. ar;jref;csurf sm;udk a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf
yxrqH;k t}udrfajz=um;cJo
h nf?
'DZifbm 28 vlxak cgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf vl
i,frsm;tm; tzG@J csKyf ;kH Y awG@qakH qG;aEG;I =o0g'pum;ajym=um;onf?
2011 arv 12 ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf. txl;
t=uHay;yk*Kd~ vf ADa*s;erfA;D ,m;onf if;. jrefrmEdik if cH &D;pOftwGi;f a':
atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJo
h nf?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
265
266
oef;0if;vIid f
tcef; (14)
a':atmifqef;pkMunf bGu
JU Asmrsm;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
arG;aeYqrk eG f
=unf&i$ af paom/ rmapaom[k
arG;aomae@rSm/ wdk@oil gonf
arwm=unfvif/ &$i&f i$ yf @kd ?
a'gi;f ysKt
d ;kd a0 wGeaf pzd@k
jrwfqrk eG af umif; awmif;=upd@k ? ?
rif;ok0Pf
arG;aeYo0Pf
wdik ;f usK;d jynfjyK
ud,
k pf m;jyK&Sif
r_id ;f ocifreS ;f
atmif;qef;pk=unf
pk{u&Dtm;
arG;zGm;&ufwiG f
use;f rmygap
csr;f om;ygap
qkoGio
f Gifavmif;vdkuyf gonf?
'*kefwm&m
rD;vQHxu
J Mum
&J - ZGJ - Om%f - pnf; - wm
ra=umufw&m;aw;uAsm
rD;v#x
H u
J =um? ?
OD;0if;wif
267
268
oef;0if;vIid f
&Jqdw
k m
ZGq
J w
kd m
Om%fqdkwm
pnf;qdkwm
wmqdkwm
] &J&ifjh cif;?
] pGjJ rJjcif;?
] Om%fynm}uD;rmjcif;?
] pnf;urf;&Sdjcif;?
] wm0efojd cif;/ wm0ef,jl cif;/ wm0efcjH cif;?
66 'grSr[kwf 'Drku
d a&pDtvif;yGifx
h Ju
r[mtmZmenf
'Dru
kd a&pDpepfukd yHak zmf&mY
wOD;wa,mufxJvyk af qmifv@kd r&edik yf gb;l ?
vkyo
f m;jynfot
l m;vH;k yl;aygi;f vkyu
f ikd f
aqmif&u
G rf o
S m &&Sed ikd rf mS jzpfygw,f
a':atmifqef;pkMunf
66 wJh
tarSmifacwftdk}uD;xJu
awmufywJt
h vif;ouU&mZf
a&$a&mifawGe@J 0if;xdef
aojcif;rJhtvif;tdrfay:uaw;
ig a[m'Dreufcif;opfxrJ mS arG;vd@k
66 wJh
'Dru
kd a&pDopftem*wfac:oH
'Drdk qdw
k m jynfol
ua&pD qdw
k m tm%m
'Drkd qdw
k m vlxk
ua&pD qdw
k m tcGit
hf a&;
vlxt
k m%m vlxt
k cGit
hf a&;
vlxu
k kdjyefay;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
269
270
nom;tarSmiftdq
k ;dk }uD;xJu
EkysKpd rd ;f vef;vmr,fh reufcif;ppfppfuakd r#mf
'Dru
kd a&pDtvif;wdu
k yf aJG c:oH tawmif,u
S f
vGwaf jrmufa&;wku
d yf t
JG wGu,
f =kH unfcsuf
toufe@J ZGJcwf
p=u0murBmxJrmS &J&rJ ufv@kd
66 wJh
tmZmenfr[mol&aJ umif;wd@k vrf;
,H=k unfrt
_ ouf0n
d mOfe@J jzwfoef;
r[mjynfolawGvmaomvrf;rSm
ESvH;k om;udkcif;
=unfph rf; 'Dru
kd a&pDyef;awGu
vif;xde0f if;vufaumif;uifopf}uD;ay:wufvkd@
66 wJh
oHr%d,=kH unfcsu[
f m
vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu
k yf t
JG wGuf "g;
acwfq;kd acwfysu}f uD;&J tarSmiftx
kd rJ mS
&J&yJ iG jhf yL 'Dru
dk a&pDacwfO;D tvHrmS
ESvH;k om;eJ@ v$ihfxl
jynfoal wGtwGuf xm0&,H=k unfcsuef @J
jidr;f csr;f a&;csKd;jzLiSuu
f av;yso
H ef;zd@k
A[k0g'opf&J tvif;+rdKudw
k nfvmjyD;
66 wJh
twkrrhJ [mtmZmenfocifatmifqef;&J
vGwfvyfa&;wdu
k fyJGro
S nf
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
ck acwf+ydKix
f u
J r[m'Dru
kd a&pDopfwu
kd yf &JG J
r[mtmZmenf
igwkd@r[mjynfoal wGcspw
f hJ
atmifqef;pk=unf
urBmwnfrnfh tvif;vrf;udak zguf
a[m 66 wJh jyuQ'ed x
f u
J tvif;ouU&mZf
tarh&iftakH jroif;cJxJu zGm;jrifvmawmhr,f
r[m'Dru
kd a&pDtvif;vrf;udkazguf
wd@k acwfuakd &muf&rnfrmS rvGyJ g
wd@k Arm r[moDcsi;f xJu r[muAsmpmom;
r[m'Drdu
k a&pDtvif;vrf;ay:rSm
=unf=h uprf;a[h
r[m'Dru
dk a&pDyef;opfawG
a0vdk@ ? ?
armifaEGxuf
jynfou
l kcd spfaom jynfolucspfaom ol
tJ'rD suf0ef;&J
El;nHjh ywfom;aom t=unfah wGatmufrmS
pd;k &GH tm;i,fpw
d af wG ajyavsmu
h ,
G af ysuo
f mG ;
tJ'ED w
_ cf rf;u
0Hph m;csKjd rdeaf omtjyHK;awGz;l tyGirhf mS
ar#mv
f ifch sut
f aoawG jyef&iS o
f efvef;pGiv
hf m
tJ'DEv
S ;kH om;u
ajyjypfnifomaom &ifcek o
f pH nf;csurf S
toG,o
f G,af omvm;&mawGaygif;qHak &Squf=u
ol@rsu0f ef;awGu igw@kd twGuf pGr;f tm;
271
272
ol@Ew
_ cf rf;u igwkd@vkdtyfwt
hJ vif;a&mif
ol@Ev
S ;kH om;u igw@kd azG&mS aewJt
h vSw&m;
ol[m ydwx
f m;cH&wJh wHcg;txyfxyfukd
&ife@J &if;jyD; wd;k zGiw
hf ;kd xGuo
f l
ol[m &J&ifjh cif;jy,k*u
f kd xkqpfzefqif;
pdwf0n
d mOfawGukd a=umuf&HGjcif;rS vGwu
f if;apol
ol[m arwmvufeufukd tjyHK;rysuu
f ikd pf JG
trke;f wHwm;awGukd jidr;f csr;f jcif;ESihf +ydKvJapol
ol
tbd;k tbGm;wd@k &J orD;pk
OD;OD;a':a':wd@k &J rpk
armifw@kd r,fw@kd &J tefwpD k
om;wd@k orD;wd@k &J tarpk
wdik ;f jynfe@J vrl sK;d &J atmifqef;pk=unf
ol[m rdom;pkwikd ;f &J rdom;pk0if
tay;t,lrhJ jrwfE;kd cspcf ifjcif;awGe@J
tjyeftvSeaf rwmouf0ifcJ=h u
jynfou
l ckd spaf om jynfou
l cspaf omol@ukd
jynfov
l x
l &k J ESv;kH om;awGxu
J ae
b,fvrdk S z,fxw
k v
f @kd r&aybl;? ?
aebkef;vwf
ukPm
tar
olronf
Adv
k cf sKyf.orD;
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
armifacG;zdYu
k Asm
ajcvufrJah yr,fh
ypfcsi&f mudyk pfvu
kd w
f hJ
ypfwikd ;f axmifw,fu@JG ? ?
273
274
oef;0if;vIid f
armifoif;cdkif
rskd;qufZmwdaoG;
Adv
k frif;a&mifaoG;
atmifqef;aoG;wd@k pak 0;cJ&h m
igch E<"monf igw
h ikd ;f jynfEiS hf
igjh ynfow
l u
G jf zpf&rnf? ?
armifMuL;&ifh
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
[d;k tarSmifwu
kd af wGuq
kd w
k jf zJv@kd
xGe;f yaevdu
k yf rkH sm;
usaemft
h cef;av;xJ=um;
jzmvif;oGm;avovm; ?
?
aZ,smaomf
(aumhaomif;tusOf;axmifwGif; a&;zGJUygonf?)
arG;aeYordik ;f
arG;ae@wikd ;f rSm
trSwfw&mawG&Sw
d ,f
trSww
f &mwdik ;f rSm
'%f&mawG&w
dS ,f
'%f&mwdik f;rSm
ordik ;f &Sw
d ,f? ?
opfjidrf;
275
276
olr wnfaqmufrnhv
f rf;
igw@kd awG ra&mufa&mufatmifvrS ;f ?
oef;0if;vIid f
tarhaus;Zl;
uGe,
f ufavvm;
uGi;f qufavvm;
'Da&tvm; jznf;jznf;wufomG ;?
pnf;vH;k r_tm; nDnw
G rf t
_ m;
vufcsi;f wGx
J m; cdik jf rJrt
_ m;
aoG;ruGw
J hJ 'd@k jynfaxmifpt
k m;
tjyma&mifEEk k jird ;f csr;f r_tm;
&mZ0ifwiG rf ,fh *E0ifyef;csu
D m;
tjzLay:tjymEk tarpk qGw
J hJ arSmif0iftEkynmum;
om;qufjyD;qGJ wJh vufqifu
h rf;ay;r_vm;
om;qufjyD; rqG&J ufb;l tar
tarh&J vuf&m om;rzsu0f b
hH ;l tar
tarh&J cHpm;r_ om;rarS;rSed af pcsib
f ;l tar
tarh&J wifjyr_ om;tusn;f wefatmif rvkyyf g&apeJ@ tar
tarhxuf om; wpfvr}uD;0Hyh gtar
om;tmacgif vSrH pl;0Hyh g tar
om; t&Siv
f wfvwf r[majr}uD;xJ rqif;0Hyh gtar?
tar[m taryg tar&,f?
tarhaemufrmS om;wd@k &w
dS ,f?
tarhab;rSm om;wd@k aer,f?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
277
jrwfrdcifa'gif;
tarSmifroef;/
ta&mifrEGr;f ygw/hJ
atmifqef;a[h pk=unf?
jrefjynfx&k J
tefwpD k Zmenf?
auG@rajy;ygb;l /
zathaoG;[m eDe&D yJ gv@kd /
jynft
h a&;rSm nDnZD eJG @J /
278
wnf=unfqaJ [h bmrxD/
Armjynf&J acgi;f aqmifaumif;?
wu,f,kwrf m jydwmrsm;&,fu/
tus,cf sKyfrmS ydwu
f mxm;Hrk u/
rdpm> w&m; tarSmifOm%fqifv
h @kd /
axmif'%fEiS yhf if xyfzcd siv
f nf;/
AswOd mOf rajymif;ygb;l /
owt
d pOf aumif;ygb/d
jrwfrcd ifa'gif;?
a'gif;Munfpif
rdcif rkqdk;r
vifa,mufsm;udk oHa,mZOfrxm;
trSew
f &m;udk tm;ud;k &Smol
om;orD;awGe@J rywfouf
tem*wfe@J qufqcH sio
f l
ajr;uav;awGukd awG@csipf w
d x
f ed ;f
jidr;f csr;f a&;udk ar#mv
f ifah eol? ?
Munfarmifoef;
qHrk w
S f
tar
aeaumif;yg&J vm; tar
jcHeyH gwf 54 udk
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
tarhvufe@J ud,
k w
f idk zf iG rfh ,hw
f ae@ukd
wuUov
kd &f yd o
f mu opPmawmfrysuf
apmifah eqJyg tar ?
&Sdygw,ftar
u|efawmfo
h il ,fcsif;awGvnf; &Syd gao;w,f
olw@kd vnf; aeaumif;=uyg&hJ
wcsKduawmh
Edik if o
H m;ajymif;vJc,
H &l if;
jrefrmjynfukd cspaf e=uwke;f yJ tar
Zmwdajrudk tvnftywfjyefwikd ;f
t&iftwdik ;f yJaemf vd@k
0wfauswef;ausEw
_ q
f uf
aps;0,frysu=f uygb;l
wcsKduawmh
'kuo
Q nfa,mifaqmif&if;
(olw@k d ta&;twGu)f 'd@k ta&; 'd@k ta&;eJ@
e,l;a,mufuae
tarhvw
G af jrmufa&; }udK;yrf;ae=uowJh ?
tarhygwDvnf; &Sdygao;w,f tar
wcsKd u rJq,
G w
f ek ;f rSm wcsKd u rJray;zd@k ajym
ygwzD suo
f rd ;f cdik ;f umrS arG;ae@yv
JG yk ef @J
a=unmcsurf xkww
f mhwmuvGJ&if
t&ifvkd crf;crf;em;em;ygyJ tar
&efuek u
f awmh csLcsm&Smw,f tar
OD;aESmuf,pkd ;D r_ukd ukpm;wke;f attdikf 'f t
D ufpjf zpf
rD;pufarmif;oHawG=um;u pcef;c%vdu
k cf yhJ g ac:vd@k ac:
279
280
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
281
282
oef;0if;vIid f
Adv
k rf if;a&mif&J jrpf
trsKd;om;acgi;f aqmif
vGwv
f yfa&;rD;S;l wefaqmif&h J orD;
tmZmenfrsK;d yDyD
rsK;d *k%af qmifonfh trsK;d aumif;orD;ayg?h
ykcH;k ay:usvmwJ0h efwm
&J&ifph mG cH,lxrf;
rsK;d qufopfawGe@J vufurf;
rsK;d cspaf [mif;awGe@J wJt
G wl
awmfveS af &;c&D;=urf;udk
&J&}J uD;v$ix
hf x
l m;wJh r[mvlom;wa,mufayg?h
rw&m;r_awGukdzq
D ef
vSpH yG f usnq
f H csed ;f ajcmufr'_ %fawGukd tHwk
&J&ifrh e_ @J tm%mzDqef&if;
&d;k om;r_e@J acgi;f aqmif/ Om%fynmeJ@ E_id ;f csihf
cdik u
f snrf e_ @J c&D;quf/ jird ;f csr;f a&;twGuf OD;wnf
wd;k wufa&;twGu&f nfne$ ;f jyD; em,u*k%ef @J xrkH e$ ;f wJo
h jl zpfw,f?
tm%m&Siftqufqufu
ppfwyf}uD;wckv;kH tvJo
$ ;kH pm;jyk
acwftysuyf sujf yKe;f vnf; *krjyKyJ
trsK;d rsK;d ESyd pf uf/ t}udr+f udrv
f n
S yhf wf
tvDvD &ufpuf/ tcgcg owfjzwf
tzefzefx;kd ESuf ordik ;f wGiaf tmif aumufusp&f ufpufjyD;
vrif;udk acG;a[mifwZhJ mwfudk ucJah yr,fh
oluawmh
ywjrm;pdeaf usmufvkd &J&aJ wmufco
hJ jl zpfw,f?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
283
284
oef;0if;vIid f
arwm&J jy,k*t
f jzpf vlx&k J tarGwck jzpfovdk
awmfveS fjcif;&J"g;wvuf
avmu&J tm;aq;wcGufvnf;jzpfw,f?
ol[m wd@k tm;vH;k &J rdcif/ avmuudk tvSqifov
l nf;jzpfw,f?
ol[m tmZmenfwOD;vnf; jzpfovdk
ol&Jaumif;wOD;vnf; jzpfw,f?
ol[m tmZmenfwOD;vnf;jzpfovdk
ol&Jaumif;wOD;vnf;jzpfw,f?
ol&ed fxuf
582011
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
285
286
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
287
288
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
289
290
oef;0if;vIid f
Japanese Diet Members League in support of Democracy in
Myanmar, Tokyo, Japan (2009, June 19)
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
291
292
oef;0if;vIid f
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
293
qufoG,f&efvdyfpm
Ph
: (66) 897 -033 -128
Email : jamesparr007@gmail.com