History of Islamic Civilization

GLIMPSES FROM THE LIFE OF UMAR BIN KHATAB

By Muhammad Hozien

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION HIS EARLY YEARS CLAN, FAMILY AND TRIBE OF UMAR UMARS SUBMISSION TO ISLAM THE MESSENGERS MAIN COUNSELORS AND ADVISORS THE DEATH OF THE PROPHET and Abu Bakrs Khalifah MAIN ADVISOR TO ABU BAKR THE KHALIFAH [RULE] OF UMAR CONTRIBUTIONS AND INNOVATIONS OF UMAR. UMAR AS A LEADER UMARS CONQUESTS "FUTHAT" DEATH AND LEGACY CONCLUSION SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION:

Umar is one of the few leaders of Islamic Civilization that is unique other tha

It was Abdullah ibn Masood [1] who said of him, "We are still noble since Om

There are many traditions that speak of the high regard that the companions
During his time many new innovations were adopted. The state was expanding at a

There is quite number of good works on Umar in Arabic. There also seems to be quit

While in this short thesis we can only point to some of his most important co

The turning points during Umars life are in his Submission to Islam and in his
HIS EARLY YEARS: Umar was born in Mecca 13 years after the incident of the Elephant, In 583 A.D. Of

We later see him as wrestler who used to attend the famed Ukaz (the annua

Umars personality was dynamic, self-assertive, frank and straight forward. H

CLAN, FAMILY AND TRIBE OF UMAR: Umar belonged to the Adi clan from the Tribe of Quraish. His full name is: Umar ibn

Umars family was considered among the families that served as arbitrators that wo UMARS SUBMISSION TO ISLAM

There are three versions of Omars conversion, the story Anas bin Malik rela

Umar went straight to his sisters house where he found her reading from pa

What was this faith that made even weak women so strong of heart? He ask

Umar went straight to the house where the Prophet was staying and vowed allegian

Shortly after the conversion Umar and Hamza had led the Muslims in a Marc
THE MESSENGERS MAIN COUNSELORS AND ADVISORS

There are many narrations that the Messenger was hoping that Umar would

There are other traditions that point to the excellent qualities of Umar in matters of

As-Suyuti further states that Abu Abdullah ash-Shaybani in his book Fadail al-Imama

For the above mentioned reasons that the Messenger always sought the adv

THE PROPHETS DEATH OF AND ABU BAKRS KHALIFAH [RULE.]

When the Prophet died Umar was in denial and refused to believe that he di

Umar had convinced them that Abu Bakr was the ideal choice to be the successor of MAIN ADVISOR TO ABU BAKR

Abu Bakr had high regard for Umar who said: "There is not on the face of the earth a Further Abu Bakr had asked Usmah bin Zaid permission to use Umar because at the

Although Abu Bakr did not take every advice that was given to him by Umar,
THE KHALIFAH [RULE] OF UMAR

The appointment of Umar to office of Khalifah is a well recorded event. It is not as tr

Umar succeed Abu Bakr the day after his death. *20+ Abu Bakr was well aware of Um

Umar rule was to last ten years which are full of accomplishments. In this pa
SOME OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND INNOVATIONS OF UMAR.

In this area Umar would excel as no other for many reasons some of which a

1. Establishment of Public Treasury [23] . 2. Establishments of courts of Justice and appointment of Judges. [24] 3. Placing the reserve army on the states Payroll and organization of the War dep 4. Establishment of Postal service. [26] 5. Establishment of the Land Revenue department. [27] 6. Survey and assessment of lands. [28] 7. Public census. [29] 8. Punishment of those who practice Monopoly by exile to different lands. [30] 9. Establishment of and use of Jails. [31] 10. Building of Canals and Bridges. [32] 11. First to use the Whip. [33] 12. Establishment of Public Rest Areas, hostels and Wudu (Ablution) Stations. [34] 13. Fixing the date to the Start of the Migration of the Messenger. [35] 14. Dividing the state and the conquered territories into provinces. [36]

15. Founding of new cities (al-Amsar ) such as Kufah [37] , Basarah [38] an 16. Zakat on Produce of the sea, such as fish, Lobster, shrimp etc., and app

17. Use of secret reports and specially designated emissaries to provide first repor

18. Salary for Imams, Muadhans (Callers to prayer) teachers and public lec 19. Stipends for the poor among the Jews and Christians who lived in conq 20. Punishment for drunkenness, written satires and lampoons.
21. Establishment of Guilds for certain trades. [41]

22. Prohibition of the mention of womens names in poetry.

23. Holding tarawih (Ramadan night prayers) in congregation, before his ti

24. Providing lighting in the Mosques at night. [42]

25. Persuading Abu Bakr to collect the Quran in one book. 26. Establishment of Military bases at strategic points in the different provi
27. Establishment of the Police department. [43]

28. Personally making nightly rounds to check on the condition of the peop 29. Formulation of the Principal of Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning.) for determ 30. Establishment of a more exact system of calculation of the inheritance.

31. Limiting the relationship between Muslims and Non-Muslims. [44] 32. Establishing a stable for the lost camels. [45] 33. State intervention to control the price of merchandise. [46] 34. First to enlarge the al-Haram (the Sacred Mosque) at Mecca. First to place a co 35. Discovered the place of Isra, Ascension of the Messenger to heavens at Jerusa UMAR AS A LEADER

As was mentioned Umar had the respect and sometimes fear of many of his

Umar had the welfare of the Muslims in his mind at all times. Umars food was simp UMARS CONQUESTS "FUTHAT"

the immense power which the Caliphate had achieved during the reign of Um

The conquests during Umars time are not to be taken lightly the state was expandin

The Muslims succeeded, then primarily because they were able to organize an effe

Further Umar had an excellent organizational skills and a very good knowledge of pe

Umar would also make good use of agents to keep watch over the performance of t

The City of Hims (Emas) was also a city that complained about its governor. Umar als In his lifetime the following conquests were completed: [56]

Fall of Damasucus in 14/635 Fall of Fahl in 14/635 Fall of Hims in 14/635 Fall of Balbak and Basrah Fall Ublah and the bridge of Abi Ubydiah in Najran in 14 /635 Fall of Yarmouk in 15/636 Fall of all of the Jordan except of Tabarias in 15 /635

The Battle of Yarmouk in 15 / 635 The Battle of Qadisyah in 15 /636, In 16 /637 Battle of Jaljulah and Qansreen Fall of Ahoz Fall of Madain Fall of Jerusalem in 16/637 Fall of Jazirah in 16/637 In 17/638 Fall of Hims again in 17/638 Fall of Hurmuz in 17/637 In 18/638 The City of Kufah is built in 18/639

The great Plague of Amwas, Abu Ubydaih bin al-Jarah dies and many Muslim In 19/640 Fall of Qaisariah in 19/640 Battle of Sohab in 19 /640 Fall of Takrit in 19/640 An Army is sent Aremina in 19/640 In 20 /641 Fall of Egypt in 20 /641 Fall of North Africa Fall of Alexandria in 21/642 Fall of Nahwind in 21/641

Fall of Khorasan in 21/641 Fall of Antioch and Qalqalyia Pecefuly. Fall of Adharbaijan in 22 /642 Fall of Masbithan in 22/642 Fall of Hamathan in 22 /642 Fall of Tabaristan in 22 /643 Fall of Armenia in 22 /643 Fall of Jarjan in 22/643 Fall of Koos and Raiy in 22/643 Fall of Tripoli (North Africa) in 22/643 Fall of Fars in 23/644 Fall of Kirman in 23/644 Fall of Sajastan in 23/644 Fall of Makran in 23/644 Fall of Khurasan (including Khawarazm, Farghanah, Takharistan) in 23/644
DEATH AND LEGACY

In the year 23/644 Umar was assassinated by Abu LuaLua the Magian, who h

Umar appointed the office of Khalifah to one of six ( Uthman, Ali, Talha bin U
CONCLUSION

In the end Umar wanted nothing of this earth, it was as Muywiah said of him

In His lifetime he had seen the Muslims go from being the meekest of the ea

Umar had warned against such people living among Muslims. Since his warni

Umar continued to live simply to his final day. One of his companions remini

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. al-Baladhuri. Ahmad bin Yahya Futuh al-Buldan (Conquests of Nations). 2. al-Qarashi, Ghalib A.K. Awliyat al-Farooq fi al-Idara wal-Qada (Firsts of the Faro

3. al-Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir Tarikh al-rusul wal Muluk (History of the Proph 4. Arnold, Thomas W. The Caliphate , Barnes and Noble, New York, 1966. 5. as-Suyuti, Jalal ad-Din The History of the Khalifahs who took the right way , bein 6. Blankinship, Khalid Y. The History of al-Tabari , Volume XI: The Challenge to the 7. Donner, Fred M. The Early Islamic Conquests , Princeton University Press, 1981. 8. Jandora, John W. The March from Medina , A Revisionist Study of the Arab Conq 9. Khatab, Mahmoud S. Bayan al-Aqeedah Wal-Qayidah (Between Creed and Lead 10. Numani, Shibli Al-Farooq, The Life of Omar the Great, Translated from the ori

slamic Civilization that is unique other than the career of the Prophet Muhammad with whom this whole cycle of events started. From his

ho said of him, "We are still noble since Omars Submission to Islam "[2] He also said "Omars Submission to Islam was a conquest, His Mig

ak of the high regard that the companions of Muhammad had for Umar. He was the one of the two main counselors of the Messenger, th

were adopted. The state was expanding at a unprecedented rate and swift action needed to be taken which he did not hesitate to take or adopt. His b

on Umar in Arabic. There also seems to be quite a number of books just about him either popular or scholarly. Al-Aqads book is one of the popluar wor

nly point to some of his most important contributions there are still many others that must be ignored for the sheer number of them. A w

fe are in his Submission to Islam and in his rule after the death of Abu Bakr the Caliph of the Messenger in 13 A.H./634 AD. He ruled for te

er the incident of the Elephant, In 583 A.D. Of his early years there are not many recorded details save that he grazed camels for his father who was ver

used to attend the famed Ukaz (the annual fair.) Also due to his familys position in the Meccan Hierarchy he would receive an above aver

elf-assertive, frank and straight forward. He always spoke whatever was on his mind even if it displeased others.

he Tribe of Quraish. His full name is: Umar ibn al-Khattab ibn Nufail Ibn Abdul-Uzza Ibn Riyah Ibn Qart Ibn Razah Ibn Adi Ibn Kab Ibn Luayy ibn Fihr ibn

the families that served as arbitrators that would settle the tribal disputes and disagreements. Also ambassadors were chosen from his family as well. *

conversion, the story Anas bin Malik relates is this version: One day, full of anger against the Prophet, he drew his sword and set out to k

ouse where he found her reading from pages of the Quran. He fell upon her and beat her mercilessly. Bruised and bleeding, she told her

n weak women so strong of heart? He asked his sister to show him what she had been reading; he was at once moved to the core by the

e the Prophet was staying and vowed allegiance to him. It is also mentioned in more than one version that before he spoke the formula the Messenge

and Hamza had led the Muslims in a March on the Kabaa to worship there. [10] Later on he would openly proclaim his emigration to Med

e Messenger was hoping that Umar would accept Islam and when Umar because of the bright future that the Messenger was hoping. It is

o the excellent qualities of Umar in matters of advice. One such tradition is: "Ibn Umar related that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him pea

ullah ash-Shaybani in his book Fadail al-Imamayn (the Merits of the two Imams *Abu Bakr and Umar+) had listed 20 different points in which Umars Op

that the Messenger always sought the advice of Umar. It was not that the Messenger always followed Umars Consultation but he still uti

BAKRS KHALIFAH [RULE.]

in denial and refused to believe that he died. Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that he died. Abu Bakr kept hi

akr was the ideal choice to be the successor of the Messenger. He spoke about the excellent qualities of Abu Bakr and how the Messenger had left som

ho said: "There is not on the face of the earth a man more beloved to me than Umar." Umar was also highly regard among the companions of the Mess

n Zaid permission to use Umar because at the time of the death of the Messenger, Umar was part of an Invasion force that was led by Usamah. [16]

ery advice that was given to him by Umar, namely the affairs of the Ridda Wars [17] and when the Arabs refused to pay the Zakah (Alms

Khalifah is a well recorded event. It is not as troublesome as any of the others. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions to power from one au

his death. *20+ Abu Bakr was well aware of Umars powers and of his ability to succeed him. When he was dying he consulted with Abdur-Rahman bin A

ich are full of accomplishments. In this paper I will deal with some of them in detail. His most apparent achievements are in two major ca

NNOVATIONS OF UMAR.

o other for many reasons some of which are that in his time the state would be stable. He dealt with many matters quickly and before the

e and appointment of Judges. [24] ates Payroll and organization of the War department. *25+

e Monopoly by exile to different lands. [30]

as, hostels and Wudu (Ablution) Stations. [34] e Migration of the Messenger. [35] ered territories into provinces. [36]

msar ) such as Kufah [37] , Basarah [38] and Fustat. [39] such as fish, Lobster, shrimp etc., and appointment of a responsible official.

ly designated emissaries to provide first reports as what is really going on in different provinces. [40]

(Callers to prayer) teachers and public lectures. the Jews and Christians who lived in conquered lands. written satires and lampoons. womens names in poetry.

ight prayers) in congregation, before his time it was done individually.

ct the Quran in one book. es at strategic points in the different provinces.

nds to check on the condition of the people first hand. of Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning.) for determining rulings on newly encountered matters in Fiqh (Jurisprudence.) t system of calculation of the inheritance.

n Muslims and Non-Muslims. [44]

price of merchandise. [46] e Sacred Mosque) at Mecca. First to place a cover on the Kaaba. [47] ension of the Messenger to heavens at Jerusalem. [48]

espect and sometimes fear of many of his contemporaries. He personally involved himself in many of the states affairs. He was the hands

in his mind at all times. Umars food was simple which consisted of bread and olive oil. Rarely would he eat anything else, at times it is recorded that he

aliphate had achieved during the reign of Umar. His armies tore from the Roman empire some of its fairest provinces in the East, annexed the fertile la

not to be taken lightly the state was expanding at an exceedingly fast rate during Umars ten year rule like at no other time in the history of the Muslim

rily because they were able to organize an effective conquest movement, and in this context the impact of the new religion of Islam, which provided th

zational skills and a very good knowledge of people. He would not only choose who are his Army generals but also would give them very detailed order

ents to keep watch over the performance of the governors. He would also periodically ask the residents of different cities of the performance of the go

y that complained about its governor. Umar also took appropriate action to remedy the situation. [55] were completed: [56]

ydiah in Najran in 14 /635

bydaih bin al-Jarah dies and many Muslim soliders.

azm, Farghanah, Takharistan) in 23/644

sinated by Abu LuaLua the Magian, who had a personal grudge against Umar. The assassin stabbed Umar in the back and in his side belo

fah to one of six ( Uthman, Ali, Talha bin Ubiduallah, Zubair bin al-Awam, Abd ar-Rahman bin Awaf, and Saad bin Abi Waqas) to be chosen

f this earth, it was as Muywiah said of him.[59] His age was the age of Justice. Later on after he passed away his hut would still be called t

slims go from being the meekest of the earth to being one of the major powers to be contended with. He would remember well that in hi

ople living among Muslims. Since his warning went unheeded it was the cause of his own death. He prided himself in serving not his own i

is final day. One of his companions reminiscing about Umars days he said of him: "When he walked, he did so quickly as to get someplace

tuh al-Buldan (Conquests of Nations). Farooq fi al-Idara wal-Qada (Firsts of the Farooq in Adminstration and Judicial affairs), being a Ph.D. thesis, Muasast al-Kutub al-Thaqafiyah, Beirut, 19

rikh al-rusul wal Muluk (History of the Prophets and Kings), 10 Vols. Ed. Muhammad Abulfadl Ibrahim. Dar Suywdan, Beirut, copy of the Dar al-Maraf , Barnes and Noble, New York, 1966. of the Khalifahs who took the right way , being a portion of as-Suyutis tarikh al-Khulafah, translated by: A. Clarke, TaHa Publishers, London, 1995. of al-Tabari , Volume XI: The Challenge to the Empires, Translated by: State University of New York Press, 1993. Conquests , Princeton University Press, 1981. Medina , A Revisionist Study of the Arab Conquests, The Kingston Press, Clifton, 1990. eedah Wal-Qayidah (Between Creed and Leadership) Dar El-Fikr, Beirut, n.d. fe of Omar the Great, Translated from the original Urdu by: Zafar Ali Khan, International Islamic Publishers, New Delhi, 1992.

his whole cycle of events started. From his early days he had shown signs of greatness and the future to come.

bmission to Islam was a conquest, His Migration was a victory, His Immate [period of rule] was a blessing, I have seen when we were unab

two main counselors of the Messenger, the other being Abu Bakr. There are many reasons for the greatness of this man. He was of param

hich he did not hesitate to take or adopt. His bravery and simple life were trademarks of his era. His genius for leadership clearly is shown in his many a

larly. Al-Aqads book is one of the popluar works so is Ali Tantanwi, the famous Muslim TV personality, book about Umar. The Fiqh Council of (al-Majm

gnored for the sheer number of them. A work of this size will only limit it self to the most evident and important of these accomplishment

ssenger in 13 A.H./634 AD. He ruled for ten years and was assassinated by a Magian named Abu Lulu Feroze, who had a attacked him dur

at he grazed camels for his father who was very harsh with him. In his reign he would recall his fathers harshness to him when he passed the field whic

Hierarchy he would receive an above average education and would travel throughout Arabia and Greater Syria.

Razah Ibn Adi Ibn Kab Ibn Luayy ibn Fihr ibn Malik. Ameer al Muminin, abu Hafs, al-Qurashi, al-Adwai, al-Farooq.*7+

ssadors were chosen from his family as well. *8+

rophet, he drew his sword and set out to kill him. A man from Bani Zuhrah (perhaps an acquaintance, who secretly professed Islam) met h

ilessly. Bruised and bleeding, she told her brother, "Umar, you can do what you like, but you cannot turn our hearts away from Islam. " Th

he was at once moved to the core by the words of the Quran and immediately grasped their truth.

at before he spoke the formula the Messenger took him by the shirt and shook him up. [9]

uld openly proclaim his emigration to Medina and in one version he would dare the Meccans to harm him. [11]

ture that the Messenger was hoping. It is as if he was recruiting the right people for the future of the Islamic State. In one of the tradition

ophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, Allah has put the truth upon Umars tongue and in his heart." And another is "If there were to b

d listed 20 different points in which Umars Opinions matched the later revelations of the Quran. *13+

lowed Umars Consultation but he still utilized him on many occasions.

o would say that he died. Abu Bakr kept his cool about him and reminded the people that the Messenger was human. Then the Medinaite

Abu Bakr and how the Messenger had left some clues at to whom to lead after his death. [14]

hly regard among the companions of the Messenger. Aisha has said: "He was, by Allah, skillful in managing affairs, absolutely unique." And Muawiyah h

nvasion force that was led by Usamah. [16]

the Arabs refused to pay the Zakah (Alms, poor due, tax) in which Abu Bakr acted correctly and successfully. Abu Bakr had said: "By Allah

e smoothest transitions to power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands. When Abu Bakr was dying he only appointed Umar as his success

s dying he consulted with Abdur-Rahman bin Awaf *21+ and Uthman bin Affan *22+ who regarded him quite highly.

pparent achievements are in two major categories namely, the conquests and the innovations in ruling.

with many matters quickly and before they would rise to cause. It was also the sharpness of his personality and austerity that quelled ma

ny of the states affairs. He was the hands on type and if he saw anything that did not please him he made no secret of it. He would const

at anything else, at times it is recorded that he eat meat, vegetables milk and vinegar. His dress was also simple such as a shirt only which was known t

est provinces in the East, annexed the fertile land of Egypt, and pushed their way westward along the coast of North Africa; they overran Palestine and

ke at no other time in the history of the Muslim Civilization.*51+ As to the reasons for the high success rate of the conquests at this time period Prof. Do

of the new religion of Islam, which provided the ideological underpinnings for this remarkable breakthrough in social organization, can be more fully ap

but also would give them very detailed orders. He divided up the Empire into states and placed governors in each state that he would personally assig

of different cities of the performance of the governors. In al-Kufa he would recall Saad bin Abi Waqas due to complaints about him. He would than look

bbed Umar in the back and in his side below the belt with a poisoned dagger during the morning prayers. He also had stabbed thirteen oth

waf, and Saad bin Abi Waqas) to be chosen in three days. He commanded that Suhaib (the Roman) to lead the prayers. He made sure that

passed away his hut would still be called the house of Justice. Of wealth he left nothing behind. He willed that his hut be sold to pay off hi

d with. He would remember well that in his youth how he was being beaten by his father for taking a short break to rest to being the most

He prided himself in serving not his own interest. It is said that he feared the burden of leadership and how that he might one day be ask

lked, he did so quickly as to get someplace, when He spoke he was loud enough to be heard and when his hit it would hurt." He was a ma

is, Muasast al-Kutub al-Thaqafiyah, Beirut, 1990.

nd

Dar Suywdan, Beirut, copy of the Dar al-Maraf, Cairo 2 edition, 1960-69.

A. Clarke, TaHa Publishers, London, 1995.

rs, New Delhi, 1992.

a blessing, I have seen when we were unable to pray at "the house" [Kaba] until Umar submitted, when he Submitted to Islam he fought th

he greatness of this man. He was of paramount importance in the early formation of the Islamic State.

us for leadership clearly is shown in his many accomplishments. The great prose writer Abas Mahmoud al-Aqad, at the turn of the century had written

ook about Umar. The Fiqh Council of (al-Majmah al- Fiqhi li Jamat al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud) Muhammad bin Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arab

nt and important of these accomplishments. Further this thesis will also concentrate on the conquests of the Islamic State during his rule.

u Lulu Feroze, who had a attacked him during prayer with a dagger and stabbed him several times.

arshness to him when he passed the field which caused him pains early in his life.*6+

ance, who secretly professed Islam) met him on the way. When Umar told him what he planned to do, he informed him that Umars own

nnot turn our hearts away from Islam. " These words produced a strange effect upon Umar.

of the Islamic State. In one of the traditions that is mentioned by as-Suyuti we see the Messenger praying that Umar accept Islam.

n his heart." And another is "If there were to be a prophet after me it would be Umar ibn al-Khatab" narrated by: Uqbah bin Amir. *12+

essenger was human. Then the Medinaites namely the Awas and Khazraj tribe were in dispute as to who would take charge after the Mes

g affairs, absolutely unique." And Muawiyah has said: "Umar, the world wanted him and he did not want it" *15+

successfully. Abu Bakr had said: "By Allah, I will fight whoever makes a distinction between the prayer and the Zakah " [18] It was at thi

s dying he only appointed Umar as his successor and no other. [19]

personality and austerity that quelled many of the troubles that would appear to his successors. Here is some of his major achievements

m he made no secret of it. He would constantly write letters of advice and guidance to his generals.

simple such as a shirt only which was known to have a number of patches in it. He also wore a cap and sandals. *49+

st of North Africa; they overran Palestine and Syria, and after crushing the armies of the Persian King, established Arab rule over practically the whole o

e of the conquests at this time period Prof. Donner states:

ugh in social organization, can be more fully appreciated. In this sense, the conquests were truly an Islamic movement. For it was Islam- the set of ramif

rs in each state that he would personally assign. He would keep in constant communication with all his generals and Governors. [53] to complaints about him. He would than look into the matter and explain to the people. [54]

prayers. He also had stabbed thirteen others seven of which died. Abd ar-Rahman bin Awaf finished the prayers quickly as soon as Umar

n) to lead the prayers. He made sure that his son would not get the office but made him one of the consultants. [57] His Khalifah was for

He willed that his hut be sold to pay off his debts. Muywaih would buy his house and payoff whatever remained of his debt. [60] He was E

ing a short break to rest to being the most powerful man in the Arabian peninsula. He was also content that in the end he was not killed b

hip and how that he might one day be asked why he did not pave the road for a stray sheep in Persia.

d when his hit it would hurt." He was a man of purpose and a Mission. He left a legacy that is not easy to follow.

, when he Submitted to Islam he fought them [the antagonistic idolaters] until they left us alone and we prayed ."[3]

-Aqad, at the turn of the century had written a volume dedicated to him called, Abqaryat Umar [4], [The Genius of Umar.]

mad bin Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia had published a 3 volume book on the Fiqh of Umar. There is also a Ph.D. thesis that is only dedicated

quests of the Islamic State during his rule.

d to do, he informed him that Umars own sister, Fatimah, and her husband had also accepted Islam and abandoned your faith.

er praying that Umar accept Islam.

ated by: Uqbah bin Amir. *12+

s to who would take charge after the Messenger, it was then that Umar gave biyah (oath of Allegiance ) to Abu Bakr.

prayer and the Zakah " [18] It was at this point that Umar saw the error of his way, retracted and joined Abu Bakr in the wars.

s. Here is some of his major achievements in list form.

ablished Arab rule over practically the whole of the old Persian empire, until they reached the banks of the Oxus in the extreme north east. *50+

c movement. For it was Islam- the set of ramifications- that ultimately sparked the whole integration process and hence was the ultimate cause of the

enerals and Governors. [53]

shed the prayers quickly as soon as Umar fell. They rushed to the fallen Umar and knew that he was dying and that there was no hope of

the consultants. [57] His Khalifah was for a total of 10 years, six months and four days. [58]

atever remained of his debt. [60] He was Eulogized by many of his companions who remember him well. His was a time of stability and gr

content that in the end he was not killed by his own people but at the hands of a Magian.

and we prayed ."[3]

re is also a Ph.D. thesis that is only dedicated to the Innovations of Umar in Administration and Judicial Affairs.*5+

lam and abandoned your faith.

egiance ) to Abu Bakr.

and joined Abu Bakr in the wars.

he Oxus in the extreme north east. *50+

cess and hence was the ultimate cause of the conquests success. *52+

was dying and that there was no hope of recovery. Abdallah bin Abbas came to comfort him.

him well. His was a time of stability and growth. Peace and constant war. It was not such a time of contradiction perhaps a time of harmo

of contradiction perhaps a time of harmony.