Military Answers

DDI 2008 <Clark/Martin>

Thejas

More Military Ans

More Military Ans..................................................................................................................................................1
Military will buy from private contractors.........................................................................................................2
Jatropha Good........................................................................................................................................................4
Non-Unique: Jatropha Not being used now........................................................................................................7
Algae Bad (Blooms): Environment.......................................................................................................................8
Algae Bad: Expensive..........................................................................................................................................10
Algae Bad: Not feasible.......................................................................................................................................12
Algae: Biodivesity DA link..................................................................................................................................13

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Military will buy from private contractors

1. U.S. Military engaging in contracts with private companies now
Lockheed Martin, 07-08-2008, “US Army Awards Lockheed Martin $36M Contract to Upgrade Battle Command System”,
http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2008/0708_mcss_upgrade-battle-command-system.html

Lockheed Martin (NYSE:LMT) announced today that it has been awarded an extension to continue developing
portions of the Army Battle Command System for project manager Battle Command, located at Fort Monmouth, NJ. This
mix of fixed/semi-fixed installations and mobile networks provides Army leaders at all levels with a virtual view of the
battlefield-including real-time information on friendly and enemy forces. Lockheed Martin's work includes design,
development, integration, test, training, and field service support. This follow-on contract is valued at $36M. "These
systems are being used in the battlefield continuously," said John Mengucci, president of Lockheed Martin's IS&GS Mission &
Combat Support Solutions. "We are excited to continue assisting the Army on this mission-critical program." Mengucci added
that additional work will ensure that access to real-time operations and intelligence data remains constant for the warfighter.

2. U.S. DOD is the largest coustomer of Lockheed Martin

Lockheed Martin, ’08, “Lockheed Martin Overview”, http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aboutus/at_a_glance.html , ( Source edited for
information. The Overview consisted of a piechart showing the relative percentages of sales.)

The U.S Military is the biggest customer of Lockheed martin with more than 75 % of Lockheeds revenue coming from
U.S federal departments with more than 50% from the Department of Defense itself.

Thus the military will buy from Lockheed Martin regardless of who funds the private company for Lockheed is one of the best if not
the best defense/weapons/intelligence corporation.

3. U.S DOD buying weapons from contractors and engaging in future projects – DOD cannot afford to
break out of these contracts for it will lose prized money
Lockheed Martin, 07-31-2008, “U.S. Government Releases $1 Billion In Funding For Production Of Six Lockheed Martin F-
35B Stovl Aircraft”, http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2008/073108ae_f35_funding.html

FORT WORTH, Texas, July 31st, 2008 -- The U.S. Department of Defense has released $1 billion of funding to acquire six
Lockheed Martin [NYSE: LMT] F-35B short takeoff/vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft as part of the second Low Rate Initial
Production (LRIP) contract for the F-35. The LRIP 2 contract, worth $2.2 billion for a total of 12 aircraft, was awarded in
May. At that time the government authorized six conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) F-35As, with release of $933
million, and gave provisional approval for the STOVL jets pending certain requirements. Those stipulations were met by the first
flight of the initial F-35B test aircraft on June 11 and by completion of a propulsion system review on July 22. The government
exercised the option for the STOVL aircraft and released the $1 billion on July 22. The government had previously released
long-lead funding of $158 million in July 2007 for the 12 LRIP 2 aircraft. An additional $110 million of sustainment options remains
to be authorized in the 4th quarter of 2008. “Getting these STOVL aircraft into production quickly is critical to supporting the
USMC’s aviation recapitalization objectives,” said Dan Crowley, Lockheed Martin executive vice president and F-35 program
general manager. “The F-35 Fighter Production System now has all 19 SDD aircraft and the first two LRIP 1 aircraft in flow. We will
continue to ramp-up until we reach a peak rate of one F-35 per working day in the middle of the next decade.” Long-lead funds of
$197 million for LRIP 3 were released on May 14 for 19 additional F-35s. The LRIP I contract for the first two F-35A production
aircraft was finalized and issued in July 2007. The U.S. Marine Corps is expected to operate about 340 F-35Bs. The United Kingdom’s
Royal Air Force and Royal Navy, and the Italian Air Force and Navy also will operate the STOVL variant, which will be the world’s
first STOVL aircraft to combine stealth with supersonic speed. The first F-35A test aircraft has completed 45 flights and the first F-
35B has flown nine times, with both planes demonstrating high reliability and exceptional performance. Nineteen other F-35s are in
various stages of assembly, including the first two production-model jets scheduled for delivery to the U.S. Air Force in 2010. The F-
35 is a supersonic, multi-role, 5th generation stealth fighter. Three F-35 variants derived from a common design, developed together
and using the same sustainment infrastructure worldwide will replace at least 13 types of aircraft for 11 nations initially, making the
Lightning II the most cost-effective fighter program in history. Lockheed Martin is developing the F-35 with its principal industrial
partners, Northrop Grumman and BAE Systems. Two separate, interchangeable F-35 engines are under development: the Pratt &
Whitney F135 and the GE Rolls-Royce Fighter Engine Team F136. Headquartered in Bethesda, Md., Lockheed Martin employs about

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140,000 people worldwide and is principally engaged in the research, design, development, manufacture, integration and sustainment
of advanced technology systems, products and services. The Corporation reported 2007 sales of $41.9 billion.

(NB: Update these cards b/c gov keeps buying so the more updated your evidence, stronger your arg)

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Jatropha Good
1. Jatropha is not damaging to the environment.
ANASTASIA WEINER, Business Journalist, 09-04-2007, Evening Gazette, “CHANGE IS IN PIPELINE;
Green fuel quest in the spotlight”,
http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T4288485165&format=GNBFI&so
rt=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T4288485171&cisb=22_T4288485170&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=265
310&docNo=3, Lexis

Jatropha - originating from South America, but commonly found growing wild in South Africa, India and Asia.Unlike other
crops such as tobacco, Jatropha is far less destructive for soils and water supplies, and is easier to cultivate. It's future as a
miracle crop is by no means certain. Despite a brief flirtation with the crop in the early 19th Century, its potential has largely
been ignored. The efforts of Middlesbroughbased firm D1 Oils however could soon change that. The firm has some 172,000
hectares of jatropha in commercial plantations across India, Africa and South-east Asia. Although it has refined some jatropha
oil on Teesside, the planted crop won't be ready until 2008 as jatropha take up to six years to mature. Until then, the plantations
will serve to provide vital data on plant varieties, its ideal growing condition, expected yield and harvest frequency and
sustainability. "Up until now there hasn't been much cause to experiment with jatropha," explains Graham Prince, of D1 Oils.
"As such, little is known about ideal growing conditions on a commercial scale. "D1 Oils is the first company to investigate
this. "Our data will show where geographically jatropha cultivation is best, what conditions are ideal, and what yields we can
expect." Despite its unproven track record, D1 Oils is confident of jatropha's suitability as a sustainable non-food biofuel
oil. Early evidence shows that a yield of 2.7 tonnes from one hectare is achievable compared to 1.5 for rapeseed and half
a tonne for soya

2. Jatropha restores the environment

Willem, Romanus, Jozef VAN COTTHEM, Prof @ University of Ghent, 08-23-2007, “Global Warming: The Bio Fuel solution”,
http://desertification.wordpress.com/2007/08/23/global-warming-the-bio-fuel-solution-jatropha-google-alert-searcharticles/

Enthused by the government support, several individuals and organizations have already started cultivating Jatropha in a big
way. Progress in India has been limited so far, though a serious effort, officials say, would cut India’s import dependence by as
much as 10%. Small Indian companies are already at it. Labland Biotech, for instance, has a long-term contract with the UK-
based global firm, DI Oils, to supply one crore Jatropha plants a year for the next 10 years, besides supplying 10,000-50,000
tonnes of Jatropha crude oil annually over the next 15 years. Farmers in Karnataka and neighbouring states are being roped in
through the contract farming route. Reliance Industries is reported to have earmarked 200 acres of land in Andhra Pradesh,
which will be scaled up depending on the progress of the project. Jatropha an indigenous oilseed tree and perennial crop,
has the same characteristics as diesel, and can be used neat or mixed with conventional diesel. Jatropha, also known as
the Physic Nut, is able to tolerate arid climates, grows rapidly, is useful for a variety of products, requires minimal
inputs and reportedly stabilises or even reverses desertification. To top it all, this is a clean fuel option.

3. Jatropha is by character a weed and so has already been destroying corps in the SQ and the past. Thus use of Jatropha now does not
present additional fears.

4. Jatropha one of THE best biofuel non-food crop possibilities

Brook & Gaurav Bhagat, Reporters, 10-15-2004, EcoWorld, “HOPE IN JATROPHA India Gives Biofuels a Chance to Grow”,
http://www.ecoworld.com/home/articles2.cfm?tid=353
Jatropha, also known as the Physic Nut, is a plant which may hold such promise. Able to tolerate arid climates, rapidly
growing, useful for a variety of products, Jatropha can yield up to two tons of biodiesel fuel per year per hectare. Put
another way, Jatropha can yield about 1,000 barrels of oil per year per square mile. In such quantities, Jatropha, like
biofuels in general, cannot become a replacement for oil. But Jatropha requires minimal inputs, stablizes or even reverses
desertification, and has use for a variety of products after the biofuel is extracted. Moreover, diesel fuel with biodiesel
additives causes far less pollution.

5. In addition, a logical argument would be that there is no logical reason to presume that additional use of the Jatropha plant will not
result in destruction more so than what it is today. In fact, its controlled procurement for Biofuels, may reduce its weed-like impacts
on the environment. (In reference to 3)
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Non-Unique: Jatropha Not being used now

1. Jatropha is not being used for Jet Fuels now- Air New Zealand, the first to
test the biofuel, plans to use 10% biofuel by 2013
Peter Pae, Reporter, 06-05-2008, Los Angeles Times, “Jatropha plant’s oil studied as biofuel for jets”,
http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/05/business/fi-newfuel5

KUNIA, Hawaii – If all goes well this summer, an Air New Zealand 747 jumbo jet will take off from Auckland this fall
with one of its four engines powered by fuel refined from the seed of a fast-growing weed. The three-hour test flight
could mark one of the more promising – and more unusual – steps by the financially strapped airline industry to find
cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternatives to fossil fuel. “We’re confident that the test will go well,” said
David Morgan, the carrier’s general manager for airline operations, before leading visitors to a farm here where the weeds are
being researched. If the flight is successful “it’ll be a real milestone not only for Air New Zealand but for aviation.” The
secret: oil from poisonous seeds of the jatropha tree, which grows in warm climates around the world. For the past year, a team
of scientists here have been perfecting a process for turning the oil into jet fuel. On Wednesday, the airline announced plans
to use these alternative biofuels for 10% of its needs by 2013.

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Algae Bad (Blooms): Environment

1. The aff claims to grow algae in ponds. This prescribes a recipe for Algal
Blooms

2. Algal Blooms occurring now and are harmful.

NOAA Coastal Services Center, 04-04, “Action Plan for Harmful Algal Blooms and the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean
Observing System: Results from a Regional Workshop”, NOAA/CSC/20516-PUB, http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/habf/resources.html

Concerns about harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased over the last decade largely because of the
perceived increase in the number and duration of events. The toxins produced by these species cause finfish
and shellfish poisoning and mortality of marine animals, including mammals and birds. In the Gulf of Mexico,
the red tide species, Karenia brevis, routinely occurs along the southwest coast of Florida in the late summer
and early fall and can persist for up to three months. This type of bloom has occurred in the Florida panhandle,
Texas, and as far north as the barrier islands of North Carolina. Aquatic organisms are affected either by the
neurotoxin itself or by the reduced water quality that results from a bloom. In 1996, a bloom was responsible
for the death of 10 percent of the manatee population. In addition, human health is compromised by the
presence of dead and decaying fish in the waters and on the beach and by the production of aerosols that
cause asthma-like symptoms. The blooms also impact fisheries and tourist industries by inducing neurotoxic
shellfish poisoning. In the 2002–2003 HAB season, the Florida shellfish aquaculture and oyster industries lost
$6 million in dockside sales alone, and up to 20 percent of the planted clams.

3. Algal Blooms can kill humans – thus an increase in algae concentrations may
affect more humans
Donald M. Anderson, Senior Scientist of Biology Dep @ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Doctorate from MIT, Director of
U.S. National Office Harmful Algal Blooms, 05-07-2008, “Human Health”, http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=9679 ( Site is
part of U.S. National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms)

The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal toxins to impact human
health. In the U.S., state management programs are responsible for monitoring the concentration of the toxins in shellfish and
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closing the shellfish beds for harvest if the levels rise above dangerous limits. Marketable shellfish are generally considered
to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.

4. Combined costs of algal blooms high- impacts small state economies

Donald M. Anderson, Senior Scientist of Biology Dep @ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Doctorate from MIT, Director of
U.S. National Office Harmful Algal Blooms, 05-07-2008, “Human Health”, http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=15315 ( Site is
part of U.S. National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms)

A preliminary and highly conservative nationwide estimate of the average annual costs of HABs is approximately $50
million. Public health is the largest component, representing nearly $20 million annually, or about 42% of the nationwide
average cost. The effect on commercial fisheries averages $18 million annually, followed by $7 million for recreation and
tourism effects, and $2 million for monitoring and management. The actual dollar amount of these estimates is highly
uncertain due to a lack of information about the overall effect of many HAB events and a difficulty in assigning a dollar cost to
those events that we do understand. While many expenses may be difficult to quantify, there is little doubt that the economic
effects of specific HAB events can be serious at local and regional levels.

Separate from the national average, massive losses from isolated, individual events underscore the severity of the problem. A
recent PSP event in New England caused estimated losses of $12 to $20 million in Massachusetts alone, with additional
losses in New Hampshire and Maine. Continual PSP intoxication in Alaskan shellfish is one factor blamed for the lack of
development of a commercial, wild shellfish industry, estimated to be worth $6 million annually. Blooms of one of the brown
tide organisms, Aureococcus anophagefferens, devastated the bay scallop industry in Long Island, estimated to be worth $2
million annually. Outbreaks of Pfiesteria-like organisms in 1997 in Chesapeake Bay tributaries resulted in a collapse of
seafood sales and boat charters, with losses to watermen, seafood dealers, and seafood restaurants approximating $43 million.

5. Algal blooms harm fishing industries

Donald M. Anderson, Senior Scientist of Biology Dep @ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Doctorate from MIT, Director of
U.S. National Office Harmful Algal Blooms, 05-07-2008, “Human Health”, http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=15317 ( Site is
part of U.S. National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms)

Impacts from HABs affect freshwater and marine aquaculture industries. In the ocean, large numbers of salmon and
other farmed fish can be killed in just a few hours, succumbing either to toxic algae or to species that kill in other ways.
For example, in 1987, phytoplankton blooms of the non-toxic diatom Chaetoceros convolutus were linked to the
mortality of 250,000 Atlantic salmon valued at over $500,000. The diatoms lodged in the gill tissues, causing excessive
mucus production, suffocation, and death. Blooms of the toxic raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo have caused even more
extensive farmed-fish mortalities in Washington state. The NOAA Center for Sponsored Coastal Research provided funds for
limited field work and compilation of a summary of past H. akashiwo blooms, the causes and distribution as summarized in the
report, "Fish kills from the harmful alga Heterosigma akashiwo in Puget Sound: Recent blooms and review. Freshwater
aquaculture operations are also subject to risks from cyanobacteria and other HAB-producing toxins that kill the fish or
accumulate in tissues.

6. Algal Blooms can make drinking water poisonous

Catchment Water Management Boards, ‘99, “Theme 3: Human Impacts on Catchments(Topic: Algal Blooms)”, South
Australia's Catchment Water Management Boards, http://www.watercare.net/wll/himp-algalblooms.html

When blooms form in drinking water storages, such as reservoirs or dams, they can cause serious problems for
drinking water suppliers. Some species of blue-green algae produce chemicals that cause musty or earthy tastes and odours in
the drinking water. Removing these chemicals requires extensive treatment and, in severe cases, the water becomes
undrinkable. Other species of blue-green algae can also produce toxins that are very dangerous to humans and animals
if they are consumed, inhaled or even touch the skin.

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Algae Bad: Expensive

Not enough algae for daily cheap prices.
Chris Ladd, 5/29/2008, Writer for Popular Mechanics, “Algae Startups Confront Promise of Miracle Fuel With Big Summer”,
http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:lgKpHx2QBfgJ:www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/4266137.html+algae+biofuel+bad&
hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us

But after all the hype—and there's been plenty of it—the fact remains that nobody has yet proven they can cheaply and
reliably transform the stuff from a thick, green slurry to a finished fuel capable of making a dent in America's 870
million–gallon-per-day petroleum habit.

"I get a lot of people telling me that they've got thousands of gallons, but when I actually ask for a sample I can get maybe
two," says Jennifer Holmgren, director of the UOP renewable energy and chemicals division, which is working to refine jet
fuel from feedstocks that include algae.

"Google some of the numbers, and you've got people claiming that right now they're producing 35,000 gallons per acre per
year, and they'll be producing 100,000 gallons—and that's just impossible," says Solix Biofuels lead scientist Bryan Wilson,
a veritable grandfather with two successful years in the fledgling algae industry. "There's probably not more than a few
barrels floating around right now."

Two years ago, there were less than a handful of companies chasing the next wave of so-called "pond scum" power. Today,
there are dozens, many backed by big energy industry players such as Chevron and Shell. Last year, DARPA granted UOP $6.7
million to study how "second-generation" feedstocks, or nonfood crops, could turn into JP-8 jet fuel for U.S. Air Force and
NATO fighters. Just this month, Airbus and JetBlue announced goals to replace 30 percent of jet fuel with second-gen biofuels
by 2030. Air New Zealand and Dutch airline KLM have similar plans in the works.
All that's missing, for now, is all that oil they need to refine.

"It's frustrating for the outside world, but we've been learning how to do agriculture for about 5000 years, and we've been
learning how to make oil from algae now for only a couple of years. So there's a lot of learning, and the curve is pretty steep,"
Wilson says. "This is probably going to be the first summer that you're getting anything more than just test tubes of oil
produced."

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This is algae's second coming. The first attempt, run by the U.S. government in the wake of the last oil crisis, was killed in
1996 by the Clinton administration while oil hovered around $20 per barrel. But even now, with record-high petroleum prices,
algae stands in no position to compete, and hurdles remain at every stage of production.

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Algae Bad: Not feasible

Algal oil is still being developed, still many problems.
Chris Ladd, 5/29/2008, Writer for Popular Mechanics, “Algae Startups Confront Promise of Miracle Fuel With Big Summer”,
http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:lgKpHx2QBfgJ:www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/4266137.html+algae+biofuel+bad&
hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us

Just choosing which kind of algae to start with is a herculean task. There are well over 100,000 species, each adapted to
grow in different environments at different rates, and each capable of producing different amounts of oil—or none at
all. The government collected more than 3000 different strains from all over the world in the 1980s, 300 of which were deemed
promising. Today, many algal strains have been engineered into genetically modified superplants—the secret formulas of
biofuel startups—but there is, as yet, no proven winner. Not to mention, there remains the small matter of how to make
the algae flourish, how to cheaply dry several million gallons of subsequent slush, and how to get the oil out of
minuscule cell walls and into the metaphorical barrel.

A number of pilot plants scheduled to come online in the next several months will likely give the most accurate glimpse of
algae's future: how much oil it can produce, how soon and whether it will live up to its promise. GreenFuel, one of the oldest
names in algae, already operates a pilot plant in Arizona, where it houses algae in large, clear plastic bags. Solix will break
ground this summer on a new plant in Colorado, growing algae in what are essentially 325-ft.-long, 1.5-ft.-high freezer pops,
suspended vertically in shallow pools; a smaller array, with eight 65-ft.-long bioreactors, has entered production in recent
weeks. HR BioPetroleum, which signed a deal with Shell last year to produce biodiesel from algae, is currently building a pilot
plant in Hawaii using a "hybrid system"—growth begins in long, clear, horizontal tubes before being dumped into open ponds
to multiply further. Blitzing the ponds with algae for a short time has the advantage of rendering species invasion a nonissue,
the company says.

"The jury is out on all of them—nobody has fully demonstrated that their system is going to be affordable and scalable,
and be robust in terms of operations and maintenance and the ability to produce a large amount of oil routinely," says
Ron Pate.

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Algae: Biodivesity DA link

1. Algae (blooms) kills biodiversity
Donald M. Anderson, Senior Scientist of Biology Dep @ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Doctorate from MIT, Director of
U.S. National Office Harmful Algal Blooms, 05-07-2008, “Human Health”, http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=9682 ( Site is
part of U.S. National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms)

Although human health impacts are of prime importance, another societal concern is the massive mortalities of wild
animals that are caused by HABs. Animal mortality events, such as fish kills, bird kills, or strandings of manatees and
whales, have enormous impacts on local communities. These mortality events also affect freshwater and marine
aquaculture industries. In the ocean, large numbers of salmon and other farmed fish can be killed in just a few hours,
succumbing either to toxic algae or to species that kill in other ways. As algal toxins accumulate in the food web, turtles,
dolphins, manatees, and other marine mammals can be affected. As techniques for detecting algal toxins in animal tissues
have advanced, so has our appreciation of the number of marine mammal deaths linked to HABs. In fact, more than 50% of
the unusual marine mortality events are now associated with HABs. Sea lion mortalities are now almost annual events along
the southern California coastline and many of these have been conclusively linked to the ASP toxin passed through the food
web. The recent deaths of 19 humpback whales near Georges Bank in the Gulf of Maine is another such event
associated with domoic acid poisoning. In freshwater systems, the impacts extend to birds and possibly alligators and other
animals.

-READ BIODIVERSITY DA

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