Bi Tho Lun Mn Tin Hoc i Cng Nhm 2 k45c i hc thng mi ti:

H iu hnh,lch s pht trin ca h iu hnh,cc chc nng c bn,phn loi h iu hnh.

Bi tho lun ny cung cp cho chng ta mt ci nhn tng qut v nhng nguyn l c bn ca h iu hnh.Chng ta bt u vi vic xem xt mc tiu v cc chc nng ca h iu hnh ,sau kho st cc dng khc nhau ca chng cng nh xem xt qu trnh pht trin qua tng giai on.Cc phn ny c trnh by thng qua cc ni dung sau: *Khi nim h iu hnh *Lch s pht trin ca h iu hnh *Cu trc h iu hnh *Cc chc nng c bn ca h iu hnh *Phn loi h iu hnh *Mt s h iu hnh thng dng

I.Khi nim v h iu hnh H iu hnh l mt phn quan trng ca hu ht cc h thng my tnh.Mt h thng my tnh thng c chia lm bn phn chnh:phn cng,h iu hnh,cc chng trnh ng dng v ngi s dng.H iu hnh iu khin v phi hp vic s dng phn cng cho nhng ng dng khc nhau ca nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau.H iu hnh cung cp mt mi trng m cc chng trnh c th lm vic hu hiu trn .

h iu hnh (Operating system)

h iu hnh l tp hp cc chng trnh c t chc thnh mt h thng vi nhim v m bo tng tc gia ngi dng vi my tnh, cung cp cc phng tin v dch v iu phi vic thc hin cc chng trnh, qun l cht ch cc ti nguyn ca my, t chc khai thc chng mt cch thun tin v ti u. -Tuy nhin,nhn chung cha c nh ngha no l hon ho v h iu hnh.H iu hnh tn ti gii quyt cc vn s dng h thng my tnh.Mc tiu c bn ca n l gip cho vic thi hnh cc chng trng d dng hn .Mc tiu th hai l h tr cho cc thao tc trn h thng my tnh hiu qu hn.

- H iu hnh c th c coi nh l b phn phi ti nguyn ca my tnh.Nhiu ti

nguyn ca my tnh nh thi gian s dng CPU,vng b nh,vng lu tr tp tin,thit b nhp xut v.vc cc chng trnh yu cu gii quyt vn .H iu hnh hot ng nh mt b qun l cc ti nguyn v phn phi chng cho cc chng trnh v ngi s dng khi cn thit.Do c rt nhiu yu cu,h iu hnh phi gii quyt vn tranh chp v phi quyt nh cp pht ti nguyn cho nhng yu cu theo th t no hot ng ca my tnh l hiu qu nht

- .Mt h iu hnh cng c th c coi nh l mt chng trnh kim sot vic s

dng my tnh,c bit l thit b nhp xut.

II.Lch s pht trin ca h iu hnh

Th h 1 (19451955)

- Vo khong gia thp nin 1940,Howard Aiken Havard v John Von Neumann Princeton, thng cng trong vic xy dng my tnh dng ng chn khng.Nhng my ny rt ln vi hn 10000 ng chn khng nhng chm hn nhiu so vi my r nht ngy nay. Mi ngy c mt nhm thc hin tt c t thit k,xy dng lp trnh,thao tc n qun l.Lp trnh bng ngn ng my tnh tuyt i,thng l bng cch dng bng

iu khin thc hin cc chc nng c bn.Ngn ng lp trnh cha c bit n v h iu hnh cng cha nghe n.

- Vo u thp nin 1950,phiu c l ra i v c th vit chng trnh trn phiu thay cho dng bng iu khin.

Th h 2(1955-1965)

- S ra i ca thit b bn dn vo gia thp nin 1950 lm thay i bc tranh tng th.my tnh tr nn tin cy hn.N c sn xut v cung cp cho cc khch hng.Ln u tin c s phn chia r rng gia ngi thit k,ngi xy dng ,ngi vn hnh,ngi lp trnh v ngi bo tr.

- thc hin mt cng vic (mt chng trnh hay mt tp hp cc chng trnh),lp trnh vin trc ht vit chng trnh trn giy (bng hp ng hay FORTRAN)sau c l trn phiu v cui cng a phiu vo my.Sau khi thc hin xong n s xut hin kt qu ra my in.

- H thng x l theo l ra i ,n lu cc yu cu cn thc hin ln bng t,v h thng s c v thi hnh ln lt.Sau , n s ghi kt ln bng t xut v cui cng ngi s dng s em bng t xut i in.

- H thng x l theo l hot ng di s iu khin ca 1 chng trnh c bit l tin thn ca h iu hnh sau ny.Ngn ng lp trnh s dng trong giai on ny ch yu l FORTRAN v hp ng

Th h 3(1965-1980)

- Trong giai on ny,my tnh c s dng rng ri trong khoa hc cng nh trong thng mi.My IBM 360 l my tnh u tin s dng mch tch hp(IC).T kch thc v gi c ca cc h thng my gim ng k v my tnh cng ph bin hn.Cc thit b ngoi vi dnh cho my xut hin ngy cng nhiu v thao tc iu khin bt u phc tp.

- H iu hnh ra i nhm iu phi,kim sot hot ng v gii quyt cc yu cu tranh chp thit b.Chng trnh h iu hnh di c triu dng hp ng do hng ngn lp trnh vin thc hin Sau ,h iu hnh ra i khi nim a phng.CPU khng phi ch thc hin cc thao tc nhp xut.B nh c chia lm nhiu phn,mi phn c 1 cng vic khc nhau,khi mt cng vic ch thc hin nhp xut CPU s x l cc cng vic cn li.Tuy nhin khi c nhiu cng vic cng xut hin trong b nh,vn l phi c mt c ch bo v trnh cc cng vic nh hng n nhau.H iu hnh cng ci t thuc tnh spool.

- Giai on ny cng nh du s ra i ca h iu hnh chia s thi gian nh CTSS ca MIT.ng thi cc h iu hnh ln ra i nh MULTICS,UNX v h thng cc my mini cng xut hin nh DEC PDP-1.

Th h 4(1980- )

Giai on ny nh du s ra i ca my tnh c nhn,c bit l h thng IBM PC vi h iu hnh MS-DOS v Windows sau ny.Bn cnh l s pht trin mnh ca cc h iu hnh ta Unix trn nhiu m khc nhau nh Linux.Ngoi ra,t u thp nin 90 cng nh du s pht trin mnh m ca h iu hnh mng v h iu hnh phn tn.

III. , Cc thnh phn ca HH H thng qun l tin trnh H thng qun l b nh

 H thng qun l nhp xut H thng qun l tp tin H thng bo v H thng dch lnh

IV.Cc chc nng c bn ca h iu hnh H iu hnh ng vai tr trung gian trong vic giao tip gia ngi s dng v phn cng my tnh, cung cp mt mi trng cho php ngi s dng pht trin v thc hin cc ng dng ca h mt cch d dng

1, Qun l cc lung thng tin ra vo

H iu hnh qun l cc lung thng tin c a vo hay a ra khi my tnh cng nh cc lung thng tin qua li gia b phn x l trung tm v cc thit b ngoi vi.H iu hnh dn dt d liu n nhng ni tin hnh x l chng v a kt qu ra mn hnh,my in hay mt thit b a ra no theo yu cu ca ngi dng.

2, Kim tra v pht hin nhng sai hng ca thit b

H iu hnh gim st hin trng ca cc thnh phn quan trng trong my tnh pht hin nhng hng hc c nh hng n vic x l.V d,nu mt thnh phn in t trong my b hng th h iu hnh hin mt thng bo v vn pht hin c v khng cho php tip tc phin lm vic vi my tnh chng no vn cha c gii quyt

3, Phn chia ti nguyn

Ti nguyn ca mt h thng my tnh l nhng phng tin c trong h thng m mt chng trnh c th khai thc v s dng n.V d: a,b nh trong,my in,thi gian lm vic ca CPUH iu hnh phn chia cc ngun ti nguyn sao cho cc chng trnh c th thc hin mt cch ng n,ngn nga c tnh trng tc ngn.Cc h iu hnh a chng trnh hay a nhim phi m bo cho cc chng trnh c ch trong b nh v phn phi CPU(cng nh cc thit b ngoi vi) ginh nhng khong thi gian thch hp cho cc nhim v t ra bi cc chng trnh khc nhau.H iu hnh nhiu ngi dng lun c cm gic my tnh ch phc v mt mnh mnh thi

4, Qun l cc tp tin

Thng tin c lu tr trn b nh ngoi thnh nhng tp (file) ging nh nhng tp h s c ct gi trong nhng cp h s(folder) hay nhng cun sch c phn chia vo cc th mc(Directory).H iu hnh ng vai tr tng t nh ngi th th hay nhn vin lu tr h s gip ngi dng ct tp ln cc phng tin ca b nh ngoi nh a t,a CD-ROMqun l cc tp v sau ny gip ngi dng tm li chng.

5, Bo mt

H iu hnh cng gip cho bo mt d liu trong my tnh,ngn nga nhng ngi khng c thm quyn s dng.V d h iu hnh s khng cho mt ngi tip cn vi my tnh hay vi mt s tp trong my nu ngi khng c tn (User ID) v mt khu (Password) hp l

V.Phn loi h iu hnh C 4 cch phn loi HH:

* Di gc loi my tnh:

- H iu hnh dnh cho my nhiu Main Frame

- H iu hnh cho my Server - H iu hnh cho my nhiu CPU - H iu hnh cho my tnh c nhn(PC) - H iu hnh cho my PDA(Embedded OS-h iu hnh nhng) - H iu hnh cho my chuyn bit - H iu hnh cho th chip(Smart Card)

* Di gc ngi s dng v s chng trnh c s dng cng lc

- H iu hnh n nhim mt ngi dng Mi ln ch cho php mt ngi ng nhp vo h thng v cc chng trnh phi thc hin ln lt, khng i b vi x l mnh. V d: H iu hnh MS-DOS

- H iu hnh a nhim mt ngi dng Mi ln ch cho php mt ngi ng nhp vo h thng song c th kch hot nhiu chng trnh. i hi b vi x l mnh. V d: H iu hnh Windows 95, 98.

- H iu hnh a nhim nhiu ngi dng Cho php nhiu ngi ng nhp vo h thng, h thng c th thc hin ng thi nhiu chng trnh. i hi my phi c b x l mnh, b nh trong ln. V d: H iu hnh Windows 2003 Server, XP.

* Di gc ngi dng

- Mt ngi dng

- Nhiu ngi dng: + Mng ngang hng + Mng c my ch : LAN, WAN

* Di gc hnh thc x l - H thng x l theo l x l cc cng vic tun t theo nhng ch nh trc Khi mt cng vic chm dt,h thng s thc hin cng vic k tip m khng cn s can thip ca ngi lp trnh vd : D OS

- H thng chia s H iu hnh chia x cho php nhiu ngi s dng chia x my tnh mt cch ng b do thi gian chuyn i nhanh nn h c cm gic l cc tin trnh ang c thi hnh cng lc.

- H thng song song

- H thng a x l khng ng b thng xut hin trong nhng h thng ln,trong hu ht thi gian hot ng u dnh cho x l nhp xut

- H thng phn tn y l h a nhim mt khc s phn chia thi gian cn cho php nhiu ngi cng truy nhp vo n v s dng ti nguyn ca my.V nhng ngi ny c th phn tn v mt a l. Cc nguyn nhn phi xy dng h thng phn tn l:

Chia s ti nguyn

Tng tc tnh ton

An ton:Nu 1 v tr trong h thng phn tn b hng,cc v tr khc vn tip tc lm vic. Thng tin lin lc vi nhau

V d nh Windows NT ,2000 Unix,LinuX - H thng x l thi gian thc H ny rt nhiu ngi vit .Tt c cc h trn u c th tr thnh h thi gian thc nu nh n p ng c tnh thi gian thc m ng dng ca ta i hi.

VI Mt s h iu hnh thng dng trn cc my vi tnh.

C kh nhu h iuhnh khc nhau nh windox, unix, linux, mac ,.. V mi h iu hnh trn li c rt nhiu phin bn khc nhau th hin s pht trin v a dng ca h iu hnh. Nhng nhn chung window l h iu hnh ph bin nht. N va thn thin vi ngi s dng, giao din p v c s ci tin vt bc. Sau y s l nhng thng tin c th v cc h iu hnh thng dng.

H iu hnh MS Dos - DOS ra i vo nm 1981 cng vi my tnh IBN-PC u tin - Dos c 2 nhn thng mi l PC-DOS v MS-DOS. l sn phm ca cng ty Microsoft corporation. - H iu hnh ny khng ngng c ci tin v tri qua 7 phin bn ch yu,mang cc s hiu t 1.0-7.0.Cc phin bn c ca DOS ch giao tip vi ngi dng qua giao din bng dng lnh vn bn nhng cc phin bn mi y c c giao din

dn dt bng bng chn gi l DOS Shell.Qua h thng bng chn,ngi dng c th s dng hu ht cc chng nng thng dng ca DOS m khng cn nh cc lnh DOS.

H iu hnh Windows * Gii thiu chung window l h iu hnh c pht trin bi cng ty Microsoft.Phin bn u tin ra i cch y 25 nm v khong thi gian wd chim u th trn my tnh c nhn l 15 nm. V cho ti nay wd vn l hh thng dng nht i vi my tnh * Cc phin bn ca wd Tri qua qu trnh pht trin wd c nhng ci tin vt bc mang li cho ngi s dng nhiu tnh nng v thn thin hn

phin bn Windows version 1.01

nm hnh

pht c im ca phin bn dung lng nh hn 1MB li vn l hh MS- DOS c thm giao din n gin Windows 1.01 b cnh tranh rt gay gt bi cc sn phm cng loi ca cc i th nh IBM, do n ch chim c mt th phn kh nh. vn da trn nn MS-DOS vo tc ca b x l Intel 286/386

20/11/1985

Windows version 2.03

1987

m ra k nguyn m ngi dng c th thc hin nhiu cc ty chnh

trn mn hnh nh cho php cc ca s chng ln nhau, c cc nt bm maximize v minimize, cng nh ln u xut hin phm Alt trn bn phm. Cc ca s xp chng ln nhau

 Windows 3.0 22/5/1990 Vn chy trn nn MS-DOS nhng giao din ca 3.0 c ci tin trit c tp cc icon v cc ng dng nh File Manager, Program Manager Cc ng dng Program Manager, File Manager v nhm ng dng Accessories thi s khai. -Microsoft bn c 10 triu bn Windows 3.0 i Windows version 3.1 Nm 1992 Windows 3.1 l mt nng cp ng k t Windows 3.0 vi vic sa cc li v h tr thm a phng tin. xut hin giao din qun l th mc v tp tin theo cu trc hnh cy, trc quan hn rt nhiu so vi vic truy cp a ch theo m lnh kiu MS-DOS. Cc biu tng (icon) trn giao din c nhiu mu sc sng n hn rt nhiu so vi cc phin bn trc. Windows NT 6/1993 3.1 Windows New Technology Windows 95 24/8/1995 gi b nn tng c k ca MS-DOS Khc vi cc dng Windows thng thng khc, NT l mt h iu hnh thun 32 bit. Windows NT pht hnh ch yu nhm ti i tng l cc doanh nghip. N cng l mt nn tng cho Windows XP sau ny tha hng nhng tnh cht u vit ca cc th h trc , Windows 95 cn thm nhiu tnh nng mi nh h tr rng ri cc thit b hn (c bit l kt ni qu cng USB), c km thm phin bn Internet Explorer 4, h tr cc ng dng 32 bit m u cho vic s dng nt Star, thanh Taskbar trong giao din GUI. Windows 95 cn l phin bn nh du chin lc hng ti mng internet ca Microsoft. u tin xut hin cc chc nng Thanh taskbar, meny Start, cc

shortcut trn mn hnh, kch phi chut Windows NT nm 1996. Workstation 4.0 N ph hp cho s dng trong doanh nghip v tnh an ton cao hn trong bo v d liu cng nh nng cao c hiu sut cng vic cho mt vi ng dng nh pht trin phn mm, phn tch ti chnh hay mt s ng dng khoa hc, k thut, kinh t khc. Cc cng ty rt a chung NT 4.0 v s dng n trong vi nm sau khi nhng l hng ca h iu hnh ny tr thnh kin thc ph bin i vi nhiu tin tc. Windows 98 1998 Windows 98 c pht trin t Windows 95, y l phin bn Windows u tin c thit k c bit dnh cho ngi tiu dng, n c m t l mt h iu hnh Works Better, Plays Better (Lm vic tt hn, gii tr cng tt hn). So vi Windows 95, Windows 98 khng c nhiu thay i v giao din. Windows 2000 2000 Windows 2000 Professional c thit k thay th cho Windows 95, 98 v NT Workstation 4.0 trn mi my tnh doanh nghip v mi my tnh xch tay. c xy dng trn c s cc m ca NT Workstation 4.0 qua kim nghim, Windows 2000 thm vo cc ci tin quan trng tng tin cy, d s dng, tng thch vi internet v h tr cho tnh ton lu ng. n phin bn 2000 cc icon ca Windows c v hin i hn Windows ME 9/2000 em n nhiu tnh nng v m nhc, hnh nh, nng cao h thng mng gia nh v ci thin tin cy.

 Nhng h iu hnh ny cng b ch trch kh nhiu do s kt hp na ma gia vic s dng nn MS-DOS vi c ch ti li khng dng n n khin nhiu phn mm c khng hot ng c trn ME. Windows ME c cho l thn thin vi ngi dng, tuy nhin, nhiu phn mm li khng hot ng tt trn h iu hnh ny. Tui th ca ME ch vn vn mt nm cho n khi Windows XP cho i. Windows XP 9/2001 sau 16 nm Windows XP l h iu hnh u tin ca Microsoft on tuyt hn vi MS-DOS li thi. c giao din ha nh nhng, ti mt; tin cy, bo mt v hiu sut cng vic c nng cao. ha ca Windows XP t mt ng cp vt tri so vi tt c cc h iu hnh trc ca Microsoft. C nhiu phin bn ca XP dnh cho nhiu i tng vi cc mc gi khc nhau. Windows XP vn l h iu hnh ph bin nht. Windows Vista 1/2007 Vista l h iu hnh c giao din ha bng by, p mt, c tnh n nh v bo mt tt cng nhiu tnh nng v tin ch hp dn. Tuy nhin n cng lm nhiu ngi s dng tht vng do yu cu cu hnh cao, nng n v b gy kh chu t nhng chc nng bo mt phin h. Windows Vista s dng nhiu hiu ng trong giao din v tng tc, do chim nhiu ti nguyn ca my. Windows 7 22/10/2009 Trong thi gian u pht hnh, Windows 7 chim c cm tnh ca nhiu ngi s dng xen ln s d xt ca khng t ngi tng tht vng vi Windows Vista. ng iu mi m s n vi th gii Windows trong thi gian ti ra sao. Windows 7 l h iu hnh cho php ngi dng khai thc cc phn

cng c chc nng cm ng. -Giao din Windows 7 rc r v bt mt.

H iu hnh OS/2

OS/2 c Microsoft v IBM cng cng tc thit k.Mc ch ca h l to ra 1 h iu hnh c th tn dng c tnh u vit ca cc my tnh mi,to ra c giao din ho ng thi vn duy tr c kh nng thc hin hu ht cc chng trnh vit trong mi trng DOS v Windows.OS/2 cng l h iu hnh a nhim.

H iu hnh Macintosh

Hng my tnh Apple Computer,Inc sn xut ra loi my tnh Macintosh vi h iu hnh Macintosh.H iu hnh ny thng c gi theo s hiu phin bn,chng hn System 8 l phin bn th 8 ca n.H iu hnh Macintosh cng l h iu hnh a nhim,c giao din ho v thc n v c h tr vic s dng mng my tnh

H iu hnh UNIX

* Gii thiu chung - UNIX l mt h iu hnh my tnh vit vo nhng nm 1960 v 1970 do mt s nhn vin ca cng ty AT&T Bell Labs bao gm Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie v Douglas McIlroy - unix l vit tt ca Uniplexed Information and Computing System

* Cc phin bn - Ngy nay h iu hnh Unix c phn ra thnh nhiu nhnh khc nhau, nhnh ca AT&T, nhnh ca mt s nh phn phi thng mi v nhnh ca nhng t chc phi li nhun.

Version n (Vn) v c chy trn PDP-11 (16-bit)

VAX (32-bit). V4 : c vit bng C. y l s kin ng ch nht trong lch s h iu hnh ny v n lm cho UNIX c th c chuyn sang cc hardware mi trong vng vi thng V6 Ra iNm 1976, l version u tin c pht hnh ra ngoi Bell Labs v c pht min ph cho cc trng i hc.: Pht hnh rng ri V7 nh sn phm thng mi V7 1979, c pht hnh rng ri vi gi $100 cho cc trng i hc v $21000 cho nhng thnh phn khc. V7 l version cn bn cho cc version sau ny ca UNIX.

-Unix c th chy trn nhiu loi my tnh khc nhau, t nhng my tnh c nhn cho n cc my ch dch v. -N l mt h iu hnh a nhim (c th cng lc thc hin nhiu nhim v) h tr mt cch l tng i vi cc ng dng nhiu ngi dng. -Unix c vit bng ngn ng lp trnh C, mt ngn ng rt mnh v mm do. - Unix h tr cc ng dng mng v h tr nhiu mi trng lp trnh khc nhau. Vi hng trm lnh v mt s lng rt ln cc ty chn, Unix thc s l mt kh khn i vi ngi mi bt u. - Unix l mt trong nhng h iu hnh 64 bit u tin. Hin nay Unix c s dng bi nhiu cng ty tp on ln trn th gii v mc bo mt ca n tng i cao.

Vi s pht trin ca cc shell Unix h iu hnh ny tr nn ph dng hn trong lnh vc in ton.

H iu hnh LINUX

* gii thiu chung

- Phin bn Linux u tin do Linus Torvalds vit vo nm 1991, lc ng cn l mt sinh vin ca i hc Helsinki ti Phn Lan. pht trin da trn h iu hnh Minix, mt hh c cu trc tng t nh unix c chc nng ti thiu dng trong dy hc. - V c m ngun m nn Linux nhn c rt nhiu s ng gp ca cng ng dn c mng. ngy nay n hon thin v c tin cy cao. v c chn s dng trong cc c quan chnh ph cc nc, cc nc nh Trung Quc, Nht Bn u cng c k hach pht trin ring Linux cho t nc ca h. - Hin linux l hh vi m ngun m ( open source) v min ph(free) di bn quyn ca t chc GNU - Nhc n Linux, mt b phn ngi dng cho rng n qu kh s dng v ch dnh cho ngi c kin thc IT nht nh. iu ng, tuy nhin ngaynay Linux ang dn tr nn gn gi vi ngi dng thng thng hn, ng thi mang li cho h rt nhiu s la chn t cc nh phn phi. Vi yu cu phn cng mc thp, kh nng bo mt cao, nhiu ng dng min ph, ci t v thit lp d dng... Linux thch hp cho cc h thng c chi ph khng cao nhng vn p ng c gn nh y nhu cu ca ngi dng.

* Cc phin bn ca Linux Fedorra Core LG3D Linux Arch Linux

 Dream Linux ELive Linux Fox Linux Jack Lab Linux Knoppix Linux Ubuntu, Edubuntu Kubuntu, Xubuntu

H iu hnh MAC

* Mac OS (vit tt ca Macintosh Operating System) l h iu hnh c giao din ca s v c pht trin bi cng ty Apple Computer cho cc my tnh Apple Macintosh. Phin bn u tin ra i nm 1984.

* Cc phin bn ca max Mac OS 6 Mac OS 7 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 9 Mac OS X

* u im ca Mac so vi microsft windows S c lp v phn gii Phn mm nghe nhn Quick Time Sao lu d liu vi Time Machine tnh bo mt cao