INTRODUCTION

A full wave rectifier is a device which is used to rectify all the alternating current components in an alternating supply and make it purely a direct current. The two alternating halves of an alternation current are rectified in a full wave rectifier which is an advantage over a half wave rectifier. Most of electronic devices cannot withstand very high voltage or alternating current due to its intense high power. The use of batteries in all devices is not practical as their replacement and durability is a huge problem as the device has to be dismantled each time for such a replacement. So these rectifiers are used in most of the electronic devices like TVs, Radios, Chargers and Lightings etc. There are several stages in a rectifier. Based on their rectification they are classified into two:The single staged & multi staged. In the multi staged rectifiers, more than two diodes are used and these are used in the above-mentioned devices. The singled staged rectifier has only 2 diodes, the one we are to discuss in this project. The multi diode rectifier has only 2 diodes, the one we are to discuss in this project. The multi diode rectifiers has an efficiency ~ 94.6% while that of the single is only 81.2%.
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THEORY INVOLVED :The input transformer steps down the A.C mains from 220V to 9V between the centre tap and either of the two ends of the secondary winding. The transformer has a capability of delivering a current Of 500mA. The 9V A.C appearing across the second a r y i s t h e R M S v a l u e o f t h e waveform and peak value would be .4826 volts=x The diodes rectify the A.C waveform appearing across the secondary with the help of alternate forward and reverse biasing. The capacitor further filters 99% of the resident components and this is left to pass through the resistance and emerges out as +ve and ve. The bulb connected verifies the output as it works on Direct Current and if used on an Alternating Current, the fluctuation will burn out the bulb.

MATERIALS REQUIRED IN THE CONSTRUCTION :Connecting wires, a plug, single lead wire 2m, c a r d b o a r d , a t r a n s f o r m e r , a f i l t e r , a r e s i s t o r ( 1 K ) , P-N junction diodes, Insulation tape, Blades, soldering wax, soldering lead and soldering iron.

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Details of the materials used :i) Connecting Wires and a Plug. ii) A normal insulated copper wire withstand 220-250V is required. able to

iii) Single Lead wire-Thin wire with one single strand of copper well insulated and able to conduct a current of 1 ampere or a D.C current efficiently. iv) A card Board. v) Soldering wax & lead.(The wires are to be soldered firmly to make the connection tight so for this a thin lead wire is required to affix the connections and wax to make the lead to hold on when soldered). vi) L.E.D It is called light emitting diode(L.E.D). It is used to test the output voltage whether Direct or not. It glows on as we get a rectified direct current as an output. vii) Step Down TransformerA 9 - 0 - 9 t r a n s f o r m e r Transformer is a device used to change the voltage of an alternating current. The transformer which converts low voltage to high voltage is called a step up transformer whereas the one which converts high voltage to low voltage is called a step down transformer.
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I t c o n s i s t s o f laminated core consisting of two coils, a primary & a secondary coil. In a step up the number of turns in the secondary is greater that of the primary and the reverse in a step down transformer. Here we use a step down transformer which steps down 220V to 9V between the secondary terminals and the centre tap. viii) Filter - It is used to filter the the ripples, which is present in the output of the diode to an extent. Here we have used 1000MFD25V filter. ix) A Resistor- A resistor is electronic components whose resistance value tells us about the opposition it offers to the flow of electric current. Resistance is measured in ohms ().We determine the value of a resistor using the colour coding on the rings of the resistor. x) P-N junction Diode :When one side of a semiconductor crystal (Germanium or silicon) is doped with acceptor impurity atoms and the other side with donor i m p u r i t y a t o m s a P N junction is formed. It is also called S e miconductor or crystal diode. When diffusion of the two regions occur a resultant potential barrier is created between the two sides due to migration of electrons and holes.
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When the diode is connected with P side to positive terminal of a battery & N side to ve terminal it is said to be forward biased & reverse biased when reversed. In forward biasing the applied positive potential repels the holes and turns a current is made to flow overcoming the internal potential Barrier. While in reverse biasing the ve electrons 1st attract the holes and widen the Barrier and then only the repulsion between inner electrons occur and current flows. So theoretically no current flowsthrough due to the widening of the Potential barrier but practically a very small current does flows through. Different types of diodes are present : 1.Zener diode, 2.P-N junction diode, 3.Led , 4.Lad, 5.Solar Cell, Here we use a P-N junction diode. The greyish ring indicated the N side and the Black colouration the P side. xii)Finally, small equipments such as a s o l d e r i n g i r o n t o s o l d e r t h e lead, Blades, holders, insulation tapes to insulate the wire from shocking and sand paper to rub the oxidized wire ends are used.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

Connection details :Connections are done as in the circuit. The A.C. supply is given to b o t h t h e i n p u t w i r e s of the transformer and the two ends of t h e secondary coil is given to the P side of the two diodes and the N side of the diodes are twined and then connected to the o n e e n d o f t h e capacitor and the other end
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to the centre tap lead and to the resistor. Further, the other end of Filter with the d i o d e c o n n e c t i o n i s connected to the other end of the resistor. Connect 2 leads on both the ends of the resistor to measure the output and this is connected to the +ve & -ve terminals of the bulb

WORKING :First when the A.C. is supplied to the transformer, it steps down the 220V main supply to 9 volts. It has a capability of delivering a Current Of 500mA. The 9 volts A.C. appearing across the secondary is the RMS value and the peak value is 26 or 8.4 volts. During the 1 st half cycle of the A.C. input Diode D1 is forward biased and a current flows in the circuit in the direction S1D1ABEOS1. During this time diode D2 is reverse biased. So it does not conduct any electric current. During the next half cycle the diode D2 is forward and D1 is reversed. Hence D2 conducts current in the direction S2D2ABEOS2and D1 does not conduct any current. In subsequent half cycles of the A.C current the above processes are repeated. In both the half cycles,it is clear that current flows through the resistor in only one direction ABE. Even though the voltage across RL is unidirectional it will still contain a few A.C components. This is filtered and made smooth using a capacitor filter, which filters
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99% of the A.C current. A resistor is t h e n used to adjust the output voltage. We c a n t h e n t e s t t h e o / p Voltage using a multimeter. Efficiency of Rectification - = D.C power output. Total A.C input power For a half wave rectifier, ~ 0.406 = 40.6 %For a full wave rectifier, the one used here is ~ 0.812 = 81.2 %By the use of more number of diodes the efficiency can be increase to a maximum of 94.6%. Here we only use 2 diodes. The use of multiple capacitors also nearly filters all A.C components from the supply and resistance is adjusted for the required output. As this is a simple circuit, only one capacitor and a resistance is being used. But there will be slight factor of A.C. current still left in the output but it is negligible.

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WAVEFORMS :-

RESULT :- A full Wave rectifier is constructed & a

rectified d.c voltage is obtained as a output.

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BIBILIOGRAPHY :1)Electronic projects for beginners by A.K Manini 2) Scribd.com

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