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THE
HISTORY
OF
THE
MAROONS,
FROM THEIR ORIGIN TO THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THEIR CHIEF TRIBE
AT
:
SIERRA LEONE
INCLUDING THE
EXPEDITION TO CUBA,
FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROCURING SPANISH CHASSEURS;
AND THE
WITH A
IN
TWO
VOLUMES,
II.
VOL.
By R. C.
DALLAS,
EsQ^
LONDON:
'
miNTrii nv
a.
strahan,
0.
trin-i
tR!-sTRf it,
P
FOP. T. N.
LONCMAS AND
REES,
ATFRM05TBR-R0Wn
1803.
IG
C O
NT E
xNT
LETTER
Alclancholy Situation cf the
IX.
Converfation that
Colony,
Expe-
Cuba,
Sails
in
the
Schooner Mercury.
The Mercury
Arrival and
Detention at Trinidad.
The Mercury
the
attacks a
Arrival at Batabano.
of conveying
Mode
to
the
Havantia.
Reception.
Port of Xagua.
Alarquifa de
ivilh
s
Arrival at Befucal.
St.
fago.
Befucal^
Converfation
The
tion by the
Tage
I.ET1T.R
414M;0
iv
LETTER
News
the
Officers in
X.
Jealoufy of
ChaAdminijl ration at the Havatina. raEler of the Governor. on board the Mercury. Mutiny How quelled. DoBor Dominguez. Proclamation
relative to the
Rewards for
taking
Maroons
tranflatedy
and fent
into the
Mountains of Befucal.
Defcription
Account of the
and Dogs. Thofe of Befucal. Employment^ Mode of Purfuity and Manner of Living. Drefs of
Articles of
-
Men
a ChaJJeur.
the ChaJJeurSi
Agreement entered
-
into
with
Page 41
LETTER
A refpeclahle Interpreter
'Don
-The
Luis
the rejiifes
XI.
number of Chaffeurs
required.
Leavts
the Llavanna,
and returns
to
Bfucal.
Hfpitality and
et
Afjlfance cf the
Marquifa
de St. Felippe
their d'.gs
to
St.
Jogo,
The
Chnjf.iirs proceed
with
a Rendezvous
near Btitin.ino.'The Commifjloner leaves Bfucal. hinds the (fjiccr at Batabano relieved by a Mexican
Lieutenant.
A'jonfwur IJ Epee
The Chnfeurs refufe to embark. Caufe cf their Refifd. The Mcxiain jnuh an Exprfs to the (j over tier. Tic Commfjiontr guarded. jMeafure^
nufoner.
taken
taken hy
him
to efcape
from Cuba
ivlth the
Chajfrars.
Their
Scruples
removed.
Detention.
Commijftoner' s
Parfued by
Guarda
Co/ins.
~The
the
^CrocodU/os
at Ca\'o Blanco.
The Commif-
Reception^
Vs^c 72
LETTER
State of the U'^'ar in Jamaica.
XII.
March
to
Seven Rivers.
Cri-'
The Chaffeurs
tical Period.
s
Colonel
- Cato
Hull marches
killed.
in Search
of Mon-
tague
Party.
Truce.
Treaty
of Peace.
Unfortunate Rencontre
Colonel Skinner
advances Jrom
recalled.
Jchifcn.
Is
fohifn^s
The Lieu-
tenant-Governor arrives at Wcmyfs-Cafle. Ratifies General ll'^alpole's Treaty. and Apprcheiftons Dijlruft
of the Maroons.
Kap
The Chjjfur; dijjatisfed. for their Surrender. General It^alpole's Cpinion rfpcalng them. Bodies of Maroons furrender at difercnt limes. Palmer and
Parkinfon^
ifitl)
fonie others^
remove
tj
a difant Part
They Fidelity of fjjnfon and Smith. a Party to go and bring in the Remainder op the beg for
of the Country.
Maroons.
vi
Maroons.
Nutricious
RefufeJ.
to
aB.
Root found in
TVcods.
Detachment
the
Dilemma of
>
Party.
tion
Termina-
of the
War^
Page 122
LETTER
Contrary
Opinions
refpecling
Xlir.
of Their Re rations recf the Council and AJfemhly. General Wolpole Their Reafons. the Treaty. fpecling
and
diffatisfed.
His Reafons.
The Banif^meiit of
the
Maroons
Public Sub-
The and Oath cf the IVindivard Maroons. iniffion Maroons fent to Kingfon. Exception: in Trelaivney The Favour luaved. Obferfavour offonie of them.
vations.
Carres.
to
Lord BaU
The fame
the
his
to
rcs-'ving
Sioord.
expunge
voted
to the
Anfver from
^larrell fir
of the Slain.
-
to C'-Jonel
his Services.
Monument
-
Alemory
Their Departure^
172
LETTER
Tranfportation
XIV.
Mc,ro':ns.
fihc Trelavney
in
Canada Plan.
Negroes healthy
the
a co/d Cuinrtc.
Sum
I,
voted by
to
far cons
Aiiiicrica.
vli
De-
parture of the
to
Maroofis.-ConduB: during their Pajfige Arrival and Reception Halifax in Nova Scotia.
Vljited by Prince
to
there.
Edward.
Their Loyalty.
the
Suffered
Citadel.
latidy
and employed on
Portland.
Jforks at the
///
general Favour.
Arrival of Dlfpatches
from
the
Duke of
The Governor of
the
Province
undertakes to
the Ifland
cf Jaiualca.
the Place.
Lands
at
Prefon
the
piirJoafed.
State of
to
Navigation from
Bay of Fundy
Hall-
a Communication Facility of opening by the River fax. that vjould attend It.Schubennaccadle. Advantages
Maroons remove
given
to
to
Preflon.
Military
Comrnlfiotu
feme cf them.
verncr In the
con-
Marriage.
The Commlffary-General
Scotia.
of quitting
Nova
_
RfJnilons of
_
the
^^g'^
94
LET
Severity
IE R XV.
Apprehtnjions
to
of the
Winter.
of Famine.
the
to
Maroons.
Com-
New-York
[I
pr^^cure Provftori.
Jlr Indent in
(I'ul
the
ALiroons.
F'f intent
'It.c
thf
Co::>!'yy.
ui/tc"g
the Aiir'.ons.
5
L,,tt.r
"y-v'
Vi"
refufe to labour.
Zchodmajler.
Boydville.
The Care of them given to the Removal of Jome of their Families i&
to
They return
IVorh.
Governor
of the
Province.
Captain
Sttperintendiiiit,
Nova
Scotia.
the
Expences
Lord Balcarres
to
tranfmit
Cofitradiclory Accounts of the Situation of the Small Progrefs Maroons. They rclapfe into Idlenefs.
them.
of their Converfon
io
to
Chrifianit\.-
Their Fareivell
Perplexing Situation of Cominijptry. Addrefs Litter from the the Government of Nova Scotia.
the
Lieutenant-Governor of
Nova
Governor
of
famaica.
Maroon
Afffirs by the
Mifundryjlanding.
Defini-
Opinion of a Committee
nf
tie Houfe
rf peeling
oj
Crcntial.
Foit'
Page 232
LETTER
Situation of the
XVI.
Maroons.
of the Houfe of
Afvibly of Jamaica fent to Halifax. The Governor of Nova Scotia remonfirates, and
Charges againfl the Commijfary.
unexpectedly prefers
Nature of the
mittee appointed
(Charges.
to
Hotu
treated by the
Com-
in^puire into
them.
The Maroons
become
ix
Propofal
to
iht
DireBors of
iives
the Sierra
Leone Company.
Alaroons.
Their AIo"
Removal for confenting Their Condufl on their Leone. of them to Sierra Their Importance in the Settlement. Arrival. They
to receive the
Page 27 J
LETTER
Influx
XVir.
Alarm catfed by a in famaica. cf Foreigners Rebellion of Letter writ ten by Santhonax. runaway
Slaves.
The Jccompong Maroons and Companies of The Rebellion quel]Vcodmen employed to reduce them.
Evacuation of
St.
led.-
Doming}.
^icflion as
to
the
raiftng
Alternative offered
Minifers.
Grant for
If and.
Alarm
FrefJj Influx
of French Emigrants
and
'
their Slaves.-
l:pt open
Touffnint.
Commercial Commiffonrr
Renders Service
Intelligence
appointed.
American
States,
and Joriuards
is
Jamaica
the
dtfeated.
Spcliaflonr
Alteration
Ifand.^ufuon
rc'fpiP.inir
JuJ\n-s.
Kingfon made
LETTER
dihure of new Canes.
JVork during Crop.
by Higgins.
XVIII.
Remarks
in
Soils.
on Night-
Improvement
the
Siigar-mahing
Negleil
Nciv Hints on
Suhji-cf.
of Gardening.
Clove Tree.
Gulf of Mexico
Light-
Hotfsy
Page 332
LETTER
An
XIX.
Danger of
the
An
358
LETTER
Legifation efahlifjed in the
XX.
Internal
Hands of the
Cclonifs by
Contrafled Statements.
Sug-
Mode for
and
the
by
free Negroes.
l)eftrls
Jamaica.
reDifjiadty of
-
njedyingfm: cf them.
383
LETTER
^I
LETTER x:a
T7r
Stihjecl
of Religion continued.
Maro:.ns.
Th.c
Phn for
179^
MiJJlor.aries
prcpcfcd.
Opinion of a Miffionary
Cbfervations on
Itnproha-
Jcnt
tbr
to
St.
Domingo.
hility
InfiirrcFlion in 'Jamaica. -
Plans for
r>ge 439
of Cuba.
The Map
i.
of the Suc-
cinft Hiftory.
The
Vol.1.
Seat of the
Maroon War,
to face
Page
i.
of
THB
HISTORY
OF
THE
MAROONS.
LETTER
fuggejled
the idea
IX.
Converfatiott that
Expe-
Cuba.
Sails
in
the
Schooner Mercury.
The Mercury
Arrival and
Detention at Trinidad.
The Mercury
Arrival
attacks a
Guarda
Cojla by Mifloke,
at Bataba'o.
Mode
to
of conveying
and Merchandife
et
the
Havanna.
Reception.
Port of Xagua.
Arrival at Befucal.'
St.
Marquifa de
St. Felippe
Jago.
Befucaly
Converfation
and the Marquifa s Territory. -^Her Palace andFcitnily. The Comvujfioner proceeds to the Havanna. Reception by the
Governor
Don
Luis de
las Cafas.
My
dear Friend,
the
JN EITHER
Vol. IL
energy
and determined
fkill,
bravery,
feemed to
avail
in this war.
The whole
annoyed in one they chofe another, and the. coateft had all the appearance of
if
being an endlefs
threatened
ifland
5
evil,
the
entire
this
dellrudion
of the
for
had
evinced that
their
the Government,
that
alt
tlie
is
highly
in
probable
example
might
fpirits
the turbulent
among
fame
intereft
or
indeed fuch a decided triumph might have tempted numbers of the plantation negroes,
unwilling before to change a
for warfare, to join the
ftate
of peace
:
Maroons
at all
who
by
the
their fears
colonifts
The
lives
of
mull
have
continual terror
would have fpread throughout the country, and all the credit of the ifland in Great
Britain
to nothing.
To
complete this miferable pidure, the foreign enemy, when fully affured of the ftate of
the colony,
would, even though unable to attempt a defcent, have kept the coafts in conftant alarm, and found means to
maintain the
fpirit
with arms.
as
peace
terrors
obtained
by
fupplication,
the
of fome had led them to propofe, would have been equally fatal and more difgraceful.
It
was in
this
ftate
of
affairs,
and while General Walpole, whofe firm^ nefs had refcued the ifland from the fhamc
of a precipitate
and
inability,
Maroons
war, in which force and military fkill alone might have been foiled for years.
Colonel
Colonel Quarrell *,
fervice
who had
been upon
with the troops in the mountains, Was compelled by the ftate of his health
to leave the head-quarters,
to the fea-{hore.
intelligent
Spaniard,
ftate
him on
the
of the
related
an event, to which Colonel Quarrell paid the utmoft attention, as he thought the
ideas
it
when
who
oppofed by the native Indians, had always (hown the moft determined
enmity to them.
They attempted
:
in vain
by means
of a
furprifes
of a military force
in
the courfe
loft,
from
wiflied
me
my
giving
if
him
holds,
he were
and
and
ambuflies,
to
nearly
three
regiments.
place, or fall Compelled upon fome plan of counteradting the Indian "warfare, they imported from Cuba thirty-
abandon the
fix
who were
the
fent
by the Alcalde
Provinciale *, at
Defpolito, the
defire of
Don Juan
Gover-
Thefe
auxiliaries
fineft regi-
being employed, neither furprife nor ambufh annoyed the troops, the Spaniards
foon fucceeded in expelling the Mufquito Indians from the territory on the coaft,
and quietly occupied Black River, BlueIn whatfields, and Cape Gracios a Deos.
ever
light
the
Philanthropift
may view
lands,
means of the
drive
men from
their
native
he
cannot juftly blame the harfheft adopted at home, when relf-prcfcrvation is the end
*
The
and
chafTeurti cainc.
pro-
propofed.
Had
the
cafe
been reverfqd,
had the Indians employed dogs in driving away the Spaniards and keeping them from,
chafleurs
effeds
they would fpread would induce the Maroons to fubmit on proper terms j and he argued, that even if the Commander in
Chief were compelled to bring them into adual fervice, it would be better, and more
for the intereft of humanity, that
fome of
colony ruined. Swayed by thefe motives, he fuggefted the fcheme to the Speaker and fcveral Members of the Houfe of
Aficmbly, to be laid before the LieutenantGovernor. The Houfe, however, mifcoiiccivcd
the plan
in
their anxiety
to
fpare
to
the Spaniards
what
efFe(fl
retained
whom
he had converfed,
of
this-
dudiing of the bufinefs on furer grounds and a more extenfive plan, and, having
obtained
full
upon
himfelf,
provided he were furnifhed with a veficl and a letter from the Governor of Jamaica
to the Spanifli
Governor
at the
Havanna,
taken the
to
him
to purchafe
confideration,
acceded
the
propofal
Mercury,
down
to
B 4
Blue-
Bluefields,
Don
it
Luis de
las Cafas,
the Governor at
the Havanna,
of
wife as a
member of
When
with a
was
ill
fever
but fo anxious was he that nothing fliould delay the fervice, that he imme^
:
diately
he anfwered,
fchooner confided of four Britifh feamen, twelve Cura9oa negroes, and eighteen Spanifh renegadoesj but notwithftanding the
with a friend
*
*,
whom
he had invited to
accom<
accompany him on the voyage, and their two fervants, embarked at Bluefields in the
end of the month of Odober
Let us
pole
1
795,
now
Wal-
and the Trelawney mountains, of the Maroons and the cockpits, for a few weeks ; let us fet fail in the fcliooner, and
let
expedition to Cuba, remembering, at the fame time, that the fole objed: of it was to
quell the
Maroon
rebellion.
We
till
will not,
we have
argu-
means pro-
The
not
unapprized that the meafure of calling in iuch auxiliaries, and ufmg the canine
fpecies againft
rife to
human
beings,
would give
England
;
much animadverfion
in
new
world,
would
to
remembrance.
juft
of
mankind
has
ever
ilnce branded,
to brand,
was
forefeen,
and ftrongly
urged as an argument againft recurring to the fame means in the prefent cafe,
that
the
prejudices of
party,
and the
and turbulent men, would place the proceedings of the AfTembly on this occafion, in a point of view
virulent zeal of reftlels
equally odious with the condud of Spain on the fame blood-ftained theatre, in times
paft.
No
allowance would be
made
for
the wide difference exifting between the two cafes. Some gentlemen even thought
that the co-operation of dogs with Britifh
troops,
cruel, but
pro-*
To
"
"
To
thefe
and
fimilar
objedions,
it
was anfwered,
and the
be
lives
facrificed to the
mifconftrution or wilful mifreprefentatioix in the mother country. It was main,tained, that the
needed only to be fully examined, and fairly ftated, to induce all reafonable men
to
admit
it
its
To
of
hold
as a principle, that
is
an
to
al
cruelty or
cowardice in
man
employ is ^
ufed
by the
practice of all
The
Afiatics
;
have
ever
if lions
and
and
alfo
would be
made
to
aflifl;
man, in thofe regions v^^here they abound. Even the ufe of cavalry, as eftabliflied
among
this
the
mod
civilized
niufl:
and
poli(hcd
if
nations of Europe,
principle
be rejeded,
j
be admitted
2
for wherein,
it
12
was afked, does the humanity of thai do<9:nne confift, which allows the employit
ment of
difcomfited and flying infantry, yet fhrinks at th6 preventive meafure of fparing the
efFufion of
human
blood,
by
tracing with
hounds
the
haunts
of
murderers,
and
fero-
more
animals
" The merits of the queftion, it was faid, depended altogether on the origin and
caufe of the war, and the
obtained
by
its
thority of the
mod
*
on
public law
was adduced
If the
'
in fupport of this
conftru(flion.
war,'
fays that
Paley,
be
the
means
This
is
the principle
to
which
:
war
ufually proceeds
for
fmce war
is
conteft
by force between
parties
\3
parties
fu-
perior,
includes not in
its
idea
operations of
has
naturally
no boundary but
;
that in
which
force terminates
the deftrucforce
is
which the
direded.'
It
author, that
of which kind
is
manner tending
them
tion
or
Thefe
enormities are prohibited not only by the pradlice of civilized nations, but by the
law of nature
itfelf,
as
having no proper
accom-
'4
containing that tvhich in peace or war is equally unjuftlfiable, namely, ultimate and
tilelefs
mifchief.
Now
all
mities
againft the
Humanity
therefore,
U Was faid, was no way concerned in the expedient that was propofed, or any other
by which fuch an enemy could be moft
fpeedily reduced*.'*
which
they are branded in this ftatement of the argument, were, like moft uncivilized
people, and not unlike fome civilized nations, hurried
by unruly
pafTions to
ads of
and
barbarity.
Depredation,
devaftation,
the wars
called.
15
the
called.
What
ir6
horrors
of the
Maroon war
tion?
the
wc
Wherever we follow
thera,
mod
nature.
we fee human
Maroons, fafe themfelves in their natural and impregnable garrifons, fent out parties
to furprife
and deftroy, to maflacre the unprepared, and to burn houfes and plantations. They had defied, they had foiled
Britilh troops; the
colonifts
were in dethat
fpair;
and
it
was
with
difficulty
General Walpole had prevailed upon an affembly of them to refrain from a conceffion that
was pregnant with ruin. In fuch a fituation, what archfophift will maintain that delicacy was to be preferved
means of removing fuch an evil t Were a man bit by a mad dog, would he fcruple to cut or burn out the part which
in the
Do we
not
amputate a limb to fave the body ? And if felf-prefervation didate thefe pcrfonal
fuffer-
(
fufferings, fhall
)
Jk
large
community
the
ufe
of the
readieft,
ing
cafe
its
from
Spaniards hunting
condud of
the
Romans,
How
all
which the
poor unoffending Helots were hunted and Thefe were, poniarded by the Spartans
!
indeed, cafes of
wanton barbarity
but the
man who
were cruel in hiring the Spanifh chaffeurs, will be inconfiftent if he does not con-
demn
left
they
;
ihould
or
if
injure
the
nodurnal
prowler
his
own
life,
of others,
by
al-
fetting
failants.
his
The
in
clamour,
therefore,
that
was
railed
ployment
17
plbyment of the Spanifh chaffeurs was groundlefs and unjuft, and it will be
admitted to be the more
fo,
when
it
is
known,
by
that
all
that
was
at firft
expected
the Inhabitants
dogs,
was
by
good
ridiculed
the
project:
it
uncertain.
The
commiffioner, feeling for the fituation of the ifland, had fuggefted it ; the
planters finding every other expedient tried
in vain,
and eager
to
folicitous
to feize
it
;
were anxious
carres,
try
for their
com-
plied
on
its
their repre-
anfwering a
entirely fo-
good purpofe.
thrown
into
fo
Cruelty was
:
fingular
and alarming a
crnel.
could be
deemed
The
com-
Vol.
II.
18
commiflioner's humanity and klndncfs to his own black people are well known in
Jamaica; I myfelf bear witnefs to it, having had an opportunity, by refiding at his houfe
foT;
a.
cpnfiderable time,
to
be well ac;
and
be-
portion of happinefs than the generality of the poor in any country upon the face of
the earth.
But had
It
the fuggeftion proceeded from a defpotic and ferocious fpirit, bent on the extermi-
human
it
fpecies
by a
barbarous expedient,
is
Lord
have concurred
in
the
experiment.
It
appeared to them
at that time, as it
muft
appear now to every rational man, a choice of two evils and the one wifely chofen
;
was
trivial in
With
(
,
)
it Is
fad
time of the commiffioners's departure for Cuba, hardly aware of the extent of it.
Colonel Quarrell
according to
Don
Luis de
Had Lord
ri{k the
Balcarres
commilFioner
incurred, or the certainty of the oppofition the plan in its full extent would meet
from the Governor of the Havanna, it is probable that his Lordfhip would not have
concurred in
it.
But very
different
:
were
having
once imprefTed upon his mind that the execution of the defign he had fuggefted
would
that
threatened
life,
he refolved
liis
to venture his
and to ufe
own
refources,
in
Nor, as it will accomplifhing his objedt. foon appear, was it an eafy or fafe undertaking
;
the end
was
clear, the
2
means of
cfTeding
{
it
20
effecting
obfcure
and doubtful.
The
commifTioner determined not only to obtain dogs but chafleurs ; he had to confide
much
in Spaniards,
of whofe
;
fidelity
he
oftenfibly purchafing a
to
manage
out
whom
ufe.
the animals
you
will
which we
will
now
return.
the
commiflioner embarked, leaving the weft end of Jamaica, ftood to the northward in
a direct courfe for the port of Trinidad,
which
it
was neceflary
to
make,
in order
through the
Jardhies del
and banks
an
called the
intricate navigation, to
Batabano,
of
21
of Cuba,
five
at
Havanna,
acrofs the
iiland.
As
in
expedition, I wifh to
amufe
as well
as
inform you, I take it for granted you will not be difpleafed, that I do not conceive
myfelf debarred by
courfe of
my
fubjedt
from
re-
narrative.
from poll
or to the
who, fpeeding towards his journey's poll end, difdains to caft a look to the right
to
left,
The
traveller
and
who
confiders a httle
way
as lofs
of
may
;
attain the
objed: he propofed
fetting out,
road
and get the fooner over his but he furely travels more pleafantly
with him a dirpofition to de-
who
he
carries
through which
events that
If in
and
in
accidental
enjoyment.
avoiding
^
to
hoped
fhelter
myfelf from
the
fe verity
of criticifm, you,
my
dear
friend,
and
my
be on your part pkafed with the latitude I have gained by my candid artifice, of
bringing to your view objects collaterally conne<5led, and of making you as it were
defcribe.
Soon
hours
after
leaving Jamaica,
the
for
comfome
miflioner's
veflel
was
chafed
coming down
wind, and ftood precifely the fame courfe with the Mercury, which now in turn
gave chace, and came up with the other veflel about two o'clock in the morning. Without waiting for an explanation the
latter fired,
on which the
Britifli
fchooner
ftruck,
She then
and proved
having two and thirty men, and ten guns, with a cargo of
to be Spanifh,
23
of thirty-two thoufand
dollars.
At
this
period the Spaniards were in amity with England, and at war with France j but it
was
necefl'ary to
till
of her
afcertain
and
all
the
by the Cura9oa negroes, who had been fent on board to take charge
of her.
cipitately,
firing pre-
which made
it
impofTible for
crew,
who were
more danger was to be apprehended than from any privateer^ however hoftile. Throughout the paflage,
gadoes, and from
the few Englifh
whom
who were on
it
board the
to
fchooner,
thought
neceflary
keep
pofFefTion of the quarter-deck and cabin with arms. Privateering not being the obje(t of the voyage, and the Spaniard
making an apology
for
firing,
declaring
that
C4
24
able
that,
not
being
to
diftinguifh
the
he had taken
Mercury for a French privateer, his allowed to proceed on her veflel was
the
voyage
*.
fchooner arrived
at the
port of Trinidad,
where the commiflioner immediately waited upon the Governor of the place, and, informing him that he had difpatches from Lord Balcarres to Don Luis de las Gafas
at the
Havanna, requefted
to be provided
with
of the Jardines
politely re-
to Batabano.
He
was very
is,
to-morrow.
ball
To-
was given
* This fchooner, ^Yhjch was in cv complete ftate bf went on to Kingflon in Jamaica, and was there cruizing,
transferred to a fet of
men
laid
little
who
embai-ked to
at fea.
make
the
mod
out his dollars for Britifh goodsj which he O^ipped on board other vefTels.
The
Spaniard
25
in
honour of the
arrival
fo
ill
of the comthat
miflioner,
who was
he could
feen,
:
hardly walk,
left
but
refufal.
ftirrups,
and a
large
gilt
bit
to
the
bridle,
and
almoft hid by a red laced holder-cap and houfmg, was difpatched with a number
of lanterns and mufic, to bring him up to the houfe of an officer of high rank,
he received
pilots (hould be
ready
No
pilots
making
their
appearance
the
next day,
Governor,
who
laid
the blame
upon the
naval officer, and promifed that the fault Maniana ihould be remedied viaii'iana,
fioiii
Xagua,
I
with
26
to
with a meflage
the
Britifh
Colone!,
informing him that he and his officers would dine with him on board his veflel.
.The next day the naval officer found it his duty, and afked permiffion to fearch
among
tain if
regiftered at or
;
but this
was peremptorily
fioner,
it
caufed,
how-
The commiC.
who
had again 'recourfe to the Governor, urged him to poftpone his voyage one
his
honour
at the
fame
time that the pilots fhould be on board the fchooner maniana : this he accompanied
with the requeft of a particular favour, which at laft accounted for the detention
of the fchooner.
Five fmall
vefTels,
loaded
with the king's duties, paid in fugar and tobacco, were getting ready to fail when
the
Mercury
arrived
at
now
pleafure,
*7
pleafure,
oblige perfons
diftindlion,
who had
treated
him with
but becaufe
of the
ifland.
men*
availed
tunity of going
round
to
at
the
Havanna,
the
Trinidad for a
conveyance.
Governor's fon,
eighteen years
young
officer
about
of age,
whom
at
his father
of to
the
Havanna,
Don Tomas
the
fame time
* One of them,
Munios, difplayed a
fplrit
of gratitude that refleds the higheft honour upon himfclf, Some time after, a Jamaica merand upon human nature. chant named Roblnfon, going from Kingfton to Savaniiahla-mar with a cargo, was taken
by
a Spanifh privateer
and
Having mentioned that he was acquainted with the commifTjoner, it was told to Don Tomas Munios, who immediately took him out of
the prifon where he had been loilged, entertained him at
his
own
houfe, furnidicd
a
vt-fl'd
procured him
exchanged
as a prifoncr.
giving
(28
to Jamaica.
him
feems that a French privateer fchooner of fourteen guns had been cruizing within
It
of Pines, taking every thing that attempted the paflage of the Jardines. By
the
ifle
fome fmall
craft,
and
Point Gordo,
fage.
at the
Relying
the
upon
intelligence,
every poflible
fecuring
preparation was
made
for
convoy and
two
pilots to the
commiffioner, de-
hang them both if bis veflel ran "aground. The paffiige was extremely intricate, and the pilots were placed one
him
to
at the
helm, and
tl.e
maft-head.
The
tp
a line of diihu"bed
mud
aftern during
^9
)
firft
day.
At
night,
morning proceeded at day-dawn. About ten o'clock Ihe made Point Gordo, when
there appeared, about half a mile
off,
an
armed fchooner lying at anchor with her foremaft unrigged, and tw^o boats with a
The opportunity for a part of the crew. deftroying her being very favourable, the
convoy was ordered
eafy
fail,
to proceed
under an
while the Mercury hauled up clofe under the ftern of the fchooner at
anchor.
The two
boats full of
men were
up the
now
tion,
and
it
was thought
right to cut
men
accordingly a broa^dfide was poured in, but the guns being two much elevated, flie
fuffered
hull.
more
Soon
in
after
;
the
difcharge,
all
her
hands got
it
was, however,
cfcapcd had
it
impo/Fiblc;:
been her
when
played Spanifh colours, calling out to the Mercury at the fame time to flop for the.
love of God,
On
this
the
Mercury again
came alongfide
belonged to the King of Spain, ^nd had only come out of port the day before, in
fchooner,
which
French privateer that had been cruizing on that part of the coaft. An interchange
of
civilities
which
the
Mercury bore up
clofe
and pafTing
arrived
Batabano.
This
is
rather village,
three
iiiiles,
that feparates
It
from the
fea,
with
vvliich
communicates by a fmall
In
fta-
town
company of
infantry
was
tioned,
tioned,
The
commanding
officer,
addrefs of the
commiflioner's difpatches,
fervants.
He
dra-
likewife gave
them
a guard of
two
of the commiflioner, and perhaps partly for the purpofe of ferving as fpies, to
attend
them
to the capital,
the
Havanna.
The
commiflioner
was
duties,
which
he had
convoyed
bano.
fafety
to
Such
to
is
inveterate
indolence,
that
although
the
is
Havanna
very
3i
very pradicablc for a carriage, and with little trouble might be made a very fine one, they had no mode of conveying the
cargoes
of the five
veflels arrived
from
Trinidad but on pack-horfes and mules* The greateft part of the trade from the
fouth fide of
ried
Cuba
to the
Havanna
is
car-
on
in the
the navigation
From
to the
weftward of
almoft entirely negleded. It might be made the fineft harbour in the narrow entrance, fixty-two feet world.
within
is
nine miles
all
round
from every
wind, and an inexhauftible quantity of the cedars on the earth grows from the largeft
fummit*
3i
No
a tree
fize,
for a canoe.
The
their
frienjd,
with
at
arrived
fatigue
late
at
night
the
Befucal,
where
continued
and
Colonel
fever,
which
on
Quarrell,
made
the very
reft.
firft
place of
A
all
upon
it,
was
the bedding
it
afforded.
Satisfied with
this
;
retired to reft
when
been
attendance of vifitors,
incited,
who had
fome by
civility
and others
by curiofity, to
inn.
by
as not to be able
to
move
34
move
touch, as
among
him
he received one from the lady paramount of the place, the Marqmfa de St, Ftlippe et
St.
Jugo^
who had
commiflioned a French
officer,
that
ftranger
fay
that
her
command
of the Englifh
ever, he availed
officer.
himfelf of the flattering offer, though he could not but fmile at the
parade and
tion
the invita-
was attended.
fiderable
net
much
of which had
agreeable, and
every thing to
render
it
was
The
Spaniard
vi^hom given rife to the expedition, and the commiffioner had taken as a guide,
had
he was a native of
this
place,
and that
his
3S
was
In fearch of.
Irl
ftaternent
truths
and on
to
no time
friends
In
imparting
bufinefs
particular
the
He
had arrived
fionefj
and had fully paved the way with the Marquifa for the enterprlfe that was
iht obje<St of the expedition.
The Marquifa
and
entertained
kindly.
and
and
them
moft
hoipltably
|;uide,
By means
of the
whofe
name was
interpreter, (he
and the
to
her,
in
order that
nuiid
imprcllion
made
more
She
unon her
in
fuvoiir
t(;ld,
nii-'-lit
was
the
would
36
all
would ibon
lofe
;
their arrogance,
and
Don
Luis de
las
and permiflion for purchafing fome dogs ; that, with her aid, a few of the Befucal
people might be induced to go with them
proclamations offering rewards for killing or taking the Maroons
to Jamaica.
The
to
her.
The Marquila
circumftances
fufEcient
to
procure
number of her
people with their dogs, added, that her influence fhould not be wanting to inftigate
fome of the
beft
of the chafleurs to
on
his return.
Befucal
is
ing about
5000
whom
and other
This place, with the furrounding country to an extent of many miles every way,
including
37
St. Filippe
and
St.
Jago,
is
ment of
at
who
holds a diftint
jurirdi<Stion,
the
Havanna has no
hands, are here
iiolds
The
centered in
hers.
She
relates
to
the
internal
adminiftration
of
affairs in
The amount of her revenues is unknown but it is faid that flie is exceedingly rich. The mildas
an hereditary
government renders the people very happy none of them, however, in any of her towns appear to be very
;
nefs of her
feveral con-
The Marquifa
and
lives
has
numerous
though
retinue,
lefs
in
fome
ftate,
fplendidly fmce
greater
hh
41d3?^0
33
his abfence.
beauty and unconimou charms both of face and mind with which the Marquifa was
endowed, engaged the attention of a young nobleman of high rank, to whom fhe was
married
faid
at
to be rather
attend
to
law-fuit.
This he had
gained, but royal notice, and the luxuries of the capital of Spain, feemed to poflefs
attractions too powerful to fuffcr his return
to Bcfucal.
He
af-
which
had been
a
as repeatedly forgotten.
His fon,
youth lixtecn years of age, was hereditary colonel of a regiment with which lie was
on duty
domcftic
at
^.'Ictanzo?.
The
Marquifli's
circle
was then
fmall, confifting
fix years
of her daughter,
who was
old,
and
39
girl
of fixteen.
Her
was conftantly in the houfe, and with Monfieur L'Epee, the French officer
whom
She was defirous of detaining the commiffioner for fome time, but admitted of his apology for leaving her, on the promife of a longer ftay when he
returned.
He
accordingly
his friend,
left
Befucal, in
fpeedily
as
company with
poffible, and,
as
taking with
him
his guide
Novem-
de
las
Cafas,
wlio,
tliat
men
of
flant
cf rank in
civility,
cover
witli
tabic.
He
readily coii:in
pliod
tbic
rcqucft
coiitaiiKu
the
commiflioiiei's
iniiTii)n
dllputchcj,
tlic
['r-inting
pcr;
to
nKjku
pui"clia!^s
recjiiircd
tl^at
urbaiiity,
from
to
Lord
Ij.ikarrcs,
he Ihould on
inc
40
who came
* Votes of
pendix, No. 2.
with
new negroes
*.
1796.
See Ap-^
4J
LETTER
]l^ews of Peace between France
X.
Havanna.
Cha-
Hoiv
quelled.
DcBor Dominguez.
relative to the
Rewards for
and fent
into the
Mountains of B^ucal.
Account of the
Chafeurs
del Rey.
Englifh Ship.
Defcription of
Men
and Dogs.
Purfuitt
Thofe of Befucal.
Employment^
Drefs of
Mode of
and Manner
of Living.
a Chajfeur.
ike ChaJJeurs.
Articles of
Agreement
HE day
the Havanna,
a cir-
but
42
that
few
veflels
from Europe, the particulars of the treaty were unknown. The commifTioner was the
firft
it,
who
fupplied
articles
of
and the joy they fpread was unbounded. The merchants rejoiced that their fhips
could once more
and the
priefts
The joyous
military
with
parade and
elfe
pro-
ceflions.
Nothing
At
who
had
When, how-
of pleafare began to
they were mingled vrith apprehenfions of the confequence of entering into a feparate treaty of peace ; the relent-
mcnt of
tiiC
the
great
England.
No
43
people are fo profoundly of other nations, ignorant of the politics and fo little informed of their own, as
civilized
No
the Spaniards in general. They both hate and dread the French ; to the Englifli they
have no objedion, but on the fcore of religion ; and they have charity enough
to regret that a people in
fo
;
other refpeds
good (hould be damned for their Gallic friends they have no fuch charity.
Although the confideration which Don J^uis de las Cafas had fliown for Lord
Balcarres
attention,
making
of the
tickllfli
a merit of
for the
Governors
in
Havanna
fituation.
are
It
placed
very
petty policy of the Spanifh court to keep up a jealoufy among the different officers
encouraging
tlicm
to
lodge
complaints
;
for
44
Marine, Chief Judge, and other fupenor piiicers, are feldom known to be on good
terms.
Had
it
been
poffible, fo
worthy
Luis
as
Don
parties,
all;
and he
but while
entitled
him
that he
was
to
their
cordiality,
his
information
and
to diftinguifh appear-
in the fervice
cf his country on the continent of Europe. He was fufpedled of a tendency to republican principles, though not of Jacobinifm ; and it has been thought owing to
the Havanna,
firft
to the
Vice-Royalty of
to
that
of
Mexico
he was
for
to be appointed to the
command
of
which was by no
45
his
rank,
to
charadter,
and
him
expert
from the
government. The commiflioner, apprized of the fituation in which Don Luis ftood, regulated his condud: accordingly, in order to avoid every
ground of umbrage or jealoufy that might arife from any marked attentions of the Governor
towards him.
only returned the vifits he received, and at fuch times as he knew
at the
He
Government
The
fliort
him
flate,
that the
crew were
it
in
a mutinous
and
that
was
to be feared
they had a
the veiTeL
defign of running
away with
The
on board were
They had
pofTeffion of the
where
thcv
46
they remained with their fmall arms, having turned the two after-guns to command the
deck forward,
and
having
fecured
the
bulkheads below.
No
affiftance
was
to
be
obtained from the fev7 fmall guarda coftas in the port, who w^ere afraid of a banditti
that
neither acknowledged,
knowledged, by any government ; rafcals that cared not againft what country they
Had it fought fo they could but plunder. been the intention of the agent who provided the fchooner, to defeat the objed: of the expedition, nothing could have been
more
effectual than
;
a crew
but
it
and
On
receivinf'-
from Batabano, the commiffioner immediately applied to the Governor, and obtained
permifiion
as
to
engage
fuch
Britifli
feamen
vanna.
men
acrofs the
country
47
country on horfeback, with guides; and they fortunately arrived in time to fave
the vefTel.
were
fent
villain
now
appeared,
had committed
the
laft jufl:
and
fchooner.
fions
Had
it
between the Spaniards and the Curafcoa men, the veflel would certainly have
off,
been carried
before
the
Britifli'
Tars
The
fierce
vagabonds were continually fighting, and frequently wounded each other with long of which each had one fliarp knives,
aKvavs ftuck in his
kind
belt.
Scenes of this
recurring
it
were
perpetually
during
was
as
to
pacify the
paffionatc
favagcs.
The
commiffioner,
liowcver,
with
the
v.'iich
in
48
found impoffible.
Another occurrence took place at this time, which added greatly to the commiffioner's folicitude
refpeding the
his
faithful
iffue
of
Pe-
his
expedition
guide,
yellow fever.
The
And
here,
my
:
to
make you
ac-
quainted with Doctor Dominguez, I mufl not that I mean to imitate digrefs a little
the writings of Sterne, who, a great imitator himfelf, has had but too many fubimitators.
But
I
hope
in
that
the
I
few
have
digreffions
admit
the
tafk
Doctor Dominguez
young Scotchman, perhaps the only one of the name Scotland could ever boafl ; but be that as it may, he refieded honour
a
on
49
on
his country,
Jiberal education.
many
others of the
fole gift
it
fons of Caledonia,
was the
but then
he
was one
of the higheft value, far above fortune or rank without it; and, to the eternal
honour of Caledonia,
on almoft
all
it is
her children.
unknown
Spaniards
to
me,
led to try
it
among
the
in
Cuba,
where,
having evinced his fkill, he was at firft employed in the care of feveral eftates in
the country.
to
relinquifli
him
which the
villain
fuppofed he
had completed, having cut his throat and given him feveral wounds. Fortunately
they
were not
mortal
ufmg
therefore
every caution to preferve life, he made the beft of his way to the Havanna, where
Vol.
II.
to
JO
to
whom
he was a
little
known.
The
his
greateft
care
nor did the young lady remit her attentions in the fmiling ftages of his convalefcence, for the doftor-patient
was not
only learned, but agreeable and handfome. One evening the young fignora was found
by her
pretty fituation
was
in
young
own
innocence,
;
as well
of
the damfel
nothing but a marriage would " But convince the old people of either.
my
fald
"
**
Change your
name,"
faid
the mother.
He
is
half a
catholic already,"
5'
)
tears.
nora, wiping
away her
The
girl
was
beautiful,
powerful,
much
He
married the
handfome Spaniard, dropped his own name, Halliday, and took that of Dominguez.
Protected by the influence of his wife's
family in the exercife of his profeflion at the Havanna, his merit foon eftablifhed
the higheft reputation, exciting the jealoufy of the Spanifh phyficians, who, though
they fpare his throat, oppofe and thwart him, and do all they can to prejudice their
countrymen
againft him.
He
was pecu-
yellow fever,
fubje<3:,
treatife
on the
to
which
it
was
to
his
intention
fend
to
England
be printed*.
But whatever
the
he had treated
with
llic
upon the Yellow Fever, with the fucccfaful mode in which it at the Havanna. It was tried, but not
futne
is
fiuccfs,
in
Jamaica.
The
failure
its
there,
l.owev.r,
not a
good
fiicctfs in
Cul^a,
52
Spaniards.
They
fuffered their
maladies
Dominguez and
the
Bon Dieu
The
Britifh
fchooner being
now
acrofs
fecured
by the
feamen fent
the
country,
the commiflioner bent his thoughts upon procuring chafleurs as fpeedily as poflible.
The
proclamations offering
rewards for
Cuba,
as the Faculty
may
That
is
feamen
firft
not to be wondered
at,
the
of temperance
and
in
the next, that in their change of climate from tbe ports in Old Spain to thofe of Cuba, the moll northerly of the
Weft
climate
The
by no means fuch as from Britain to Jamaica. was approved, principle of Dr. Halliday's praftice
is
but the rapid progrefs of the diforder among the Britifh in Jamaica, was fuch as not to admit of a preparation fo
of any, before the tardy, or even
applied.
taking
53
taking
niih,
Maroons were
employed
to
draw up
articles
of agreement
Let no
man judge by
was a very
was much
tall,
againft
him.
He
meagre, fwarthy man, of the colour of a mulatto ; his long greafy black hair
in a tail of three feet in length
;
was queued
his
coat of brimftone
colour,
hung very
In
he might have been taken for an of the holy order of St. Hermadad,
He
for
proved, however, to be lefs a maniana man than the commifTioner had feared;
he completed the
tolerable
articles
of agreement in
good time. They were difpatched by Pedraflb, and being fupported by the
influence of the
good Marquifa, operated It was foradmirably on the chafrcurs. tunate that there was no circulation of
ncwf-
54
newfpapers in
that the
this part
if not
totally
fioner's
views.
The
people at the
Ha-
The commiflioner
with the greateft
the
politefl:
every
where met
and received
re-
hofpitality,
attentions
fpedtahle
families.
He
was
particularly
obliged
to
an Englifh Guinea-merchant,
refiding at the
named Allwood,
Havanna,
through whofe influence with perfons of the higheft rank and appointments he had
great advantages,
felves
many
his
interefl:ing
them-
in
promoting
views.
One of
fix
them,
Don Manuel
chafleurs,
Provinciale,
thirty
commanded about
and
who were
in the King's
is
pay.
The employment 4
of thefe
to
traverfe
5S
traverfe
the
purpofe of
all
perfons guilty
An
extraordinary
inftance occurred
Havaana.
to
fleet
Great Britain, pafling through the gulf of Mexico, beat up on the north fide of Cuba,
One
of the Ihips,
manned with
Spaniards,
foreigners,
chiefly rencgado
failer,
being a dull
aftern,
and
confequently
land
lagging
at
ftanding
in with the
night,
was
run on fhore, the captain, officers, and the few Britifh hands on board murdered, and
the veffel plundered
by the
Spanifli rene-
gadoes.
the
velTcl
The
was
on which
unfrequented, the
affaffins retired
booty to the mountains, intending to penetrate through the woods to fome remote
fcttlements on the fouth fide,
where they
hoped
E4
56
hoped
purfult.
to fecure themfelves,
and elude
all
Early intelligence of the crime, however, had been conveyed to the Ha-
affaffins w^ere
purfued by
Rey, with their dogs. In a few days they were all brought in and executed. The head and right arm of each were
not unlike parroton various gibbets, cages, which were hung at the port and other confpicuous places
fufpended
in
frames,
on the
harbour.
coaft,
near
the entrance
of the
'
The dogs
carried out
by the Chafleurs
in, that is
del
Rey
purfue
unlefs
refilled.
On
with a fugitive, they bark at flops, they then couch near him, terrifying him with a ferocious growling if he ftirs.
In this pofition they continue barking to
give notice to the chafl'eurs,
who come up
Each
chafleur,
and fecure
their prifoner.
though
57
he can hunt only with two dogs properly^ is obliged to have three, which he maintains at his
own
coft,
and
that at
no fmall
expence.
At home
dogs are kept chained, and when walking with their mafters, are never un-
muzzled,
attack.
or
let
out
of ropes, but
for
accompanied with one or two fmall dogs called finders, whofe fcent is very keen, and always fure
of hitting off a track.
They
are conftantly
Dogs and
bitches
hunt equally well, and the chafTeurs rear no more than will fupply the number
required.
is
This
breed
of dogs, indeed,
common
and
kinds,
hardier.
though
flronger
The animal
hound, with
cropped
at
ears ered:,
which
;
are ufiially
the
points
the
nofe
more
much towards
His
that
coat,
or
much
harder than
of moft
of
58
the
of the body,
as
fevere
beatings he
undergoes in training would kill any other There are fome, but not iJDecies of dog.
nofc,
Thefe,
it
may
be pre-
fumed, have been croflcd by the maflifF, but if by this the bulk has been a little
increafed,
it
has added
nothing
to
the
native breed.
The
a long
chafTeur has
flrait
fomething like a flat iron bar fharpened at the lower end, of which about eighteen
inches are as (harp as a razor. The point is not unlike the old Roman fword. The
fteel
of them
is
excellent,
and made
at
Guanabacoa, about three miles from the Havanna. The handle of the mufchet is
without a guard, but fcolloped to admit the fingers and fuit the grafp. Thefe men,
as
we have
fecn, arc
under an
officer
of
high
S9
high rank,
receive a
the
Alcade Provinciale,
and
good pay from the Government, befides private rewards for particular and
extraordinary fervices.
They
fet
are a very
of people,
A
the
body of men of
refide
and charader
Marquifa's
the
Befucal,
within
are
jurifdicftlon.
Thefe
not in
King's pay,
like
but are
chiefly
employed,
the
Maroons
in Jamaica,
country to take runaways, for which they have a fixed reward, and to attack all
bodies of negroes collected for hoftile purpofes,
which
is
fometimes occafioned by
in
employand particularly in domeftic fervicc, ments, the flaves are treated kindly, and live a
:
for
although
other
very eafy
ftatc
life,
it
not
unat-
6o
unattended
with feverity.
The
greateft
commotions,
(loned
largeft
however,
by Spanifli piety. Many of the and beft fugar eftates in the ifland
ecclefiaftical
who
are
the
the
moft
rapacious
of
Under
a vicious intercourfe
would the good Fathers candidly confefs it, would appear to originate in the temporal policy of
ejl,
it
Deprived of connexions refulting from one of the chief laws of nature, and driven to defperation, the
work
being than
unhappy negroes, not unlike the firft Romans, have been known to fly to neighbouring eftates, feize on the women,
the
mountains.
they
killed
them,
6.
them, and thus procuring a few fire arms, lances, and cutlafles, attempted to make
a refiftance againft the laws: but in vain; a few of the Befucal people, with their dogs, have always proved an overmatch
for
them.
The
fait
whole months on the vegetable and farinacious food afforded by the woods. They
drink nothing ftronger than water, with which, when at a diftance from fprlngs,
by the wild pine, by the black and grape withes, which are -about two inches in diameter, and the
roots of the cotton-tree.
feet
Of
the
laft,
fix
where
In
the
greatcft
fail.
drought
thefe
refources
feldom
62
;
with
the
velocity
tree,
it
are fo formed as
it
to
catch
and condud:
to
where
being- never
and
cool.
obtaining water in the woods, and with lefs delay on a march, is from the black
it
is
The
of the withe, as
or to his dog's,
who
keeping the upper end elevated, v/hen the air being admitted above, he
receives through
the porous
fibres
of
it
near
quart
With
refpedt
them happen
they find no
diffi-
63
it.
difficulty in obtaining
if fet
The
little
finder,
on, but not othervvife, will foon bay one of the wild hogs with which the woods
abound
to
the
trunk
of a
tree,
is
immediately
cure
transfixed
as
with a lance.
of the
flefh
The men
it
much
as
will
have occafion
for,
by fcoring
it
with
and
it
over the
leaves,
only add to
fcrving
for
it.
its
flavour, but
affifl
The meat
is
months, and
mentioned in
life.
Maroon mode of
is
The
part of the
given
to the dogs.
purfuit of the game is entirely the province of the finder; the larger
The
hog
64
fiat
)
fides
cifully,
ufmg
the
mufchets.
When
which they
and a
are
kept at
home
light,
fubftituted,
collar joined
together are attached at one end, while the other is fixed to the belt of the chafl^eur ;
who, when a purfuit is to be made, flips them oflf, fecuring them round his waift: with the rope to which they are tied,
draws
his
nearly as
are
as his
dogs
fometimes fo entangled as to require the afllftance of their mafl:ers to cut their way
through the
proceeding.
difficulty
which obftrufts
privation
their
felt
The
greatefl:
is
by a
fegar,
chaflTeur in fervice
the want of a
which he
woods,
and
fl:illnefs
of the
air,
continues long
fufpended, and
is
company could
not
65
hot but be betrayed, in fpite of the great filence which they obferve on their marches.
fegar
is
muft
now
be brief, for
of faOiion, and he lives beneath a vertical fun. A check (hirt open at the collar fo
expofe the neck, from which hangs a fmall crucifix ; a wide pair of trowfers,
as to
alfo
check
ftraw hat,
or
rather
one
very light; add his belt defcribed, arid a pair of untanned leather
fhoes.
man with
Spanifh countenance, fwarthy but animated, a perfon above the middle fize, thin but not
meagre:
and
round the
necks
Vol.
ir.
66
)
at
necks of his dogs, ^nd you will have finifhed pidure of him.
often
contrives in
feet,
the w^oods
curious
which
is
greatly pre-
he can force
it,
at
with his knife takes off the fuperfluous fkin behind, adapting the remainder to
his ancle
his leg.
The
like
glove on
beyond the
toe,
the
modern
contrivance will
march of weeks,
off,
the fkin
and becomes
ufelefs.
There
hides,
are porco
that
%opotos
to
made of
dried
the
reach
the calf of
leg;
but
they
67
The
Befucal
chafleurs
the others,
fame breed,
fue
:
they
fly
of a man, and never quit their hold, till they are cut in two. Thefe dogs, however, are feldom, if ever, carried out
till
perfectly trained.
The
follows
articles
"
Don
Majefty's
CommifTary,
on
the
one
and the underfigned individuals on the other, have agreed to the following
articles:
"
i/.
68
"
\fl.
ourfelves to go to the
taking each
and "
feizing negroes.
id. That,
when
arrived
at
the faid
ifland,
fituation
of
the
runaway or
negroes,
we
oblige ourfelves
that
practice
every means
may be
;
prehend with
negroes
our
dogs,
faid
rebellious
fettling
beforehand
the
proper
time and
mode of our
government,
every
fary, fuch as
tion.
who
are
affiftance that
may
troops, arms,
and ammuni-
"
3</.
That our
flay in
the faid
ifland
fhall
Batabano
and
during which
time we"
dollars
be allowed
two hundred
is
each
to be paid
down,
<59
at
the expiration of
"
4/Z?.
That
befides
the
all
two hundred
our expences
dollars
above ftipulated,
be borne by the
Quarrell,
faid
D. Guillermo
Dawes
0- the
Government of
at
we embark
Ba-
"
^tb.
That
if,
at the
expiration of our
being three months in the ifland of Jamaica, that Government fhould confider
our refidcnce there for a longer time neccffary, it then fliall be at our option to make
a
new agreement
and in
cafe
any of us
may
Go-
vernment then
fage to Batabano.
"
(jth.
that the
Goof
vernment of Jamaica
a reward
960
dollars
for
r 3
rebel-
70
we hereby
reward betwixt us and the auxiliary troops that may aflift us, this reward being totally
independent of thofe exprefTed in the third
and fourth
*'
articles.
to all
the foregoing
we promife
;
to abide
by them
faithfully
and exadly
will
all
and fur-
thermore, that
we
Thefe
articles
ing to the wilh and intentions of the chaffeurs, the commiflioner was eager 'to have
them executed by the parties, and to fulfil the claufe which bound him to make an
immediate advance of a hundred dollars
* Votes of the Houfc of Affcmbly.
each.
7'
each.
He
difpatched the
money on mules
ments
as.
would fecure a
and eafy
clearance
pared to
F4
7*
LETTER
*~-rDon Luis refujes the
XI.
Leaves
Befucal.-^Hofpitality
St. Felippe et St.
and
Marquifa de
^The
Jago, Rendezvous
near Batabano.''The Commtjftoner leaves Befiical. Finds the Officer at Batabano relieved by a Mexican
Lieutenant.
tnijjioner.
Aionfieur
'The
L'Epce accompanies
to
the
Com-r
Chajjeurs refufe
embark.
Caufe of
their
Refufal.
Governor.
taken by
him
from Cuba
nvith the
Chajfeurs.
Their
Scruples
removed.
Detention.
Chn'eurs.
in
Furfued by
Guarda
Coflas.
The Schooner
at Cayo .Blanco,
the
danger of Shipwreck.
Crocodillos
hears
The Ccvimif-
JlSy
^he
the
intereft
of
73
of which was on duty under a captain at Batabano, matters were fo arranged, that
the commlflioner on his arrival there, was
to
removed
and,
at a public enter-
his
intention
tlie^
leave the
Havanna.
firfl
When
comLuis
miffioner was
prefented to
Don
de
whom
the
ic
necef-
which, though Don Luis could not fpeak fluently, he underftood fufTiciently well: he converfed in French
himfelf,
and
-in this
manner
all
communito be eaHly
cations between
them contained
to
made.
Previous
the
commiflioncr's
mentioning his departure to the Governor, he had been dining in company, where
fpeaking of the EngliQi-'French convcrl,!tion he had with' his Lxcellcncy, an oi.l.
Ccrnui.:
74
German
lie
officer,
oSered to
The
offer
amufed
the company,
commiflioner,
told
who
the
Governor, that
he
had found
a more refpeftable interpreter, whom he would bring with him next day, as he
purpofed to wait upon his Excellency for any difpatches he might choofe to honour
'
him with
called
for
Lord
Balcarres.
Next day,
colonel
German
Don
Luis
with a fmile, he prefumed that he was not the interpreter meant. Being affured he was, and upon a voluntary offer,
I never the Governor laughed heartily " of what Freunderftand much," faid he,
:
"
deric
attempts to communicate to
me
in
in Spaniih.
He
own
country
that
<
that
75
know
a language
upon
earth
and
as his
affiftance is
not
very neceflary,
we
will purfue
or
ufual
mode."
received
his
Having
difpatches,
the
commiflioner,
fhown him,
few men to
Don
names of
accompany the dogs, and prefented a lift Far from confenting, the of twenty.
Governor exprefled
miflioner's
furprife
at
the
com-
another
with which a treaty of peace was juft concluded. For the purpofe, however, of
taking
dogs that had been purchafed, he confented to their being attended by about fix men. Though ti c
care
of the
fix or eight
dogs,
76
many more
from fome of the gentlemen of high rank by whom he had been hofpitably entertained ; and on his reprefenting that ten
abfolutely neceflary to
would be
dogs,
induced to
figned
ex-
honourable and
He
to fet out
but he found
to
mafter
delay him, while the members of the Confulat, or Council of Agrientertain and
Commerce, and Navigation, were engaged in framing a propofal to be made to the Government of Jamaica, for ereiflculture,
ing light-houfes,
the
at
two
illands,
tlic
in
navigation of
coail of
77
Mexico
fafer*.
The
bufinefs,
however,
left
Havanna,
and,
arriving at
Befucal,
received a gratifying
generous Marquifa.
The
articles
all
cuted by
parties,
to fay,
by the
commliiioner and thirty cliafieurs, and the advance money being paid on the part of
the ifland of Jamaica, the commiflioner became impatient of the leaft delay, and
urged the chaiTeurs to make the bed of their way to the rendezvous appointed,
which was
to the
eaft:
at a fmall
the port.
They were
peti-
tioned the Marquifa to allov.' them to have a little pl^y, by vvhich they mea.nt gambling.
refufcd,
This the
telling
2.
that
78
that
was Incumbent upon them to leave the advance they had received with their
it
wives and families; and inftead of gambling, The they were directed to have a dance.
Marquifa herfelf condefcended not only to be prefent, but to dance a minuet in order
to
it
open the
is
ball
for
it
feems, whenever
to be prefent
is
known
that
fhe
is
on
till
any of
flie
done
arrives,
and
till
fhe
honours
the
having made the party happy, takes her The commifTioner feat as a fpetatrefs.
which they
ber of
did, efcorted
by
a great
lanterns in
numa row
they found the room full of company, with the chafIt was hinted to the Teurs among them.
arriving,
on each
On
commiffioner, that he was expected to walk the minuet with the Marquifa. Dreffed
a la
79
not
much
addidled
tion
however, a
foldier's
uniform was
good humour and addrefs He went fupplied the place of geflic lore.
excufable, and
through a minuet both with the Marquifa and her couGn, as his companion was
not to be prevailed upon to fport his toe.
their feats
by the Marquifa,
of the company ftood up to the Spanilli dances, the men with their fwords on. Some of the chaUeurs being
among
lavifh
was
to
their
liis
praife,
not
forgetting
accompany
flattery feafonably
with the
morn-
They
promlfcd they
their
proinife.
at
v/oiild,
was
brcakfaft v/Ith
were
all
oH
witli
ili;:ir
mcd by
ioine
mere
chalTcurs,
whom
be
li'A
p.T-
8o
perfuaded to join the others, although they had not figned the articles, or received
party of ten chafleurs del Rey, v^ith a cabo or leader, belonging
the advance.
to the
The
Provinciale,
and actually
very men who had taken the aflaflins that had ftranded the Englifh fhip, had privately
made
their
way
acrofs the
mountains from
far,
the
commif-
good Marquifa and her family, then went and bade farewell to fome of the priefts who had greatly
befriended
him
to
thefe he promifcd ta
could
be
made
to
them
and
his
promife
Vv^as
afterwards
the ut-
faithfully fulfilled.
Making now
3
8i
The
in-
appeared that
he had been relieved the day before by an officer with a detachment of the regiment del Pueblo^ or Mexican. He faid he regretted that
he was not on the fpot to render the fervices he had been inftrud:e4
his colonel to afford, but at the
by
fame
time affured
difficulty
the
commiflioner,
that
no
was
tenant
who
fucceeded
him
in the
command
his
time
at
mind
from
his colonel,
" The
continued
Vol.
II.
poor
who may
be eaiily
managed.
is
Knowing by whom
the bufinefs
in
him
This parting
the
exchange might not be fo prejudicial to his views as he at firft apprehended, but the poor fubaltern, who had been raifed from
the rank of a fergeant, was not altogether
from
When
officer
on parole
it
there,
made him an
offer
he thought
advifeable to accept.
From
would be taken of
his
goin^ twenty
miles
83
limits,
miles
it
beyond
his
to a place
where
was probable he would not be recognized^ and whence he could return to his quarters
in a
few hours.
Two
other confiderations
had great weight with the commilfioner ; L'Epe'e fpoke very good Spanifli, and he
might be bribed to do any thing. It is alfo to be obferved, that peace had been
concluded between the two nations, and
although the Governor delayed the liberation of about eight hundred clamorous
Jacobins confined in the Cavanna,
till
he
could deliver them over to a French commiflary, the cafe of the officer
was
different
vanna were dreaded, and had they been turned loofe, every mifchiei r.iight have
been expelled from them.
On
bano,
refpc-ft
Bata-
he
was
treated
v;ith
tr/
the
grcatefl
and
attention
the
lieutenant,
to
whom
he Hiowed the
(
palip''rt, de!iiiii:%
:\f
84
at
would fend an
whatever pafled there, he proceeded with Captain Gilpin to the place of rendezvous
in the morafs, refleding with pleafure
on
having fo completely tranfadted the bufmefa he had undertaken, and on the profpe6t
of failing the next day for Jamaica.
rived on the coaft,
Ar-
men and
the
He now
had
inferted the
names only of
filling
fix
of the
Chaffeurs del
Rey,
ber
his
to
ten
Vvith
guide
and
three
Spaniards.
circumftance
the
Chaffeurs
del
Rey
whofe
85
)
lift,
and
who
The
upon
this
refufed to
embark, giving
a rifk of being
to
as
hanged on
return
5
Cuba
and the former refufed, on the pretence of being by themfelves too few in number
to attempt the enterprife, as
it
was
likely
that they
to
would be
all
killed
were they
encounter fo unequal a force as that with which they underftood they were to contend. Every argument was ufed to
body
that
they ran
embarking, and every perfuafion prefied to induce them to proceed in the cnterprile in which they had en-
no danger
in
under
bano.
tlic
nccefnty of returning to
]];:ita-
Conceiving
the
tliat tlie
lieutenant wlio
li;nl
command was
fully acquainted
Vv-ifh
86
it,
the commif-
had
compel the chafieurs to embark. Guefs then how great was his furprize, and what
to
were
his feelings,
tabano,
he was
L'Epce, that the whole difficulty had arifen from the lieutenant himfelf, who, having
been more inquifitive and tenacious than was expected, had difcovered that above
were engaged to embark, although the paffport he had feen mentioned only ten; and had fent notice to
forty chaflfeurs
the
men
at
the
jlace
of rendezvous, of
who
attempted
to
go,
mentioned in the paiTport, except would certainly be hanged at the fame time
;
as
it
87
inquire his
pleafure.
fioner's
total
failure of the
commif;
fchemes fcemed
now
inevitable
little
added
to
which, he was in no
danger
not for
life,
at leaft till
be known.
In
this
mind became
fell
irritated,
oHicer,
his
immediate caufe of
The more
the
commillioner's
anger
incrcafed,
not the flighted intention of offending the commiflioner, or of Impeding his plan,
which he
he had no doubt was approved by the Governor, from whom he flioultl very foon receive an order to permit
fald
him
as
to
fail
wltli
the
chafleurs
but that
the
88
which
and
if
iofe
his commiffion,
fupport, but be
imprifoned for life. Arguments like thefe, aided with uncommon modefty of beha"viour,
full
weight;
ment, and touched with compunction for the refentment he had fhown, forced two
hundred
dollars as a gift
lieutenant,
cefiities,
commiffioner
could induce
no
prefent
whatever
him
in
the
fuperb
domes of imperial
cities,
or on the
ill
fwamps of a
petty iiffiing-town
is
a remote
the
fented to the
tenant,
mind of man. The poor lieuvvliofe bravery had raifed him from
life
to the rank of
a gen-
a gentleman, evinced a virtue that elevated him on the great fcale of being ; and the
above the moft precious metals. But while he admired the virtue of the man, it muft be ov^ned it was with torture hardly
to be endured.
He
had
rifen
from a
Tick
overcome the
difficulties
he ex-
pefted to meet, and was reaping the fruits of his adivity in the foretafte of eflentially
ferving the
obftacle, for
ifland
of Jamaica,
when an
only checked the enjoyment of his reflexions, but threatened immediate ruin to
his
fcheme and
to himfelf.
It
is
true he
for they
fuccefs of his
but
way
by the firfl: Influence in the country, been fmoothcd for him with the
had,
additional
nunibcr
of Bcfucal
chalTcurs
antl.
90
at
departure.
What now
been
profped?
to
dragoon had
difpatched
the
Havanna, by
whom
the
Governor would
upwards of forty chafleurs to the port to be embarked ; Don Luis's refentment would
neceiTarily be the cohfequence
of this in-
him, and his confideration for the melancholy ftate of the ifland of Jamaica,
to
might
incline
it
him
to
ad
to
leniently
on the
occafion,
was not
be fuppofed that
officially
made known
to
it
it
was
con-,
fined to a
few perfons.
An
order, there-
leaft to
of
intimidating
or
furrender,
faftacillsj
of driving
vaniflicd,
them from
their
all
and
and made
nature
;
way
for others of a
gloomy
Brltifh troops
haraflTed
enemy, the country defolated, long kept in fufpenfe and alarm, and perhaps finally
ruined, like St.
himfelf thrown into the prifon of the Cavanna, waiting the refult of difpatches fent
acrofs the Atlantic.
Although the hope of averting the miffortune could be but fmall, the commiffioner refolvcd
that
to
leave
gave
him
the
If the lieutenant
was
whom
he had charged with his exprefs for the Governor; and the commillioner, wiihout
lofing a
moment, dilpatched PcdralTo after With the guide he him with money.
fent
firft
tlon.
make
the
92
the
goon, to
bribe; if
whom
the
he happened to refufe it, they were to kill his horfe, and engage fome
his perfon
events,
to
prevent
his
reaching the
difpatches.
Havanna with
Pedraflb
the lieutenant's
was
to proceed thither
of the
officer at
own
Governor,
the
if poffible,
let
a general
order to
pafs,
lieutenant to
the
chafleurs
without
fpecifying
any
number.
The
on
him,
chafleur del
Rey was
Pedraflb
to conceal himfelf
the road
till
came back
for
and on
to
companions was
ten
cbafl^eurs,
produce a
of the
fay
that
the
to
Alcadc
Provinciale
had
ordered
pofitive
him
injuns^cicns
the
chafTeurs
to
embark
93
delay.
embark without
ailert
Pedraflb
was to
that
the
miflion for as
and
Marquifa de Filippe et St. Jago had direded him to order her people to
the
obey the commilfioner. This projedl of a forlorn hope was immediately put into
execution
received
horfe.
bis
:
the
his
So
companion on the way, and proceeded alone to the Havanna. The guide was almoft the only
fonallv
chaflburs per-
de
las
Cafas,
tvho recognizcv!
the
town;
receiving
money,
prifon.
ordered
Luckily,
him
to
be
carried
dollars
remaining in Ills pocket, with Vs'hicli he prevail'jd on a foidicr to go to Mr. Al'.voocl, and inform him of his l:tuax'ion.
jMr.
94
who
applied
releafe,
the
Governor
for
Pedraflb's
afluring
failed,
him
and
that
the
that
Mr. Alwood
meant
to
write on bufinefs by
fioner.
him
to the
commifafter a
He
was on
this releafed
;
and having
received a letter from that gentleman, fet out on his return to Batabano. Mr. Al-
probably
judged
that the
alfo
would be
made known
Government.
No order
of Pedraffo's confinement.
He
declared that
he had experienced the difpleafure of the Governor, who, at firfl fufpe6ling him of
defertion,
to priioa;
but,
on being informed that he had been fent on bufinefs by the commiffioner, releafed
him,
95
all
embark immediately. The circumftance was literally true, and the afby PedrafTo was corroborated in an extraordinary manner. It happened that the colledlor of the pprt of Batabano
fertion of
it
as
he
Soon
after Pedraflb's
who
took
care not to
come
and
exacSlIy at the
lift
fame time,
all
of the names of
that
party,
aflTcrtcd
the Alcalde
over,
Provinciale,
de-
and punilhed
The poor
lieutenant
now began
not
to ap-
only ofTcnded
tlie
but
had incurred
96
who
he fuppofed had reached the Havanna, and fhould have been back full eightand-forty hours before, as a
approbation.
mark of
dif-
He
was
not,
however, fo
thoroughly convinced of this as to comply with the commiflioner's defire of immediately embarking, but entreated
him
it
to
little
more,
being
improbable, he faid, that the dragoon fhould be much longer detained. Anxious to
extenuate his apparent rigour of condudt,
whom
that,
felt,
he
Colonel^
that
he had the
higheft
it
refpecl
for
him,
and
had
he
offi-
whom
on
he knew to be
reflridted to
Be-
fucal
Cavanna
ill,
in irons.
if offence
grew
lighter,
and he
did
97
every thing he could to foften the diftrefs into which he had thrown his gueft,
did
angry
being detained fo much longer than was necefTary for the return of the dragoon,
and knowing too that he would never return, was upon the point of venting his fpleen, when the humble vifage of the
unhappy
which he was preparing a favoury difh on a charcoal fire near the table, completely
difarmed him
:
not
have
been
felt
for the
poor
he
fellov/
mud
not
have
as
callous.
Humble and
attentive
he was,
flighteft
however,
fuffered
the
guard over the commlffioner, who for four days had the eyes of t\velve Mexican foldiers
upon him,
befides a corporal
and four
,
dragoons,
who were
Vol.
II.
houfe:
98
houfe: the place allotted for his lodging at night, was an unoccupied building, of
a fingle room, belonging to the Colledlor of the Port, but at fome diftance from his*
houfe.
There, on two very hard cowhides ftretched over frames, and covered
officer
re-
pofed themfelves, though, as it may well be imagined, the commiffioner at this vexatious
benefit
upon
his
mind
at
was engaged in fhowing every civility and rcfpe(3:, fuch as he might have thought
It
incumbent upon him to pay to a ftatc On the 4th day prifoner of high rank. of this kind of imprifonment, that is, on
chafleur del
Rey, the
arrival
lieutenant, anxious
patience
the
of the
Governor's
favourable anfwer,
bry
now
hourly expected
to
the dragoon,
ordered a puppet-lhow
99
to be got
up
hands
at
Spanifh a puppet-lhow.
The
bufy
lefs
commiflioner obferved
all
them very
of Pc-
the day
moment
draflb's return,
he had
fet
every engine
to
work
The
chafleurs
had
all
brought and had agreed to embark upon lift, an order from the commiflioner the only point then was, to evade the vigilance of
the
:
who
The
plan
of efcape was concerted with Pedraflb, who was furniflied with money to play his part
properly.
He
dollars,
and when every thing was ready for departure, he was, as foon as rhe moon went down, to have a horfr
it
;
Ha
waiting
waiting
at
by tapping
his
window.
:
proved himfelf worthy of his wages, no man could have performed his part better, either as direddr of the fhow, or promoter of the efcape ;
accordingl)''
the ferjeant
and
money
them
at:
the
town
till
The
hour of
rriecting
fioncr, his
two
whom
were
fenfible
The
fit
of the gout.
ufuiil
trumpery
of puppet-fliovv^s,
aa
incident intro-
duced
to
tlie
'iu
the
lail
fcene as a compliment
puj'jpct, repre-
ward
'O'
ward
in
the
slOl
of running; of dogs,
after
him
accompanied with a loud barking, and then a figure reprefenting the Grande Colonel himfelf^
figures
came the
with a drawn fword and a high cocked hat, ornamented with long feathers, as like
the commlflioner's as
it
could be made:
he was uftiered
a Maroono^ a Muroono.
The puppet
being
worked too rapidly backwards and forwards, in the vehemence of action fome
of the gentleman's tackling gave vvay, and
a crippled
tlie
flate,
lamenefs afthat
by the coniiniflioner
all
day,
to the piece,
when ininy
performers,
who
to tlie
protofte'l
iJri':i ii
no oHcnce
jell
colonel,
on
ills
being coho,
or lame, but
to
diip'iay
bravery,
II 3
it
was generally
under-
102
been fully
fettled for
his departure
with
Spaniards were
all
eager in
their offers
of accompanying him to reduce the Mar The commiflioner now returned^ roons.
guarded as before, to fup with the lieute-? nant, and having been at no expence for
the puppet-lhow, requefted permiflion to
give the foldiers a trifie to drink : this was not objedted to, and he took care to give the Mexicans enough to enfure their
intoxication.
When
down
Completely to blind the lieutenant, the commiflioner in the morning had fent a part of his baggage to his
quarters, to remain there with
fpme fmalj
which feemed to
be a convincing proof of his intention to wait the refult of the expeded anfwei:
from
03
not only of his being reconciled to ftay, but of his inability to go, on retiring from fupper to his apartment, he appeared to No doubt fufFer torture from the gout.
now
have the pleafure of the commiffioner's company till the return of his
ftiould
L'Epee was
Creoles are
left to
very fond.
The Frenchman,
however, puflied his importunities to fuch excefs, that the wrath of the Mexican was
roufed, and
fome angry words paffing, the former quitted the field, and joined the commiflioner,
whom
He was, however
I04
and the commiffioner, recollecting that he had left his piftols at the lieutenants
ber,
quarters,
difpatched
him
to
bring
them
away
ijf
pofhble
unperceived.
efFe(5ted,
This he
very dexteroufly
was
under pretence of looking for fome articles wanted for the night, which
in bed,
the
commiffioner had
left
there
among
being immediately loaded, each threw himfelf on his matrafs with his cloaths on, and the lights
other things.
piftols
The
were extinguifhed.
the commiffioner,
hearing the trampling of a horfe, gently unbolted his door, and fuppofing it to be the guide, afked in a
if it
was Pedrailb
but
man
paffimg into
door,
of the
room
that
at
found
was the dragoon ferjeant. He was fuH ftartled, but on being faluted with
it
a bueno uochc ftgfior, in a mild, intelligent that the hundred doltone, he felt afl'ured
lar*
105
lars
all
had not been thrown away, and that was fafe in that quarter. Every thing
was
now
quiet,
and
the
commiffioner
counted the minutes as he anxioufly waited the fignal to be given by the guide, who
about two o'clock
window, and
ftreet
cautioufly,
he might run no
rifk
of being obferved^ informing him that he would find him with horfes about a
in a dired line.
Amidft
commiffioner had
the
not been
forgetful
of
poor lieutenant, whom he refpetfled and pitied. He wrote letters to his friends
at the
Havaniia, ftating the circuinftances, and fully exculpating him. He alfo requefled
tercfl
Mr. Alvvood
his
in
behalf,
hundred pounds,
(liould
upon
this occalion.
he gave a hundred
and twenty
dollars,
icrviccs,
the
lo6
the
laft
f which he was
now
the
to perform,
by engaging
door, a
little
higher up the
which
The moon
was to be
Ihaking
was
feeri
juft
gone down
no
;
light
and
now
liands witl;
(ioner, at parting,
made him
barrels,
a prefent of
his
trunks,
faddles,
and
other
fertile
genius would
him
to
but the empty barrels to Befucal. L'Epe'e was foon at the guardhoufe, where he begai^
talking loudly with the foldiers,
who came
and
of
about him
with
great
vociferation
dollars'
wonh
The
commiffioner,
lefs
who was
ill.
might not wake the colonel, This was the laft he heard
j
of Monfieur L'Epee
fafe
13
beyond
to7
beyond fight of the guardhcufe, he footi came up with Pedraflb and the horfes, with
a CQuple of Spaniards, whom the guide had bribed. He mounted without a moment's
delay,
benumbed by
the
chilly
damps of monly
uncomin
;
was
his
fword by his iide, having neither gloves nor great coat, which were left with his other things at
the lieutenant's.
In
this
ftate
he rode
forward,
had not proceeded many yards when his horfe was tripped up by fome ropes that had been carelefsly left
but
acrofs
Every
impediment was now of moment, and the fall he received was very fevere but the
;
horfe being
fecured, he again mounted, and rode to the edge of the morafs, where
through a fhort angle of the morafs, he then proceeded with Pedraflb along the caufe-
way
io8
way
he had the
fatif^
fadion of finding moft of the chaffeurs ready and anxious to embark, and was told that the reft were coming up frpm the
little
He
where they had rendezvoufed. was very foon joined by thefe, and
ifland
nothing
now
on board, and embark as quietly as poffible. This was no light tafk, but fortunately
Englifh failors had fecured all the boats in the harbour, not excepting thofe
the
of the guarda coftas, the officers belonging to V hich were dancing fandangoes in
the country.
Having dUmounted
'\
the only
two guns
gaged
fioner
in
on the fchooner,
all
being
happily en-
gaming
at tf^e
proceeded
trouble
to
embark
the
people.
The
attending
embarkation
was inconceivable, and tlie loud inceflant barking of more than a hundred large dogs,
was enough
coming wit hi u
109
two hundred yards of the beach, and of courfe the dogs were to be carried
withlri
in the
arms of the men, which was a work The dogs had heavyof great labour. chains on, and being unaccuftomed to the
failors,
ftruggled,
fcratched,
and made a
terrible noife.
and the
men
of night, would
fubjedl:
excellent
to a
The
turns
to
make
before
placed on board, 'and confequcntly a confiderable time was confumed in the em-
barkation
were fhipped. Of the dogs, thirty-fix only were thoroughly trained, the others were
the bed that could be procured, and
would
have anfwcred the purpofe, if the roons had compelled the ufe of them.
hands being on board, the fchooner immediately got under way, and the
9
MaAll
w;i3
d''j;;s
fee ;i red,
tlo
little
fecurcd, to give as
trouble as poflible
yet
many
failors,
whom
though muzzled.
Nothing was now talked of but a fpeedy pafTage to Jamaica, and the rewards expected.
The
commiflioner's
;
mind was
mirth and
good humour prevailed among the people, and the vefTel was Handing to fea under a croud of fail, when they fuddenly faw two
guarda coftas coming out of port after them. This appearance, however, gave them no
alarm: the complement of the fchooner
now
amounted
to
ninety-fix
had they even come up with her, which they were probably as little inclined
her,
as able to
(]o.
Towards
The
coafl
was now
and every danger of difappointment feemed completely removed, when, as the night was advancing, the pilots,
clear,
ter-
'I
terrified
by the guarda
coftas, or
a confiderable
diftance
keys or
iflands.
was
frultlefs,
and
at
o'clock
violent
North*
fetting
fhe began to
was driven up by every flroke fo as almoft unfhipped ; and had not the
been
new and
to pieces.
Surrounded by
and breakers, the gale increafing to a ftorm, and the depth of water diminiflied
veflel
or the
crew.
The
to
a wreck
was
inevitable, hoifted
it
out
;
the
boat
fecure
all
for
themfelves
and
getting
in,
North
rain.
for a (hort
time, and
fchooner.
112
fchooner.
of the dogs got loofe, and fcized upon the cattle which had been put on board to fuftain them through the voyage.
many
bellowing of thefe poor animals, the howling of the dogs, the blowing of the
The
wind, the roaring of the fea, the audible and agitated praying of the Spaniards, and the darknefs of the night, confpired to render
the fituation tremendous.
Captain Gilpin
of them
twenty men^ not having room to ufe their oars, could have no chance of being faved.
Had
from the
veflel,
they
would
of rocks a mile to
When
Britiili
-feamen
danger niufl be great indeed: not one of the crew expected to live till
the
morning, and the commiffioner faw nothing to induce him to embrace the pro-
Next
morn-
"3
hiorning the violence of the North had fd leflened the depth of water in the channel
that
the
fchooner,
feet
now
fide
very much. In this fituation fhe remained The the reft of the day, and all night.
fucceeding
day
the
fill
North
abated,
the
channels b'egan to
again, and
more
revived
but
another
On
of
was
thrown
overboard,
at
length,
afloat.
by warping,
Joy being
the fchooner
reftored,
affured
if the vefTcl
proper channel, and cleared the intricacies of the Jardlnes. The fchooner,
previous to
obliged to
licr
come
finall
Blanco, a
trading vefiel
1
made up
to
Vol.
ir.
her
"4
her, to beg
teing told
fome water; and the people that there was a fpring on the
diftance,
faid
key
at
little
they
had
attempted to fupply themfelves there, but had been prevented by a crocodillo. The
commiffioner, wifhing to get one of thefe
animals, fent fix of the Spaniards with their
mufchets and a firong hog-lance to kill and bring it aboard. Some time after they
fet out,
X)f it,
fore;
which proved to be the cafe the men came back with their mufchets hacked,
and the lance bent
at the point.
FcdrafTo
This was,
to
feize
raife
on the
creature's
hat,
ap-
proach,
offer
him
which he
would
then to
and tug: the aflailant was the head with the hat, which
gave him an opportunity to pierce vi/ith his weapon the penetrable part of the crocodillo,
in a
for as to his
heaJ,
"5
head, back, and fides, they were able td Pedraflb refift the force of a mufket ball.
offered to
in the
morning ;
but
the
enabling
the
fchooner to
proceed, the commiffioner's mind was too intent on the iffue of his voyage to
The
cro-
man, or common
is
The former
or eight
never
known
The
to exceed feven
feet, is lighter
made, and
latter
is
will attack
man
and
or beaft.
grows
to fixteen
heavy, timid, and flies from man, though he will fometimes feizc
feventeen feet,
on dogs,
The
to be
found in places frequented by allithefe abound on the fouth keys, gators which are muddy, and on the muddy
:
moraffes of the main ifland, where they live on crabs and fi(h of all fizes, left in
abundance on the
mud
by the
tide
on the
on the
and the
oppo-
i6
) ifle
of Pines, where they are often found in, the lower plains, at fome diftance from
the water.
fchooner being now under way, quite clear of the Jardines, the conjmiffioner's hopes of fuccefs were raifed to the
The
was renewed
in his mind.
fufFer
But he was
doomed
the
to
frefh
vexation
from
unyielding
all
piety
of the
it
Spaniards.
They
St.
declared, that
to exprefs
for
was incumbent
gratitude to
upon them
their
Anthony
for
which
double purpofe they infifted on putting into the port of Trinidad. Nothing could
prevail
tion
:
upon them
to
their
dogs on
board,
and
return
after
fatisfying their
confclences.
The comnot
to
truft
mifTioner determined,
if pofTible,
"7
truft
them
all
being
but they were pofitlve, and armed with long fahfes, were
;
fufficiently
pofe.
which tack
coaft,
however coming off, the failors edged away from the fhore as much as poffible.
Fortunately in the morning a heavy North again fet in, jjiiat rendered the making
Trinidad
impradlicable,
falling
and
in
there
was
Bri-
fome chance of
tifli
with
cruizer,
whofe
affiftance
would have
completely fupported the commiflioner's determination of not putting in with the Spaniards ; but the purpofe was as
anfwered by the North's increafing, which forced the fchooner off tlie coaft
fully
of Cuba
(lie
was therefore of
necellity
put before
fell
next morning
in
of vvhicli
the recollec-
many
difficulties that
1
had been
cucoua-.
u8
As
flie
flood
the
and, being a
much
fafter
failer,
would
not holding fo good a wind, owing to her having been obliged to throw fo much
over board to get her off the ground in the paflage of the Jardines,
ballaft
of her
and water, fhe bore up for Montego Bay, where the commiffioner was to experience a new vexation before he
landed.
Entering the bay at dufk in the evening, the officer of the fort millook the Mercury for an enemy's privateer,
to
from which
was
welcomed
back by feveral
fortune would
vollies
of grape-fhot.
neither
As
have
it,
men nor
dogs were hurt, and on the 14th of December, the fchooner dropped anchor in
a birth where fhe
lay covered
by fome
Amc-
"9
American
teries.
veflels between,
abfent feven
completely
to
hirafclf
that
had
there
been
made
the
;
the
war,
to
and
that
would be no occafion
to
have rebrought
pro-
courfe
recruits
his
he
had
with him
but
firft
enquiries
He
little
of
affairs,
and
v/as
progrefs
in reducing the
Maroons,
loffes, that
militia
numbers on duty greatly lefTened. No time, therefore, was loft in landing the chaiTeurs
and their
doirs
:
appearance of
tlic
l^oth
place
the
doors
I2Q
Not
a negro
ventured
to
ftir
the heavy
objet, and forcibly feurs, who could hardly reftrain them, prefente(J a fcene of a tremendous nature,
well caMblated to give a moft awful colour-
Maroons.
defpondence that had prevailed now yielded to hope, renovated by the arrival
The
He
all
exertions were
;
extolled
in
all
com-
panies
no
praife
indeed,
;
we
the
confider the
indefatigable
of the enterprife
was purfued, the difficulties overcome, and the difpatch with wh^ch it was completed, we muft allow
activity
with which
it
that
I2
that the
gratitude of the
inhabitants of
for although Jamaica was not premature, the uhimate objed of the Cuba expedition
remained
tion
itfelf
energy and ability, and had been attended with complete fuccefs and it is
common
no wonder
of
fome
whom
to lay
down
who
them
they were under to one had rifen from a bed of ficknefs, de-
fpifed fatigue
and the
from deftrudion.
122
LETTER
State cf the
XIL
March
to
War
in
Jamaica.
Seven Rivers,
~ CriChaJJeurs reviewed by General Walpole. Colonel Hull marches in Search of Moniical Period. Cato killed. The Parties meet. tague's Party.
The
^ruce.
Treaty
of Peace.
Unfortunate Rencontre
^Colonel Skinner
advances
recalled.
from
Pojl
Aiiguflus
agninfl
Johnfon's
intended ProjtEls.
General Walpoles Treaty -Diflrvfl and /Ippychnfons Kap out beyond the Day appointed cf the Maroons.
The Chuffeurs difati.fuu. for their Surrender. General Wa^poWs Cpinion rf Bcd'':s of peeling them. Maroons fur render at different Times. Palmer and
Parkinfony nvith fome otherSy remove
to
a dlflant Part
of the Country.
beg for a Party
to
Fidelity
They
Maroons.
Nutritious
fciit againfl
Refufcd.The
aci.
Detachment
Party.
iion
Palmer and Parhinfou. Dilemma cf the Palmer and Parkinfon fur render. Termina-
of the
War.
X REVious
challcurs,
that
1^3
Maroon
his
chiefs,
and that
the
his vigour
ftridleft
it
vigilance
on
enterprife,
thought time to
neceflary to
time
by
feigned
movements,
though he could not fpare a fufEcient number of troops to eftablifh ftrong pofts on
the Weftmoreland quarter,
ftation
the
principal
of his party. Thefe movements were made with an appearance of great fecrefy, but with a defign of Johnfon's
being informed of them ; for there was no doubt that he received intelligence by means of fome of the negroes, the certainty
of which was afterwards evinced by the fpeedy information given to him of the
arrival
of the chafleurs.
To
countenance
purchafmg provifions
the
for a
grand depot on
Wedmorcland
fide,
while, in reality,
he was executing
a plan
gcfled of carrying a
to
124
down detachments
obtaining water,
excurfions of the
impracticable.
blifhed pofts
of the troops to take poft at the fprings, which, from the difficulty of
on the
8th of November, at
Mouth
River, cover-
ing the eaftern part of the ifland with the but great Clarendon and Vere militia
:
fears
were
entertained
in
the
Nauflau
want of
guarded
;
force,
could
not be
effedually
dry, the burning the eftates in that quarter was much dreaded. The adion between
Captain
tioned
Letter,
Drummond
at
the
conclufion
happened
my
December, the day before the the chafTeurs, and the Maroons
arrival
after
of
the
adion threatened
to
J25
a few nights.
In
the
mean time
immeOld
Walpole
at the
Town
announcing
their arrival.
The news
two hours
to
it
reached General
quefting
him
him
as fpeedily as poffible
at
mentioning the action that had been fought with Captain Drummond, and that another
attack
Walpole for
his
not
waiting
his
orders.
On
com-
miflioncr loft
no time
in pufliing
up the
ap-
troops
were
attack propofed.
Two
halts
were
cattle
made on
were
the
way,
at
which time
of the dogs
and men.
I
The manner of
flavlr.o;
26
flaying an ox,
by which he was
as
foon
difpatched as
to fet
animal.
The dogs
with open mouths, and pufhing one another's heads about, were half covered with
their
it,
ance,
The
in
which they
every
work and
fled
direction.
The Maroons
too
were very foon informed of the approach of the chaiTeurs. Johnfon, after the adion
with Captain
Drummond, had
it,
returned to
one a mile to
the eaftward of
where he conceived he
ihould engage with more advantage, and he was bold enough to fay, that, covered
by
the woods,
he thought himfelf equal to any force that could be brought againft him:
cock-pits,
but
127
this
pq-
in
order
to
join
old
Monta^u^'s
party.
The
made
chafleurs
wa^
place
called
Seven
Rivers,
where they remained all night. IJIKr^y an order from General Walpole, fmall by fufils were given to the Spaniards, who
were
with
difficulty
perfuaded
to
take
them, declaring that they would rather depend entirely on their fwords and dogs ;
among
the
them
went
told
w^Ith
rear-guard
before
they
They laughed on being that the Maroons were good markfinto adion.
men, and would fight under cover, retiring from hill to hill. They were fully
apprized,
they
faid,
of
all
the
Maroons
upon
could
to get
their track.
Anxious
128
Anxious
Walpole
after
to
left
morning
they were landed, before day-treak, and arrived in a poft-chaife at Seven Rivers
about feven o'clock, accompanied by Colonel Skinner, whom he appointed to
attack.
Notice of
a pa-
They
in order to be advanced
alighted.
when
the General
On
having paid his refpeds to him, was defu'ed The Spaniards appeared to parade them. at the end of a gentle acclivity, drawn out
in a line containing
on receiving
a real attack.
the
command
fufils,
and advanced
upon
to afcertain
what
effecft
would be produced on the dogs if engaged under a fire of the Maroons. The volley was
129
was no fooner
fired
prefleil
forward with the greatell fury, amid ft the continued Ihouts of the Spaniards, who
were dragged
on with
irrefiftlble
force.
Some of
of attack
the dogs,
maddened by
the fliout
while held back by the ropes, feized on the ftocks of the guns in the
hands of their keepers, and tore pieces out Their impetuofity was fo great, of them.
that they
were with
who found
go into the chaife from which he had alighted and if the greateft:
necelTary to
;
made
to flop
them,
they would certainly have feized upon his He was much pleafed w^ith the Iiorfes.
review, and augured a
their
happy
efledt
from
appearance
among
the Maroons.
The
were
to attend
the troops
in
foon as pofTible, expreiled great anxiety to go out alone ; but every felicias
made
tation
on the fubjcdt was rcpreffed, and they were dirciftcd to be flri(^ly attentive
'
Vol.
II.
to
I3<5
Sklftner,
under
whom
The
juncture
appeared
favourable
to
General Walpole for attempting to bring the Maroons to terms which it might
country, or derogatory to the dignity of the Government to grant. It is true no vidory of
tli
not be injurious to
importance had been obtained over them, but the militia under Colonel Stevenfon,
and other detachments, had confiderably checked their predatory incurfions on the
provifion grounds in Trelawney, and the
own
ftation
had driven
them
into
the
from the
the
fettlng
weather,
fcarcity
felt.
of water
Parties
muft
have
been
already
and Mocha had, by conflids with Johnfon, confined his depredations on that fide
of the mountains.
at
The
pofls eftabliihed
Mouth and
the
under Colonel
i3
fully
eaft:
oppofed the Maroon inroads to the and on the 15th Colonel Hull had
a
gallant
maintained
tague's
retreat.
action
with
Monto
party,
whom
he
had forced
other hand, that had great weight in influencing the General to force the
Maroons
when, even
quillity,
it
has always been ihought proper to be particularly vigilant againft the confequences of the intemperance and excefles in which many of the negroes then indulge.
The
protraction of the
war had
Maroons and
on the events of
fooner
parts,
it,
the
capital
body intended
at
Maroons.
was
fet
in, the
^3^
now
ripe
and drop-
few
might
eafily effect
rebellious
might not be in the power of thoufands of attached and orderly ones to prevent
or arreft
;
winds
would carry
fire
through whole
diftridls.
Now
then,
General Walpole,
Maroons
wifeft ftep
to
defperation,
conceived
the
feize
the opportunity oifered by the terror which was fpread by the arrival of the chafleursj
to
fhow them
that
though
their
firft
fuc-
cefles
conflidt
when
joined by a
fail
which from
its
which would be
fo
He
Hull,
who had
from
^33
Town
againft
;
them terms
On
17th
the
and other regular corps, forming a very ftrong force, went out after Montague's party, who had
light
dragoons,
The
made
movement
in
confequence of the mefTage, Colonel Hull, after a march of about fix miles, fell in
with them
at
much
Pond River.
During the
whole campaign he had been a moft faithful guide. It was by liis means the retreat of the rebels was difcovercd, and he
had behaved
but
unfor-
IH
unfortunately Hlled
by a Maroon
in
an
ambulh.
The Maroons
fteep hill,
acclivity,
wer-e
on the
fide
of a
them.
Colonel
Huirs
advanced
guard
coming upon them by furprife, began a fire, which was returned by the Maroons
to
:
flop
the officers
dire(5ling
the
men
could by the trees. This being obeyed, the Maroons were called to, repeatedly, to
defift
firing,
ftraggling
however, being kept up by the body, feemed to enrage their captains, who finding the
ceafed,
among
the rocks
own.
they alked
if
to talk to them,
35
mean time Colonel Hull was auA long thorized to grant them peace.
in the
converfation
the
now took
place, during
which
Maroons appeared extremely diftruftful. At length Mr. Werge of the 17th light -dragoons, with great prefence of mind and
cool deliberate courage, threw
down
his
him,
telling
them
that
as
the
war was
hands upon it. On this, Fowler, the Maroon, advanced and took him by the hand, and at Mr. Werge's
meet and
fliake
propofal
him.
changed hats and jackets with Charles Schaw, who had the com-
mand
down, and afterwards one or two more of the captains. Nothing more was effeded
at this
hoftilities.
The Maroons
not
fire
they would
they did not
K4
on
136
on
their fide
The
night, however,
water in
was agreed
no
partial
advan-
all
in the
was
the
feverely felt
impelled
Maroons
and
thetnfelves, after
way
till
draw
take
water.
to,
The
confented
and both
An
had
^37
had taken
place, the
Maroons were
told at
he was on his way, and in the mean time they were invited to
day-dawn
that
fend fome of their captains to meet an equal number of the officers at the fpring ;
but the cautious captains chofe to referve
their
ral,
confidence
who
the
morning, and was met by old Montague and the captains, depending on the promife of the Commander in Chief
in
for the
fecurity
of their perfons.
After
fome
talk,
the
made by
the
General Walpole.
ijl.
their knees
beg
Q.d.
to
the Old
(
3^.
'38
)
all
run-
aways *.
To
on
December 1795, and confidered as a treaty, General Walpole was under the neceffity of adding another, which was
the 2ift of
was obliged
to accede
on
his oath
Thefe
them
to bring in their
women
liying
and children,
who were
ftate,
concealed
in a remote fituation,
in
miferable
meazles
having broke out among them, and where they were almoft famifhed from being unable to procure a fuiEcient quantity of
provifions.
to
Some of
to
the
men
returned
this
head-quarters
reprefent
and
No.
3. Ibid.
their
139
come
ia
with
as
much
expedition as poflible.
When
agreed
to,
treaty
were
Maroons
Stevenibn
had been
fent
out from
another dired:ion with the view of covering the grounds and co-operating with Colonel
Hull,
fhould
an adion take
place.
To
prevent their being attacked, the General gave them a letter to Colonel Stevenfon,
informing him of the peace he had granted. On parting, a number of the Maroons,
now joined by about thirty of their women, who were employed in carrying baggage
and provifions, unfortunately took a route towards Colonel Stevenfon's detachment, whofe advance came by furprife on the
women
Thefe
the
as
fled
they
in
were afcending a
directions,
to
hill.
different
while
men
called out
HO
as the
to call
out in battle.
Walpole's
noticed
by
prefcnting openings of the wood, retreating as Colonel Stevenfon advanced. Not fucceeding he at length took
at
different
became general. Captain Dunbar of the militia, and fome others, were killed, feveral were wounded, and the affair ended like mod of the adions
to his gun,
and the
battle
in the
felves
woods: the Maroons fought themoff, and the militia, after exhaufting
themfelves, retreated.
In the
Skinner, with
Johnfon,
who
before braved
in
all
danger,
confequence of his
HI
ment of
women and bagparty to proceed with the gage to a fecure place in the fouthernmoft
cock-pits, while he proceeded to
form
his
jundion with Montague's party, which he was prevented from effcdling by their But this falling in with Colonel Hull.
was unknown
the
to Colonel Skinner,
who on
and
19th went
in
purfuit
of him,
having pafled his old poiition, pufhed on with redoubled vigour, expelling every moment to overtake him. The chafTeurs
entreated to be allowed
this
to
advance, but
he ftridly forbade, keeping them conThe party were VN-itliiii ftantly in the rear.
two
miles of the
body
left
by Johnfon
to
convoy the women and baggage, tlioui^h this was at the time unknown, and had
the
Spaniards
not
one
About two
head-
an order to
informing him
\h:\t
142
the
a dirpofition to
in a
which he hoped
few
This was
very unwelcome news to the chafTeurs, who had buoyed themfelves up with the
exped:ation of the great
rewards which
had been
ordered to head-quarters
at
the Old
Town,
them
to
a(St.
The
made
was a moll
to
critical
one.
Johnfon
had
moved
concentre
the
Maroon
defign
of admitting
them
to
was
his
:
own
for he
intention to have
an
offer
ment, anxioufly
a
circumftance
hardly known,
f
that
he
meant
H3
meant, on the junction of the whole Maroon force, if he had found no opportunity of treating, or in negotiating had failed,
to
ifland,
eftates in the
more favourable
for in
difpofition in
the negroes
weftward
awe
majority of them were adually the determined enemies of the Maroons whereas
:
in Clarendon,
origi-
was
their inclination.
What
but
it
never appeared
was natural
for
Had
the peace
is
fertile
parifh of Clarendon
laid
in
144
The confcquences of transferring the feat of war may be eafily imagined fatiguing marches, new quarters, new incampments, a new country to be ftudied, new fcenes of adion, concluding with
in aflies.
:
war
ifland,
could have been effedled, of which there could be no doubt previous to the arrival
of the chafleurs
foes,
but
now
his
moft dreaded
were too near upon his fkirts and before he could have reached the place for the
execution of his project, or attempted any enterprife, he would have been overtaken
by the
chafleurs,
who,
it
may
be fuppofed
'4/
roons.
That
their
not to be regretted. The greateft reliance was placed upon the former, not only by the General and his
folved
by experience,
principal
officers,
but by the
Governor,
and the country. Notwithftanding this, General Walpolc judged it prudent not to
fufFer
them
to
ad
alone
nor would he
hazard the moft diftant chance of removing the terror which had been infpired by the
To maintain very idea of their arrival. this terror, and expel that which arofe in
the breafts of the
Maroons from
diftruft
of
was now General Walpole's chief endeavour: but he found it not fo eafy
to fucceed
dread.
As foon
received
.13
the
Lieutenant-Governor
the
pacliication
an account of
left
Voi.II.
Major-General Donald
46
to
Donald Campbell
command
and
the troops
on
the
fouth fide *,
Wemyfs-
he
the
ratified
1
of January 1 796 for the furrender and fubmiflion of the Maroons f. Diftruft
ft
A praftice
rank of General
in the militia.
gentlemen who have commiflions In real fervice this muft be attended ^'ith
officers to
is
men
a parade, or
on field-davs two
or three times a-year, and whofe avocations are incompatible with great military knowledge, fhould be fufficiently (killed in taftics, to plan either offer.five or defeiifive opeiations.
It will
officers
of very inferior
rank muft be fuddenly created temporary or local commanders, or the fervice be left to hazard. This obfervatlon
^5 far
officers
from being intended as the flightefl reflexion on the of the colonial militia, whofe bravery and intelligence
the thing
fpeaks for
pcver
rife
itfelf.
f Votes
No.
3.
of the
Houfe of
AfTcrnbly.
See Appendix,
yvhicl^
H7
which had been hoped at firfl:. On the 24th, only two, Smith and Dunbar, had
arrived at head-quarters.
Old Montague's
fubdued.
doubts
were
not
eafily
He
recolleded that he had once before furrendered, with fix-and-thirty of his people,
previous to the
lities;
commencement of
hofti-
his treatment in
on
his
confidence in
though he had entered into the treaty, he became the chief obftacle to the performance of
the
it ;
many of
Maroons
to
not.
told
him
that
determined
have
peace,
would or
28th,
to
Several
came
on the
whom
At
of January, the day fixed for the furrender of the whole, arrived,
*
and,
148
Walpole,
it
pafled
unnoticed.
This was
and
literally it
was ;
yet, perhaps, a
in the confideration of
it,
between a diredt
henfion of feverity
for fuch
it
was.
The
Maroons,
chafleurs,
terrified
thought not of the particular confequence of fuch a breach ; many ftraggled in, both
before and
after
it
many
to
abandon
:
deftiny
boHr fhould try the white faith firft, and when one was fatisfied, he returned and
brought back moft of his family*.
their fears, other caufes
With
combined
to delay
the
H9
of their families, and had found them Tick and unable to travel ; of fome
of their
laft
women
one
loft
at
only was found ; and yet the extent of the delay was but a
action
fortnight,
if
we
*.
except
the fmall
who were
it
party out
months
Be
this
as
may, the
of rebellion,
and
Walpole
received
The
and the General, who had hitherto been eager to entice in the dilatory
to al:,
Maroons
feared
*
ihofe
now
faid
Itr
may alfo be thouglit that Smith, Dunbar, and who fiirrcndcred on the ift of January, were pledges
coming
in
for the
of their families
his
comph'ancc, as General
in.
he.
'5
)
it
would be
move on;
all
than that
would be
in
ufelefs
to
trace
minutely
2 2d
the
coming
the
of
March
It
however, fome of the occurrences that took place may not be uninterefting.
;
was refolved
fhould always precede the chafTeurs, the very attendance of the latter being found
to produce the defired effed:.
Wherever
they went, terror flew before them, anticiOn the 12th of pating their operations.
* The dogs were growing too fat from want of exercJfe. While kept at tlieir ftation on the hill at Vaughan's-field,
they were never fuffered to exercife, though it was requefted by the Spaniards, who murmured very much, declaring that they
would become
See Appendix,
No
5.
January,
'51
Walpole was advancing, he received a meflage from Johnfon, informing him that he and his party
January,
as
General
were coming to the cock-pit within the pofts, and requefting that a fupply of provifions
The
and on the 14th twenty-four more of the Maroons came in, and another meflenger
from Johnfon, to fay that the number of the fick he had with him would prevent his reaching the pofts that day, but that he would not fail to be in next
morning. Forty-nine came in the fame day, and on the next, the 15th, General Walpole met Johnfon with between fifty
coming
in
feveral
whom
added
who had
pre-
number of Tre-
lawncy Maroons in Lord Balcarres's poffeflion on the i6th of January was four
hundred.
By Lord Balcarres's L 4
order the
Maroons
152
?vIaroons
to
Montego
Bay under
at
different
times.
taining with
him
of the families of Johnfon and Smith, for the purpofe of influencing tlie remainder
who were
and Smith
ftill
out to furrender.
Johnfon
particularly,
in their exertions to
fucceedcd
Parkinfon,
with
the
fome
but
Palmer and
Maroons
fire
to
their
towns,
a confiderable
reward
hills
having from
tlie
who had
fur-
rendered
Bay with an
fome
w^ith
of troops, conceived
treacliery
their
going in, were alarmed by a fallc report of the approach of the Spani.irds aiul do^^,
fled into the reniOter coclc-pits to the fouth-
ward.
iS3
This information was brought b)' Johnlon and five other Maroons, who had
ward.
been fent to prevail upon the in, and who in their return,
reft to
come
after
an ab-
were accompanied by
fix
additional
able
Maroons, and a great many women and children. Johnfon and Smith evinced the
in the excurfions they fregreateft fidelity
quently
made
in
queft of the
maining in
with them.
continued
at
the
woods,
in
many
return
Johnfon,
while
his
people
them
in great order,
rum,
ilighteil difobedience.
in their flight
had
white
flag at
being found. Smith turned to General " Walpole and faid, Sir, we can bring them
in as eafy as kifs
for a party
your hand."
He
prefTed
companied by
>54
)
:
and both he and Johnfon repeatedly affured General Walpole that they believed
every
The
be
Lord
Balcarres,
removed
8mith*s
to Dromilly, a
little
from
head-quarters,
and
who
thought,
from
application
going without dogs, that not a moment was to be loft. General Walpole, however, conceived the lofs to confift in letting
flip
all
the
it,
Maroons
The
now
recelTcs
proceeded of the
mountains, that
it
became very
difficult to
Thev
155
they
;
completed
bufinefs,
in
the
woods
where they declared they could live ever, for they afforded much more
tenance than thofe of their
for
fuf-
own
country.
They
This root, when grated, is equal to the beft caflava, and there was an inroot.
exhauftible fupply of
it
near Trelawney-
Town.
of February, Johnfon andSmith returned from one of their excurthe
fions,
On
nth
bringing
Maroons.
ever,
Maroon
as I
affairs,
themfelves to
party
IJS
Genera!
Walpole being determined to rout them, fent a detachment of the 13th light dragoons under* Lieutenant Gubbins, accompanied by fome of the chafTeurs with d^ogs, and a few of the Accompong
tTieir
roons as guides, in fearch of them. party, ill fupplied with provifions, and
Ignorant of any
'
MaThe
fprings
in
the country^
pafs, entered
St.
Elizabeth
One-Eye, with
a rcfolution to penetrate
the
cock-pits,
or
After
in
days,
tvhkh
the
troops fuffered
as fatic^ue, tlie
extremely by
thirft as well
commanding
would
officer finding
that
his
provifions
much
longer,
neceffity of returning
On
pole,
Wal-
accompanied
by Colonel Skinner,
arched
^sy
Town
with
13th light
confifting
and
6th
infantry,
dragoons of about
eighty men, attended by a party of the Spanifh chafTeurs, and pafling through El-
Accompong-Town, and Aberdeen, was conduced by Colonel James Rowe, on the 29th, to a hill about a mile and a
derfly,
laft
place,
whence
fmoke
which
had
been
frequently
this
difcovered,
morning
at
in a north-
diredion,
;
apparently
it
no
great
was fuppofed that the party could reach the fpot from which it
diftance
and
rofe,
in
the
courfe
of the day.
till
They
and
of a
accordingly marched on
in the
four o'clock
halted,
afternoon,
when they
hill.
encamped
compbincd of great
tlie
tliirfi:,
water carried
to
for
their
fupply
was
found
be nearly exhaufted,
there re-
p.iry
riS
party moved forward about two miles, and then halted for information from a
Spaniard who had been fent to the top of a high hill to reconnoitre, and who, on
his return,
reported that the fmoke apThere peared to be ftill five miles diftant.
left,
nor was there any hope of procuring a fupply. General Walpole therefore thought
it
neceflary to order
Upon
this,
Zeny,
a Spaniard
who was
refiding at
Bay when
there,
and who, at the invitation of the commiflioner, had joined the other Spaniards
an interpreter, offered to proceed with the chaffeurs, if the General would give
as
him
ten men.
them a
fufficient
fupply of
Zeny was of an enterprifing charader; his fpirit and condud had raifed him highly in the opinion of General
water.
WaU
59
Walpole and the commiffioner, through whofe recommendation he had been made
the
themfelves
as
volunteers,
and proceeded
by Mr. Lambert Tate*, a furgeon, Mr. Francis Robertfon, a furveyor, and Smith
Smith, according to his orders, after conducting the party a
captain.
little
the
Maroon
way, returned
to
the main
body,
fmall
miles,
which foon
party
woods.
The
and
halted.
ill,
At
this
taken
examine the
to
whom
am
map of
From
ex-
to
.60
to he dry.
He
ftrongly urged
Zeny
to
from
his
knowledge
of that part of the country, he was convinced that the party would be in great
they but the Spaniard determined proceeded to pufh on at all events, and Robertfon
:
thirft
if
quitted
them.
Zeny now
diredted
his
march more
to the
Old Maroon-Town.
town.
was fuppofed they were near the In this bottom Zeny encamped,
judging it better to give reft to the men and the dogs, now exhaufted with fatigue as well as thirft, and to advance on the
morning with "the day before him, when the enemy would be
In
Maroons
the
lefs
able
to
avail
The
j^arty
tlie
when
.
of
dotr
was
i6i
They
got
imme-
under arms, and, proceeding in the direction of the found, difcovered a negro
endeavouring to make his efcape. One of On the SpaniQi dogs was fent after him.
coming up, the negro cut him twice with his mufchet, on which the dog feized him
by
He
proved to be a runaway, faid that he and two other negroes had deferted the
Maroons a few days before, and that the party was at a great diftance from the town,
but that he would conduct them to
it
by
noon next day. He told Captain Zeny that there was water in the town, but no
where
the 3d,
elfe.
the
town
furrounded by rocks.
town
had
II.
been
recently made.
At
this
Vol.
place
'
l62
place
The they halted for the night. negro here informed them that they were within four hours march of the town ; but
pofely led
them
became
by their quarter-mafter and Captain Zeny, from their defign, which it would have been impofdifTuaded,
fible for
them
to cfFedt, as they
mufl have
The one
they had
dlftreffing.
The men
and had frequently dropped in the way. They had moiftened their mouths with their
fweat, and
urine,
their
own
been dlfluaded by the The dogs were alfo worn out, furgeon. In this and v/ent on with great difficulty.
fituation
had
Zeny
;
delpaired of fucceeding
by
an attack
1^3
terrify,
to capi-
tulate,
of truce
come with
accepted by John Ton, on condition of their immediate furrender. Tate the furgeon
offered to
go
in
with the
flag,
which Zeny
thought too hazardous, and at firfl refufed. The party advanced next morning by daybreak, and marched till, according to their
prifoner's account, they
were within
;
a mile
and Zeny,
confented to Mr. Tate's going in with the " " I will Here," faid he to him, flag. wait two hours, after which,
fee Parkinfon,
if I
do not
Palmer, or yourfelf, I fhall conclude you have been murdered, and I win proceed with the party to fell our
lives
as
dearly
as
pofTible.
But
fiiould
you be
able to prevail
on either Parkinfon
or Palmer to
come out and meet me, you rnny remain in the town as a hoflnp;c."
late gave
his
i64
their
At the
diftance
came up to two fires burning, and a Maroon from the wood-fide called to Tate,
alking what a white
man wanted
there.
Tate replied, that his bufmefs was with Parkinfon or Palmer ; on which he was
told to
go no
farther,
be fent to him.
Tate hailed the Maroon, and receiving no anfwcr, proceeded on his way with the two
negroes.
They met
fome of
filent,
feveral
Maroons and
were abufive
runaways,
whom
and fome
violence.
but
none offered
any
the
two negroes of
going away " We will
in
an
exulting tone
punifh buckra for true for coming here this time." Having walked on two miles inftead of one beyond the
Tate perceiving another Maroon on the top of a hill at the entrance of a defile,
party,
pre-
i6j
at
prefenting
that
his
gun
him,
called
out
he had bufinefs with Captain Parkinfon. The Maroon made no anfwer, but
kept his gun prefented
near the muzzle,
till
when
taking
may pafs. this time, but the next we fee we all fire." There were about twenty men armed with guns and
mufchets in
this defile,
one buckra
one
man
could pafs at
at
was
fituatecl
the
it,
bottom of the
Defcending into
giving
orders
to
him,
aflced
proved to be Parkinfon himfelf, who deTate told fired to know what he wanted.
him
that
ment of dragoons and the Spaniards, was clofe to the town, and had merely from
motives
humanity, fent him in to offer them once more the terms which " What are thofe Johnfon had accepted. terms?" faid the Maroon. Tate faid he
of
did
i66
did not
know.
tain Jarrat
and the other captains who were taken up on their way to Spanifli
Town?"
ignorant.
Of
"
this
How
fitu-
ated at
Montego-Bay
The anfwer
to
feveral others in
Old Maroon-Town, who appeared perfectly happy, and that they received the fame allowance of every thing
as the
fol.d'lers.
He
to
regularly attended
this a
On
Maroon, named Harding, came up and enquired for his fon, who had received
a ball thrc^gh the flefhy part of the thigh.
his
wound was
nearly
man was
greatly rejoiced,
thanked Mr. Tate, and immediately became an advocate in his caufe. Harding's
condudl produced a favourable change in the minds of many, who became more
placid and civil.
it
of
16;
to
come
in,
but
to afcertain
the terms
mitted.
depend, and
who had
full
power from
to,
the
treat
He
nearly expired,
hoftage
;
remain
as
him
to his hut,
It
meet
the party.
Marogns
that
ftanding between
them, accompanied by two boys loaded with canteens of water. It was agreed between Zeny and Parkinfon,
was allowed
to join
Schaw, Parkinfon's nephew, fhould go back with the party and hear fhe terms at head- quarters, and that if they were
that
fuch as
iliould
Zeny had mentioned, the Maroons all come in. The troops and Spamarched
out
M4
i68
out of the
who on
niards
after
the 6th proceeded with the Spato Old Maroon-Town, and foon
returned with
to
Parkinfon and
who
yielding
render.
On
the
6th of
by Johnfon arrived at Old Maroon-Town, and informed General Walpole that he was on his way with the whole
difpatched
remaining body of the Maroons. Some of them being hog-hunting, they could not be all colleded at once ; but on the
2
1 ft,
them
forty-four
remaining in the woods was thirteen, and thefe, with the reft of the runaways, fur-
Thus concluded hofrendered next day. tilities, without recourfe being once had
the aftiftance of the chafTeurs, beyond the operation of the terror they infpired,
to.
but
1%
was very evident had been the means of producing the treaty, and
but which
it
of accelerating the furrender of the feveral bodies whofe diftruft kept them back fo long
after
it
was made
in,
and who,
as
they
gradually came
and feparated from them by a line of the One knows not which to admire troops.
moft, the
a^llivity
they were procured, or the humanity that in fpite of three months provocation prevented their being employed in adion *.
hardly wor^h while to mention an accident by which an old woman loft'hcr life, but it has been fuggefted
It
is
it
may
receive an
unfavourable con-
One
dinnk
leatl appprehenfion of any went up to the woman, who was fitting aftendmifchicf, The ing to a pot in which fhe was preparing a mefs.
dog fmellcd
file
this provoked her, and began to beat him, on which he fcized on her throat, which he would not let go till
it,
;
al
took,
up
a (lick
lu's
his
body by
niucli
his mafter.
fli.e
The
wind-pipe of
woman
being
torn,
could not
be favcd.
7o
lyo
To
the
fkill,
General Walpole are the colonifts, whom he had a little before faVed from humilia-
and
triumph ; William Dawes Quarrell are they indebted for fuggefting, and procuring the
to
ifland
"
We
ing the Lieutenant-Governor to give orders " of for the difmiffion of the
chalTeurs,
expreffing our
portation of the
and dogs, in
compliance with the general wifhes of the ifland. Nothing can be clearer, than that
if
they had been off the ifland, the rebels could not have been induced to furrender,
their
from
almoft
to
inacceffible
faftneffes.
We
are
happy
have
it
in
our power
the appearfufhcient to
j
by
produce
fo
fortunate
an event
and
we
cannot
lyi
humanity
fo
flrongly proved
by
their
172
LETTER
Contrary Opinions
ivtth the
refpeEling
Xlir.
Meeting of fome of the Members of the Council and Affembly. Special Secret Committee the Council and Their Refolutions reef Affemhly.
Maroons.
Their Rtafons.
General Walpole
the
His Reafons.
of. the
The Banijhment of
Maroons
mijfion
deftrahle on their
own
Account.
Public Sub-
and Oath
Windward Maroons.
The
to
Lord BaU
declines
carres.
The fame
the
to
receiving
Sword.
of the Affembly to
Reward
Monument
Chaffeurs.
Memory
of the Slain.
Reward of the
Their Departure.
On
be,
the
wlfdom of the
was
approved.
the
Very unforof
it
tunately,
however,
execution
gave
rife
to a difference,
which ended
in
the
^7:^
the
reilgnation
of the
honourable and
it
diftinguifhed
officer
been
fo judicioufly
whom He efFected.
by
in
had
quitted,
in difguft, a profeffiori
which he was
eminently calculated to {hine ; and, by his retiring, the fervice loft an honeft and
gallant foldier.
it
A confequence
me
that renders
neceflary for
it,
of
the caufe of
On
on receiving
who,
taking
:
the
treaty
if
intp
confideration, refolved
" That
to
the Trethird
the
aways
laid
if
they,
according to the
of their treaty,
to be
ought
to
174
as'
to be ratified,
as far
;
their
not being
but that they were to remain in Jamaica, fubjedl to fuch regufent off the ifland
lations
as
the
Governor,
Council,
and
Aflembly, might think proper to enadl in that refped." day had been appointed
by Qeneral Walpole
pUance.
com-
Of
this
the
General
informed
Lord
of the treaty*; but his Lordfhip fo highly approved of the terms, that he made no
hefitation in ratifying
it,
and appointed a
fubfequent day for the furrender. new-fixed day alfo elapfed without
defired effed:.
The
the
The Alaroons
furrendered
by
mation of the approacli of the chafleurs, or induced by the reprefcntation of thofe fent
them by General Walpole to encouracre them to come in although the great body
to
:
fliort
time,
it
3.
was
'75
they were
all
got in
and
the runaway. negroes were not formally In the interval, the tranfdelivered up.
portation of the
Maroons became
the fub-
Walpole's ears about the middle of March, he expoftulated upon it with Lord Balcarres.
He
exprefl'ed
his
uneafinefs
at
meaning
to
by him,
and
ratified
it
by
his
Lordfhip.
He
faid,
that as
was through him alone that the Maroons were induced to furrender, from their reliance on his word, from a conviclion-imprefled upon them by
him
that
he
violation
Balcarrcs,
to
in
refign
rej>ly,
his
command.
him,
Lord
that "if
aillired
by the Maroons,
lie
ihould be of opinion
honour
176
honour not
to fend
them
and
obferved or not.
To make
this
decifion,
committee was appointed, compofed of members of the Council and General Walpole requefted of Affembly.
a
fpecial fecret
evidence to them
ing that he
who
moral right to be heard in evidence upon had it, they waved, obferving, that they
had
full
Governor on
who
;
in his letter
" From the high 9th of March to General Walpole, fays which you have filled, from the intercourfe and fituation
convcrfations
all,
thefe
that thcTc unhappy people may have every circumftance adduced to the Affembly that can operate in their favour, it may be fair and right in you to give an opinion, if you are fo inclined,
how
fa'-,
in
The
177
The
was mad^
in ten refolutions *.
By
were of opinion that the Maroons who furrendered at Vaughans-field, under the
proclamation of the 8th of Auguft, together with the fix captains taken up at St. Ann's
in their
way
to
Spanifh
Town, having
the fourth, they
come
By
were of opinion
that Smith,
and the two boys who came in on the ifl of January, were entitled to the benefit of
the treaty. By the feventh and eighth, they were of opinion that ^1 the Maroons who
fliipped
oflf
the ifland.
The
decifion for
tranfporting the
their
time prefcribed ; and the negled of delivering up the runfailure of furrender at the
* Votes of the Aflembly.
Appendix, No. 3.
Vol.
II,
aways
78
aways who had joined them, and mofl: of whom came in as Maroons. On the other
hand, General Walpole and his friends conceived the treaty not to have been fufficiently
infringed
decifion.
by the Maroons
to warrant the
modes he ufed of
terrifying
chafleurs to fur-
remove
of their coming in, and to convince them that the terms agreed to fhould be facredly
fulfilled*;
therefore
not
to
keep
thofe
him
in the fituation of
In about
furrendered, ex-
who
J.
The Maroons,
as
they came
in,
conceived
* Votes of tke AfTcmbly. Appendix, No. 3. He was ttnrfal Icll he Oiould appear to have drawn fthe
Maroons
into a treaty
>o be broken.
I"
V'ote- of thf
AiiVmbly
.\ppcndix, No.
3.
it
(
it
^79)
was upon the terms of the treaty. The very laft party, as we have feen, were of
that opinion.
tility,
hof-
and were withheld chiefly by diftruft, to obviate which, the general had been very
Lord Balcarres
marching Uie Maroons to Montego Bay, particularly on account of the families of Johnfon and Smith, well
for
knowing
the effect
it
hills
by
their diftruftful
comrades,
who had
removal
never
and
from
their
*.
The
field
officers
"j*.
on the
fpot
diflfered
in opinion
but be confidered as a perpetually renewed pledge of the terms of peace, from which
no aflembly
in the
world could
releafe
him.
As
to
the
neglect
of delivering up the
from them
as a preparatory
meafure
and
Appendix, No.
3.
f Ibid.
fo
i8o
fo far
was the
fufFering
them
to
come
in the charader of
out.
Be
fide
on
either
what
may,
certain
it
is
that the
Af-
and
were fupported by
who
judged
it
difpofmg of them,
propriety f . After all, it was not perhaps lefs the intereft of the Maroons themfelves than
Ap-
A cor-
i8i
cordial reconciliation
fupply
from
their
humiliation.
Driven from the dangerous regions of their ftrength and proud defiance, difarmed, and
reftridled to
fome open
fituation at a dif-
degraded from
and
even
were
flaves,
that to
have been
left
fafe
by the
than an enjoyment.
fore,
to
have
made
an aO: of mercy. They were themfelves foon convinced that it was the
it
became
perfectly refi^ned to
it.
Let us
narrative.
now
On
wind-
82
Town
and returning home, made a public fubmiflion on their knees, and took the oath
of allegiance to his Majefty, in the prefence of commiflioners exprefsly appointed. The
Trelawney Maroons, who, as they furrendered, had been fent into confinement at
St.
Ann's, were
now
Kingfton,
country,
preparatory
It
banifhment.
who had
to
diftinguifhed themfelves
by
their
remain in the
ifland,
and
to grant
them
Dunbar, and
wave
'83
wave the
diftindtion,
petitioned to fliare
would require a ftrong military force to protect them from being cut to pieces by
it
Thus terminated
of the
*
tinefi colonies
Tliey were told they might land with their fiimilics. Smith had four wives, and he and the others extended their
ideas of family fo far, that a great
tliat they were allowed one wife each, and her young children, ihey preferred only Smith, Williams, and Dunbar, we faw, were of going.
landed
right
cA the comau'ttce
exempted from banifhment, according to the decilion but the decifion of nature was obeyed.
;
Did
tluTe
men regard
feel
their wives
as
at
fo
many
bcalls of
burden, and
no more concern
them than
a
as a planter at
Was
See
it
common
them
thing
f(jr
them to
own
infants,
?
and
/'.J-
(hifli
to death againll
Maronns.
threat-
i84
total
it
threatened
with
deftrudion.
at
The
accounts received of
mifunderftood
and
mifreprefented.
On
ftated
Maroons were
favages
and on the other, the very idea of the ufe of Spanifli dogs was reprobated as
;
by the
nues to
colonifts.
clofe up,
employment of the
Spanifh chafTeurs to have been both prudent and humane ; and has alfo diverted
the character of the
Maroons of
that bar-
barous favagenefs with which exaggeration painted it when the paffions of men called
for
high colouring.
thofe
That
they
w^ould
facrifice
whom
they confidered as
by
but
many
are void
of foundation.
''
Even women
in child-bed
alike
and infants
at
indlfcrimlnately flaughtered
by
this
i85
(hrieks
whicli
the
firft
Maroons were
hi
This was not the the neighbourhood." fa<3: : no woman in child-bed, no infant at
the bread;,
to
at
"
Proceeding to
a plantation of Dr. Brooks," fays the fame " author, they burnt the buildings to the
ground, and killed two white men who They left, however, a cppofed them. white woman and her infant unmolefted ;
and
as this
was the
firft
inftance of tcnderte
nefs fliown
children,
it
women and
to
rather
the
terms on a treaty by this act of lenity, than to any change in their difpofition."
To
regard
is
fl:iown
to
figc
and
fex, can be
v,'a3
no proof
that a treaty
pf peace
in contemplation.
This
cir-
cumftance
'86
cumftance took place early in the war; Brooks's was one of the firfl.houles burnt,
and was
fet
on
fire
by Johnfon's
party,
vifed the
at this
Maroons
to
geance, and had his paflions ever led him to fuch horrid violations of humanity as
he has been charged with, it would have After other, hoftile incurfions, been now.
he was proceeding to Brooks's, near which, and in his way, flood a fmall houfe belonging to a white
was
fmall
Letitia
feeing
him was
and
at
her
firfl:
emotion
thought of flying from him, but he called to her not to be afraid, and coming up
to her, told her
women
fhould
be done
the
white
at
Brooks's.
He
way
of
-87
Some
years have
now
and
fupprefled
by
The war
being
now
concluded,
the
Aflembly took into confideration the eminent fervices that had been rendered to
their
country.
To Lord
Balcarres they
voted thanks, and feven hundred guineas To General Walto purchafe a fword.
pole they alfo voted thanks, and five hunHis dred guineas for the fame purpofe.
Lordfhip, confcious
duty
as a foldier,
placed with
fword, declared
tranfmit
the
precious gift to his pofterity as an everlafting mark of the reverence, the attach-
ment, and gratitude he bore to the ifland of Jamaica. General Walpolc, on receiving
the
tlic
condefcenfion,
giving
great
part
of
i88
fuccefs
to the zeal,
and gallantry of Colonel Skinner and the reft of his field officers, and declaring
that without their aliiftance
all
his endea-
vours
muft
have
failed.
He
declined,
however, the
credit
to himfelf refit
not
on
minutes very different from his This letter the AfTembly conception of it.
their
and
to be
couched
in terms difrefpedtful
to
minutes
*.
In eftimating the eminent fervlces rendered to the ifland, we cannot but fuppofe
Votes of the AfTembly.
that
i89
became the
fubjeh of the Aflembly's thanks and reward, as they had previoufly been the
topic of the admiration and gratitude of
the country at
large.
His
arrival
from
and
to the fuccefs
of his miffion
ardour,
community,
in
their
had
They
had
celebrated,
energy and
difficulties
on
fliore,
proclaimed him entitled to as fubflantial marks of public efteem as could be gained by the moft fplendid military achievement.
In doing
this,
many
the
lives
they had refleded on the that might have been loft, the
plantations that
hundred thoufands of pounds that might have been added to the tax-rolls,
before the fpreading evil could have been
many
^90
many
tears,
much
private diftrefs,
much
owned*
had been faved by the wifdom and addrefs with which the caufe of their joy had been
planned and executed.
The Aflembly
too,
had
done
juftice in
fome meafure
to this opi-
nion of the public, by ftating that " nothing was clearer than that if the chaffeurs
ifland,
and by
to
owing
them*.'*
Quarrell
Having
in
contemplation,
with a
full
knowledge of the fentiments of the country, and of their own opinion, they voted him
as a reward,
the
pounds
currency f ,
by
* Votes of the See Appendix, No. 3. AfTembly. Seven hundred poundp currency is five hundred pounds f
fterling, wliich, payable in Jamaica, v/as at that time, according to the rate of exchange, equal to four hundred
and twenty
live
pounds payablv
iii
I.onJon.
thanks
'Qt
thanks, or
I feel
an
almoft
irrefiftible
comment
I I
on
refrain
from making
is
a general obfervation^
fupported by
it.
The
mankind
or to reward the
while they are prompt enough to diftinguifh thofe who are already above them,
as well as to extol
inferiors.
Colonel
Quarrell
Aflembly.
He
:
he,
do not
I
;
am
perfuaded
it
is
not get
more
from one
miglir,
You
orcc
^92
once,
when
ceived,
Aflembly for my exertions againft the Caves who were in rebellion when I came
to the ifland:
it
perhaps
do not deferve
lefs
now
I
fwords,
and when you were voting think you might at leafl have
;
voted
me
fmall
couteau,
or
Spanifh
mufchet."
On
com-
by
the
individuals,
that they
might
forinto
obtain
relief.
:
gotten
confideration
who had
nument
mo-
memory of them>
ifland.
Seven thoufand
the chaflcurs,
dollars
were voted to
who
had
been retained in
193
)
;
fpecified
and a provi-
fion
was made
country.
return to their
own
greatly to be lamented
as
might have been expected, and would have been the cafe, had not fome
evil-minded low traders in Montego Bay taken pains to perfuade them, that they were entitled to the full fpecific rewards
for every
Maroon
that
came
in, as
they
had been proclaimed. They alfo got into fome unfortunate fquabbles and riots with
failors,
in
both
fides,
on an
in-
made by the
magiftrates of the
town.
they were received on their return to Cuba is not known, but, on their
How
departure for Jamaica, they carried with them the gratitude and warm wifhes of
all
the colonifts.
Vol.
II.
194
LETTER
Tyan/port at'ton
the Hoiife of Ajfembly for
XIV.
Canada Plan.
Zum
the
voted by
to
removing
Maroons
America. -^JVil/iam
niiJfary-General.
Dawes ^jarrell
appointed Coni'
parture
to
of the
there.
Arrival and Reception Haifa?: in Nova Scotia. Prince Edward. Vifited by XMdH Royalty.'to
Suffered
Citadel.
landy
and employed on
Portland.
the
Works
at the
In general Favour.
Arrival
f Difpatches
from
The Governor of the Province undertakes to make Arrangements for the The Commiffary-General Settlement of the Maroons,
the
Duke of
to the
Ifand
Lands
at Prejlon purchafed.
State cf
fax.
Facility oj opening a
Schubennaccadie.
it.
Military Commifjlons Appoiiitments made by the Go' given to fome of them. vernor in the Maroon Fflablif}wie7it.-^ Attempt to con" Their ObjeElions to Marriage. vert the Maroons.
Preflon.
Maroons remove
Uproar among
defirous
the
Women.
Refolutions of the cf quitting Houfe of AJJlmhly of Jamaica rtfpeBing a final Provithe Maroons. fion for
Nova
J.
HE
tranfportatlon of the
Maroons having
^9S
became neceflafy
lands
as
to
adopt fome
thought
poffible,
of,
of Jamaica.
fuggefted the roons,
now
moft
ment.
which Governor Simcoe was now extending colonial eftablifhments with great judg-
and
it
appeared
judgment, be
fo
fettled
government.
On
furreuderlng
De-
which by the definitive treaty with America was to be given up to the United
troit,
States,
that
a6live
and
intelligent
officer
was appointed by
his Majcfly
to
aUend
to
195
to the
colonization
the Britifh
the boundary
and
fo rapid
and
fuccefsful
were
very fhort
and
feveral beautiful
towns had
In this country it was, placed in different dlftridls, or kept together in one body, as
the
wifdom of General
Simcoe
fhould
on a very
liberal
body of people who had given them fo much uneafmefs; to provide them with
lands,
implements of hufbandry, and every comfort that could be exped:ed, and to maintain them alfo for a time, till
houfes,
they had rendered themfelves independent. Whatever be the fate of the queftions re-
fpeding the commencement of hoftilities, and the obfervance of the treaty with the
Maroons,
praife.
It
this defign
accomplifhed,
have
out-
that could
hr^.ve
'97
The Maroons,
thus
difpofed
in-
Led by example
to induftry,
and
remote from the profligacy and diffipation of a fea-port, they would foon have acquired a tradlability of
to
manners
fuitable
their fituation,
and
conducive to the
general good.
Many
ways, particularly as guards for depots of all kinds, whether commercial or military, for which they were well
different
fuited.
difficulty
in
The
diftance
from the
it,
fea,
and the
of reaching
would
at
once have
baniihed every idea of ever feeing Jamaica again, and would have rooted from their
minds
all
we
fhall
them
Had
they reached Quebec in July, which, from the period of their departure from Jamaica
cafe,
they would,
O3
at
198
at
the
place
in
the
conveyance
where
eventually landed.
It
improper to obferve here, that the climate of Upper Canada is by no means to be compared for feverity with
may
he
that of
Lower Canada.
Even
at
Quebec
and Montreal, a diftance of only one hundred and ninety miles, the climate
varies confiderably.
The
river St.
Lawcourfe
rence,
running
north-eafterly
through the lakes Ontario and Erie, leaves the parts of the Britifh empire in America
towards the ftreights of Detroit in a
lati-
tude confiderably to the fouthward, and in Si climate far more favourable than any
through which
it
runs towards
its
entrance
fame name.
the
There
the north-eafterly
winds from
Labradore and frozen regions ofthe North, which occafion the feverity of
coaft of
the cold
influence.
at
^99
atmofphere by what is experienced in the fame latitude in the province of Maine, or any where between
ftate
of the
it
is
on the eaftern
coaft,
where
the winter
is
fo
is
warm.
very
Detroit
little,
than in Penn-
fylvania
tions are
or
Maryland.
a
Thefe obfervafuppofition
that
made on
is
cold climate
generally underftood to be
infupportable
tion,
granted,
may
overturned.
of man,
fubjecSt
as well
of his mind,
is
the
of habit
but
that
people,
equally
ftates
well
cloathed.
The
winter in the
Jcrfcys,
and
New
iliarp,
200
fiiarp,
mixed with the white people as labourers, a great many of them being employed in
farming and the moft laborious occupations. In Long Ifland, negroes, and thofe chiefly
compofe a half of the peafantry*. If in thefe places, where they are in geneflaves,
ral
they can fupport the inclemency of the climate, we may fairly conclude that they
exift
equally pleafmg,
is
another queftion.
It
be well imagined, that at firft the pinching of froft will not be agreeable to fibres accuftomed to the full flow of blood
may
produced by the rarefadion of the torrid zone ; but time, the nurfe of habit, correds
this acutenefs of fenfation,
and accommo-
argument
with the teftimony of his experience, in the cafes of the black loyalills and other negroes removed from a waim
climate to that of Hahfax.
Vide
Duke of
Votes of
1801.
climatCc
201
climate.
In fome parts of
Nova
Scotia there
white neighbours, and fome of them polTefs But whatever the moderate properties.
force of this opinion in
leaft the climate
its
full
extent, at
fuf-
of
Ma-
they might themfelves have removed to the fouthward, whither they would probably have been enticed by the Americans.
Suppofmg they had taken a fouthern route, the navigation of the Wabafh or Miamis
rivers
would have
have
led
them
into
Kentucky,
would
had
few years the name of Maroon would have been loft in the general cha-
and
in a
Although
202
Although
this
Maroons
approved,
to
it
adopted by the legiflature, but twenty-five thoufand pounds were voted for the purpofc
of carrying
into
the
;
tranfportation
of them
execution
and
making
their return,
who had
and procure them fuitable clothing and maintenance during their confinement on fhipboard, and for a
pany them,
any other country and he was authorized and required to caufe the Maroons to be
;
landed
iti
any part
or parts
of North
firft
America^ due
tained
;
permifTion
being
ob-
by
purchafe fuch a quantity of land as might be adequate for their habitations, and might
afford
them by
its
cultivation the
means of
and
203
and
to fupply
as
ments
As
fome
tranfit
bound
to Europe,
was thought a good opportunity of engaging them to land the Maroons in America.
the paflage,
linen,
and other
at
be made
and the agent for the tranfports entrufted with the care of provifions, the Maroons were difpofed of in
up while
fea,
according to
in each, a
due regard being paid to placing The remains of the families together.
96th regiment, from
embarked
as
failed
from Port
Royal Harbour, in company with a large fleet bound to Europe, under convoy of
his
Scorpion.
C plon.
204
On
was made
knov^^n
to
him, which, on a
home on
the fubjedl
by
Lord
The
commiflary-general
a furgeon appointed to
Maroons, and was furnifhed by Lord Balcarres with explanatory letters to Sir John Wentworth, Governor of
Nova
in
Scotia, Prince
Chief of
the
Murray.
fix
During the voyage, v,^hich vras weeks, the Maroons behaved in the
orderly
mofl
manner,
and
fhowed
the
greateft alacrity in
required of them.
at
the guns.
On
but
fmall
number
in
and
invalid?.
205
invalids.
left
he had fuggefted for fettling the Maroons, and confidering the port of Halifax as
intended only for a place to halt at till his Majefty's pleafure fhould be known,
had made every arrangement for carrying into effed:, and that no unneceflary it
delay might be occafioned at Halifax, the warm cloathing for the Maroons had been
the palTage. a
The
cloaths
uniform manner, preferving only fuch diftinctions in thofe of a few of the officers as w^as thought proper
to fupport their authority for the welfare
of the
reft.
On
American
home-
ward bound
feparated
fleet.
One
of theai having
In a fog, arrived
of July in
tv*o
Halifax
harbour,
where the
others
anchored on the 2^d. About four iniics below the town, the Dover was bc^arJcd
by
man
of war's bout,
I
I
in
wMch
the
com-
206
cOmmifTafy obtained a pafTage, and upon landing, found that an order had been
by His Royal Highnefs the Commander in Chief, to prevent any one being landed from the tranfports. A report fo
ifTued
them, that the inhabitants had exprefled the greateft fear of their being permitted
to
come on
fliore.
The
commifl'ary, having
Governor
at their
houfes
;
and delivered
his letters
and having aflured them of the orderly condu(fl; of the Maroons fmce their embarkation, thought
it
would remove
all
apprehen-
and circulated among the principal effed:. perfons of the place, had its defired
nefs,
The
excited to fee a
207
to
a
for
regular
and
who had
months
war
riority, defired
The Maroons
made
a
new
cloathing,
His Royal Highnefs, on going into the Dover, found the detachment of the 96th regiment drawn
and
in
a
mufic
playing
Maroon men
on each
uniform drefs in
lines
fhip,
dreifed clean
lefs
and
neat.
The
Prince was no
by
and
with the uniformity and propriety of their Accuftomed to vie\v lines of men drefs.
with a very difcriminating eye, the jull proportion of their limbs, their licighr,
and
tliclr
efcapi.'
the notice
of His
Royal
Highnefs.
5
He
rcmirkcd
'^'^^^
208
claffes
of ne-
to military fervice.
He
the
captains,
who, in
Prince,
him Majfa
though acquainted with the circumftances under vv^hich they were, and that
Halifax was only a place of temporary refidence, could not view fuch llrength
and vigour
time the French fquadron under Richery was off the coaft to the northward, and had been committing ravages
this
At
on the
From
was
making
to receive
The
fortifications,
however, were not fufEciently completed fo as to bid him defiance, and the Prince, in
order to accelerate the finiihing of them,
Ma-
209
roons provided they would work on the citadel, a very extenfive fortification, intended
for the defence of the town,
and
lately be-
gun to be ere<5ted. On the propofal being communicated to them, they unanimoufly declared that they would work or do any
thing for Mafla Prince, or for MafTa King, And here it may freely and without pay.
be obferved that
it
name of
mountains of Trelawney. Negroes in general have no notions of equality among held in higher themfelves fome families are
:
When
it
the negroes
Domingo were
The
Vol.
II.
their
il<^
and
they agreed to receive the ufual pay of fuch labour. It being the height of furn-
mcr, temporary houfes were made of boards, and others hired for them near
the
town and
citadel
fotne
tents
allotted
were
the
pitched,
fame purpofe.
ac-
cordingly landed
quarters.
tion
of fary article
increafmg in Value.
In
country.
The
little
money
they brought
with them, and what they acquired by their labours, was fpent in the town,
whence
would now
The
lines
were
remain
211
temain a monument of the adive induftry of the people whofe name it bears. Pleafcd
with the condud and
utility
of the
Ma-
governor of the province haftened to acquaint his Majefty*s minifters with the happy ifTue of their landing, and in a letter to the Duke of Portland reprefented the pleafure
exprefled
from
their defire
of being
in
the
country.
The
which
from the
tranfports in
been long confined, and the pleafant ftate of the weather at the time they arrived, were juft grounds for the
they had
fatisfadion they exprefled, and a general
joy was
diffufed
both
of Portland, which were received by the Governor nearly about the time they were
In thefe difpatches his Grace recommended the Maroons to the care and
expected.
proteflion of the Governor, and gave in-
ftrudions
2J2
ftrudions for their being fettled in the province of Nova Scotia, provided it could be
*.
The
the
of Jamaica
teftified in
commiflary- general's commiflion, where the vote of twenty-five thoufand pounds was recited, was generally confidered with
great fatisfadion, and the Governor, highly
pleafed with the charge, undertook to
make
Maroons
the
Duke
of Portland's
letter,
thought
At
this
attacked
fmce he
to his
left
bed in
dangerous a
ftate, that
two
of his phyficians advifed him to prepare In this for a ferious iflue of his diforder.
fituation being
deputy
213
no impediment might arife in the outfet of it, he was induced to draw bills
that
favour of a houfe
for
fix
recommended by
the Governor,
thoufand pounds fterling, as a depofit fund for intended purchafes, and alfo to fend an order for
certain ftores pointed out
by
his Excellency;
was incumbent on
his Excellency
to report to his
land*.
The
to
him fome
about
five
miles
tlic
x^ficmbly,
V 3
part
214
part of
Although
overturned
fettling the
meafures
original
now
plan,
adopted
and
the
Maroons
in
body feemed
re-,
not to him to
lief to
upon
views,
on the
principles
he
had em-
England.
But a
pounds
llerling
foon exhaufled, he was obliged to apply for more, and he at the fame time very
freely
communicated
to
the AfTembly of
Jamaica his fentiments refpedting the proceedings with the Maroons, ftating the
impolicy of keeping them in a body, and predicting that the ifland would not be
foon releafed from the burden of fupportWhen the commiflary recoing them.
vered
fufliciently
to
vifit
the
purchafed
lands, he found them in general extremely barren, and learned that the fituation had
S'J
fucceffivc bodies
of people
;^
the
firft,
dif-
matters
in
Britain,
and
who
to
fettle
Thefe had been induced by the agents of the Sierra Leone company to quit fo unprofitable a fituation and embark for the
fettlement in Africa.
Nor
ftated
an ad^
who
offered
to negleift the
improvement of
empowered
in the
to
2i6
would
is
It
well
known to thofe who are acquainted with Nova Scotia, that all goods from the Bay
of Fundy, or Bafon of Minas, are con-
veyed to Halifax, by
veffels in
a navigation
Cape Sable
at the
fula, a paflage
or a fortnight, and infinitely more dangerous than that from Halifax to the
Thames.
lakes in the
neighbourhood of Prefton communicating with each other, and ultimately with the
river
Schubennaccadie, which
falls
into
called
the
Bafon of Minas.
lake,
is
One
its
lake,
Dartmouth
that
place,
from
fituation
near
entirely
unconnected with
little
river,
which,
after a courfe
The
more
and the
not
than twenty chain, and the interjacent neck of land is level. jundion might
have
217
formed, and by cutting the ground, fomc chains about the connedting iflues of the lakes lower down,
have been
eafily
and
in
no place would
it
more than
eleven
feet,
have been
riik,
fent
and in one day, all the commodities from the Bafon of Mina and Bay
of Fundy, might be conveyed to Halifax. The runs of land adjoining the lakes,
neceflary for the execution of this proje<3:, might at the time have been purchafed
for a very moderate fum,
would have completed the work in the courfe of one fummer. The whole length
of the ground to be cut through does not exceed a mile and a half, but it would
have been requifite near the harbour to have made locks for a defcent of fixty-two
feet.
Some
notion
may
be formed of the
by
Nova
tlie
Scotia.
The
fertility
of the land on
28
is
is
the Bafon of
Minas
of every kind
are
and
fimilar articles,
made
in
large
quantities.
Immenfe
particu-.-*
their fruit.
To
this
may
be added, that
no
at a
affords
good meat
two-pence a pound, Halifax currency. On the contrary, near the capital, and on the
fide of the peninfula lying
on the
Atlantic,
and poverty of
foil.
In the neighbourhood
fcarcely
is
of cultivation.
is
The
Orchards
unknown
no
fruit
trees
grow on
this fide,
when
it
(
It
^^9
is
defended on
all fides,
height of the tree, by houfes or high boarded fcreens, from the fevere blafts of
the wind.
To
communication, cannot fail to be amply repaid. The labour, with the purchafe of lands, and confequently
the great capital required, are the obftacles
that prefent themfelves, but thefe are not
infurmountable, and
in time
it is
fome adventuring
the
plan.
will
execute
The fums
voted by
for the eftablifhment of the MaJamaica roons would have amply fufficed to accomplilh
it,
it
would
have produced, not only the Maroon expenccs and their fettlement, either in one
body or by difperfion in feparate families, would have been covered, but a perpetual
fund
illaiid.
cftahliflied
at
the
difpofal
of the
liave
required.
220
muft have
confumed fome time, and as the government of Nova Scotia had kindly received the Maroons, and interpofed in their
commiflary, apprehenfive of counteracting the plans of the Governor,
afiairs,
the
thought
ftfliftance
it
his
in his power.
The townfhip
determined upon by the Governor for the fettlement of the Maroons, the old houfes
on the
fpot
were
to be repaired,
and new
It
was
at
Halifax, in order to
prepare for their accommodation during the winter: in September they began to
remove
tations,
all
new
habi-
and early
in the
month of 06tober
had taken
pofleflion
*.
among
*
It
was about
tins
time
tliat
on an alarm occafioncd
by
embody
then:
221
among them
and
were
the
choice
eafily
of
habitations,
which
not
fettled,
and
many of
a
them
became
and
continued
cold
long
fet-
time refractory.
The
weather
ing and other (lores which had been ordered from England, a further great
expence was neceflarily incurred in furnifliing them from Halifax at an exorbitant price.
by
the
vifited
fettle-
ment, and
many of them
exprefled the
His
ing,
writing,
and arithmetic,
appointed
them
ac a
corps of militia.
tlicm
:
He
mifliuns
on
colonels; Jarrat.
and
which highly
gratified
aiTiflant,
222
^ffiftant, to refide
among them,
For
to
perform
all
this eftablifh-
ment he
and
fifty
allotted the
pounds flerling a-year, befides a The glebe-houfe and land on the eftate.
winter,
which generally
lafts
feven months
of the year in Nova Scotia, being neeeflarily a time of but little labour, a conftant attendance at
Sunday was
all
that
Maroons, and
the
made
To
thefe
due
attention
expeded
Had
committed
would probably have reaped much benefit; but as he was a diffenter from the eftablifhed church, being of the
fedl, his
Sandimanian
religious tenets
were deemed an
He
had,
if
am
rightly
informed,
223
been a miffionary among the Iroquois Indians, or Six Nations, with whom he had met but little fuccefs with
informed,
:
young
he had
profperous iflue
Little efFed,
however, could be reafonably hoped from weekly fermons on dodrines of faith, delivered to old and young promifcuoufly, in a language not underftood.
It
would be
the
as
rational
to
child
put
Homer
into
hands
of a
Once,
to learn Greek.
church,
the
a gentleman,
who had
fervice,
knew what
the
Me fabbyf* or, clergyman had faid. " How (hould I know?" was the anfwer.
He
had been fmoking his pipe with fome, The gentleman while others were afleep.
repeating
chief,
"
his qiieftion
to
Montague
the
who was
wifh not to appear ignorant, the old man *' MafTa replied that he knew very well
I
parfon
224
tief,
parfon fay, no
mus
wife,
no mus meddle
;
wid fomebody
fet
no mus quarrel
mus
down
foftly."
be implied in fo long a talk: but the whole tendency of the fermon was to convince
Maroons
and
it
The
inefficacy of this
Maroons
fiiould be
made
his
of
Chriftianity
and
at
by the com-
mifTary himfelf,
who
The moft
men
ward
and
in a
as
room
at the
commifTary's houfc,
many more
it
as could be introduced
attending,
was obferved
to
them
that
they
22J
tKey had left a country in which religion was not fo fully attended to as it ought, where they had been kept in a ftate of
barbarous ignorance, and in habits repugnant to the order and decency neceffary
to be maintained in the fituation they
now
held
among
a people
felves
tions,
bound by moral rules and obligawhich were derived from the law of
alone,
God
thofe v/ould
being particularly delirous that marriage fhould be eftablifhed among them, they
were
who
vv'ifhed
to enjoy
Vol.
1 1.
Q_
mati
"6
man was
nor
"
children.
On
this
Captain Smith
faid;
we muft
take fwear:"i
that
"
Yes, you,
and fupport your wife, to keep her in ficknefs and in health, to afford her and her children all the comforts
muft fwear
you
to her,
as long as
you both
her."
faid
live,
others
but
faftiion,"
one
" dat no do
for
and
then he argued, as
as
and Chrift were good, they could not require that he fhould forfake either
of his wives, or any of his children.
God
They
were defired
upon the fubje6t, and when they had made up their minds to give their anfvver. They however
to
confer
promptly adopted an expedient to evade " the bufmefs. Mafia," faid one of theni, " what we believe but
you
fay
very good,
* Vo'.
I.
p. 113.
we
227
we no want
felves,
for
is
Gar A*mighty no
if
(that
wickednefs,) and
we do fome-
We
you
pleafe
take fwear;
we men
do
fo.'*
The
to
women
much
were then
called in,
and talked
as the
men had
been.
None of
the
wives could be perfuaded to refign her right to her hufband, and the girls were
{o riotous
and noify in
their objed:ion to
they would not, that they were fent out of the room to confer, and went
off in an uproar, clamouring at the
for
men
their
making fuch
propofal.
On
and they retired, making infolent obferv^alions on the latitude in which fome of the
grcateit
chara6lers
known
is
to
them had
indulged.
The
failure
of the attempt to
not to be won-
dered
Their halnts would naturally prelcrvc their power over them while they
at.
lived
(228
Had
body of people.
the remote fet-
eftablifh themfelves
tiers in diftrids
among
where there were churches, clergymen, and fchools, they would in time have been influenced by the example of
their
neighbours,
ones
might
and
upon
any of their children, the younger ones would have reaped the advantages of inftrudlon, and would have
to ftigmatize
conformed through principle as other neSeparated from the gro fettlers had done.
refractory fpirits that kept
an oppofition
the
to
means of
and happy.
conceiving
The commifTarythat
difperfmg
the
Maroons very extenfively was the onlymeans of difpofmg of them properly, and
wifhing to fpread them in fmall fcttlements even as far as New Brunfwick, had fug6
geftcd
229
the
different
might be allowed
in the fpring
Maroons during
it
early
to the propofal,
laid afide.
he fubmitted, and
it
was
Diflatisfied
now
own
plan fruftrated,
and
conceiving
as
that
he was confidered
merely
to
a(ft
lony.
Nova
his
Scotia
and from
it
the
commlfraryit
general,
by which
appeared, that
that
was
Majcfly's
plea fu re
every
thing
llioukl
0^3
230
ihould be
Maroons;
had been
efFedled in
comfortable buildings
that
the
Maroons
to fettle in that
country ; that a licence of occupation had been granted for fixteen or feventecn thoufand acres of land adjoining the eftate fo
purchafed
and that the commiffary-general, by the particular recommendation of the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia,
;
articles
amount
that
all
farther fupport
fhould
:
be limited to the 2 2d of July, 1798 that the Maroons fhould be comfortably fubfifted
of Jamaica to the 2 2d of July, 1797; and that for .the year next enfuing, a fum not exceeding ten pounds
by the
ifland
fterling fhould be
allowed for the fupport the Afof each man, woman, and child
;
fembly being
fully
convinced
from the
to the
commiffary^
231
fary-general,
lands,
and provided with implements of hufbandry, and feeds for planting, and
enjoying moreover the advantages of fifhing and fowling, might then fupply their
own wants
with the greateft facility. They concluded with refolving, that the lands
and buildings
and
as
fliould
be veiled in his
Ma-
and
benefit of the
refolutions,
the commiflary-general,
who, on the
CL,4
232
LETTER
Severity
XV.
of Famine.'^ Maroons. -^Com-
of the
Winter.'^Apprehettficins
Prince
Edward fends
to
a Supply
to the
to
fniJfary-General goes
New- Tork
procure Proviftons.
Difcontent in
Propofals for
the Country i
indenting the
Maroons.
and among the Maroons. The Latter to Labour. The Care of them given to the refufe Removal of fame of their Families to Schoolmafler,
Boydville.~ They return to Work. The Commijfary the whole Charge of the Maroons to the furrenders Governor of the Province. Captain Howe made
Superintendant.
in
Nova
Scotia. Jamaica deemed^ by the Duke of Portland and the Governor of Nova Scotia^ liable to all Expences
incurred
fr the Maroons.
refufes to tranfmit Accounts of the Situation of the ContradiElory Small Progrefs Maroons. They relapfe into Idlenefs.
en the SubjeB.
Lord Balcarres
them.
of their Converfion
Addrefs
the
to
to
Chrijlianity.- -Their
Farewell
the Commiffary.
Government of Nova
Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia to the Lieutenant-, Governor of Jamaica. Inquiry into the State of the
Maroon
tiiie
Mfunderjlanding,
Defni'
Opinion of a Committee
General.
X HE
long.
From
the time
that
the
Maroons
(quitted
'^?>2,
works to the
fetting in
early,
it
poffible to
procure fuel
enough
for
confequence was, that the people burned, not only what had been laid in, but alfo all
their pafture- fencing*.
Notwithftanding
the
feverity
became very healthy ; for previoufly they bad been fickly, owing to their long confinement on fhip-board,
change of
diet
and water,
confequence of
which many had died. In the month of December a feafonable fupply of cloathing and ftores arrived according to the order
that
had been
fent
to
depended upon for the food of the winter, and which had been carefully laid
up in cellars deemed froft-proof, were frozen and deftroyed. This, though a very unufual
No
are
hedges
will
grow
In
Nova
Scotia
where fence*
made of
fallen
in
trees,
which meet
circum-
234
general, and, the price of flour increafnig, threatened Halifax not merely with a fcarcity, but famine. In this
circumftance,
was
at
the requeft of
the Governor, generoufly fent the Maroons a confiderable fupply from the public ma-
gazines;
but even
this^
fufficient, the
Maroons
diflatisfied;
they complained
of the cold, and declared that the country would not do for them. The commiflary's
the fubjed
out their refpedtive duties, and the guilt of fwerving from them, as well as the injury
that
would accrue
he appeared to
to entertain
condu(fl.
any apprehenfions of his future The Maroons being houfed and commiffary
^35
and
New-
for
fufficient
at
after a
month's
a feafonable
r^al diftrefs.
relief,
The
made by
feveral
of
Nova
Maroons upon
fettling
them.
Thefe,
when made
to the
him
was
the Governor.
The
application
The Maroons
propofals,
faid
themfelves
fmiled
at
the
they were free, and that from the Governor's promife in anfwef
to their requeft, they
removed
to
written to
fays
:
them by
*'
the Governor, in
which he
I will,
on
my
part, write
^36
and reprefent the requefts of the Maroons for the King's confideration on the
:
continue
to
to
ufe
your
beft
endeavours
cultivate
eftate
and
and
occupy: and faithfully obey and execute my orders and diredions in all things." This could be no promife of removal on
the part of the Governor, but
it
certainly
kept
alive their
of
fettling the
Maroons
in
Nova
Scotia,
yielded to difcontent
and apprehenfions of their proving an incumbrance on the part of the inhabitants and the refolutionsof the Houfe
fettlers,
:
new
of Aflembly of Jamaica,
now
prefented
by the commiflary
to
the
governor of
Duke
the
of Portland's difpatches.
Many
of
inhabitants,
and
particularly
fome
members
members of
difappointed
the Aflembly of
in engaging
Nova
Scotia,
Maroons upon
Jamaica difcontinue their fupply ; and whether they were to be left a burden
on the province, or not. A committee of the Houfe called for and examined the
commiflary-general,
that the ifland
Maroons
would prevent
an equal number of other people in Nova Scotia from being confidered as paupers,
on
for
his part,
to the
removing
apprehenfions,
come himfelf
ifland
a pledge
and fecurlty
of Jamaica
^.
continuing
for
them
an ample fupport
made more
tlian
two months
refolutions of the
*
municated
238
month previous
The ground
froil
long in the month of May, the fpring was far advanced before any labour could
be required of the Maroons ; and when the opening of the foil permitted it, they
difcovered the greateft reludlance to begin
working, and it was evident that ftrong prejudices had exifted in their minds againll
fettling in
Nova
was
Scotia.
faid to
The
their
ground, of
their condudt
be a hope that
had been
removal
inftilled into
minds, of a
to a
particularly
for the
Cape of Good Hope and India, accompanied by their women and children.
of them were extremely angry with
planted potatoes, and evea proceeded to a<5ls of violence againft them ; while Others, well difnofed, complained to
a
the
Some
few
who
commiiTary
that
239
his
difcouraged
by
deputy
*.
This,
as
ing the Governor, was confidered by the latter as an objection to his being continued
in the charge of the
Maroon
it
concerns, and
indifpenfable
{how
his refentment
judices of the
Maroons
the
them under
to
Boydviile,
about
four
cf thofe
* Thii
(jIj
left
at
g;;iitlc7r.aii
defended himfelf
In
at large
dcnyiiiiJ-
Iluufe of Alieinbly
Jamaica,
or
tlu'
by
ir.v
bi;t
as
it
ij
no part of
jvlua
difputes
lliat
th;,
i^
cn'A],rh
t()
add
iiere, tiiat
kcquittcd
liim,
and
aifo
for
HO
ajacrity
dlfplayed
great
ihemfelves.
in
Maroons were
placed, that if
and
fifty
at
work.
1797,
charge
the
On
entirely to
Governor of the
province, and delivered up the property of the ifland of Jamaica to Captain Howe, a
gentleman fent by his Excellency to receive it, and in whofe hands the fuperintendency was
remained to
now
make
a legal
conveyance of the property to the Crown; and inftrudtions were given for preparing
the deed: but
many
it
objections occurred in
it,
the
mode of wording
and a confiderable
It
was executed.
hap-
pened that the commiflary, now defirous of returning to Jamaica, was detained by
another caufe in
Halifax.
He
had,
at
dif-
241
tlifFerent periods,
drawn
bills
on the
the
cor-
refpondents
in
London of
receiver-*
quence of the
credit voted
by the AfTembJy,
it
which
bills
had
whole vote
of twenty- five thoufand pounds for the Maroon concern .was not lodged and
ready, particularly as the commiflary had
Nova
It
Scotia,
four-
have been honoured by the receivergeneral. Why they were not honoured,
fliould
money
pro-
Vol.
242
probably underftand ; but the clrcumftances gave rife to an invidious reflexion among
the friends of thofe
who
protefted the
bills.
allowed the commiflary ample credit for his ferviccs, for which they were of
They
"
"
it
government of
man
competent in bufincfs^
is,
The
plain
meaning of which
that
he ought not to
have drawn for the money voted, but manoeuvered his purchafes to advantage,
competent bufmefs-man would perhaps have benefited himfelf and his friends in the charge committed to
and on
credit.
but in this art the commifTary was To the petty wiles certainly incompetent.
him
of mercantile
tranfadions
he
was
to
not
a ftranger, but he
was fuperior
them,
intereft
and
in the
The
repofed
j
in
the
commiffary was of
as
magnitude
it
243
as the intereft
fate
of more than
five
hundred human
creatures.
of Jamaica was adually meant to be paid, and feeling that as a proprietor, and as a
member of
hended the
well as
if
the
leglflature,
he compre-
he chofe to al a part which had the fupport of his own underftanding, and which
afterwards received the approbation of the
ifland, exprefled in a vote
the
was, that the perfons in whofe favour they were drav/n thought the detention of the commifTary in
neccflary
to
their
fecurity.
Nova
Scotia
bills
Frefli
were drawn, of which fome met a fimilar and it was not till late in the month fate
;
the remaining
unhonoured
bills,
was
rL;maincd
244
remained upwards of nine months after the relinquifhing of his truft, a fpedator of
the ftate of the
Maroon
fettlement.
Meanwhile the Governor of the proof the inadequacy of the fums voted by the Houfe of AfTembly of Jamaica to the fupport of the Maroon eftavince,
fenfible
had received,
to the
Grace's
inftrudlions.
He
afterwards wrote
to
an
expoftulatory letter
was
it
certain
was inadequate
adding, that
was im-
make any judicious eftimate for The Duke of Portland was of the fervice.
poflible to
opinion,
that the
ifland
of Jamaica was
bound, conformably
its legiflature, to deginally exprefled by that fhould be incurred fray all the expence
(Hi
till
they could
fubfift
245
;
themfelves
and
this
letters
were
laid
before
the
Houfe, and
having con:
referred to a committee,
fidered them,
who
made
" That no
refolution or proceeding of
the legiflature authorizes the opinion entertained, that this ifland intended to pledge
itfelf to
Nova
"
Scotia, or elfewhere
Halifax,
wait
his
Majefty's
pleafure
with refpedt to their future deftination, and the choice of Nova Scotia, as a place of
fettlement for them,
John Wentworth's
dated
the
receipt to
Mr. Quar-
rell,
nth
by the
tlon
['
That
24^
this
liberal
provifion
made
at the
;
for
the
fupport of
the
Maroons
the
fulfil
and afterwards
committee,
the
was
amply adequate
to
to
of
tion:
" The
flrft
provifion
made
by
this
Houfe
Maroons, was a
a further the fame
made on
of ten
account, another
grant
thoufand
thefe people
in their fettlement
at
Nova
Scotia
*'
That
247
"
by
Sir
Honour
fum of
fix
by the Houfe for the fame ufe, making, with the two former grants, the fum of
forty-one thoufand pounds currency
:
"
That,
when Mr.
Quarrell furrendered
to Sir
Maroons
in
John
Wcntworth,
property
lands,
houfcs,
ftock, furniture,
and
dred and three pounds, fourteen fhillings, and ten-pence halfpenny fterling, w^is delivered
by the former
them
"
that
until the
houfe on
the
of thefe
Maroons,
it
R4
(
it
248
they were not confidered as atrocious delinquents tranfported for having taken up
arms againft
his Majefty's
on the contrary,
lonization
as
"
It
accounts of William Dav^res Quarrell, Efquire, and from the information collected
this ifland,
granted at different times for the comfortable fubfiftence of the Maroons, will not
be more than
fufficient to
pences incurred in that fervice, previous to the 2 2d July 1797; and that a
further grant will be neceflary to
make
to allow
on the
2 2d
man,
woman, and
'
The
(
*'
249
The committee
Houfe, to
to the
fix
pofe,
and to come to a
refolution,
of this report was fent to Lord Balcarres, accompanied with a requeft that
A copy
he would communicate
Portland,
the
it
to the
Duke of
Scotia,
Governor of Nova
;
and the commiflary and that he would tranfmit to the Governor of Nova Scotia
the AO: of the Ifland pafled on the
ift
of
May
Jamaica, and making it felony, without benefit of clergy, for them to return, or
for
any perfon to receive them in the ifland. His Lordihip thought he could
notjConfiftent with his correfpondence with
the
Duke
Nova
of
and declined
diredcd
250
direded the Committee of Correfpondencc to tranfmit them to the agent of the illand,
to be
communicated by him
to the
Duke
of Portland.
Contradidory accounts were given, and appear on the Journals of the Houfe of
Aflembly, of the fubfequent difpofition and condudt of the Maroons. By fome it was
ftated that they
were
fuffered to
dwindle
and
Governor
Howe
had fuperintended, the whole fettlement wore a new and promifing appearance,
the people were
all
chearfully at
work,
there was good humour returning, fome had follcited to be fettled for life, and
they gradually
fooliflily
abandoned
all
the
plans
cherifhcd
among them
*."
The
fad:
is,
up by the commiflary,
*
the
people
had
begun
251
but foon
begun
to
work
after,
they were
fufFered
from the
anxiety of the
new
fuperintendant to be
additional
popular
were employed in their fervice, the labour was negleded for amufements,
hands
for
cards
and cock-lighting,
flrolling
to
enfuing winter proved almoft as rigorous as the preceding, the fall of fnow was the heavieft
ever
accidental
occupations.
The
known
in
Nova
Scotia.
While
it
lafted, the
fed, kept
by Mr. Chamberlain, but the older ones refufed to attend the weekly fermon, and
made
little
children being the only point gained ; for neither marriages nor funerals were folem-
The cuflom
of a plurality of wives bound only by confent continued, and when a iVJaroon died, he was buried with the
Coro-
252
Once,
as
one of the
the Province
was, riding out with the commiffary, he faw a large company of them at a little
and heard them finging, on which he commented on their happinefs in their new fituation. " The fmging you hear," " is no faid the commiflary, proof, I doubt,
diftance,
of their happinefs."
an indication
of being fettled for life in the province might have been made by them in the fummer of I797>
folicltations
Whatever
certain
it is
their defire
of a removal was
revived during the winter, and afterwards, in the fpring, clearly exprefTed in a farewell addrefs written
general
to leave to
the commifTary-
when they
Halifax.
heard
he was about
2J3
of April 1798. When he had arranged his bufinefs, he was apprehenfive that on his departure, the whole body of Maroons,
who
would come
him
off,
and willing
to prevent the
which
might give rife, he induftrioufly avoided all {how of preparation, and conIt
who,
at his
defire,
mifled the others as to the time of his quitIn confequence of this, ting the country.
the addrefs which had been previoufly prepared, was not received
till
by the commiflary
Bofton, in his
it
he had arrived
Jamaica.
at
way
to
Thither
is
was difpatched
after
him, and
as follows;
" To
"
W.
Sir,
D.
QuARRELL, Escb
themfelves,
and
in
body, beg leave to afTure you of their unfeigned forrow for the neccifity of your
d<eparti:re
254
;
they beg leave to aflure you, in the fincereft terms of gratitude, of the great regard they fhall ever
pay to your memory, for the great care and attention you paid to all their wants and intereft, during the time you had the
management of
their affairs
you
their
contrition
to their
their
pad
offences
much
but they
Houfe of Aflembly
in the
mod
to
may
be removed to
congenial
:
the length people of their complexion and feverlty of the two lad winters have
been fuch,
fpair
:
as almofl: to drive
them
to de-
they appeal
to
yourfelf and
Dr.
Oxley,
^55
Oxley,
their
who have
if
condu(5t,
peaceable, and orderly manner, towards every one it is likewife with extreme pain
:
fee
immenfe exleaft
tendency
promote
their
happinefs or comforts,
of which they conceive the government and ifland are not fufficiently apprized :
if
the
Houfe of Aflembly
will
have the
gooduefs to take this into confideration, they beg leave to aiTure them, in the moft
folemn
fatislied
manner,
to live
they
upon
enjoy
;
will
be
they
at prefent
ftrenuou/ly endeaas
build their
own
houfes
ifland to as
this tliey
fmall an
expencc
humbly con-
money than
if
the ifland
may
be aware of:
the
Houfe
on
hope
2^6
return
hope you
will
to
them
having
all
would
encourage
them
blefs
to
furmount every
Sir,
difficulty.
God
is
you,
wifhing you
live
may
you
the fmcere
prayer of
the Maroons..
(Signed)
Colonel Johnson.
Major
Captain Dunbar.
Captain D.
Captain
J.
Sha-^v.
Harding."
to
leave
them without
their fcttlement
Nova
Scotia
would
neither conduce to
that,
257
that,
nor be
;
bitants
he had fully
a
letter to
member of
the AfTembly of
Jamaica *, but that opinion was lefs agreeable to the Houfe than the reception of
the
Maroons
in
Nova
Scotia
and
the
flattering accounts
When
the
commiflary's letter was received, it was not too late to complete the original plan of difpofing of the Maroons on the con-
America; but the Aflembly preferred the fcheme that was attended with
tinent of
on an ample fcale, gladly refigned them to the hands of the Governor of Nova Scotia, who,
fciences
by voting
a provifiori
them, which
ifland
it
on the
The
^-
was made
jMil)lic.
Vol.
II.
Iclf
258
a veffel
it
not
till
in Jamaica,
fitting.
Nova
to
their
and perplexing.
large
He
had
at
his
doors a
body of people
diflatisfied
with the
plan laid
down
for them,
and
refolute to
oppofe
it
259
would fubvert
it,
and he anticipated the time when the fums voted by Jamaica would be exhaufted, of
courfe
when
to difpofe
to the province.
Perhaps the anxiety that refulted from this anticipation might have
not wholly removed, by refleding on the nature of man, and the examples afforded by the
if
natural indolence of
men,
are fubdued
When
abfolute want,
when
be
flarvation
the alternative,
work
and
will
reforted to.
The American
;
black loyalifts
to
this
moment
the
burgh, in
men
will
will
Germans fettled at LunenNova Scotia, are a proof that not die of famine when labour
them
plenty.
give
a
They were
fed
for
confiderable
time,
during which
and almoft
but
wild
flatc
of
nature
when
their fupport
was withdravv'n,
26o
drawn, the induftry of the Germans rendered Lunenburgh the beft fource of fupply to Halifax. Had the Maroons, on the
refolution of the ifland of Jamaica to limit
fum, been informed that they were in future to provide for themfelves, had the
land and the
money
efta-
bUfhment
fettlers,
never
thought
of for
nor originally contemplated for thefe, and had they at the fame time been told that the police of the government
would keep a ftrid watch over their conduct, for which they were amenable to
the law, the probable confequence would
have been
that, finding
upon
retire
their
own
were not
in a country
have exifted, they would with their fhares of their proin various perty have difperfed themfelves
as a banditti they could not
10
parts
26l
parts of the
have had
improvement
and where
Be
this as
it
may, the
it
matters
in
this
light,
or
thought
in
incumbent
upon him
to
perfift
his
idle colonv, to
them, and,
if pofTible,
to render
them
The happy, and ufefal. tafk was furely more than Herculean ; and however we may admire the defign, we
religious,
cannot wonder
at its failure.
Now
Nova
letter
fully
would be
infufficient,
Governor of
commifTary's wrote another
Scotia, foon
after the
departure
from
Halifax,
Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica, in which he aflured the legiflature of the ifland, that the moft prudent and
to the
cflicacious
fettle
tlic
means were
flcadily purfucd to
262
petent to their
own
mean time
be maintained by the ifland of Jamaica, intimating that he could not doubt their
providing for an expence which he faid
was incurred
fafety
at
their
requeft, for
their
and
relief
of continual infurredion of their negroes, which the Maroons would never ceafe to
contrive.
He
had connexions
on many
they thought would readily give into their views, if they, or any part of them, could once get into the
eftates,
who
mountains and
faftnefles
formerly occupied
by them.
been
fo
Having
ftated
alarming to the people of Jamaica, the Governor proceeded to regret the un-
make
the
Maroons
difcontented, with
which he
charged the commiflary's deputy, and appealed to the teftimony of the commlflary
hirafelf.
He
evil effedt
come by prudent
the
263
the people
would in time
fee
thek error
at
adding, that
with, perfedl
many
good
families
will
were
work
very thankful to the ifland. He farther informed the Lieutenant-Governor of Ja maica, that he had been under the neceffity
of drawing
bills
on the Lords of
his
Majefty's Treafury on account of the ifland, declaring that he confided in the honour
make
farther fupport
enable
felves *.
the
Early in their
feflions, the
Houfe of Af-
fembly entered upon the coniideration of the Maroon .affairs, a number of documents
on the
fubje^l
was
laid before
them, and
them
that
in
Nova
Scotia.
The
Governor of
province
had himlelf
17^;^.
S 4
referred
264
referred
them
to him.
he was more particularly examined by a committee of the Houfe of Aflembly. In his examination it appeared, that the
original plan of fettling the
lies
Maroon famiarrival
feparately
Nova Scotia that the management of the new fyftem was conducted
reception in
accord entered into a treaty for the purchafe of lands, which the coramif-
own
fary did
not fee
till
difcouragement
who
wrote
and
alfo
bouring
their
fettlers
who
either
their removal,
houfes
by
their
becoming
that
a fyftem of
was
purftied
the
furrender
of the charge
that
fub-
fequent
265
fequent
to
that
farrender
the
Maroou
eftablifhment
purchafes
fupported ed in the
among
the
perfons
;
employthat
eftablifhment
and
the
number of people employed in working for the Maroons was very confiderably
augmented. The documents laid before the Houfe, which were referred to the fame
committee, confifted chiefly of letters and extrads of letters written by his Grace the Duke of Portland, the Lieutenant-
Governor of Nova
Scotia,
the agent of the ifland of Jamaica rcfiding in London, the purport of which was, on
the one hand, to
minifters had
fhow
by no at or cxprefllon taken
upon themfelvcs the charge of the Maroons, or exonerated the ifland of Jamaica from
the expcnces arifing from their concerns
;
Maroons
vvltli
cloathing
and
nccefl^arles
for
266
for their
pafTage
from the
ifland,
and to
that the
in
contemplation the fettling of a diftinft black peafantry in Nova Scotia, or of providing for an unufual fuperiutendency and
eftabllfhment
;
relied
on
the care of his Majefty's government* that the tranfported delinquents fliould not be
imprudently ftationed.
w^ould be abfurd to imagine that his
It
Majefty's minifters ever intended to provide at the expence of this country for
a body of exiles,
and
lament that the generofity they evinced on this occafion fhould, by any mifconception, have been fo
repeat,
it
ill
rewarded.
mull
is
fembly of Jamaica did not immediately on the information given them by their commiflary of the fituation of the Maroons, which was foon after their arrival in Nova
Scotia,
protefl
againft
the
new
arrange-
ments
267
which might
ftill
expence than they afterwards incurred but it cannot be denied, that they
at Icfs
:
were eager to feize upon the conftrudion afforded them by the letters of the Duke of Portland and the proceedings of the
Governor of Nova
and
fatisfying their
Maroon
concerns,
very
liberally
Portland could
fequence of the difpatches fent to him by the Earl of Balcarres long previous to the His failing of the Maroons from Jamaica.
Grace had indeed previoufly intimated that he thought their removal from Jamaica beft
if
could be done with propriety, and was therefore perhaps not unprepared for
it
of the Maroons
at
Halifax, that
two
letters
were written by his Grace, which juftified the Governor of Nova Scotia in taking
them under
his care, in
which, however,
there
268
contrary there was in one of them, the expreffion of a full reliance on the ifland
already
of Jamaica for every expence attending The firfl of thefe letters I have them. * : of the which was
cited;
other,
dated on the 15th of July 1796, the fol" For the prefent lowing is an extrat. I have nothing farther to add, but to in-'
form you, that you are to draw on the Lords Commiflioners of the Treafury for fuch expences as you fhall be under the
neceflity of incurring in the execution
this fervice,
of
which you
economy, and to fend over, with your bills drawn on their Lordfhips on this account, corred:
conduct with the
flrideft
their
amount may be
of Jamaica, in
inclofed extract of
carres
:
my
letter to
Lord Bal-
Ante,
p. 21 1.
mode
269
mode of providing for this fervice would be much (hortened, if, upon communication with the commiflioner
who accom-
panies the Maroons, fo me mode could be adopted, whereby the expeiices you will
incur
its
may be
repaid
by
inftance
you
By this your moft earnefl: attention." letter the Governor of Nova Scotia was
thought to be indemnified and warranted
in conducting the
it
Maroon concerns
and
fhould feem as
if
been apprized of any other plan having been fuggefted in Jamaica ; but the provifion for the fervice was clearly expedled
from the
ifland,
whether
it
was
to be
made
through the means of the commifTioners of the Treafury, or more diredtly through
the ifland-commifTary to the the
Governor of
from
his
province.
Another
letter
to Sir
ifl:
of
John November
1796, confirmed the opinion of the Plouic of AlTerably, that the management of tlic
Ahuooiis
270
Maroons, was confidered by his Majefty's minifters to be in the hands of the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, as there " The manner in which his Grace faid
;
you have provided for the eftablifhment of the Maroons is fuch, as in all refpedts
to
meet with
;
bation
defraying the neceffary expences of this eftablifhment is very properly arranged ; and, as it is the exprefs
intention of the legiflature of Jamaica to
the
mode of
continue the provifion for the Maroons until they fhall be enabled to fubfift
themfelves,
arrangement for defraying the expence will, of courfe, be co-e^ttenfive with that period, without fubprefent
the
jeling Jamaica, and his Majefty's Government here, to the fettlement of any But in the account for that purpofe."
conclufion
of this and
letters,
in
all
the
Duke
of Portland's
is
conftantly regarded as
bound
to provide
The Aftembly of
:
had now an
alternative
remon-
271
remonftrate,
privilege
of
fpending their
a plan approved
purfuing themfelves ; or, they by cut the matter fhort, and fay to the might
own money
in
Governor of Nova ScQtia, " you have taken the whole condudl of the concern upon yourfelf, and look to us only for money ;
be
it
fo
you
fhall
have
all
the
money we
hundred and eighty pounds * more, in confideration of the weight you remove
five
They
chofe the
latter,
by which
Governor of Nova Scotia appeared to them to have taken the charge of the
Maroons out of
his fending
their hands,
complaining of
no accounts
and adducing the moderate expencc of fettling the loyal American refugees in the
fame province
* This fum
v.-as
as a contrafled
proof of their
ilie ten ponmls per on the 22d of July l"()'^, year ending was apprc)j)riattd to honouring the bills of the Gyv^nn);
tlie
/'"v.Vj-
the aggi'cgatc of
nf
/lji:,;hly,
own
272
munificence *, they were of opinion that they were not in juftice called upon
own
any farther provifion for the Maroons, and adhered to their former refolutions J".
for
The Houfe
tirely
of Affembly had
now
en-
all
concern
had been
declared
referred, in
it
making
their report,
to
of
whom
the truft
and
that
* The number of
fixty,
was
five
hundred and
who were
fubfifted for
flerling.
thoufand pounds
more numerous, Jamaica had advanced twenty-eight thoufand in the firft year, and fix. thoufand in the fecond.
f Votes
of the Aflembly.
fervice.
273
great
to
fervice,
fuffered
dignities,
owing
his
drawn on
account of the ifland, having been returned to Halifax under proteft ; that he had
during his abfence from the country, been at a confiderable expence in procuring
perfons to
manage
his eftate
and
affairs,
and otherwife been put to great cods and charges and they concluded with recom:
mending to the Houfe to grant him fuch a fum of money as would be not only
a compenfation for his expences and fufferings, but alfo a liberal
meritorious fervices.
The Houfe,
fequence of this report, voted him the fum of five thoufand pounds currency to be paid by the Receiver-General in the month
of Auguft 1799, befides fundry expences, and a balance of account due from the
ifiand.
However
this
turn
may
be con-
of Jamaica,
it
it
is
was
in
reality
what
appears nominally.
Vol. IL
Tbs
274
The
in
lofs
of intereft by the
mode of payits
being paid
Jamaica and its being paid in England, where he was indebted on account of the
illand,
and
its
might
the
arife
from
fubfequent accounts in
clofe
of the
value of
it
to
little
thoufand pounds
fo
flerling.
On
this vote,
recommended and on fuch grounds, I have but one obfervation to add it was
:
^75
LETTER
Situation of the
XVI.
Maroons.
of the Houfe of AJJembly of Jamaica fetit to Halifax, 'The Governor of Nova Scotia remonfrates, and
unexpeBedly prefers Charges againjl the Commijfary,
How
treated by the
Com^
The Maroons
Propofal
to the
Their Mo-'
for confenting
to
to receive the
Maroons.
Removal
their
of them
Arrival.
Sierra
Leone,
Their
ConduB on
Their Importance in the Settlement. --'They Their prefent Characler. are eflablifljed in the Colony,
minds
to
employment and
bent
have been
totally
on a change
of country, which they imagined inadlion the beft means of efFeding. In tlie
fummer of 1798,
intendency
476
intendency tdok place, and the chief management of the cftablifhment was given to Mr. Chamberlain the fchoolmafter, who
it
feems undertook
it
He
all
followed the wife plan of withholding allowance of provifions from thofe who
would not work, and had the fatisfadion to find that refolutions made to ftarve
rather than labour, yielded to the calls of
hunger, and that inftead of dying, they began to turn their woods into gardens
and
cultivated fields.
find
we
them again
refufing to work.
fnow was
to
off
the
ground,
they pretty
would never
making
any improvements in
Nova
Scotia.
About
this
Houfe of Allembiy of Jamaica relative to the M.iroou affairs in Nova Scotia, and
their reibiUtions
upon
tiie
fubjeO:, arrived
in Halifax,
277
the
commiflaryand the examination he undergeneral, went before the Houfe of Aflembly, were
not documents with which the Governor
The
made
by the
He
im-,
and
tranfmitted
them,
accompanied by
Balcarres, to be
fome
laid
affidavits, to
Lord
before the
Houfe of
Affeinbly,
ex-
he looked forward
juftice.
upon
whom
aniwer.
This he began in
manner,
tlirowing fuch light on the fubjed:, that the committee appointed to receive and
report
it,
though
fatisfied
as to the fads,
being unwilling that it fliould be put on t]ic Journals of the Houfe, and pitying
tlic
ai)lurdltics
that
appeared
attempt to Aipport
3
f'cvcr.xl
278
they rejeded the reft as unworthy of Thefe charges are heterogeneous, notice. beginning with an attack on his opinions
as a
member of
the tranfportation of the Maroons, reprobating his conduct in Halifax refpefting the Maroon eftablifhment, cafting an odium
on
not trouble you or myfelf by entering here into a particular difcuffion of this impeachment, but I will fend you the eighteen
charges
made on
anfwers given on oath, that you may amufe them at leifure*. When yourfelf with
any one, be
what
it
may,
felves
prefers
life
charges
againft
men who,
defpifing
to
Appendix, No. 4.
in
279
in proof
and pure in motive, that they ftand on facts, and come forward unat-
have been
whole
with the fcorn with which they treated a part of the charges ; becaufe they had
own
Journals to find them completely refuted in the words of the impeacher himfelf,
who
in a letter to the
Lieutenant-Governor
after the
of Jamaica, written
commiiTary
had refigned the whole concern, exprefles " It is alfo as follows. himfelf
literally
a duty of juftice to your lordfhip, and to the ifland, that I fail not to reprefent Mr.
and
fcnlible
zeal for
the
honour and
In-
tereft
of his
tlic
mofl;
dillinguinicd
and
and
280
and every inhabitant of the ifland of Jamaica*." Was there any thing more wanting to fhow that the arraignment of
th
commiflary's
conduct was an
after-
on oath
had produced?
pofed in the
after
Why
in
orations,
com-
long
purity of the
Maroon
eftablifhment,
and
of reprobating the difturbers of it, was no blame caft upon him ? Why in a letter
written
Scotia
himfelf fo
is
1799,
at
he
ftill
leafi:
without cenfure f
accufation
And why
does
immediately upor^ of the proceedings of the Houfe the arrival of Aflembly of Jamaica at Halifax ? Putting afide the recolledion of former fervice?, fuch glaring appeals to
the
follow
common
fenfe
frorrj
Ibid.
every
28i
weak
after
game of an
agitated
mind.
But conceiving that delicacy required of them fome notice of a ftatement proceeding
from a perfon holding a high and honourable office, a committee v^^as appointed to What became of inveftigate the charges.
delicacy in the end
that
?
The committee
barely
reported they had delivered certain charges to Mr. Quarrell, who had anfwered
them on
who
to
up
the
Governor.
in
facft
to the report
was
thing
it
being entered on the Journals of the Houfe without any remark, it fliould feem that
jufticc
facriticed to falfe
delicacy
ic
ff)r,
although
undoubtedly,
as
was
(aid
at
cxpeO:
282
cxpel from
of their
had,
it is
" that he
duty to
fidelity,
with
diligence and
which he had
and
loffes,*
it it
needlefs
to repeat a
was
clear they
would
Let us
Halifax.
now
The
return to the
Maroons
in
foftered
by
their
who
wifhed
acquainted
with the proceedings of the Affembly of Jamaica and the fubfequent occurrences ;
they thought themfelves injured, and pafled the winter of 1799 in difcontent and murIn this fituation they were become a dead weight upon the hands of his Ma-
murs.
jefty's
attending
fubfiftcncc
amounting
to
no
lefs
pounds
a-year.
283
fome meafure refpeding them ; and in devifing means to difpofe of them in the beft
manner, the minifter thought of the fettlement of Sierra Leone. Eight years
before,
the
negro
loyalifts
"who refided in
Nova
induced to quit that country and to join the colony in Africa, where they very foon
became turbulent and unruly, and proceeded to the moft criminal lengths, even to attempting the life, of the Governor.
This
danger the very exiftence of the colony. This confideration had great weight in
inducing the directors of the Sierra Leone
Company
firft,
to
receive
the
Maroons.
At
to
when the propofal was made them by the Duke of Portland, they
indeed,
it,
wiOied to decline
they had found
Scotia
blacks,
from the
difficulty
in
governing the
Nova
they
:i
but
upon
reflexion
llic
fupjjorlm;;;
report of
coni-
lliu
25U1
ot
May
1802.
formed
284
refult
of a very
of reafoning from that which had been ufed for their tranfpordifferent
mode
tation
had been
conhdered
lions.
I
as
will
we
fhall
prefently fee
event of the
hope indulged by the diredtors of the Sierra Leone Company, who, on being promifed payment of the adual expence
incurred in fettling the
ca,
Maroons
in Afri-
The
firft
intention of the
company was
it
to fix the
Maroons
at a
Httle diflance
town of the
imprr.dicable.
in
fettlement, but
was found
at
They embarked
the
Halifax
the
autumn of
year
in the
i8co, and
arrived at Sierra
Leone
month of
Oclobcr.
On
the
teft.
An
in fur-
285
infurredion had
taken place
among
the
Nova
Scotians,
means were
bUfliing the
who
deavoured
poflefs
themfelves
the
of the
government*.
the
difclples
Had
Maroons been
of revokitlonary emiflaries,
equality,
they would
in
all
own complexion
:
to
white tyrant on the con.Xrary, they joined with alacrity in quelling Some of the infurgents the infurredion.
were
killed,
many
and Council, fupported by their new power and authority; and when another fuclccii
and unexpected blow wr.s aimed at the fettlcmcnt by fome native cliicfs, the Maroons took ;m active part in rc|)uirmg the
the afiailants, and forcing tlicm to
remove
colour.
[Mii'iy
from the
"
*
nciglil.iouiiiood
of
tlic
The power
Ki'Dorl to
llic
of
tlic
Nova
Scotia
uf
]\!.,\
iioulc of
Coi:i'iiji:>
25;!! IC.?.
^-^-'5
286
Houfe of Commons, " the internal peace of the fettle ment is no longer endangered
by the number of difafFe(Sted Nova Scotians. The charader of the Maroons is now
become a
fubjed: of
for are
as
numerous
remaining male
Lots of land were given to the Maroons ; but though they have at different times,
plans.
Having
to
now
brought you
to their eftablifhment in
little
more
add
fee
nothing to in-
you
who were
or
loft
pleafed or difpleafed,
their
who won
by
for
them
in
Nova
Report of
May
25lh, l8o2.
mv
287
my
by giving you
their
charader
at the
their prefent
drawn
committee
of the
Houfe of Commons
appointed to examine the petition of the diredtors of the Sierra Leone Company. " I have converfed," fays the Governor,
'*
mod
fenfiblc
difcern
any ma-
they in
and thought
communications they mention the Spanifli dogs as objeds of terror, from the wonderful reprefcntations of them, but that
they had never fufF^rcd by, or even feen them "*." " The Nova the
Scotians," fays
report of the committee of the Houfe of " are now much awed
Commons,
by the
to
Europeans for
* Letter from Sir Juhn Wcntwortli to tl.c Diikc of Vctcs of Portland, dated, HaliTcix, 20lh Stptcn'.'on, s^c/k
/IJfonlly,
18-1.
pro-
^^^
protection.
The Maroons
are adive
and
of their ftrength, proud of the charader of their body, and fond, though not jealous, of their independence. They uniharbour a defire of going back, at fome period of their lives, to Jamaica,
verfally
difficulty
be
induced by profpeQs of future benefit to labour for the improvement of their habitations or plantations.
Thefe circumftances
render them a people not eafy to be governed, and to be brouf^ht into that
ftatc
of fociety v/hich would beft promote the The fuppreffion of civilization of Africa.
polygamy among them has been hitherto deemed an experiment too hazardous to be tried, and no fair opportunities have
yet occurred of afcertaining how far they will fubmit quietly to fuch reflraints of
the civil
power
as arc moil;
repugnant to
their inclinations
and
habits.
But there
cliaradler.
are favourable
points
in
their
Though they do
com-
muuicatecj
289
who
appear
to he cordially
attached
and
w^ifh to fee
an increafe of the
number of white
colonifts.
They
;
are ge-
many
of them fliow a great defire to acquire a knowledge of handicraft trades ; and fome
of thera,
who have
Leone, have become far more expert workmen than could have been expected. This
defire
very different from thofe which were formed and confirmed in their parents by
their fituation in Jamaica."
Vol.
II.
290
LETTER
Influx
XVII.
Slaves.~The Acccmpong Maroons and Companies of Woodmen employed to reduce them.-^The Rebellion quelled.'
Evacuation of
St.
Domingo.
^ucjlion as
to the
Alternative offered
Miniflers.
Grantfor
of the Country.'
coming
to the
Alarm
Ifland.Frefh Influx of French Emigrants and their Slave s.'" Arrival of the Guadaloupe Rangers. The Affanhly retnonflrate. Trade with St. Domingo
kept open
ly Tcuffaint.
A
the
appointed.
Mr. Douglas
ProjeB for invading Jamaica. Renders Service the American States, and fcrivards Intelligence
famaica
the Project by ivhich
is
defeated.
Spoliations
of the Ifland.
^teflion
refpecting
the
Judges.
Toion.
Ifand,
Numerical Tables
IT remains
ilate
for
iiic
to lay before
]a!l
you the
years.
ten
The
291
The mod
"ftriking
and
irttereftlng feature
of that period is the Maroon war, the events of which, and its confequences, I have already related to you, referving for this portion of my tafk the fubjeds unconnefted
v^^ith it.
of the negroes in St. Domingo, the breaking out of the war berevolt
The
manner of
flavery in the
Very foon
Balcarres,
of the Earl of
creating
we faw
it
naturally
In the year 1795, anxiety and fufpiclon. no lefs than 1199 French perfons, in con-
fequence of a proclamation, notified their refidence in Jamaica, and, from the difperfion caufed
volution,
frefh
were
apprehended.
in-
ground'^
them capable of
proof.
La
Fitte
292
Fitte
fools,
and
Murenfon,
two prevaricating
was not
them
they were confined and fent off the country; and the Houfe of
a
trial,
Aflembly requefted the Governor to remove all the French from the ifland to Great
or
to
St.
1796,
of the Tredifturb
lawney-Town
tranquillity
Maroons,
to
the
of Jamaica, although
intelli-
gence was communicated by the Governor in the end of December of the war with
Spain.
ceived
by Lord Balcarres from General Simcoe, who had fucceeded General Forbes
in
the
command
at
It
St.
Domingo
in the
month of March.
Government
at
St.
Domingo,
dropped in
bourhood
293
By
this
it
on Jamaica, and
for planting
of the compofition, and the rodomontade of the fcheme, juftify the idea
of the
having been exprefsly dropped The plan was never to be picked up.
letter
attempted, but the great influx of foreigners this year created much uneafinefs, and
made
to prevent
The year 1798 being dangerous. was pregnant with alarm of feveral kinds^ which w^ere by no means groundlefs. In
February,
of runaway flaves, w^ho had formed themfelves into a body under a negro named Cuffee in fome of
a
banditti
the
Trelawney mountains,
came
down
fettlers
and com-
They
gradually in-
before the
fo
even
was
294
was
now
threatened
with,
roons*.
hafty opinion arifing from the proximity of the banditti ; for neither their
only a
number nor
all
compared.
The
amounted
there
to forty-three
and
it
was thought
thirty in the
fame
confidcrable band of
them
attempted to furround and deftroy a houfe f in which there were three white men, one
of
whom
all
was
(hot,
but the
other two,
aflifted
by a
foiled
them
to
to retreat.
have had no
the
Cuffee,
head of
them, and Polydore, were actuated by a fplrit of revenge againft the mafter to
whom
kill
him was
They were
iu
map
of the feat of
v.-ar.
to
295
to
bum
all
and drive
all
the people
that they
to
go
to
Hampftead
that
if
they once got him they would be done *. The recolledlion, however, of the difaftrous and
declaring
perilous ftate of the
ifland
their mafter,
1796
was
too
lively
to
The
fettlers
ap-
and
neighbouring
planters
were
tranfmitted
v/ithout delay to
the Governor,
who
or-
dered feveral parties Into the follow and reduce the rebels.
woods
to
fucceflion
of
not only from private perfons, but from the cuftos and magiftrates of
letters,
Trelawney, painting the terror infpired by t-he banditti, and ftating the depredations
committed by them, induced Lord Balcarres to convoke the Aflembly at an unufual time, and they met on the 12th of
June.
rhcit
296
that
gerous
the extreme,
unlefs the
moft
mohe
conceived the militia, however refpelable in other points, not well calculated to fol-
flaves,
nor
the regular troops adequate to it ; and he earneftly recommended the raifmg of three
companies of trufty negroes of the beft defcription, under white officers, each com-
pany
and the woods adjoining. On the fame principle he advifed the employment of the Accompong Maroons ; " a body of " who have ever remained men," faid he,
faithful to their
Ads
woodmen,
and
to
to
be
compofed of Indians,
;
and the Aflembly, after a fliort feffions Armed of eleven days, was prorogued.
with
297
with the power beftowed by thefe ads, Lord Balcarres foon fent againft the rebels
that kind of force
which was
calculated to
reduce them,
and in a fhort time they were difperfed and heard of no more, fo that when his Lordfhip met the Aflembly
again in the
fperity.
This
tranquillity,
however, did
:
at
the very
time that the Governor was congratulating the Aflembly, an event had taken place
for
Jamaica frefh
bloody, or rather
for
live
years
in
St.
Domingo,
the
which terminated
cuating
that
ifland,
it
and
tlie
of leaving
inhabitants
upon them
revolution.
of
was
finally
abandoned
^ T
1
.
:n
O c
I
298
Mole and
the
alto-
had
been
fuggefted
and
highly
at
him
to
plan to
Houfe, however, feeing nothing but mifchief in fuch a plan, ftrenuoufly oppofed
it
dangerous nature, being totally fubverfive of that colonial fubordination, on which depends
it,
declaring
to be of a
mod
his
Majefty's
;
fubjecfts
fettled
in
the
Weil
Indies
embodying
the
illand
negroes
to
be
employed
off
were carried into execution by orders from England, it would be neceflary for the
Houfe
to
The
of
299
of the apprehenfions entertained by the members of the Hoiife of Aflembly, wanting troops for fervicc in the torrid zone, and conceiving trufty negroes inured to
the climate beft calculated for that fervice,
the perfifted in urging
fcheme
as rational,
The
colonial
but,
of their
refufal,
and
at the
fame time
againft
objeftions
the
influence
of the
of the negro fcheme being abandoned, to be at the expence of raifnig four battalions,
to
confift
of two
thoufan^d
its
men,
to
be
defence, and
bitants
the
men
to
be cnlifted under a
with fmall fetpromife of being provided tlements in the interior parts of the country at the
end of a certain number of years, from five to nine and they intruded
;
their agent in
London
Majcdy's
300
perfons of the defcription moft fuitable for the fervice intended, and
at the
and
families
non-commiffioned
officers
and privates as were married. Defirous of manifefting their efteem for the Governor, they
alfo
paiTed
refolution
exprefs to his
wifti
Majefty's
minifters
their
that
hia
Majefty would
Balcarres the
beftow on
the
Earl
of
:
command
his
of thefe battalions
an honour which
Lordfhip, though
of efteem, thought
receiving the pro-
proper to decline.
pofals for raifing
On
minifter offered
The
off*er,
of Jamaica acquiefced
thelefs, their reliance
citiKle
never-
on
for
the welfare
of the colony to
prevent
301
prevent any fuch change taking place, unlefs on great and unforefeen emergencies,
in
which the
it
ifland
fhould
be diredtly
implicated;
they had been acuftomed to the climate and the nature of fervice beft calculated for the defence
after
of the
ifland,
and
forming
expedations
by other
and not fufEciently trained for the particular fervice, would entirely defeat one of
the great objects the
Houfe had
In con-
This being
of the
(hould be
in
the
interior
country for the new force expetfled, and voted fifty thoufand pounds to be at the
order of the
Commander
While
302
confiderable
military force
of negroes, they were fuddenly alarmed, on the evacuation of St. Domingo, by intelligence that the
were coming to Jamaica. Among thofe troops were the negro regiments embodied
by General Williamfon, and a meflage was immediately fent by the Houfe to the
Governor, defiring
to
of the troops expeded confifled of negroes or people of colour, and requefting that
for preventing
all
being landed any where in the illand. Although does not appear that Lord Balcarres It
defcription
of that
from
He
duty to ad; conformably to them. not only affured the Houfe that he
had not been informed of any fuch corps coming from St. Domingo, but he took
meafures to fend from the ifland
all
perfons
The
3^3
The negro
corps embodied
by General
St.
Domin-
would drive
them
engagements among the contending inhabitants. Scarcely was the country relieved of apprehenfions that had
arifcn
to feek for
from
the
impolicy
of admitting
negro regiments in the Weft India colonies, when the Houfe of Aflembly again
took the alarm
at
the
new and
extraor-
whom
brought with them a great number of flaves. Near fix hundred of thefe negroes were fent from the diftrid: of St. Jeremie
at the
expence of government, and confiderable numbers alfo from Mole St. Nicholas.
too,
the
of
December.
giving
fo
I'he Lieutenant-Governor, in
official
Houfc
that
the
304
the
Guadaloiipe
embarked
as fpeedily as
but, in
and that of their negroes, who had preferred voluntary flavery under a
fituation
humane government
the rulers of
St.
to
freedom under
Their matters
Domingo.
he defcribed as perfons of the moft meritorious charadter, the conftant and ftrenuous
defenders of the facred principles of religion
as
volence of his Majefty, and the liberality, hofpitality, and commiferation of the ifland
of Jamaica.
clared
The Aflembly,
in reply, de-
after
the
they were of opinion that the introdud:ion of more of the French, particularly people of colour,
negroes,
Vv'ould
aiul
and
flaves,
from
St.
Domingo,
tli.^
ifland,
SOS
dlflatlsfafliion
already created.
that had
the evacuation
it
which they apprehended would difturb the tranquillity of the ifland, however libelure
ral
or dignified, in theory, the fentiments that pleaded for the continuance or admiffion
of French
flaves
into
the country.
The Governor
Domingo were
intcrcR-S
not
undertaken
for
the
which the
compelled to
retreat,
by the
of his Majefty's commands, as out-pofts maintained folcly fertile fc'curity of the latter; in vain did
fpirit
and
letter
Vol..
II.
he.
36
he urge his Majefty's intentions of granting lots of land to thefe unhappy perfons in
fome
felt
part of the
Weft
Indies
the
Houfe
they faw a degree of obfcurity caft over the mind of the executive government,
and a
laws
were
fufficient
to rid
the
Governor had not given any aflurance that they were not to be continued in the
ifland,
and that
it
the
apprehenfions
ftep
was
by
the
fafety,
to infure
all
immeforeign
the
negroes were
ultimately removed
from
Jamaica,
Z^7
in-
Domingo.
there,
On
fur-
render
of
the
pofts
by General
among
purpofe of
which
who
had ferved during the whole war in St. Domingo with great credit. In a very fliort time fuch obftacles were oppofed to
this
trade,
that
no
great
it,
benefit
Teemed
Colonel
likely to
accrue from
a
and
as
Grant
thought
was
it
military
man,
Touflaint
objed:
to
common
policy to
proving
3o8
proving
the
trade,
however,
to
it
was
not
place
to
relinquifhed,
and
fupply the
of Colonel Grant,
was
neceflary
name of Douglas*,
who had
at that
office
who
more
choice
could
not have
been made:
he
filled
Jamaica,
accepted
the
with him.
From
a perfel;
and manners
of the French, he eftablifhed an intimacy with them which led him into a thorough
* Charles Douglas, Efq. one of the younger fons of
the gentleman mcationed io a former rote.
p. 131.
8ee Vol.
I.
knov/-
309
ftate
knowledge of the
of the various plans formed by the Direc-* tory of France againft the fafety of the
Britifli colonies, particularly
Jamaica.
By
his addrefs
and vigilance he difcovered the objcd: of Citizen General Roome's million to St. Domingo, which was to raife forces
and make
defcent
with
brigands on
by caufuig an
infurredtion
among
and
the Haves.
With
this
view a body
were raifmg at Cape Francois, while Touflaint was engaged on the fide of Port-au-Prince in hoftilities againft Rigaud, who was at the
feveral
other corps,
Aux
Cayes.
aid,
Roome
he
applied
refufed,
to
ToufHiint for
w^hich
for
all
were
not
his
motives,
the
it
is
clear
give
afliftancc
required of
him
by
310
by the French Diredory. Confidering himfelf as the man who had obtained the
furrender
of
the
colony from
General
Maitland, and
tifh
who had
beft
judge of the immediate purfuits rnoft requifite for the French colonial interefts.
He
army was unneceflary to fubvert a government which would quickly fall before a
few of
his proclamations.
He
to
appears in
any
hoftile
not fo Citizen
Roome,
who
was moving
all
it.
cobinifm againft
Informed of thefe
proceedings, Mr. Douglas became impatient to dive into the arcana of the pro-
jeded
plan,
and determined
to vifit
the
Cape
in perfon.
At
lirft
Touflaint refufed
to
him
a paffport, reprefenting
j
him
the
but Douglas
per-
3"
of ToufTaint's name, accomplifhed his en-" While he was at the terprife in fafety.
Cape, he rendered the American States a fignal fervice, by apprizing them in time
that the
French intended
to
feize
upon
vading Jamaica ; and thus, in putting the Americans on their guard, deprived Roome
of one of his revolutionary refources, and eflentially impeded his manoeuvres in the
outfet.
he completely made himfelf mafter of the plan of invafion, and difcovered the names,
charatSlers,
fpies
who
had been
to
way
He
gave imme-
and
their veflel,
then
drawer containing their projects, plans, and other papers, was fecured before they
One of
the
X4
(
i
32
the fpies,
named Dubolfon,
faved his
life
by making a full difcovery of the proThe other, whofe jed of his raiffion. name was Safportas, was folemnly tried,
and executed with an awful parade that had due cffe^ for Kingfton, at that time,
;
was
it
full
of French people,
among whom
accelTaries
to the plot.
The
in
Some
ftands of
fand near the Polygon at Fort Charles, and a box of national cockades was committed to the fea in the harbour to be
floated
afliore,
between Fort Augufta and Port Henderfon. Thefe fats gave alarm, but
fiflierman
they were not attended with any concomitant circumftances of danger to the
ifland.
Safportas,
who was
an outrageous
mere
in
poilibillty
credit.
j^3
credit.
DefTource's regiment in the Britifh pay in St. Domingo, and declared that he had been
they were difcovercd, Safportas ufed to undertake nocturnal expeditions, under pretence of influencing
enemy.
Before
the
Charles-Town
negroes, in
though he was undoubtedly infpired with the warmeft fervour of Jacobinifm, he did little but endeavour to
in the opinion
of
felicitous to infpirit
Mr. Douglas,
refidence in St.
Domingo, returned
to Ja-
where he arrived
after a fhort
he had been carried a prifoner. Having attended the minifter on the fubjecft of his difpatches, and remained in England fonic time
in
3H
In liope of his fituation and fervices being confidered, he was referred for compenfation to the
Houfe of Affembly of Jamaica, who voted him the fum of five hundred
fterling.
pounds
merit,
Senfible,
however, of
his
procured him the agency for the ifland of Curafgoa, an olEce from the emoluments of which he might
Mr.-
Dundas
have received a
benefit,
fo foon fucceeded.
view Mr. Douglas's fervices might have been confidered, it is certain that he was
far
He
not
only gave up a lucrative appointment, but fpent more than two years of his life
in tranfading the affairs of the country'-*
All
in
granting
him unbounded
compenfation, various were the opinions. It is difficult to account for this back-
wardnefs of gratitude in an Aflembly, who had been prompt enough in fome other
inftances to teftify the impreflion
their
made on
35
my
before I conclude
tafk
ferVices
of a
very
but in which, comparing them with thofe of Mr. Douglas and thofe of Colonel Quarrell, I find this difeflential nature,
but combined
know
is
not
life
uncommon
has been
in
individuals
he
whofe
is
faved
When
France
afliimed
foverelgnty
over Spain, and forced that abjed country into an alliance againft Great Britain, its
ports in the
Weft
fwarm of
fiderable
feluccas
con-
damage
From
their conftrudtion
and
5^6
and
our
llghtnefs they
cruifers,
were enabled
to elude
and derived great advantage from the knowledge of our coafts, obtained
by the Spaniards
the
ifland,
in
their
trade
with
band,
which, though
at
contra-
was winked
Thefe,
by the Governof
ment.
Frenchmen, compofmg crews of mulattoes and negroes, moftly flaves emancipated and
let loofe in St.
Domingo by
the frenzy of
fpoliations,
Jacobinifm,
committed
great
and were feldom captured by our cruifers, which were not fufficiently light or adapted
to the purfuit of fuch petty veflels,
and
which were
diftant,
fall
generally
it
at
ftations
more
would
where
was
likely they
with enemies of more weight. The want of our manufactures, and of a market
in
on our
fide,
by
the Spanilh
gover-
31?
governors,
fource
for
it
was on
In
either
fide
confequence, a very hrifk trade with the town of Kingflon enfued, that occafioned a great influx
of emolument.
of
fpecle,
its
of which
confiderable
part
found
way
up
to St.
fwallovved
melancholy and deplorable warfare, which perhaps averted the conteft from the fhores of
Jamaica, but in which Great Britain feverely fufFered, not only
in fupport of that
by tae imavailing
but by the
luable troops.
During the
the colonial legiflature took into confideraration the fituation of the clergy of Jamaica.
In
the
month of November
1797,
the
Houfe of Aflembly,
ftating,
that the
eftablifliment of
many
to
of the incumbents
was inadequate
their fupport,
and that
maintenance had
when
the
3i8
the value
of
than
at
this
any power,
penal
in
any
cafe
what-
to
infli<St
mulcts or punifh-
ments, and that one of George the Second, without diredly repealing that ftatute, invefted
exercife
ifland, as
the
Bifhop
of
London with
in
the
the
of ordinary jurifdidion
it
indudion to
any of the churches or parifhes in the It v/as at the fame time obferved, ifland.
that
no
ecclefiaftical
was fuggefted
of ordinary jurlfdidion appertaining to the ecclefiaftical regimen of the clergy fhould be vefted in the Governor.
noticed, that the incomes
It
was
alfo
men were
3^9
on
the
churchwardens for
the
payment of
for
them.
The want of
provifion
pro-r
pofed and pafTed, for the better eftabllQiment of the clergy, for building churches
and parfonage-houfes, and for eftabllfhing a fund or provifion for the fupport and
maintenance of the widows and orphan children of deceafed clergymen. By this
a6t,
which was
pafl'ed
on
the
23d of
confined to divine purpofes ; and for buildthe redors of the ing parfonage-houfes
:
pariihcs are
bound
to appropriate a certain
portion of time
in
each Sunday,
either
of every free
peribn
willing
of
colour,
and
of
320
all
the relors
made
be
paid
quarterly
by the Receiver-
twenty pounds a-year, exclufive of the *feveral annual fums given by law as a
compenfation for burials in the church and a fund is eftablifhed for the fupport
:
deccsifcd reftors,
by a
from the
bearing an
intcreft
is
interefl;
of fix pC7'
cent.^
which
and
maintenance of the widows and orphans. At the time of pafTmg this a<S:, the Houfe
of Aflembly, in an audrefs to his Majefty, prayed that a power might be vefted in
the governor of the ifland to cenfure, fufor
pend,
remove,
any
clergyman
who
might be complained of, in fuch manner, and according to fuch regulations as the
legiflature of
for,
with
321
with a right of appeal, on removal, to any court in Great Britain his Majefty fhould This wifh of the AfTcmbly was approve.
fubmitted to the confideration of Sir William Scott, his Majefty*s Advocate-General,
of opinion that the propofed delegation of the power of ecclefiaftical regimen over the body of the clergy in
the ifland, in the hands of lay governors,
who was
who
and
was
liable
no inconfiderable weight.
This opinion
to abridge
it
the whole,
which
is
addrefled
in a letter to his
accompany
this*,
and
of his recommendation, his Majefty was pleafed, in his character of Supreme Head of the church, to decide upon nominating three or more rcfped:able clergymen of the
ifland to be his commifTaries, for the pur* Sec Appendix, No.
5.
Vol.
II.
pofc
322
pofe of exerclfing, jointly and fynodically, ecclefiaftical difcipline over the clergy,
with
powers,
under certain
reftrldlions,
of punifliing offenders.
The Bifhop of
the fubjedt,
for
willingnefs
the
ac-
complifhment of the
legiflature
meafure,
and
the
as foon as they
a<St
by
which
this
a<ft
was
of
nth
December 1800, the inftrument, appointing John Campbell, Redor of St. Andrews;
Thomas
Ricard,
Thomas
Francis
S.
Warren, Redor of
Elizabeth
;
Redor of
James's
and R.
Woodham, Redor
of
In
3^3
departments few alterations have been made within the laft ten years.
In the
civil
bill
of
affize in
comit
miflions
The appointnever palTed into a law. ments ftill remain with the governor of
the ifland,
who
has fmce
made
a barrifter
chief juflice.
queftion
It
has
among
not fufficiently well informed for all the purpofcs of adminiftering juftice between
it
thought by them, that they were. It may be obferved, that in fmall communities,
upon them
nefs,
arc few, a
be
all
when
tlie
laws
arc very
plied
numerous, and
a
cafes
are multi-
infmitcly,
nicety
of jutlgment,
which
3H
of
men
But
if this
it
of law,
equity,
muft
alfo
apply to courts of
in
where,
particularly
Jamaica,
moft of the queftions relative to large properties are decided, and accordingly the
propriety of the chancellor's office being
difcharged by military men, as
is
it
generally
It is
all
great cafes,
is
enormous.
have only to add, that the great increafe of the number of the inhabitants of Kingfton, and the varithis
To
long
letter
ety of alarms that had been given to the country, rendering the ftridteft attention
to the police of the
town
neceifary, an
a<Sl
was
a cor-
3^5
a corporation for the better ordering and managing the police of the town and parifli
With
lateft
this
you
I
will
to
receive
numerical
ftatements
relative
have obtained, which will enable you to form a tolerable accurate judgment of the ftate of the ifland in thofe
accounts
refpedts.
Jn
Tonnage
to
from
the
z^e
i-^
<---
M-i PJ
t--vO
u-^
u-iOO ^/^^0
*'J03 JO
'sqi
OOi--OcoCn'^-OVO *^ N Cnoo r^
Cn c\ *^ -^vo r0\ p
->
CO
00 CO
^
"-
CO
~t '^
i-
^
r-~ r-~
<*^
U04J03JO sSeg
O
loo
>^ OS C\ On
00
r?
ir-ii-i
00
covo
d CO
coON-t-eo
r^
'^
>-<~iCC
c/^"u-i i'^
O
M
crivo
On
sSEg
S
S>OB->
'i
't'^ '^ *^
*7r
9.
-t-t^
>-<
vi^
On
CO
"H
CO -i-0\ t^vo VO to
P4
c:
o
sSea
U)
N N -J
S>f}B3
VONNONto-N'^-i-iN ^ N M
^.'O
--'
<
\0
0\ 0\
tTN
CO
-j-
<!U03ipunj
'->' N - -'_'-'_N "_'-' o CO "^ 6 -^ 'co'~'~> vo On N f^l to t1-0O -< N VO I>- CO t^oc vooo Oco O QCNC 4- C?> C) O t^ t^OO t^ COCQCOrj-cl "t-copOTJ-rt-
PjTi-'J-oocOCO
Tt-
s[3ijBa
VO
, I
M N P) N
"-I
MC'-
to to^O f) CO On 00 r^ CONO VO
t)-
^
c
N O
NiCt^OCOtoCCN-^to
(S
tocoOVO
""
esDJSTX
tor-^CNt-^totor^-^
C>
co-O
c<-.
vo--^OvO |r^>-i
to
bCi
On^ coo
coco to
i-H
r^ r^
tJ-
Tl
spi;9qjSoH
CO o^
S
JBS/;^
I
On
M o
CO
I
d O
327
An
Enumeratiofi of other
to the
Exports^
confnied
Tear 1799.
Hides, 38,379.
Supple-jacks, 822 bundles. Oil nuts, 10 cafks.
Indigo, 19
calks
caflcs.
Gum guiacum, 62
boxes.
and
caflcs
Cow
and boxes.oil, 236 cafks. Turmerick, 397 bags. LaticewooJ fpars, 2,230.
Cador
Goat
flcins,
46.
caflcs.
MelaCTes,
420
Ebony, 21
tons.
An
Account of the Imports of Provisions from Great Britain and Ireland^ from the
if of Septe?nher 1798,
tembcr 1799.
Flour, 826 puncheons, 3,336
barrels.
to the
if of Sep-
Salt
Pork,
712
tierces,
1
14,699
2,729 butts,
barrels.
barrels, 3,41
half-
Ship
Bread,
1,619
barrels,
hogflieads,
2,300
tierces,
Pcafe, 3,610
Hcrn'iigi;,
caflcs.
8430 bags.
I>I99
barrels,
122.428
barrels.
Salt
Beef,
13,752
barrels.
3,298 half-
Frnm
the
ai
ov?
ftatcmcnt
may
be
fecn,
in
(Ircat Brit.'in,
and
rr
jr.!i'.i> jiPi
all
carrying on
rr.V.
()I:(afa:i'
ns ;ind oth-r
iii
Srouht
(iire(f\ly I'ro-n
Ilriliin
is
and
IrfianI,
Uriliih
and
iiii'n iii'ipi't;,
I'.e
amount of which
ahn
j.'l
ir-^-alcjUtit.
An
3^8
An
and average Prices of Slaves^ from November 1792, to November 26tb 1799.
Year..
'
329
Ditto, arrears cf
80 1,
Land-tax
Ditto, arrears of
1
80 1,
.
.
Negro
duties,
Rum
duties,
...
Additional duties.
Stamp
Debts,
duties,
.... ....
bills,
Fees on private
3^0
An
Militia
1259
1210
Surry infantry,
33^
A Detail
Nugent^ the
the IJland,
Hsad-qoarters.
73
pr-efent
Detachments.
-
No.
rUp-Park-Camp,
A
N
.
(_
f Charles-Town,
w
)
Trelawney-Town,
c
c
Falmoutli,
Montego Bay,
Lucca, FBrt Dundas, Savanna la-Mar,
Fort Aiigufta,
3f
Spanifli-Town,
Tuclve Apoltk'd
Ij-itter)',
Fort Clarence,
PortRoyr.l(Rrval tRoyr.l(Rryan
At .rtillcry
3S2
LETTER
Culture of
XVIIL
Remarks
in
new
Canes.
Soils.
on Night'
Work
during Crop.
by Higgins.
New
of Gardening.
'The
Houfes.
Bread Fruit.
HE
ftatements
the other
you
the
augmented
number
of
mode
the
ifland,
remaining in the country, and a view of You are the forces, regular and militia.
not
now
to expeO:
from
me
a narrative
topics
333
topics refpe^ting
The
firft
that
of agriculture, and the improvement of With the nature of the the chief ftaple.
cane in general, and of the manufacture of
fugar
are already acquainted, I fhall
you
In the only touch upon what is novel. years 1794 and 1795, feveral vefTels arrived from Antigua and St. Kitt's in different
ports
of the
fale
ifland,
where they
landed for
joints
of a larger growth than that which had been hitherto cultivated in the ifland, and which a few
of a
fpecies
of cane
years before
cultivated
throughout the
French, Spanifli,
Danifh, Dutch, and other fugar colonies. The other had found its way into Antigua, Guadeloupe, and Martinico, where it was
It had been foon extenfively cultivated. imported with feveral other fpecies, larger than the ordinary cane, from the iflands
of Bourbon
Indies,
ftill
and
Mauritius in
the
Eafl
whether they were probably brought farther from tlie Eall, it is named
the
3.34
A
tops
fmall
hardly worth
in
mentioning, had
been
raifed
Jamaica.
The
now
imported were bought up with the greateil: avidity, at the rate of twenty-five pounds per hundred, each top containing from
four to fix eyes, and the heft being culled,
the remainder
fold
hundred.
for
five
and foon extenfively fuperfeded the fmall cane, which held its ground chiefly in
thofe
parts
w^here,
the
foil,
regular
from the
firft
planting,
after
the
on the fame
ftock,
and fometimes thirty, forty, fifty years, longer, as in the parifh of Trelawney The and a great part of St. James's.
new
is
The Bourbon
from the com-
mon
cane by its fize and height, it being four times as large, and much higher.
The
335
The
flock, afe
by
their
root:
its
top, however,
is
lighter in pro-
common
cane.
difadvantages.
When
ground in the mill, it affords lefs fuel, and the tops, in comparifon with the ordinary cane, being infinitely fmaller, do
not yield an adequate proportion of fodder
for the flock
they are belides very coarfe, and, according to the fize of the cane, pro:
confequently
are
not fo
digeflible
common
is
cane
whence
more
of
a crop of the common cane, in order to correvTt the effeds of the cane-tops. The
Bourbon
at leafl
upon an average, to yield one third more fugar per acre than
is
faid,
ii^
than that produced by the latter. Another of its valuable properties is, that the juice
of
eafier cleaned,
other.
A variety
of
which have various advantages and difadvantages, but are none of them very great
rivals
of the Bourbon.
The
It
ribbon cane
is
called
by
the French rouge et d''or^ beiilg longitudinally flriped yellow and deep red.
as high as the
Bourbon, but
is
It
of courfe
refifts
wind
lefs.
The
tops are
who
fugar.
The green
flriped cane
is
a variety
of
337
of one of the
efteemed
as
;
ftripes.
The
violet
is
not
much
fplit
they
lie
down.
The
tranfparent
but
little
cultivated.
The
it
Batavian, the
body and
leaves of
which are
rats prefer
it
to
every other
if fo, it
would be well
to plant
fome patches of it among the cane-pieces. It is here and there raifed, but lefs for profit
than to fatisfy curiofity.
To
this variety
liar foils
and
tively adapted.
is
By
difference
of climate,
experienced
and thofe of the low country a difference which only they can comprehend
ifland,
;
have experienced it, they who have traverfed the wide and arid plains of Pedro,
who
and
vifited
the
deluged
parifh
of
St.
George's on the north-caft fide of the The Bourbon cane thrives In moft ifland.
foils,
foil
naturally
i\:y.
Vol.
338
good
light
dry,
it.
requires a
deal of rain
other-
wife
it
becomes
land fituations,
the fea-breeze.
foils,
ftrong
ftiff
with a mixture of good mould. Land compofed of coarfe grit and clay intermixed
with round
flint ftones,
is
particularly fais
more
of the advantages of manure and culture. All foils that have a mixture
of loofe detached
fubftratum
grit
is
flint
and
clay,
tenacity
is
fufEcient to
retain a
not too
much
to prevent
the cane-roots
penetrating for
ftrong
ftiff*
The
lands
Bourbon cane
owing
The
faid to
be better adapted to
339
of Jamaica you have an account of the ufual mode of the tillage of a plantation
and of the manufacture of fugar: I (hall therefore only make fome obfervations on.
the working of the negroes, and fuggeft
During crop,
tation negroes,
a great
number of
is
the plan-
by
fpells,
kept at
work
the whole night. There is not an abufe more flagrant, but which avarice cannot
I have, however, be tempted to forego. heard a benevolent planter declare it to be
his
opinion,
that
the
practice
is
rather
The
is
under-
evident to
the eye, and in its efFedls the exertions of the frefh fink to the level of thofe made
by the wearied and fleepy whom they join, and whofe labours through a long, dark night, give a dulnefs to thofe of the day.
The
cattle
of
540
of
reft;
The
rather
the refrefhment
facred
required
by nature be deemed
from
encroachment.
tardy operations of the night, one part of the procefs lagging for the other in alterIt nate delay, will feel the force of this.
is
not only the intereft of humanity, but The bufmefs of of the planter's purfe.
the crop
rains,
works of the plantation always kept in order for making fugar, for which they
fhould be ready
at
all
times,
there
are
out of
tlie
ufual
would compenfate
any
lofs that
might
of of
be feared by giving
up the
:
practice
employing night fpells but at the end crop the works are uiually fuffered to go
out of order.
Great
341
improving
this
grand
ftaple,
and
many
offered
new
but
I
fchemes.
It
is
not
my
in-
omiflion, were
man, whofe
place
talents
and
fituation
in life
him beyond
all
fafpicion of being a
needy adventurer.
leave
his
family and
confiderable
eftablifhment in
London
for a time,
his
and
to vifit Jamaica to
employ
knowledge
by improving
the manufacture of the principal ftaples, fugar and rum. In Dr. Higgin's memorial
to the
Houfe of Affcmbly, he
ftates that
he
had difcovered certain proceffes by which fugar might be made whiter, purer, and
intrinfically
more valuable
rum
rendered
;
more
grateful
the
342
by the drainage of melafles prevented; and the fuel ufed more effedually, His and more economically managed.
the lofs
offers
were accepted by the Afiembly, and committees were appointed for each county^
to attend in
prevent any wafte of fuel, and to accelerate the boiling of the fugar,
calculated to
being very favourable to the improvement of the quality. The conftrudion of the trafli-houfe reas
to prepare
known
before.
His procefs
for
meliorating the quality and encreafing the quantity of rum, gave the greateft fatlf-
and economical, and it prevents the noxious quality and The diftiller, olFenfive fmell of new rum.
fadion
:
it is
eafy, fimple,
by
fetting
his
vats
or
ciflerns
by the
hydro*
343
hydrometer, and the fcale adapted to ads with certainty and precifion, fo it,
that
no fweets
are
wafted, and,
on an
average, about a feventh or eighth of the fweets are faved ; and by the ufe of the
ley
of the ftoke-hole
aflies,
and other
fpirit is fo recti-
as
to
attain
the
defired
perfedion.
Whatever tends
to
be liberally rewarded by thofe who are to On his firft landing, his profit by them. plans promifmg fairly, the Houfe of Af-
fembly voted him three hundred and fifty pounds per quarter, and afterwards one
.
thoufand four hundred pounds a-year, to be paid quarterly; and in the year i8oi,
when
to
his
health
obliged
him
to
return
Europe, they direded the ReceiverGeneral to remit to his order in England, one thoufand pounds fterling, free of all
expences.
After
I
all,
whatever
may
be
the caufe,
am
im-
Z 4
planters,
344
)
ftill.
planters,
This
may men
and
is
difficult
to
way
for a negledt of
from
frequently afked why we have not Jamaica fome of the ftrong, fparkling
from
that ifland
is,
which the
beft
anfwer
that
the
planters have
the pradice of making it. Large cockcoppers fimmering over the fire, with a
cruft
of
dirt,
mucilage,
and other
filth,
made
the fugar
in
St.
worfe.
To remedy
this,
many
begun to Ikim their cock-coppers, and have found fome fmall benefit by it but the evil was only
in the Eail have
;
Thomas's
half done
by
llrid attention to a
345
they attribute to the cock-coppers, but fugars that put on a fpecious appearance in their curing-houfes, will not always
.
carry the fame acrofs the feas into the market. There is one criterion of fugar,
hardly
this
:
known by any
feveral
planter,
which
is
let
in
having been made a month, be dug out, and it will be found that the fugar fmells fpirituous, four,
the
curing-houfe,
and
that
leaft
of thefe unfavourthe
to
beft after
voyage.
This fmell
is
be amended,
confequently the fugar made better, and lefs liable to wafte on the paffage to Europe. It is not to be done, however, by large
fait
:
but the
way
is
to cfTed:
carllcjl
is
as follows
to be
made
fuch
346
new-made
and the application of fome white lime, will be necefTary, and likewife fkimming ;
then a perfed quiefcent ftate of the liquor fhould fucceed ; for it would be ufelefs to
try the procefs in a previous ftate, or v/ith
and fo thoroughly blended. A feparation muft firft take place of the unduous and feculent parts from
diffufed
throughout,
this
muft be com-
After this
liquor,
when
and
fufFered to
with unequal
of cloudy
liquor, are
engaged.
Coming
in conta(St
by the muwill
tual attradion
347
will
form a more compaft and Intimate adhefion of parts with one another, and
pended hy
leave
thefe
clouds,
will
the
perfedtly pellucid
when,
to complete the
depuration,
removal of the pure liquor, takes place, and the juice fo purified is carried rapidly
through the taitches, and becomes a good, bright, and ftrong
fire
over an intenfe
any yet produced. This theorem does not arife from a ftudy of
fugar, fuperior to
Surprifing as
that
may
appear,
it
is
fat
no chemift
has ever yet fuggeftcd a ufeful hint in the firft flages of the procefs of fugar-making. In the above difcovery, incidental obfervavations led to experiments, and thefe to
incontrovertible proofs.
An
intelligent
and
obfervant planter,
ing-houfe,
is
who
the
moft
perfon
to
make
this
ufchil
dlfcoveries in
;
the procefs of
manufaOure
his
narrow
fcalc furnilliiiig
improved
348
It
is
to
be
to
however,
that
to
attempt
All
for cryf-
melalTes
by the fame
The
proportion to the quality of the cane-juice, and perhaps may owe fomething more of
dark colour to the neceflary operation of fire ; the difcoloration of the grain of
its
the fugar w^ill be in proportion to that of the melafles, which fimply affe6:s the
furface of the grain or cryftal, the latter
tafte for
gardening
litary
is
unknown, or perceived
in fo-
inftanccs.
native fruits
purpofe
349
purpofe of delighting the eye, and expanding the emotions of the mind in the enjoy-
ment of
of the
no
part
of the planter,
who
but
too generally looks to his country only for the means of him delights in fecuring other regions. botanical garden, how-
ever,
has
is
been
eftablifhed
many
years,
ifland.
which
When
the country
fir ft
and
flirubs, col-
leded from
all
which
were
blended, as
in general.
Since that pcniod, the garden feems to have been coiilidered rather as
a nurfery of exotic trees and fhrubs
in confequence
;
and
of the introdudion of a
time and
care
3SO
em-
ployed for propagating them for public diftribution, and the ornamental part of
the garden has not been particularly at-
1794, fome thoufands of plants have been diftributed in different parts of the ifland ; fuch as
to.
tended
bread-fruits, jaacks,
cinnamon, camphor,
apples,
gum
arabic, mangofteens,
olives, tea,
&c.,
befides a
number of
lefs
ufeful plants."
In every point of view this garden muft be confidered as an important eftablifhment, but the greateft benefit it promifes, is the cultivation of the valuable productions of the Eaft.
have long
tion
been fuccefsfully introduced into the ifland of Dominica. In the year 1795 he firft
* WilHam Urban Luce, Efq. of the
Ifland
of Dominica.
gathered
3JI
gathered the
There were only two trees that bore, which produced him four pounds and a half of cured cloves, befides
fruit.
two pounds,
at leaft, left
on the
trees, to
Half a pound was gathered from the ground of what had fallen before it was fully ripe, fo that the
two
produced more than feven pounds of cloves the firft year of their bearing.
trees
is
from
gathering:
in
and are
faid
to fifty
pounds each
tree.
Mr. Buce
fent
applying for information on the fubjet to an eminent dealer in the article, was anfwered that he thought him gricv* The
tiyn.
who
and
fit
for vct;cia-
JO
oufJv
from the
Eaft.
The
wards fubmitted to
fome of the
were
all
who
every culinary purpofe as well as thofe of the Spice iflands in the Eaft Indies *. Laft
year
the
Committee of Correfpondence
to
were inftrudled
the ifland, for
Eaft.
planters defire
To
cover
all
of the clove-tree
h given
c
in
his fucciefsful
tlic.
manner
cl
ultivating
which
is
infertcd in
\'olc$ of the
Houif
has,
:i53
lias,
been converted into a coffee plantation, the returns of which are adequate to that
purpofe.
I
cannot
quit
the
without replying
cerning the bread-fruit, with the nature of which the public have been made
who
in the year
Pacific
1791 arrived
at
Jamaica
other
from the
Ocean
in
his
Majefty's
many
about
foil
(is.
hundred of the
bread-fruit.
The
to
thrive.
hardly an indance where the propagation of thcfe plants has been extended with
'Or future
dependence
The AfTcm-
Voyage
to the
South Sea.
Vol.
II.
Aa
upon
354
upon them,
in
unexpeded
fcarcity.
The
negroes preferring their old food, raoft of the planters have been contented with a
few
ever,
to
fatisfy curiofity.
There
is,
how-
one gentleman *, v^ho has cultivated them with care, and judicioufly diftributed
fome thoufands of the plants into groves and plantations, from which, fhould a
general fcarcity of the ufual provifions take
place,
is
and
fufficiently
and Hiould
they cannot but be confidered as ornaments This gentleman is alfo an to his ellate.
exception
to
the
beauty of grounds laid out with tafte. Thofe around his elegant manfion he has
difpofed in
Ihrubberies,
beautiful
which give
refidence the
beautify the
country, and
exalt the
of England.
Saltf"j',;r.^,
* Mr. Campbell of
{a ll;c parifa
of Ha.'iovcr.
The
355
The
my
its
navigation,
made
to the
Government
by the
Havanna,
in a letter written
Marquis
for
Mr. Quarrell,
ereding light-houfes, in order to render the navigation of the coafl: of Cuba and of the
of fixing one
the Havanna, for the particular navigation of that port, but the expence of placing
others on the points of the gulf and various channels about Cuba being beyond the
actual
objeds propofed being no lefs important to Jamaica than to Cuba, the Spanifii
Government
of fo
contribute to accomplifh an
undertaking
;
much
utility
to
both nations
and
tlie
m-
p. '^G.
oftli.'i
Aa
tclligent
3S6
telligent
and the expence. A report on the fubjet was made to the Council of the Havanna
of Jamaica,
who
Houfe of Afiembly.
You
will
find
it
annexed to the Marquis's letter*. The fubje<f^ was referred to a committee, the
chairma:i of Vv^hich, Mr. Quarrell, reported ; that they had taken the opinions of many
belonging to the Jamaica trade, from which it appeared that it would be of infinite
fervice to the trade
Britain, if
with feven or eight valuable merchantmen ; and that they liad no doubt
fliore,
tliat
Havanna
W ould
357
their
would
and
readily
on
part,
recommend
committee
llght-houfes to be built
on Cape Antonio
the
Point
Jacko
that
thought that the mode of defraying the xpences and the management of the lighthoufes could only be fettled in Europe,
of three fuch light-houfes. The fubje(ft is at prefent under their confideration, and
the utility of the objed
is
too obvious to
:\
a 3
358
LETTER
An
.
XIX.
Danger of
in the
the
Motions
Houfe of
Power of
Receivers.-
An
1 HAVE now
of
to enter
my
taflc, a
part in
neceflity of Hating
fuch circumftances as
difgrace
cannot but
give
rife
refled;
to
I
weaknefs,
of
the Legillature,
Thefe
modes
of agency, fuch
eftates,
as that
of the attorney of
chancery, &:c.
The
firft
of thefe chara<Sters
attorney,
By the word
;
meant agent
annexed
not
for
359
and
upon the former, I Ihould pronounce them one and the fame. But as this colonial ftewardlhip is the fureft
road to imperial fortune,
men
of property
and diftinguifhed
it.
fituation
attornies,
fits
and
falaried attornies
arife
the pro-
of the former
from commiffions of
on
all
and various
interior
the latter
may
be
hired like a fteward in Hngland, by which feveral thoufand pounds a year are faved,
and
inftead
own
all
coffers.
The
ofTicc
employers, and to
ifland,
thcmfclves
in Europe.
may
live at
home,
that
is
to fay,
Of
36
Of
which
all
call for
are
that
firft
is
executors,
guardians,
;
and
and
from the
fix
which allows
per cent, commiffion on the grofs produce of the eftates under their charge and direct
tion.
if
The
been too glaring to be unnoticed ; and attempts have been made to reduce the commiffion,
and
to fix
;
ble principle
always been in the Houfe of Aflembly, too, many of its members interefted in the benefits
refulting
to
admit
tlie
That
an
undeniable
.36t
undeniable
faft,
of which
be convinced by the time you arrive at the coTiclufion of this letter. In many inftances
too, this fuperior collateral intereft militates
and amelioration of
now
profeiTed
their
by the
"colonifts to
be an
;
objel of
it
and
proves not unfrequently the total ruin of the imfortunate planter, whofe involved
fituation
compels
him
to fubmit
to
the
and
who
who
hands of his
own
economical bargain he makes for the management of his own concerns a pradice
;
common
The law
dcfcdlive
cfiablifhcs
this
alio
to
truflces,
guardians, &:c.
alfo
;
very
it
an important point
for
no data
CJUHnidion, which
362
cording to the fales of fugar, for that is not foon, if ever k^own to the attorney. Hence,
in the different accounts, the charges are
twenty fhillings per cwt. to forty-five, and even fifty {hillings ; and in the fame books
of one and the fame attorney, thefe charges are found to differ according to his con-
nexion with his employer, generally encreafing in proportion to the diftrefs of the
To form property and of the proprietor. fome notion of the advantages attending thefe appointments, and of their injurious
tendency to involved proprietors, and even
to their creditors, let us fee
what a receiver
under the court of chancery can do. In the firfl place, it has not always been the
pradice to
feledl
the in-
or from
among
eftate,
poffcficd
ofTicej
and indeed
would not be
inapplicabk"
363
by the
Thefe
gentlemen feld6m
if
which they
to
no other
make
it,
as
much
fugar as
ihip
own
correfponclear is
dents.
Whatever the
in
their
eftates
fo
much
more money
felf a
them
money
it*
it
and propagates
not a dollar of
thoufand ways
its
therefore finds
way
a
the treafure
is,
by
common
fidion in ufe,
held to be fully as fafe in his hands. While the different creditors of the eftate are fight-
ing the battle of priority, the receiver continues to direct the management of it, to
fliip
At length
eftablillicd,
money. and
the creditor having gained the poiiu, rebut finding, mains for a time fatisiied
;
thpugh
receives nothing, he
becomes clamorous
a
for
falc.
364
a fate.
This
years time,
in five or fix
worn
out,
money, adequate
to the
fimple fums received, turned over by his configneeor merchant to another hand, his
banker's, to be ready to anfwer bills to be
drawn on
his
own
account^ for
which he
muft have a premium of from twelve to feventeen and a half per cent. The eftate
at laft is advertifed for fale
The
fale,
however,
is
fpun
out a year or two longer, till the creditor or his attorney begins to remonftrate with the
mafter
ftipulations for
is,
an amicable
fettle-
ment
enfue, that
may
be,
and
him
for
mefne
agreed
profits or balance in
to,
the fale
is is
The
fale
then
go unperceived to the
of wealth for the receiver
;
i^S
ceiver
who
is
no othet
and miferable,
who
belonging to nobody, and almofl: defpairing of ever falling into the hands of a
felves
now
The
of
11
mortgagee in
polfeflion,
and
fee
what
better he offers.
cftate is
due to a
;
man
to a
merchant
if
merchant to
whom
of
confiderable value.
immaterial what
the debt
is,
an
eftate in poffeffion
of a mortfull
gagee
is
generally
made
to
pay
comfor
it.
employed
Injufliceto all parties the mod Is to be made of the property, and it is foon found that the negroes upon it are not equal to
the returns
it is
quently hired
negroes
are
added to the
plantation-gangs, to plant, weed, and take off the crop the works arc extended, to
:
be
366
)-
more
more
carts are
What
is
the
is
rum
made, to the credit as well as profit of the is attorney, and by which the merchant
benefited,
as
the
fix
confignments are
per cent, intereft
aug-
mented
but
on the
on
that intereft
by
compound
arithmetic
become
principal, fix
&c.
an accumulating planter daily finks under The debt, till he is completely ruined.
the more the attorney greater the diftrefs, fattens: in a war, for inftance, a confiderable additional benefit occurs; he
becomes
lumber-merchant, and having the rum of tlie eftatc at his command, and perhaps a
little
fugar,
though
he
is
of
it
In the
ifland
would
367
fhips
fale
and confignments, he purchafes whole-* cargoes, and retails them out to the
Staves bought
by
the attorney
at
known
to be fold to the
and the
belonging to the property has carried the rum to pay for them. It is well
cart
known
will
that the
eftate
feldom pay
its
drawn on Great
Bri-
amount of one thoufand pounds, and fometimes two thoufand pounds, for
of the contingencies over and above the amount of the fale of the rum
:
the cxcefs
from
bills
his
own
it
which
him
to draw, to the
purchafe of the remulnder of a cargo of negroes, after the bell have been culled at
the
rate
of
from
:
ninety
to
ninety-five
and bookkec-pers,
36S
a-head
nor
very
the
eftates
bills
negroes in the fame -manner, and at the fame rate. This manoeuvre indeed is ven^
tured only on eftates
truftees
of minors,
whofe
are
merchants in
Great Britain,
;
or
may
bcj
the eftates to
be made
bufmefs,
fold a
had
an attorney, which were difperfed in feparate fpells of eight each to feveral eftates,
to
but that
at
chafer, he
at thirty
of parcels
fpeak
much
ftorekeeper, but
would
(
\srould
369
have
loft his
by the attorney,
with butchers
cattle,
forming connexions
the fatted
with jobbers of negroes for the purpofe of intermingling negroes at a proportionable profit, fattening horfes, and a long
ct cetera.
To
commanders
up with due
refped, and as they are proper perfons to fpeak of him to the merchant, their good
will
is
not
negleded.
To
is,
the involved
"
Sir, I
mud
the
at
make
loweft
ftand the chance of being waflied out fliould the fhip leak or make
tier, to
much
When
they
and
time
tier.
and
his
liogfheads
The
it.
falaricd
great refpedt
Vol.
the
370
the high airs and rapid flights to fortune of the fix per centers are out of his walk.
often a plain plodding
He
is
very well and very properly with the other, anfwering all the purpofes of a greater man.
He
fhips
good
till
crops,
gencies low,
praifed
by the proprietor,
he begins
and recommended
to be vain
fallible
;
to his friends,
great.
and grows
He
with advantage to one eftate, is evaporated by the glow of fuccefs and extenfion of
care
;
he
is
difmifled
by one, employed by
back to his
It
others, and
level, or
goes ftark
faid
mad with
pride.
has
been often
and that middling planters will dwindle and go In their turn. There is nothing abfurd In the idea, which by the help of
great attornles
may
c
opulent themfelvc:-
37'
influence
of this incalculable
the
evil.
;
But
where
is
remedy
none
ftri(St
but in an
eye kept by
and a refo-
whom
The alteration of the law fhould country. take place in two points ; the commiffions
of attornies, &c. fhould be reduced, and they (hould themfelves be dirtjuallfied from
being members of the Leglflature.
If
men,
whofe individual
militate
intcrefts
againft
thofe
of
whom
they
fliould
ferve
and labour
interefts -of
the
ifland,
poil'efs
which
are
made fubordinate
to
them,
a preponderance in the
power of legiflation;
and
if
men who
are the
fmews of
country
of that country what it may, its lituation Thofe merchants of muft be deplorable.
Great Britain,
vvlio
fupport
tiie
the
prefent
Indies,
Well
b 2
and
37^
and who are fond of aiding the enormous and deftrudive fchemes of the overgrown
planter, in preference to eftablifhing the
clafs,
are
of the
ifland,
and they
and
profperity or fecurity.
The
Maroon
compelled the Houfe of AlTembly to refort to every mode they could devife of
raifing
money for
liquidating
it.
It
was pro-
pofed by fome very opulent man, a great attorney, to raife the whole amount of the debt
one year; but the clrcumftances of others could not poffibly admit of it: the taxes were
in
money was
intcrefl:
373
In the
dlftrefs for
as great a
weight
as
moft could
was obferved
that attornies,
mort-
receivers and
motion was made, to the immortal honour of the mover*, for the purpofe of
upon
their
commiflions.
The
hundred and
fix
and 3987 tierces of fugar, and 35,891 punThis produce, at the rate cheons of rum.
of 40/. per hhd. and 25/. per puncheon,
the propofcd llandard for that period, with the fale of ftock and other articles, yielded
4,022,460 /. on which there was chargeable bylaw coinmifnon of fix percent, giving
.1
an
in' orr.^
M' CI
V>
Mil 1:^1.
\)
tlve
374
tive
of a tax of 24i34^-
iriaid
of the public
inftrudling-
exigencies.
The motion
to
for
the
Committee
make
the money-bill was carried by the majority of a fmgle vote *, but when the
bill
was reported
the
to
infertion of
it
who
was
held a
majority in
the
Aflemit
their force,
rejected
juftice
mon
not
fenfe of
mankind,
it
was
faid,
:
ft,
that
2dly,
why
men, and
others
would
Thefe
ift,
the
lay in
all
the
exemption of thefe
being
gentlemen,
others
taxed
for,
375
double tax where the fix per cent, law pre* vailed ; and the rich independent men, who,
by employing
of the
fire
of that law large fiams, ought chearfully to give the mite out of fuch
iavings required
it
nay,
mode
it
of affefiing the wealthy abfentee, who was allowed ihould compenfate from his
by military fervice. Bcfides, let us fee how an unincumbered man, who has it in his
power to Take an
of
five
the commiiTions
will
amount
to
1200/.;
the attorney
compounding
have 60/. to pav, and tlic proprietor 60/. out (A boc /. fived and add^d to an income
which
rriay
be
faiily
c(timatcd
at
Ircm
"cco
/.
to looc'c/. {Icriing.
ii
l^cfcrc
37<5
)
letter, I will relate
an anecdote which
jedts of
flexions.
it,
rc^
who had
long been
a merchant in
many
and in-
town,
who
commercall
houfe.
it
The
cuftos, fo let
till
though
was not
me
or {hop, in Kingfton
which enabling him to provide a good table was the foundation of the attachment of the Liverpool man,
;
who was
alfo,
at
the
commencement of
Un-
luckily for
rivals
;
that
friend ihip
they
became
who
fucccis that
377
a deadly blow.
fome demands, in right of others, upon an eftate which lay very remote from his refidence, and againft which a
It
bill
was
filed.
was taken under the protedlon of the court of chancery, and the cuftos, coming
forward
as a confiderable creditor,
was apthe
pointed receiver.
eftate
In
this
fituation
buy
up
for himfelf
it.
upon
He worked
own
negroes on it, and proceeded in the routine ncceflary to fwallow it up ; but in fpite of every thing, the perverfe and obftinate
foil
abfolutely cleared
it
of
its
in-
cumbrances.
known
only to the cuftos, tor the original proprietor was dead, and the perfons to whom
the eftate lav/fully belonged, had long ceafed
to think of a property of
thing tlicy
Ir.id
378
The
cufloa
unbofomed himfelf
to his friend
whom
at the
he commiffioned
and
to purchafe
for
him
moft moderate
fettled
The
eftate
had been
on the
original proprietor's
who
had married
Chefhire or Lancafhire.
obfcure refidence of this couple was difcovered, but the reverfion of the eftate being
vefted in their fon,
who
w^anted
two years
of being of age, a delay was made till the bufmefs could be pufhed and concluded at
cnce, vi^ithout giving a notice, which in the
courfe of
led to
an
The
lefs
de-
fcheme
for the
Liverpool man, chewing the cud of difaphis friend, and made pointed love, betrayed his fccret the means of arranging fome
and of advancing his own private plans, The lands in queftion lay beinterefts.
eilates
of a
man
cf
379
of
Such
moll
a range of rich
defirable
foil
was
objed
of ineftimable value to him, from its containing a part of the bed of the river, which
afterwards ran through his
own
eftate
and
turned his
mills.
ir,
eye upon
He
ble to obtain
at
any
price.
The know-
Liverpool man,
who
in
which
his
to
determined
own
the mafter of
for
little
or nothing; by
rous aftoiiillmiciit of
f^'.v
corrcfpondcnr, a
months before
il.c
clergyman's ion
came
38o
came of
happy
Too
and
fubje(3:
he
thought
tion
value.
as
The gentleman
he had the means of going to law, he meant, if he became the purchafer, to run all
rifks,
ing the eftate. The overjoyed couple, who could not fee through the mafs of two thoufand five hundred guineas any thing half fo fubftantial in the clouded profpedt of a
to
con-
clude the bargain, and by legal inftruments of conveyance difpofed of their rights ; and
Ihortly after, their fon
full title in fee
chafer,
who
taking
his mcafures
loft
by the
in
no time
eftabliiliinc:
38i
)
title.
He
haftened
brought the receiver to an account. The cuftos was all amazement, and not being able to pay the amount of the balance in
his hands, not only gave
up the
eftate to
made over
a large
trad of land belonging to himfelf in the The eftate has eaftern part of the country. been confolidated and improved, and is nowone of the firft properties of its fize in the
ifland.
to ftate to
have been pafTed, and amended, for obliging u-ttornies and other agents to record ac*
Like counts of crops, to prevent frauds. fome other laws of the colonies, however,
they catch the eye and found well, but pra^
terea nihil; the obligation to record a crop is
no obligation
it
to
make
And
382
And now
is
let
me warn you
againft think-
no fuch thing to be found in the Weft Indies as an honeft attorney. My fole intention was to expofe to
you what certain agents have it in their power to do, and what is too often done by them but while
,
am
have in
recolledion
a
a
feries
abfentees,
name him,
but that
fome
others,
who,
of applaufe.
3^3
L E T T E R XX.
State of Opifiions refpeB'ing the Slave-Trade.
Leg'ifliition
ejlabt'i/l^ed
Internal
in
the
Hands of the
Colonijls by
Contrajled Statements.
5//^-
and
the
free Negroes.
Defects
Prfent
State of Slavery in
Jamaica.
of the
Colonial Syflcm.
Difficulty of re-
Religion.
jiS
colonial
fubjed:
has
more engaged
of the
laft
and
and
flavery.
all
called forth
What on
the one
be the
refult
of the
prefcnt ftate
of
nature,
wifdom,
the
and
of
true
tlic
philantln'opy.
llruggles
1
With
pidure
and
amenta-
384
lamentations of
their
ties,
human
men
fnatched from
be reclaimed and employed in To enter into an peaceful induftry*. extenfive difcuflion of the difpute on thefe
to
topics
is
foreign to
my
profefs to
of
therefore
myfelf chiefly to what has lately occurred, and to novel fuggeftions, adding
me
con-
flave-trade, In fpite of the unpopular h'ght into was thrown, had many able and worthy advocates, among whom the Duke of Clarence was uncommonly
which
flrenuous.
The AfTembly
of plate to be prefented to
in
tciliniony of the
fenfe they
ducive
385
ducive to future
utility.
The
perfeveraticfi
has from time to time excited great alarm among the colonifts, who have not onlylaid before
on the
from
Africa.
1
To
written in
truth
"
797, they
faid,
We
can with
your Majefty, that no opportunity, no circumftance, which may enable the Aflembly of Jamaica to make
aflure
and muft
religion,
at
a(ftuated
by motives of humanity only, and not Vvith any view to the termination
Sec
IrefTcd
of iSo2.
Vol.
II.
cf
386
of "the flave-trad.
The
is
right of obtaining
fecured to your
Majefly's faithful fubjeds in the colony, by feveral Britifh ads of parliament, and
by
feveral proclamations of
;
your M-ajefty's
royal anceftors
have emigrated and fettled in Jamaica, under the moft folemn promifes of this
abfolutely
necefTary
affiftance
and they
can never give up, or do any ad that render doubtful, this elTential right."
colonifts,
may The
however, while they took every occaiion to defend the principle of the
fiave-trade,
and to maintain
their right to
carry
on, were ready to condemn all cruelty pradifed in the courfe of it, and
it
humane and
Britifh
beneficent
in
objeds
point,
of
the
legiHature
that
and of
obviating one of the caufcs that impeded the natural increafe of the npgrocp, the
operate as a prohibition,
387
imported negroes above Still the total twenty-five years of age. abolition of the trade w^as conftantly aimed
hibltion,
all
on
at,
and
when
direct
means
were
not
adopted, cOnfequential ones were thought of. The colonifts faw, or thought they
(aw, grounds for apprehending that with
this
view
his
contemplation,
legillature, to
by an at of the
refume
all
Britifti
patents of land
fettled,
which, by pre-
venting the extenfion of the cultivation of the colony, would lead to the gradual
flave-trade,
the
further
importation
lefs
of
;
Africans
would become
they
boldly
a
necefHiry
"
upon which
the
declared,
that
meafure
would be
fubjcds,
and that
it
of Jamaica to
by
all
poiiiblc lawful
means
*'.
They
ailcited
that
they were
cna!)lcd
'i'liis
rcfiflance
I'.ut
;i
finr^;-]'-
of
p',;.
lic.il
llrch^r'.li,
the
of mo:;:!,
2
and
as
cxprtl.Iy'
v,-(.iid(.d.
<:
388
to
legiflatc
matters relating to
enjoyed for
that
the
principle,
not
publicly
recognized by an adt of parliament, had neverthelefs been deemed, by all wife and
juft
had no
by enadling
any law
The
would prove
highly
dangerous
to
the
white inhabitants from the inequality of the numbers, a committee of the Houfe
of Afiembly
that
ftated
it
to be their opinion,
the
harfh
comparifon
as that
negro liberty,
r.iight
made by an animated champion of who faid, " The palficd bed-ridden patient
threaten
his
a*
rationally
violence
to
his
nurfe, to
for
putting
fuilciiauce
into
mouth."
Though,
have
for
made the
limile complete,
uking
mouth."
erroneous
389
;
could fo greatly contribute to the increafe of white population, and that too of the
defcription
likely to
be moft
ufeful
for
ragement of fmall fettlers in the interior, an obfervation which has been confirmed
and that were the profpeds of acquiring property in land, and negroes taken away, no perfons in whom con-
by experience
would adventure
it
confequently
would foon
become impoffible to carry on plantations to any extent, and the moft ufeful white
population required for agricultural purpofes would be reduced to a very alarming
degree, from
internal
which
it
was evident
ifland,
that the
fafety
of the
inftead
of
being promoted
trade,
by an
abolition
of the
would be very
higlily endangered.
The
by the committee, was examined with fomc afperity, and in a language bordering
upon
infult,
by an ingenious writer,
who
has
c 3
390
of the heart,
which proceeds from a fermenting benevolence, and which raifes a fairy ground
tempting the patients to plunge from the deck into a fathomlefs He has endeavoured to fhow that ocean.
veflel,
hoftile
to this claim,
and
he
aflerts it to
may not interpofe and correct the evils that may arife from inTo this the ternal colonial regulations.
anfwer, that they did not build their claim on *the ftatute
law, but on rational ufage for
a century
;
to
more than
that
repugnant to Englifh
or
to
ftatutes
extending to
naming them
ftatutes
generally, and
could have no
colony, in v^'hich
that
it
made no
alteration
the
colonies in
all
391
all
cafes whatever,
was counteratfted by
and had never been
Third)
a<^ed
as to taxation,
upon in cafes of interior government, in which the colonial ufage conftantly prethat this Declaratory at was parvailed
;
that
manifefted
itfelf
in
North America;
ftrength-
that the
word
leg'ijiate^
however
///
all cafes
what-
legiflate
without
knowledge of the
fubjedt
to
all
on
legilocal
and
tliat
admitting the
power of
in
it
mother-country to
interfere
tlie
internal
was
but
common
when they
tiiiic
did
fo, to
go and
to
refide a certain
on
tl.c
fpot,
iuveiligate
the
dilfmce
of four
thouiaud
miles,
C; c
by
impervious
citnuls
392
)
tefli-
mony.
I ftate to
freely
and the
more
the colonifts, as
am
fenfiblc of
an ardent
tendency in
flave-trade
;
my
up
been
our ears to the reafoning of the planter, becaufe he fpeaks from felf-intereft, and
becaufe
felf-^intereft
is
may
create prejudices.
Self-intereft
may
be vicious.
Let us fupport philanthropy on both fides. Free men are kidnapped, and wars are excited to procure captives
;
fuffocation
in
loathfome tranfport,
life
!
mercilefs tyrants.
If this be true,
Oh
that the
tifh
Omnipotence
parliament
may
393
fay the
planters.
la
certain
uncivilized
immenfc
exifting
to barbarians of their
own
colour,
plunged in ignorance,
wanton
tyranny
cruelties
*.
of European colonies, and confequently of Europe, the colonifts refcue thcfe unfortunate blacks from a ftate
mote the
of horrid and favage flavery, to place them in a mild and civilized ftate of fervitude ;
they fnatch them from the mod degrading benevolent idolatr}'-, and lead them to the
In doing fyftem of the gofpel of Chrift. this, care is taken to part no happy families,
to break
no kindred
ties, to feize
No
Who Who
boafts of goUlen
liftlcfs baflfs,
f.iiuls
or flcms
tlic
And, born
may
felf-Interefl:
com-
bine with
*
Tyrant and
government amonc;
favag'">;.
improve
394
of
men
amen,
ye
who have
the aflertion,
a report in
of Africa
it
their (laves
*
;
and in which
are
alfo
not
f.
to b^
Cantrafted
We
Sierra
flaves,
Leone,
report May 1802, refpe6\ing that whoever can pofTefs himfelf of a few
of
may become
and
In
rice,
and confequently
his llrength
and
that
put themfelves under his government that in this way feme of themoftconfiderable towns in the neighbourhood of Sierra
Leone have
*'
feeble-minded or debauchtd fuccefTor," fay the reporters, *' under a variety of pretexts, (moll of which the felling,
by
fuperftition
well as in
of his countiy fupply,) thofe whom in policy as he ought to protett, deftroys in a llill jutlice
report of a
Cotnin'tllee
power which has been thus raifed." See of the Hnufe of Commons appoint ed la
pany,
|-
May
'
25//',
18^2.
The Nova Scolians and Maroons arc not likely to employ their own luts of lanes in the production of any maiciial
395
confound
the underftanding, and fufpend the judgment but when we fee the experience of
:
following points, that the flavery of Africa is worfe than that of the Wjeft Indies, and
that free negroes will not cultivate the earth
and fcanty
we may be
acrofs our
come
may
be
I
made
advance
however, with fome awe, for I am aware how unpopular the fide it feems to
take.
And
let
I
me
not be miftaken.
God
forbid that
my
fellow creatures
If that be
may
the
tcrial qi:antlty
t'.K-y
of
arlii.'!'.s
have
at dilTcreiit
abic
I'Xtci'it,
no great
can be jjlacrd on
ilicir
Umnil-cicnt
396
Omnifcient
and
is
Omnipotent
Being
to
whom
may
the truth
known, grant
!
that a flop
be immediately put to it But, left it fhould be a bleffing in itfelf,. left the abolition of
it
by
arrefting
many
thou-
fands of
its
omnipo-
accompanied
by
omnifcience,
through a
glafs darkly,
proceed to ftop
a fource of
evil
cer;:ain
The
from
"
is
confiftent
with charity and the beft feelings of humathat free negroes will not nity* ;" and
in agriculture. heartily engage
Thefe pofi-
tions
Trade,
acidrcfltd to
Lord Peuryhn,
meet-
Weft-!ndia planters, held on the 3d of May 1800. ing of Piibliflv.d by Cawthorn, a Well-India proprietor. By
Stiap.d.
from
.397
from the
fions
incidental,
unintentional confcf-
of theit antagonifts
already cited.
However
prefented to us of a
tures,
It
of
human
crea-
is
incumbent upon us
to fliut
our
our imagination againft the obeah of poetry, and to appeal to homely fa(n: and unerring
experience for the ground of adlon. mild and humane Weft-Indian, whofe
I
The
letter
muand
the colonies,
fpirit
recommends,
in
a genuine
of philanthropy, that commifTioners fhould be fent from England to the principal ports in Africa, there to
make
regula-
when
and whilft on their paflage to the Weft Iiidics. llie report of the Committee
received,
of the lioufc of
Commons
of
May
1802,
mentioned, be Induced by advantages to enter into a rational fpirit of the trade. Let
by
398
let
improved
be fairly
explained,
let
be informed of the tenure of their fervice, and not fuffered, as is faid, to imagine that
they, are purchafed like cattle to be eaten.
perhaps not impoffible by proper means to produce fuch an effe^l among the poor
It is
make them
fet
out
on the voyage with cheerfulnefs, but contend for the preference of removal.
Men
is
from a perpe-
abjed:
life
would
probably
be as eager in
of any country. To perfect this plan, might be a work of time, but not of fuch length, by centuries, as the ijitcrnal
civilization of Africa, laudably originally,
but fondly, undertaken by the Sierra Leone Company. It v/ould perhaps not be un-
worthy the confideration of that Company, on finding that they had taken a wrongground
399
ground
change
in their purfuits of
it
for
one
lefs
to be
come
for
that
which
arifes
from the encouragement that it may give to ads of violence, oppreflion, and fraud
natives
to
do
inftead
of a co-
lony exifting in perpetual dread of being flaughtered; inftead of wars with King
Jemmy
vage
as a
fa-
tribes
company,
government
feels itfclf
under, of linding a
would
(iourilh, tliey
would
Com-
cvidi'iice
IIo..f'.
iiijijKji'.inj.';
of the
of
L\)i:.:v.:j\.j
uf
May
25,
I'rl
1.
liave
400
liave
It
in their
power
thoufands and
men would
life,
be
at their eleftion
to blefs in this
and
iave eternally.
If
think that
Sierra
tice
:
mean
my
feelings, I
am
fenfible, are in
;
fome
is
refped^ fimilar to
theirs
but reafon
mentsthat flow from impulfes of the heart, however amiable, muft be corredled by the
Jecifions of the underftanding.
I
ihould,
indeed,
deem
It
in jeft advife
chants,
and undertake the very thing they reprobate, to remove men from freedom and
No
make
the change
have dared
to fuggeft,
if
40I
if
arrangements which fliould prove, that a *' mild fervitude, under humane regulations,
bed adapted to make the people removed happy, in themfelves, and ufeful inhabitants of the earth*.'* This
is
the fyftem
view of the prelent Hate of flavery in Jamaica, to which I fiiall proceed after making a few obfervanaturally leads us to take a
tions
on two
points,
more immediately
of the flave-
fubje^l
The
caufes that
Weft
have been impartially ftated by Mr. Edwards. The colon! fts in improving the condition of their flaves, have
Indies,
means
to
promote
till
coha-
and poly-
gamy, or
* Weft
Ir;d!a
Vol. U.
women
402
head negroes abolifhed, which can only be by the introdudion of chriftianity, and the laws of marriage, there
can be no hope of any great alteration in
this particular
;
women by
though
it is
known
faft,
that
on fome
eftates the
population does
all
increafe:
impediments
be
fo
could
not
rapid
a
as to afford
country without a
With refpedl to cultifupply of Africans. vation by free negroes, how little acquainted mufl; they be with the negro character
can be led to believe that free negroes would, or could carry on the variety of
who
work
neceiTary
upon
for
g.
fugar eftate.
In
Africa,
the
little
cultivation
trade,
is
undertaken
carried
near the
;
coafts
on
by Haves and we have (^en in a committee of the Houfe of Commons, the chief fupporters of African liberty deipair of
any great attention to agriculture from two confiderable bodies of free negroes, which
one would imagine decifive of tlie quefiion. There never was an inflance of a free nc^j-'ro o
(403)
hiring himfelf to
work
as
I
plantation-
In the inftances
have given of
labour
the
letter, their
was
confined
to
the
cutting
down
woods, and clearing and planting the land ; which they undertook for a fpecific fum, and
performed
to fupply
at their leifure
but no
Maroon
tra{h, or ftoke
dred of the Trelawney Town Maroons, not more than forty or fifty ever undertook any
work but
for themfelves,
Of the
a dollar a day,
I
have men-
tioned.
Befides, cattle-keepers,
Add
on
;
would be no
arife
rcdrcfs
any
lofs that
might
from
nugllgciicc
a 2
and
404
and the
free
man might
fervice at a
moment's warning
Let us
now
let
contemplate llavery as
it
maica, and
Weft
which
it
has
pleafed
God
!
to call them.
What
ry
?
God
call
men
to a ftate of flave-
Be not
furprifed,
my
friend
have
ftill
not recanted
an
my former opinions; I am
name of llavery.
;
enemy
to the very
all
I
all
w^ould have
men
free
would have
I
men
virtuous, religious,
and happy.
would
Among
this refpeft
mand
houfe
Ignited States,
vt
when
alT.cd
whom
he
banlfti
405
banifli vice
from the moral world, and evil from the natural one. I would make earth
I
a paradife, and
late
would in
fucceflion tranf-
men
eternity.
What
think you
for the
I
is
not this
mode chofen
to
by Providence,
operations
?
conduct of his
intitled
am
not
the
gratitude of
mankind
for being fo
much
my
;
none of
mandates
of
infinite
wifdom,
humbly acknow-
ledge.
not be denied by thofe who allow his fuperintendence he has permitted it, as he has
:
thefe
it
is
the part
of
man
to counteracSt
and
fo,
alleviate.
He
do
is
not forbidden to do
his duty
;
and
it
it Is
a part
of
it
but he mufl do
it
wifely, to
well
he muft do
inflead
creafe
flioiild
of mitigating the
think
it
no
inconfiftency in
him who
the re-
advifes a general
emancipation
as
d 3
mcdy
4o6
amputation for the gout. I am the enemy of tyranny, and the friend of happinefs ; an enemy to that " which of the
medy
of this
evil, to advife
llavery,
implies
degradation
wound up and
and a friend
ture ;"
which
refults from virtue, and which every man, " whether he be bond or free," muft owe
Let us
men
Let us equally avoid inflaming the minds of any clafs of people with pidures of unattainable enjoyments, while
we endeavour to
terms
there
is
independence
dencies, in
which the
of fome, confidered
is
apparently
to
miferablc
condition
when compared
the
enjoyments
race.
allotted to others
of the
human
To
407
pinefs
iituadons of
it,
of
content.
Of the
content and hope are the fourccs of felicity : the diftin(flions bellowed by fortune are
if
happy while others are more fortunate and happier, life would indeed be
none are
to be
but fcenes of confufion and mifery. But even in a comparative view, the condition
of the flaves in Jamaica does not rank the In the moft loweft or mod unfortunate.
enlightened quarter of the world, in Europe, a great portion of mankind are in a ftate of
mifery far more deplorable than what is to be found among the Well-Indian blacks ;
and perhaps
rilon
in
in
might
The compariis
it
my
;
them here
at large
only mean to attribute flavcry, like all other conditions of life, to the operations of
Divine Providence,
and to
confuler
it
the
has pleafed
d 4
Ccd
4o8
In that
(late
be.
much may
yet
done, to render
happy
from that
ftate to
pendence enjoyed by their mafters, would rather be to plunge them into mifery than
to extricate
them from
it.
Again
if
beg you
;
to believe
me
is
but
happinefs
be,
the queftion
liberty,
human
among
the blacks,
the want of liberty is not inconflftent with a portion of happinefs fuperior to what is
enjoyed by many who are deemed free not the happinefs of educated minds, but
:
w^hat
is
mafs of mankind, a certainty of being provided for through life, and agreeable feelings in their intercourfe
Slavery, in the
among
it
themfelves.
manner
be an abomination to every
man who
has
anv
409
modified by humane mailers, it prefents not thofe horrors which foinc lively imagi-
nations and good hearts attach to it. That the (late of it in the Weft Indies previous
to the time of our prefent inquiry,
confiftent in
ples of
was
in-
many
refpe<fls
is
humanity, there
ample teftimony.
of the negro was too frequently forgotten ; labour was puflied to an enormous excef^,
and the modes of coercion were difgraceful and barbarous. But there was alfo a number of good mafters at
generally
felves
;
all
times,
and thefe
were
the
Weft-Indians themis,
for, ftrange as it
the cruelties
we
havt
fo
much
be charged to Europeans, not indeed men of refined education, but fuccefsful adventurers.
It
is
not,
however,
my
ta{k
to
expofe a monfter no longer exifting, let us therefore turn from the paft, and take a
The
4IO
The
country
their
upon
their
immediate
but,
in
upon
to cultivate thf
foil,
and
perform every bufmefs enjoined them, as a duty ; and this duty they are compelled to perform. The mode of labouring is
adapted to the nature of the culture in
which they are engaged, and is much the fame as defcribed in the fuccind: hiftory
of Jamaica.
to them,
we
following regulations
proof lands, are obliged to allot and prietors appoint a fufficient quantity of land for
and ordinances
Mafters,
who
are
every flave he has, and allow him fufficierit time for working it, and are moreover
bound
acre
to
at leaft
one
in
for
planted
who
4M
other means.
All
owners
are
bound
to
keep their fick, aged, or difabled negroes, and to provide them with wholefome neceflaries
of
life
to clothe
and
to inftrud:
them
gion.
and imprifoned ; and in very atrocious cafes, where the owners are conbe
fined
vided of the
are
to
be made free,
and the
fine
of a
who
in confideration thereof,
to
pay the enfranchiied negro ten pounds and the juftices and a-year during his life
;
Whoever wantonly,
kills,
is
wil-
bloody-mindedly,
or caufcs
to
to fuffer death
Whoever wan-
tonly or cruelly, whips, maltreats, beats, bruifes, wounds, or confines, without fufficient fupport,
any
flave or flaves,
Is
liable
to fine
and imprifonment.
is
All arbitrary
punifliment
crime
412
is
crime committed
than ten lafhes,
deemed
fhall
to deferve
more
the
it
not be inflicted on
in
any plantation or
fettlement, but
is
nor in any workhoufe or jail, but in the prefence of the fupervifor or keeper, and
on no account
fhall
with more than thirty-nine lafhes or caufe him to be whipped twice in one day, or
a
fecond
time
before
the
delinquent
is
punifhment.
and loading them with heavy chains, are Sick, prohibited under a fevere penalty.
old,
owners not
care of
by the
The
negroes are
times in the
reftridions
;
allowed holidays
year under
at particular
certain
political
to cultivate
own
They
the
work upon
43
during crop
births
required to
make annual
returns of
their deaths,
under the penalty of one hundred pounds for every neglect of return.
After
and deaths,
is
entitled
reward from the proprietor of thre6 pounds for every one on the
encreafed
proprietor
lift,
is
repaid to the
his taxes.
by a deduction from
Every female having fix children living is exempted from hard labour ; and her
owner from every tax on her account, if {he is provided with the means of an eafy
and comfortable maintenance. Slaves charged with offences for which they are liable
to be punifhed with death or tranfportation,
are to
\)e
tried
by
II
4H
pannelled to ferve on juries, at a flave-court held for the purpofe before three
juftices.
The
is
to be performed in a public
and folemn
manner, and by no other mode than that of hanging ; and when feveral are
capitally
offence,
one only
murder
and
The
proceedings on thefe
Inferior crimes
trials
are to be recorded.
and mifdemeanors are punilhable in a more fummary manner, on a hearing before two
juftices
of the peace,
who
are
empowered
to
labour.
Such are the ordinances for the protection and comfort of the negroes, and
for the
encouragement of population
more humane
human
i
nature
it
may
not
unrea-
415
the
various
reftridiions
neceflarily
impofed
on
fo
that liberty, or
freedom of
agency
much
talked
of,
and fo
little
known.
philanthropifts,
:
we
cannot
thefe ordithe planters off fo eafily nances may be mighty fine in contempla-
tion,
Is
but are
protedlion,
who
are
adive
in
efpoufing
whom
are
they dare
to
rid
fly
when
injured
How
we
cattle,
or cart,
whip
Do
not
we know
from
as
that the
catchpolcs,
friends,
torn
their
houi"c3
tlic
and
pay-
and fold
debts
? ?
chattels for
Is
ment of
religion
cultivated
J).iy
among them
Is
not
the
Lord's
to
working
the
4>(5
in
order
to
perfect
it
the colonial
fyftem,
and
to render
fully efficient.
"
But,'*
"
of the portico is incomplete ? In what country are the laws fully and univerfaily
efficient
?
Is it in Britain
No.
We
can
only,
therefore, repeat
the
language
we
may
to
enable us to
make
further provifions,
certain,
Taking
ration
is
it
fmccre,
us fee
how
far ihclr
opponents are iouudcd in the obfcrvation^ and queftiOiMS above (latcd, and inquire
whai
41?
what
is
yet to be
rational
hope of
of the
colonifts.
The Council of
which
is
Pronot
noble,
is
fmcere,
it
may
accounted honourable.
cation,
Let
men
of edu-
unconneded with
are
to
a(lt,
the diftridts in
which they
of the law
officers
;
let
them
the ideas raifed by inquilitors and informers, let them be every where efleemed as the
guardians
energy,
of humanity,
prized
for
and
which
fpirit
have only to
to
rcfletSt
II. all
be
their
executed with
glory
on the
colony.
Vol.
Ee
4>8
Till colony, and filence its enemies*. this, or fome (imilar plan, be adopted, till a mode of obtaining pure evidence with eafe be devifed, thefe noble ordinances
muft
in
fome
parts flumber,
and
will
be con-
by the adverfaries of the colonial But let me not fyftem as mere blinds.
fidered
be mifundcrftood
fuggeft the
I
for
in
venturing
to
am
far
from intending
day the generality of Weft India proftand in need of any other obferver prietors
this
than the demigod of the bofom, or that inftances of oppreffion are now very common ; nor let it be forgotten, that fmce
the paffing of the confolidated law, feveral
perfons
injuries
for
wanton
from
well
and feverity
they
that
to
their flaves
it
which
died
but
is
too
known,
on
eftates
little
of the proprietors,
paid
nominate annually three freeholders to be Guardians of the Slaves, who are to take an oath to fee the law duly executed.
to
419
and comfort
of the negroes.
fhould keep a
The
ftridl
Council of Protection
eye on
all
eftates in
my
laft
letter
claufe of the
The mode
on
eftates, is
advocates of freedom.
whip
as
much
as
am
of
to
it
would not be
Ancient
its
is
cuftom
no good plea
in
behalf of
or, as
continuance.
The head-man,
little
he
dignity in his
this
own
by being deprived of
as
badge
fal
his
might be very
eafily confoled
by giving
him
round knob
e 2
that
(420
that
it
been long a mere enfign of office, and we have but to turn to the confolidated
law, to fee
it
what
little
ufe can be
made of
by him, and of courfe decide for ourfelves whether it can be made the cruel
inftrument of equalizing the exertions of poor weakly negroes with thofe of the
ftrong and vigorous.
This
is
one of the
;
wealth
is
life
of man.
I
It
truft
it is it
To
it
fhut this
mouth of
to
clamour, the
planter
would do well
confider whether
to
fubftitute
would not be
labour
a
it
better
certain
for
daily
ftated
fet
portion of work,
when
given
can be
and performed with eafe in America, where the proprietors are gainers by it, and it might
off.
Such
tafks
are
equal fuccefs
planters, dlf-
Weft
Indies.
Many
liking the
noife of the
cattle-whip, have
abolifhed
421
of
it
on
their
eflates
it is
to philanthropifts,
For many years this obnoxious inftrument was laid afide on the eftate of a gentleman,
who was
of
it,
did
little
good.
culprits
foldier's
cat-o-nine- tails
In the
negroes,
who had
day
to entitle
them
to the enjoy-
ment of
and
to
eafe
of iheir
called
lives,
who
in fad:
were never
upon
all
it
Kc
orders
422
it
had
the efFet' of preventing their wives from breeding, or they fhould certainly have
Each of
thefe
men
had a young wife, having plenty to maintain her with ; and the fecret fpring of
the complaint preferred proved to be, that
the
gallants of the
young wives
old
incited
them
to perfuade the
men
to
make
the
this reprefentation,
and
try to
effect
and the
reftoration of
the whip.
On
declared
would go on much better for the change, which their perfeverance obtained to their great joy.
next charge againft the colonifts is of the moll ferious nature, and which,
The
however
difficult
to
remedy,
it
is
im-
poffible to defend.
Aware
fideration of
it
by
and confident
that they
423
this
fufion,
fuffer
to
remove
will
evil,
v^rill
not
my
it.
pen to exprefs
I
my
fentiments
only obferve that the effeds of the credit laws call loudly upon the colonifts for amendment. The Britifli
upon
ads of parliament
tels
that
made negroes
chat-
for the
repealed,
to
payment of debts have been but no plan has yet been devifed
tempt the colonial legiflature to venture upon an alteration of the interior laws
in this refpet.
But while
if
this grievance
on the
colonial
remain vulnerable ; and it is to be hoped that the defire of perfeding their code wiH lead the colonifts to the difcovery of
fome wife expedient, to prevent the cruelties unavoidably arifing from the execution of
civil fuits.
While
cruelties
charged to indi-
fpringing from the laws muft not be fuffered to remain a dlfgrace to the legiflature,
whom
v;ith
it
own
u])oa
language,
their
when
interefts.
Being
c
called
by
4H
to
by the government
(laves a
raife
among
the
corps of pioneers, v^hat did the Houfe of Aflembly fay? This: " In whatever
manner the
affefs
legiflature
of this ifland
might
number
much
required for the intended corps, diftrefs, and even cruelty, v^ould
refult, as the
and from
every other
tie
them/'
We
are
now
to confider the
neglel of
be one more important to the mind, of man. The world has long had in its view the extraordinary fight of a Chriftian
community fupporting
their
in
the
bofom of
them
of man, of his
and of
his re-
demption. That fo many hundred thpufands of men in the Weft Indies fhould
be
425
be fufFered to remain in fuch ignorance and irreligion, is a fcandal that could not
efcape
the juft,
though
fevere,
animad-
was
felt,
The and we
law enact-
in
their abfence,
of flaves,
fhall, as
much
as in
them
endeavour
them
to
for
baptifm,
and
to
caufe
fenfible
It
them
be
baptifed
when made
faith.
made
.ttend
their
of inftruding negroes who will come to them. By thefe ordinances, be they ever fo much neglected, the leglflature has done
its
duty
for
Icfi
the confciences of
men?
Is
tlicrc
in
litis
426
country any puniihment for thofe who negledl the religious inftrudion of their
this
children or domeftics
of coercion be tolerated
been done,
lative
all
by
legif-
means
*.
done
to
in
Jamaica
Mafters are
enjoined
promote
religion,-
the devout, and the clergy are bound tq inftrud. The reft muft be the refult of
principles
and manners.
I
The know
truth,
I
and
be
fhall
forgiven by thofe
it, is,
who
is
by
that religion
fhamefully neglected
by
it
thofe
if
who
and
is
greatly
for
owing
to
the abfence of
all
* Laws
feldom
the obfervance
of the
Sabbatli-day arc
condul
a
to produce much reform in irreh'gious but notwithftanding what I have remarked rethere feems to be wanting ipedling the law of Jamaica,
known
;
to prevent mafters, or others, working their on a Sunday. The heaviefl penakies H^ould be nesjroes laid on this mifdemeanor. Though far from being a
claufe
it
car.cs to t!ie
mill
devotlor^
427
devotion
among
on the
plantations.
Religion
fcarcely
known
belonging to parifhes of St. Elizabeth and WeftmoreThe land, and a few other diflenters.
credit
for
their
among
it
unfortu-
nately
in
England, are
for
away by
certain
reputation
management obtained by
they appoint their attordiffer
fome men
nies,
whom
men who
in
utility
opinion with
them refpeding
eftablifhments.
vians,
the
of religious
But
why
fhould
Mora-
why
cefsful in
miniftcrs of the
Church of England?
twenty
from the
abjetft
condition of the
blacks,
eman-
cipation.
4^8
this
cipation *.
ftacles
But
error,
he
:
enumerates,
it
removed
is
now
yet religion
in
makes
negroes
fenters,
little
:
or
all
fuccefs
it
accompanies Difthe
as
did
before
improvenegroes.
ment of
*'
the
condition
the
of
the
If
fuch be
effeds
even
of erro-
neous fyftems of faith, what might not be expeifled from the docfirines of the
Church of England, inculcated with equal In this fentence is the fecret zeal f ?"
of our failure
fpring
fions,
difclofed.
Zeal
is
the great
of
fuccefs
it
in
religious
converthat,
and
is
an undeniable truth
exaked as our clergy are by learning, talents, piety, and virtue, in zeal they are
generally
defedive.
I
rence, nor do
in this obfervation
mean
* Sermon preached before the Incorporated Society for the Projjagaiion of the Gofpel in foreign Parts, Feb. 23,
1783, by the Bifhop of Chefter,
t Ibid,
in a note.
now Bifhop
of London.
to
429
to
cad the
llighteft
difrefped: in
whofe functions
are
my
on
among whom
to
the cha-
miflionary
is
not fo in that
of a Proteftant
clergyman fixed among Chriftian parilliioners, and In whofe education a variety of circumftances
to
combine
degrade enthufiafm, and to defpoll It even of its real value. He reafons v/ith
his
the
and their
to
fenfes.
,as
The
habits
of polite
life,
which
a gentleman
he
is
early
introduced,
alfo
render
him
he
unfit to be
employed
mingle,
as a milFionary:
does
not
he docs not
minds.
alFocIate
with uninformed
If ever
he
it
is
is
ment
to
fome departing
fpirit.
He
goes
not habitually to convcrfe on the burden of lite and the joys of heaven, on the
fins
43'^
Chrift,
ftiort
on
his
example and
men
in the
to attach
them
to their
early habits
but
how
adapted he is to the tafk of converting heathens in foreign countries, may be feen at home in the fuccefs obtained
little
over him by men, inferior to him in every refpet, who invade his fold, and rob him
melancholy truth, that the negroes in our colonies have been left to a favage heathenifm, while thofe of the
catholic countries have been infl:ruted in
of his
flock.
It is a
priefts
on the
bounty of
w^hile
to
he became bifhop of Meaux for fome information on the fubjed, and at the
him
fame
431
fame time
The
the
Jefuits,
their
endeavours.
and
fole
fuperior,
who
fele(Sted
thofe he
thought beft
fitted for
the mlirion.
Chrif-
of perfedion and myftic enthufiafm, was To this add the foul of thofe inftitutions.
the advantage which celebacy gives to our
miflionaries,
by keeping them
free
from
to
is
mind
wholly devoted to its object. 1 think, too, that iliofc of our clergy who are
truly
religious,
are
more zealous
for the
fdlvation of fouls,
church though
equally
is
Nct-
withflanding what
ity
faid
I
of the fuperfiuliave
of our ceremonies,
fomctlmcs
thought that your clergymen coniine thcinfdvcs more th.an ours lu the externals ax
6
tlio
432
on
ftated days.
We
more
attend
more
to indivi-
duals, in
ficknefs,
and other
to
cafes.
Our
bifhops labour
priefthood, and,
ly
when
ordained,
more clofe*
their condud:.
Your
inftitutors
collators
to
benefices,
than look up to them as fpiritual fathers, beloved and revered. This was alfo the
cafe
lefs
generally, if
I
may
depend upon
give
my
obfervations.
cannot
you a
my clergy by means of the negroes of Martinique. The letters, which were written at the beginning
ftroyed
;
and indeed
my
worthy cure
fel-
dom
fent
me more
tlie
negroes really good, and very grateful for the kindnefs bellowed
He
thought
upon them.
little
He
loved them
as
his chil-
fick,
the
them
in all their
433
their
little
interefts
and concerns.
He died
and exer-
of
took to fee
alive,
they were heard to fay, that he muft certainly be Chrift himfelf come again on
earth to comfort them.
What
faith, fenfi-
bility,
precious
ignorance,
and
amiable
fimplicity, does this expreflion difplay! and what a eulogy on him who was the inno-
cent occafion of
it !'*
letter,
and
it
to
you*.
You
*
<*
What
my
dear friend
When
I re
fo terrible, fo unexpe6lcd,
my
and to infpire only wifh was to mingle my tears with yours, your poor heart with a fortitude which ftems above our
natural weaknefs.
*'
J'
ai
vail
relatif a
beaucoup voyage dernierement pour finir un tramon nouvcau Diocefe ; ct dcpuis que j'ai
Vol.
II.
dc
434
)
firft
You may
page, unlefs
you choofe
heart
faifoit le
bonheur.
Ce
Mais vous
foeur:
mais
fa
pauvre
pour vous confoler. J' attends votre guerifon du temps, du trifte plaifir, que vous aurez pris a la pleurer, et^ par deflus
tout, de cette main bienfaifante qui frappe et qui gucrit, qui
afflige
et qui confole*
relativement a
Ifles d'
etabliflement
eft
Amerique, m'
abfolument inconnu, dumoins quant aux details, et je ne Cc crois pas que nous en ayons une hiftoire particullere.
qui concerne St.
Domingue
edlfiantes
eft
ebauche dans
le
:
yeme
vous
volume des
lettres
y troyverez cnti;' en prefence du Roi d' Efpagne, par I'Evcque de Dariea contre les Indiens de St. Domingue, et par le vertucux LasCafas Eveque de Chiappa en leur faveur.
cins et les
Mais
les
Capu-
auffi
exafte
que
Jefuites
au moins
le
435
)
it
heart to a
wounded one:
refers to
young
friend of his, of
pas.
Avec du temps
qu'on cd
eft
propres reflexions
manque de
qui animoit
L'
cfprit
de Corps
ajoutoic beau*
coup d'cnergie a
ceux
leur aftion.
Un
L' obciflance
la
perfedion
faifoit
1'
ame de
ces
inllitutious.
Ajoutez
inquietude fur
1'
le
eft
toutc cntiere a
objet
'*
fiijcts
Q^uoiqu'on
parmi vous dc
la
fuper-
notres a I'extcricur
du
fcrvicc
Nous
prciions plus de
luiii
Acs niahidc*, ct dc
1'
inflrudtion
f 2
Chr^ticnr.c
436
ibme years
to a
young
friend of mine,
whofe
Nos Evequcs
le
s'occupent davantagc
fujets
pour
la direftlori
uae
fois
ils
font prctres.
Ce
defaut
parmi
les notrcs,
toutefoiiS je
*'
qudque
du DIdcefe de Troyes
pendant
le
cours de
la
revolution.
vou$
dire,
avec
des
d' attendriffement,
que
fommes
affez
confidcrabks
ai
:
"
Au
moment 6u
j* etois
pres dc
verent d' un
autre l\eniifphere
et
les
hommes
lea
plutf
mon
Diocefe,
Provi-
&c,"
"J'ai
437
whofe friendfhip with me was of the rareft kind, whofe prefence difFufed happinefs, whofe
"
me
d'
J' ai
malheureufement detruit
la
M.
Wiel, cure
Eclance dans
ifle
Diocefe de Troyes,
fuite
et tran{'plante
dans
czlit
en
de
la
Martinique, cet
Ijomme admirable
que mou
m' envoya de
diftribuer princi-
aimoit
comme
fes enfans,
do
ment
De
longues et frt-qucntes
fumc en pen
ceP.ives.
d' annees,
par
la
fitigue, et
les
Ic,-,
fucurs cxdire
q'.i'il
De
fon
vivant
on
cntcndus
ctoit
tcrrc
fur la
fciiil-
QjlIIc
foi,
quelle
ct
li
" Son
fucccffjur a contiiuie
!c nu'-:iK
^'.v^
ea nc
lui
rfj
438
lui Ics
memes epanchcmens du
pas perfonnelleraent,
cceur, parceqiie je ne le
coq11190
noiffois
quoiqu'il fut
frere
de
digne cure.
le
Quant a
chef d'oeuvre de
la
**
dire
que je
fuls votre
ami
celui-la
me
fufBt.
Adieu,
my
dear friend
je courrai
,**
EvEQUE PE MeAUX,"
439
LETTER
7he SuhjeB of Religion
propo/ed.
fetit to
XXL
Plan for Mtjftonaries
Obfervations on
continued.
Maroons.
in the
Jamaica
the
Domingo.
Improbo"
Plans for
JL/ET US purfue the theme which was broken off by the conclufion of my laft
letter.
The want of
zeal,
the
want of
are the
caufes
among
the
;
When
the
the clergy,
fliall
employed
feel
propagate
gofpel,
apoflolic
glow
for the
falvation of fouls
in
when
fliall
the
a6t
;
white people
the
colonies
of faith
preach to the poor and wretched of Kurope, that this is a world of mifery in
rf4
which
440
patience, looking ta
fhall ceafe
it is
a world
are
ex-
of
blifs
eluded 5
we may hope
drawn of
focieties
of truly Chriflian negroes, impreffed with a juft fenfe, and living in the habitual
practice of the feveral duties they
owe
to
God,
to
their
matters,
to
their
fellow
The
dcr
pendenee on the remote blifs of a future ftate inculcated by our Saviour, is fliaken
by
that immediate
promife of happinefs
in emancipation given
Howand
ever affluence
may
the
Indies, humility
corner ftones
of the of
Temple of
Chrift.
The
refult
facrifices
God
fins,
of our
own
fpiritual,
but
temporal,
441
^o
man.
it
with awe v/hat a monftcr improvement has lately been manifefted the parent of
;
atheifm, of treafon,
flavery.
it
of murder,
and of
But
example
will
for
negroes,
like
other
men,
among
the negroes,
*
The negroes, having no reference to, the niarriage ceremony, commonly call women who cohabit for a conThe following dialogue ftancy with a man, his wives.
aclually palTed between a mailer and his flavc, wiiu
had
"
back again."
''
Mc
\vi t
NLl'a
" What!
have you not taken Sue, Jupiter's wife Jupiter da ** wi her, maffa, fo me t:ikc her." have two Wliut part
!
?""
fo
MafTa, wha make yon corDc you no hub two witc youfeU?"
"
uiion
to
442
the regulations
be aflured, that the dodrines of humility and relignation will never proceed effectually
pear
Hoping, then, that philanthropifts are becoming more guarded, and colonifts more
pradiof fome plan for producing thofe cability benefits which might be expeded from a
zealous co-operation of the clergy.
devout,
let
us
enquire
into
the
I will venture to
fay that
little
or no
fuccefs
is
to be
legiflative
Eftimating the number of the clergy in Jamaica by the parifhes, there is not above
form
may
num-
443
fli
country-towns
where
abfur-
believe
there
are fifteen.
The
10,000 catechumens, fome of whom, with the utmoft expedition, could not perform in three days the journey they would have
to take,
out.
is
Think of
tion
occafionally performed
being aflembled, has hardly time in the forenoon to lay a hand on each head and
pronounce a
four words.
blefling
contained in thirty-
To
hand.
Why
take hints
Among
*'
every
cipal
444
empowered
to
inform
civil
magiftrates, if
any
Indians are deprived of their ju ft rights*". The Indian Frote^or may have furnifhed
the idea of the
why
con-
appointment of clergymen to
venient
ftated
ftruding the blacks, unconneded with the but amenable to the King's ecparifli duties,
clefiaftical
commiffaries
The proprietors
of
contiguous eftates might be bound jointly to provide on the moft convenient fpot, be the
property whofe it will, a good houfe, and fome acres of pafturage, for the miffionary's
ufe
;
to a decent
maintenance
be made by them, or
the country.
by the government of
The
expence of thefe eftablifhments could not be great, and fhould not be named when
* Robertfon's Aracn'ca.
the
445
the benefits to be
confidered.
fo ftationed
arc
The
I
4^ties of a miffionary
ftate.
will not
To
require of
him
from the
negroes by the Bifhop of Meaux*s Cure, would be perhaps expelling too much,
more
;
his
fuccefs
by the by,
in
which we find
with the energy of adion, and example in promoting the objeds of his heavenly little or no enthufiafm of lanmifTion,
guage.
The
confift
great zeal
we
in
require of the
an
own
To overcome
;
their ignorance,
he muft
years cKl,
is
446
His being a married man, far from being an objedion, would be a recommendation.
and grounded
gave
is
on
thofe
motives which
Ghriflians,
rife
to
it
among fmcere
among men.
with
the
am
too
acquainted
Weft-Indies
would
married
be
a
:
better miffionary
befides,
than a
man
an
ej^ample
important
obje<St.
and family in the centre of a diftri^t to which he could extend his care with eafe,
might not be hoped from a good man, fmcere in his faith, and ftrenuGus in the difcharge of his duty ? Be-
what
effed:
fides
difleminating
religion,
blefled
he
might be a
check
them
a docility
innprove
his
447
rate like a
charm throughout
to
him
look as a fpring of energy, and he might enable them to give efficiency to the law.
The
plan,
great,
is
of the
purfuits
It
eftates
all
of his
diftriiSt.
In
moral
obftacles arife
from the
paffions.
and confirmed by the conduct of the miffionary, that no part of his duty will lead
him
any temporal interference in the plantations, and that the very reverfe of
to
idlenefs
and difcontent
is
to be the refult
By
refped;
to
and kindncfs
the
white perfons einployed on the various eftates, a mild and fcnfible man would
overcome
the
jealoufy
feared,
and
by
dif-
and unfailing
he
would
fecurc
ic\
in
urn
448
fow.
But
in
order to
prevent
all
interference of a
nature to be injurious
mifli-
onary
mud
be
made amenable
to
the
planter, or others
re-
newable every five }^ears after the firft ten* A lift of the names of the miflionaries might
be kept in the
office
bifhop of Canterbury ; and fome of the benefices at the difpofal of the church might be
devoted to the ultimate provifion for them. Such a profpefl too would be an incentive
to zeal, as the expedled prefentation
might
condud
449
condu(3: of the
mlffionary.
Nor fhould
ecclefi-
the knowledge
folely
aftical
of that
conduct depend
triennial, or feptennial,
vifitors
fent to the
colonies to
as
make
Head
of the Church,
affairs
of the
ftate
of
ecclefiaftical
in
thofe parts
of his
empire.
Doubt, expcnce, the diftafle for innovation, and luke-warmnefs on facrcd fubjeds, not to fay irreligion, will caufe fuch a fcheme to be long poftponcd, and perPerfuaded of haps ultimately rcjeifled.
this, I
it
would be
good plan
Chridianlty
among
Maroons now
dren being brought up Chridians. Many of the grown people arc baptized, but
when
ule the
word
Chriftlan,
in^.ply
Vol. n.
t;
knfe
450
and
fenfe
of the truth
blefling
of Re-
velation.
This
in
fenfe
is
awakened
men who
but
the
plan that
is
affords
the
beft
profpe6: of fuccefs,
miflionaries in the
ftru6t
the eftablifhment of
to In-
Maroon towns,
to catechize
the young,
them, to
baptize infants
their parents
on a folemn aflurance of
no impediments
fhall
that
be given to their being brought up in the faith of Chrifi, to baptize the growing
undertaking to conform to the ordinances of the church, to protheir
youth on
mote marriages,
to inculcate induftry
and
regular tillage.
in a
few years thefe towns fo guided, vv'ould become Chriftian communities, and
under able and benevolent fuperintendants, they might be made of the utmoft
that
importance
151
of the
iiland in general.
Before
it
quit
the
fubjed of religion,
the year
will
be proper to
ftate that, in
1795, which was previous to the alteration of the ecclefiaftical regimen in Jamaica, a clergyman of the Church of England
was
by
Weft-India
iflands*
letter
He
carried
of
recommendation from the Bilhop of London, prefident of the fociety, to the Governor of Jamaica. His name was Munn;
he
was
an
amiable
man,
and a very
in
zealous divine.
after
He
he
making
that
feveral
cxcurfions
the
had not only received every attention and civility on the eftates he had vifited, but had been allowed
country,
the
frceft
communication with
fituation
the
nefar
groes,
whofe
he declared was
Gg2
to
452
to find
it.
He
acknowledged
that
he had
but that
witneffed, he
faw among them more of the comforts of life, more apparent contentment, more
happinefs than he had ever feen
the
among
in
labouring
order
of
people
any
country.
He
fucceeding in makirlg many good Chriftians, and faid that the obftacles he had
heard
of,
arifing
for-
mer
or
habits,
him,
kflen
his
teftimony, and
relieve
the
Ghriftian
and
philanthropic
at
anxieties
of Britifh
bofoms, and
colonifts to
the
embrace
the plan of diftrid: miffionaries ? For if a fmgle clergyman had fuch a profped of
then
commend
453
commend
their
to
tlie
care of the
members
in
refpedive parifhes, the morals and religion of their negroes, as we have al-
ready had the pleafure of hearing one recommend their happhicfs : " I have nothing particular to recommend to you at our
parting,"
clufion
fuid
of the feflion of 1797, " except the purfuit of fuch humane and provident
meafiires,
in
your
refpeCtive
parifhes,
during the approaching holidays, as are likely to fecure the tranquillity of the
ifland,
flaves."
We
now drawing
my
tafk
perity
it.
The
of Jamaica
ia
St.
is,
cannot
contemplate the
fl:ru;.^glc
:
Domingo
perhaps,
yet there
danger
in
reality to
be ar-preliended
excc[)t tint
l'"i"cnch
from the
ariling
iirue
of
tlic
conilicl,
from
tiie
j-roximlty ol the
vowcr.
Tile
nou-Mi
^'
of
tree,
acTive,
>
nijn'O
454
any
realbnable
foundation.
Were
the
and any government attempted, it would be that of tyrants and flaves, as in Africa.
A certain
chieftains,
for
The
called
make
may -be
by any other name than jflavery, but notwithftanding what has been faid of
the former
man
black mafters,
who would
Government of
the
St.
Domingo
chiefs,
falling into
hands of black
would moft
probably terminate in a much worfe ftate of flavery than ever exifted before in the
Weft-Indies
:
chiefs,
in
my
ftate
of things
it
find
I
their
455
principles of Touflaint.
Suppofe, on the
is
much
all
lefs
were
and
that
the
in
pendent
people
ftate
what
is
to be feared
from
who
a(5t
union, without energy? and who, though Be near, are feparated by the ocean ?
this as
it
cannot be too
much upon
to the
ifland,
their
guard,
of the
to with
alacrity,
and a
contempt
internal
of expence.
danger,
it is
With
refpedl:
to
not likely that a general infurIf fome of the redlion will ever happen.
negroes are difcontented, fome are happy and attached to their mafters, therefore una-
nimity in rebellion is not to be apprehended. In thofe that have failed and thofe that have
taken place, difcoverles have always been
made, and
groes.
all
faithful
affi
(lance given,
by ne-
Even
g 4
true
456
!
true to their
m afters
were murdering the king in France, their incendiaries were ufing his name to compel
the negroes to
embrace
the
revolution.
fates
of their mat-
them
till
they found
abandoned by men whom they loved, and who could no longer protedl them, they were forced to fubmit
and trepidation,
till,
to emancipation.
Confiderable bodies of
La
Kinna, a negro, to oppoi^ the torrent of Befides this principle of jacobin freedom.
attachment, which
is
more
why
infurredtions cannot
a fecrct committee.
Vqtes of
798.
be
457
be extenfive.
The
are
free people
of colour,
and
negroes,
them.
Arms
the genenegroes are not ufed to them rality of the flaves refide in the low- lands
and open
little
All internal
lodions of fugitive?, their flying to the rccedls of the woods, and becoming a rallying point
for
the
difcontented.
.The
grand objedt, then, of the inhabitants of Jamaica, fhould be the fettlement of white
people in the interior of
this tlic Afl'cmbly
tlie iiland.
Of
and
feemcd
to be fcnfible in
on
propofal
for
made
to
them by General
of military
Nugent
an
arrangement
for
recommended,
that
voted
is
2CjCod/.
purpofe.
arrap.gca
'.)-2
great
11:11
wlidom
tlicy
in thcic
n';cnts,
biit
are
upon
To fmall
fc^'e, tl.at
I'le
troops JUiy in a
manner
a (laU
:\^
laid to be ;.l.va)s
upon the
can
b'j
al._rr,
i'.i
whic'i
iivj
((.'..ktv
coiilidcfcJ
e::-
458
)
is
joying that
the
refult
ftability
of
civilization.
The
interior
fettlements, alluded
to
by
the Aflembly,
were propofed, like the other fettlements of the ifland, to" originate gradually by the
*
gleanings of the induflrious white people, who laying by enough to purchafe a few
negroes,
cultivate parcels
of land.
tion,
makes no
of the white and black population, and is not the kind of fettlement beft fuited to the
Inprote6:ion and fecurity of the ifland. calculable advantages might be derived from
meafures which are fuggefted by a view of the country in reference to the variety of
climates
it
affords.
The
low-lands
are
mountains cool and bracing. In the former, white people fmd it impoflible
fultry, the
not fo in the
latter,
eafy.
from
Europe be encouraged
to Jamaica.
let
to Hiape
its
current
fettlers,
Germans
are
good
women
459
women
interior
on
certain conditions
let
the fhoals
to
that emigrate
rica
Ame-
and guided to the Let them healthy high'lands of Jamaica. depend upon their own labour, and let their
be intercepted,
employment of negroes be very limited. It is much on this plan that the foldiers of
the Weft-India regiments are to be provided for, and the government fhould be very
jealous of admitting negro labourers in the
interior
fituations.
is,
The
great objedts of
place,
the fcheme
in the
firft
a large
white population in the interior trained to arms ; and in the next, the opening of
Let the Legiflature by a compulfory law, for patents and avarice are in the
roads.
way, purchafe
terior,
to the
new
fcttlers, efpccially
little
married
men.
money,
fucli
clotliing,
and
is
with.
It
probable, that
were
fchchic
4^0
want of new
fettlers.
Were
taken by the colonifts to paint the temperature of the mountain air of Jamaica, and the
advantages a poor man would gain by his fettlement, that have been taken by the
Government of America,
of Kentucky,
fettled.
But
fider the
means of effeding
When
to
by a jury
reverfe
the
to
proprietor.
The
paid of this
is
ought
from
one
to three to
opened
lands,
therefore,
new
made
in
to
pay largely
value of the
The
the
refpedive
for
fuch
lands,
being
exempt
tlie
from
all
proprietors iliould
pay
lL\th
part
of
the
46'
proprietors of
patents,
the
lands
adjoining thefc
one-
eighth of the value of their lands, in fiinilar inllalnients ; and proprietors of all other
unfettlcd
lands
tliroughout
tlie
ifland
fixpcnce
per
acre
towards
the
accoin-
plifhinent o^ the
propofed p'an.
fl^ould
On
the
roads
tlie
fettlers
theinfelves
be
bound
to
work
in
alternate
weeks,
after
they had prepared provifioa grounds, fecured good houfes, and planted fonie coflec.
The
roads
(liould
be
certain
fum
To
this purpofc
ratlu.r
an ade-
quate pronorti(jn, or
the whole of
roads
Ihould
be
;'])n!ic\!.
Thefc
tlicn
anKjuiit to
ij^oQo/. annually.
Siy
the
Xi\\
ol fix|>cncc
tivated
woodhinds
inchKhr.g niorafs or
thouiand acres 20. coo/., the impoll on the lands thro'i'ai which the roads pafs, on a
year
ior
three
years
462
years
total
/.,
give a
three
firft
years
liable
after
becoming would be
the
clearing the
5>o,ooo
/.
taining of
and
forming the eftablifhments ; 60,000/. for fupplying provifion and clothing, and
45,000/.
195,000/.
for
road
work;
altogether
That
the bufincrs of fettling the interior might not be retarded, or negleded, the new
fettlers
which
cafe there
fettler
twenty-five acres
and
five for
every child, to be conveyed to him in fee In the mean at the end of his indenture.
time, certain laws and regulations refpedlinfr
A^i
ing the
fettlers
would be
neceflary.
They
during the time of their indentures. They fhould be occafionally trained to arms by
from the regular Weft India regiments, and made markfmen and rangers. Among them fhould refide feme of the
ferjeants
clergy, able
furgeons,
a furveyor, and a
at
his
al-
men
ways ready, and ftationed near his houfe. As fokliers, they would of courfe be under
tbe
of tbe governor, but they fhould never be raifed above the rank of
command
warrant
officers
yet as fuch
made
to re-
In executing the
it
be
of property
trauquillity
!
what
a pledge of
permanent
commotion would be
force in
conjuncliuu
v,ii!i
aid
to
oppofc
464
oppofe to foreign enemies, would llkewlfe render all external attempts abortive.
As
were
time,
to be adopted,
is
worth
it
meanwhile
would not be
which
exifted
up
fufpicious
perfons,
and keep
order.
Being a duty that required not only judgment, but a fuperiority of iituation in
tlie
life,
made up
c;f oiFicers,
two or three
privates at
mcA,
an
oflicer,
all
by
Vv-hich
means the
men.
privates
were
confidential
In Jamaica,
purpcfc and called the County Rangers, might be employed as permanent patrols ot
of fuch a corps \vould not be great, as the vvliolc might be
the ifland.
limited
The expence
A&5
two hundred men, divided into twenty companies often men each, a company for each paridi, confifting of two
limited to
officers
who
fhould be
and four
privates, to
be mounted on creolc
monthly duty. A few trufty negroes or Maroons might be added to the parties.
The
be
active, vigilant,
ill
little
and
fugitives
to reft
in their haunts.
in addition to the
duty
of obfervation, the officer of the party were enjoined to affift the functions of the council
of protection,
it
would render
fecurity
complete, and give a pleafing and amiable colour to an office only eftimable for the
order
cafe
it
guards.
It
is
true,
that in
tliis
bad
men might
fpies,
without an objec-
tion
good men would think in a different way, and even the bad be afhamcd to ma?
Vol,
II.
Hh
The
466
might be further ftrengthened by ena(flrag fpme regulations in favour of the free people of
The
many of whom are well educated and fenfible men but who, though free,
colour,
;
enjoy none of the qualifications of political It is but within a fociety. very few years
that they
were enabled,
if afTaulted
by a
white man, to give evidence on a trial of the affault. This right was granted to
them by an at of
quence of their condudt in the Maroon war; but it is reftrided entirely to the perfon
aflaulted, for in the cafe of
and
alfo
friends
and
to
&c. the privileges of political fociety were more or lefs extended to them, and that from fome every re(bi<5tion
cation, property,
were removed,
Jamaica
467
Jamaica protected by Great Britain, and fecured by religious and internal political
regulations, could not
fail
to prefent to the
world, fcenes of as
profperity as the
admit.
May
!
manent
II h
APPENDIX.
No.
I^etter
I.
de
las
Cafas
to
the
Earl (^
Balcarres,
*
My
JjY
is
paft
month; recommending
commifTion he brings, to buy dogs in this ifland, for the purpofe of following the Maroons in the woods.
Agreeably
mendation,
himfelf of
to
Mr. Quarrell was authorized to acquit his commiflion, and to-morrow he returns,
carrying with him the dogs wanted, as well as the people of this country he required to look after them.
But while
your Excellency's
confideration,
ought
to rcprcfent to
your
who
bring
new
negroes for
falc here,
VS with provifjons.
Nor
liath
h 3
470
Where-
befeech your Excellency, weighing the difagreeable fituation I am in, between duty and the
defire I
have of obliging you, to relieve me from the painful alternative; favouring me with opportunities that, without a compromife of obligation, may afFord
me
vice.
*
God
many
years.
Your
(Signed)
*
47r
No.
Letter
II.
from
the
Marquis
del
Real Socorro
to
W. D.
^4arrelly Efj.
*
Sir,
A HE
the charge of promoting whatever tends to the improvement of agriculture, commerce, and navigation, of the ifland of Cuba, are
on
its
extenfive coafts,
an objetl worthy
its
attention,
As
engaged about
fixiui^
one
at the
Havanna,
that port.
I'he locating ethers on tlie fcveral points IMcxican gulf as the various
furroUiul
tliis
channels
tiiat
iil.uul,
is
adlua! rcfourccs of
be
the Council.
But
if
it
flioukl
rcfiiit
mer.ible advantages
would
to the
commerce of
this
lieUl
famiica from fuch c(lablill;n:c!ili;, and iiiaulfell from the converfiitioni; you Iiave
appears with us
upod the
b'J
l)afincfs,
and
th.it
fuiiicient
to
meaiis fliduld
tlie
pr-pof.'i
to
the Cini'iLil
jl h
4.
carry
plai iiro
cxocutiun
472
cil will
execution, with refources applicable thereto, the Counwith plcafure attend to what is offered on the
part of the
its
utmoft
accompliih an undertaking
of fo
much
utility
It
me
the Council
defirous of
and moft
the
them,
and
the
expence attending
with
fuch other particulars as may have in view, fhould fuch eftablifhments go forward ; and to requeft of you, Sir, as deputy of the legiflative
thefe intentions of the Council, that
defired information,
be neceflary for us to
may
obtain the
God
*
(Signed)
*
Cl.
E/(juire.*
Captain
Farquhars
Report
to
the
Council
of
the
Havanna,
*
\Jl.
It
would feem
under
navigation
confideration,
three
10
2(11^.
It
473
idly.
It
may
itfelf
"^dly.
It
lorades, might, by
would appear that the other, on the Cotwo reflectors placed thus a in a
lantern of a fexangular (hape and fufficient height,, infure the fafety of vefTcls approaching that dangerous
reef.
j^thly.
One
would not only be of great fervice the Old Streights, but fecure the
Gulf, and, from the certainty of the departure and (hort diftance, in a great meafurc do away the necelLty
of a light on the Martyrs.
To
ment
prevent as much as poITible, any dlfappolntfrom the lights being out of order, it will be
mod
fimple
and
as thofe at Liverpool
have anfwcred every purpofe, being conftru^led from the refult of numberlefs experiments, and of which
in
be
recommended
a
it
bed and
thought
to
after
all,
light
is
might
be
recommended
moor
Reef;
a floating light within the fouth point of the Carysfort as it is on that (ho-il that nineteen out of twenty
vefl'els
meet
their fate'
474
No. ill
lOEE Votes
the 2d and 23d of March; the loth, 23d, 26th, 27th, 28th, and 2Qth, of April ; and the ift of May, 1796. The reader is referred to thefe Journals, as they are
eafily obtained,
publiflied
dale.
by Stock-
They
ben
inferted here.
They
of
tlie
contain a
fome proceedings
The folAflembly and refolution referred to, are not publowing lifhed in the pamphlet, but are on the Journals of Olober 28th and November 3d, 1796.
Maroons.
letters
*'
'To the
Honourable
have
tlie
honour of your
letter of the
22d of
a refolution of the Houfe of AfTemApril, iijclofing of their thanks for the fignal fervices bly, exprelTive
late
rebellion of the
Maroons
*<
of Trelawney-Tovvn.
ertions of
VLvy humble talents could have drawn fo difUnguiihed a mark uf coadtfcenrion from the
my
Houfe
475
houfe: but, Sir, not to take more merit to myfelf than I ought, on this occafion, I muft confefs all my endea-
vours
mud
have
failed,
had
it
me by
Lieutenantofficers
engaged upon
that
this fervice
and indeed,
Sir, I believe,
not
any
officer
has ever
greater cordiality,
this
have
fervice,
You
will
do me the favour
to
the houfe
and to
the very obliging ternii in which you have conveyed the commands of
for
moll
perfeiSl
refpcl,
" G. Walpole."
'
Mr. Speaker,
*'
April,
of of
AlTcmbiy, that tlie Receiver-General do rcmir, to the agent of the ifland, the funi of five hundred
guineas, for
prefentL'd
to
(>f
tlie
purpofe
as
t)f
purch.ifuig a fword to be
me,
entertains
my
important fLrvicLS
of
tlr.
merit
in
t];j
fa;:prui!;oi)
late
rebellion of the
JMarjoiii
:;f 'I'r
;l-iw:;ev-'ro-.\-i).
Per-
(
*
47<5
Perhaps,
Sir,
not
placed in a predicament
In
which
am
fit
at this
not to accede to the agreement entered into between me and the Trelawney Maroons, and
has thought
on
I
their minutes
very different to
to decline the
me
it, compelled my honour which they have intended for but I muft beg of you to affure the Houfe, that
conception of
am
not any perfon would receive their favours with more gratitude than I ftiould, could I poflibly do it with
credit to myfelf
<
**
have the honour to be, Your very obedient and faithful fervant,
" G. Walpolb,
**
Refolved, That a letter, laid before the Houfe by Mr. Speaksr on Friday laft, dated the 29th of April,
Speaker's letter to him, inclofing the refolutlon of the late Houfe of Affembly, " direl-
ing the Receiver- General to remit to the agent of the ifland the fum of five hundred guineas, to purchafe a fword, to be prefented to him," contains a mifreprefentation of their proceedings, and
is
couched in
terms difrefpelful and derogatory to the honour and the faid dignity of the Houfe, an^ therefore that
letter
477
No. IV.
ExiraSJs from ftich parts of
refpecJhig the fettling of the
"
Statement of
in
FaBt
Maroons
Nova
Scotia,**
{tranfmitted by Sir
June
Daues
Ma-
\fl.
J.
HAT
Mr.
Qu irrell,
although he ftrenuoufly
oppofed, and with great freedom condemned, the meafure of removing the Maroons from Jamaica, had
the addrefs to procure himfclf ro be appointed agent
for the ifland, for the declared purpofe of fecuring to
car.',
permanent comforts, adequate to tlie jullice, wliich he continually proclaimed and infilled was due to them,
from Jamaica."
That Mr. Quarrell *' prefented hlmfclf to SIf John Wcntworth, as the volunteer guardim of an inid.
jured, opprefTcd,
treflVd people
i
fur
expencc of his employers; and wiu), fmctj furrcndering tiieir arms, and a valuable dillrick of
procured
'
at the
(a
comfort
478
comfort and perfefb independence, on the exprefs conCderation of being provided with a fettlement equally
comfortable, had been expofed to, and fuffered, and were then fuffering, extreme hardfhips-and mifery, in
his
3fi?.
That
*'
Leone,
as a reproach of
maica
and
ifland,
however they might think their fafety required the removal of the Maroons, would not fufFer them to
fatisfied
refl;
lefs
Marocns
in
Nova
Scotia.
not the only anxiety exprcflsd chief, by Mr. QuarrelJ, was an impatient defire to fee the Maroons fo fixed in Nova Scotia, as to prevent a
if
The
/[ih.
judgment, and utmoft endeavour with zeal and integrity, to promote the objedi of Mr. Quarrell's
ing his beft
miffion, by every affidance in his power, and perfevered
through every
mod
c
at
fought (as jM, Quarrell very unw irrantably has aflcrted he did) to have the Maroons tuken from the charge of
479
of the ifland's agents, and committed to his (Sir John Wentworth's) excluGve direlion ; Mr. Quarrell, and
his affiftant, conceiving different felfifh views, fecretly
Ma-
roons in the means and praftice of providing for themselves, by their own labour and induftry, appeared to
^th.
That
*f
to certain
of profit to them for perfons, named Cochran, by way him aid, upon bills of exchange, which granting had been drawn by him for fettling the Maroons,
means."
6th.
mous
the wretched
expedient^ of contrivance, to cxcufe or veil mifconduft, and t pi "Cure more money ; and deceiveil the Houfc
AHcmbiy of Jamaica, into a determination to the prejudice of Sir John Wentworth, by unfair pracof
tices."
']tb.
T\\.\t
Mr. Quarrell
afrlc^is
to lament,
that
(iirpeifing the M.irooiis throughout Nova S''otia, in differ.'lu v.icaiu birracks, he wns advifcd to
indead of
fctlU- thcin
together
rcii;iiiig
-.it
I'lcltoii,
of proj'.cl
tliofc
IVIaroons
much
Hrll
approved
of,
by
Qnurcli; who,
foily
'ni
tlic
mention, perceived
riic
or the nropofidon."
8'.
'ili.it
4^6
That " Mr. Tonge*s fecond propofal for fettliUg ihc Maroons, was Communicated to Sir John WentnHrorth, not accompanied with the approbation of Mr.
8/.^.
ncfs/'
**
recommend
paper was written, after beirtg eameftly and repeatedly urged by Mr. Quarrell, and contains no fuch
idea, nor
It
was
foiely to
convey
the wiOies of the Maroons to Government, and by that fairnefs to do away and counteract the miftrufts
Jnfidioufly
it
the particular advice of Mr. Quarrell, and in his prefence; That he read the paper ; faid it was fair ; and
totL That " the loan of provifions for the Maroons, made by His Royal Highnefs Prince Edward, is not
rightly ftated
by Mr. Quarrel!
and his
afliftant,
were
defired
from
may have
been further increafed by Mr. QuarrclPs purchafe at Ndw-Yorkj as, excluOve of confiderable charge*
attending
it,
was
fo badly chofen,
that
48i
that
ftore
It
was rejeded by the Maroons, became four and finally, turned to no account."
in
That " the communication between Colonel Leonard and the Maroons, under the guidance of Mr.
I2th.
as
Maroon, was
to promote views and purpofes that they feared could not bear the teft
clandeftinely embarked,
That " Samuels's expedition was unauthorifed by any confent of the Duke of Portland, and was dire^lly contrary to Sir John Wentworth's opinion, and tending to mifchlef only as Mr. Quarreli was
\2,th.
;
highly
fenfible
of,
when he
afterwards
urged Mr.
Walpole,
to procure fomething
Duke
of Portland, and fend to him (and alfo duplicate) him to efcape the cenfure he ex-
from a confcioufnefs of
having merited
it."
ijs^th.
That "
Sir
John Wentworth
folicited,
and
obtained,
like
a valuable
many
aguinll Sir
other things dated in the evidence olfcrcd John Wentwonh, is nut true."
i^th.
That
*<
it
ir.ufl
appe.ir evivi
of
-r-.t,
that
tlie
idcj*
for
moment
Vol.
II.
fuU'ercd,
wouhl be
moil dan^trvou'^
truni
^^oiffjn
which
the
4^
the
pi<ig*e
oi
revolt."
l6tl}.
That
Mr,
zarded
the
Maroon
(hew,
that
his prediciioiis
are
no more
entitled to
i']tb.
That
**
given to
for
who gave
in the
whofe
fidelity
on the commillions being Hgned in their prefibility, fence j and, when the mifcondul of the Maroons, and of their principal inftigator, was apparent, thofe appointments were vacated."
That " Mr. Quarrel! Tent 3000 dollars Moody, clerk to the Maroon concerns, with an
i8/3.
to
Mr.
invita-
tion from
Iiimfelf
2nd
?Jr.
Tharp,
to
go, on their
to provide for
engage
him
br*
done
in
Nova
Scotia."
<
4B3
The Anfivers of the Honourable William Dawes ^lar* rell, Efq. late CoyiuniJfaYy of MaroonSy to ExtraBs
fromfuch Paris of^^A Statement of FaBs refpeFl'ing the fettling of Maroons in Nova Scotia^^ (tranfmitt^d
by the Lieutenant-Governor of that Province to his
Honour
the Lieutenant-Governor of
1
Jamaica y under
June 799, and by the Chairman the Alaroon Committee of traufmitted to the fa id William Daives ^/arrellj as are flated to convey
date of the 2-jth
Dawes
^iarrell.
Lieutenant-Governor of Nova
(Sir
John Wentworth) fo long fince as the and Sir John Wentworth having, ; I was executing fuch charge, fre-
quently, and often afterwards), exprefled in the ftrongeft terms, his unqualified approbation of my condul,
little
expel, in the month of June 1 799, to have charges of mifcondul and negligence, in the performance of my duty, in this fervice, exhibited againft
did
I
me
by Sir John Wentworth. Thefe charges. Sir, have been advanced by him. Whether he has fucproving them, or not, the committee will determine. But, Sir, notwithftanding fucli mifconceefled
iti
ducl,
notwithftanding
fuch
is
formance of
attributed to
my
me,
I
duty, as
am
confident that
Hiull
be enabled
John
Wotiu^rth^s
484
he
WentworiFs own
letters that
fully
approved, of what
he now condemns, and applauded the very conduct which is now the fubjel of thefe chargesI (hall proceed, Sir, feverally, to
advanced againft me, previoufly obferving to the committee, that my anfwers will be given into them upon
againft me by have not the fandlion of an John Wentworth, oath in their fupport.
Sir
Charge
I.
With
pofitively
ing the meafure of removing the Maroons from Jamaica, nor could Sir John Wentworth have the
fmalleft foundation for that part of the
firft
charge,
unkfs he confidered
as a
as fuch,
a vote given by
me,
member
of the Honourable
Houfe of Aflembly
report of the
early in the
certain the
affairs,
of
this
Secret Committee on
feftion of the year
Maroon
1796, which
is
am
not
I
committee
will
be of opinion,
;
a fufficient
and
I
fubmit to the
gave as a
mem-
ber of the Honourable Houfc: of Aflembly of this ifland, ought not for any fuch purpofe to be brought
the
forward by Sir John Wentworth ; bur, Sir, that committee may be fully informed of my
I
fliill
refer to
my
Mr. Sewell,
in
tlie
?geiit
England, dated
it
the
i6th of
fo far
appears, that
moving
485
that
ftated to
Mr.
in
the neceflity of their removal, bccaufe (amongft other reafons) They, though not many
Sevvell
Britifh fubjedls,
ifland."
number, endangered the lives of thoufands of and the fecurity of this valuable
As
to
the
firft
charge, Sir, I mull Hate to the commiitee, that I adted with the concurrence, and by the defire of the
legiflature of this ifland,
on
upon
my
arrival at Halifax in
Nova
Scotia,
reprefented
to that
Government the peaceable and orderly behaviour of the Maroons during their paflligc, and
no
danger was
the 27th
to
November 798
1
16.)
But
that fo far
attributed to
firft charge, I tranfmittetl to his Prince Edward, then at Halifax, Royal flighnefs
Ibtement
(it
is
true) reprefenting
tl;e
orderly
conducl of the Maroons during their pall"-i;e ; but wherein, I particularly enumerated, and txprefsly
dwelt upon, their aggrelfi;)us and criminal conducl I have no in this ifliiid. copy of that It.Uemint
to at
was kit
there,
Halifjx,
I
it
paifed tlirough
it
many hands
ii ilill
and
there extant,
of
fupporting
'1
tlitfc,
any one
of
tlicfe,
charges.
of
Antmhly
ful>jt.c\
ot
the
removal
486
removal of the Maroons, was alfo fent with the abovementioned ftatement, therefore I appeal to
the committee, whether there
bility of
is
my
having
the
with,
when
aflerted
what
am
Charge IL
The firft part of the fecond charge, Sir, accufes me of prefenting myfelf to Sir John Wentworth *' As the volunteer guardian of an injured
fingularly unfortunate
and
and
diftreflcd people."
To
when
prefented vered to
received
ifland^
myfelf to Sir
him
from
a letter the
Lieutenant-Governor of this
John Wentworth, by
his letter to
Nova
Scotia, loth
Oclober 1796, (printed in Votes of the honourable HoufeoJ JJfeinbly^ A. D. 1796,/). 37.) acknowledged to have received from me ; and at the fame time
produced my commifTion of commiftary-general of Maroons to Sir John Wentworth, figned by
I
Ho'
mitrahle Hoiife of JJlrnhly, A. D. 1796, p. 162.) That the charadlcr and fituation I was placed in,
muft
abovementioned
letter
reprefented myfelf in
juftified
in
was
doing
And upon
Maroons
being
487
"
being confidered
as
An
injuretl
and Hnguivly
unfortunate and diQrcflcd people," they are there itated to have broken out into open rebellion againft
the laws and government of this illand, and that
their lives
to
them,
confideration
a
of
their
I
furreiidjring
themfclves
within
given
time.
admit,
Sir,
be procured at the expence of the iOand of Jamaica;" the beforementioned letter and con^mifto
fion jultified
I
was
me
ever faid
*'
that
their
country> on the
comfortable,"
part
pofitively
deny.
to
The remaining
fufTc^ring
of
this
charge,
as
my
were
very
futfercd and
extreme
I
hardllups
and
is
miftry
fully
undtfcrvedly,
in
conceive, Sir,
anfwercd
my
anfwer
and by my anfvver
Charge HI.
that
1
As
iilfo
admit
was averfe
Maroons
to Sierra
tlic
Ijeone.
^Viifu^ of tin IVr.er reprcfentations of Jjiriircnint of the thr.c triiif,) nrs v.luch cuiiv.ycd tranfport,((nie
the
Maroons from
Sierra
tliib iil.wid
to lii'iiix},
ot
t
wh
.Ir.ul
long been
trading to
eni[)l()Vf(l
in
'lie
fc'ivic-.tni
le
coi;.p.,;iy
!
]Av>ne,
wlio
r;-p,;ic nt<
\o
me,
to
that
thit f(.t;lcn)ciii
it
was vinhcuJiy
a
1
in tlu'
i..
ex-
wvo
f-rtlenu-nt
very
IikJv
i
but
tliat
I
"
i
reprobated the
;
iJt
if
lln.iiiv
488
fending the Maroons to Sierra Leone, as a reproach of infamy to the people of 'Jamaica," I abfolutely
atid unequivocally
deny
Maroons
there, I (hall
an extraft of a
letter hereto
annexed, written by
mc
to
the late
James Wedderburn,Efquire, dated the 29thof 0tober 1796, wherein I dated, *' That the increafing cold of the weather had made the Maroons, par-
fome of the bad fubjecls, very peevifh and difcontent, and that three or four families had petiticularly
tioned to
be
fent
to
warmer
climate.
Thefe
that the
families,
to be the
Leone company
offered to take a
few
j
was
of
them
that the
others might be better accommodated, and more in this I therein ftated, country." readily colonize
that
*'
A
I
tranfport
was
offered by Prince
Edward,
and that
when fuddenly
cdly a
vifit,
the Governor
I
and
little defire to
proving to the committee, that the latter part of this charge is totally void of foundation, in
rily
which Sir John Wentwcrth dates, that *' That the inhabitants and legiflature of
engaged
than the
this ifland
would not
defircd
reft fatisfied
lefs
fcttlemcnt of the
I
Maroons
the
to
fee
Nova Maroons fo
in
in
Nova
or
being difperfed
refer to
an extract of
a letter to
Lord Balcarres,
dated
489
fS<^e Votes of ilx wherein, after pointing out the difaduijfetnbly^) vantHges of the lands near Halifax, and advantages of thofe on the other fide of the peninfuL'. of Nova
Scotia, with
on keeping the colleled body, I itate " This among many other circumftances points out the propriety of feparating and difperfing them, which will greatly
the evils
attendant
Maroons
in a
facilitate
further refer to
my
letter
ration of the
Maroons and
-,
recommended
that to Sierra
the
mod
:
confiderable
alfo
number
letter
is
Leone
the
and
to
from
Mr. Sewell
George
ftmbly^ A.
to
Street, 27th
Duke of Portland, dated Great March 1798, [See Votes of Afby which
it
D. 1798,
p. 36.,)
will
appear
I
that in feveral of
ticularly
my
letters to
Mr. Scwtll,
par-
recommended
the fcttlement of
the
Ma-
roons in other parts of America, for Mr. Sewell Hates in that letter as follows; " I trull it will
be
the
in
did niyfclf
your Grace on the ill September, extracts of letters wliicli I had 2 received from Mr. Commiflary Qu^arrcll, recommending another part of North Amiricci as being
honour of tranfmitting
in his
nient."
report on the
Scotia,
49
obtaining fome lands, and efcheating others, which I had heard favourabiy fpoken of towards the eoafts
and that
wifhed even to fpread and extend them in fmal) fettlements as far as New Brimfwick."
ntcefFary,
could fiiew,
and documents, that the difperfion of the Maroons I meant and wilhed to purfue, but
what
have ftated
is
fufficient
me
Maroons
in
Nova
Scotia,
and
he had
at
and
to give
up
my
John Wentwonh.
Charge IF. I admit
As
to the
firft
th.it I might have afTcrted, that Sir John Wtntworth fought to have tl.-.; exclufive manage-
ment of
ctr<:(fi:
;
the
and
fo
Wentworth
to the
I
Duke
am
only
491
it
other
management and
in Sir
letters
I
mud
from
be vefted
John Wentworth.
will (late,
J\n extract
iSir,
one of thofe
mittee
;
to the
com-
in anfwer to this part of the charge, many be fcated were it requiute. This extract is might taken from a letter from Sir John Wentworth to
the
Duke
Nova
Scotia,
which he
havin^j;
ftates,
" That
Government of Jamaica
for
granted a liberal
fum
^Ir.
commencing
Ma'
commiflary, and
to fuperintend
Ochterlony afnftant-commilTary,
benevolent
intentions,
it
thofe
appeared
to
him
by tliem, and the monies requlfite alfo drawn for by them on the agent of the iflmd whereto they
a proper credit, as he unwith Mtflrs. Milligan and Mitch 11 derftood, lodged And Sir John Wentworth (lues t!uit, in London."
"
tliat
mode
will
be
continued
until
his
Grace
might be pleafed to direct hii/i otherwife." An.; to prove, Sir, that I was not finguUr in my opini. r:,
I fliall refer to
Mr. Oilu
exami'
<;,,
,y
to the
firll
queftion
his
fuitl.er
.li"::,
y!.l!. {Fide Votes of the HonouraHe Ihufe of ^IJlmh!^, *' That a few v .k-, I 220.) wiiere he Aates, 798, p.
after
our
arrival,
[d\v
evidently Sir
John
the
\\\.:
and
money of
.li
of Jamaica."
As
chn.
wh.vi
492
wluch
an accufation againft
my
afliftant
and
for having felfifti views, for countera6ling Biyfelf, each other's meafures, and for being inattentive to
cannot avoid
fo ftrangely contradiftory of CA'cry previous ftatemerrt of my conduct, like many of the other
charges now exhibited againft me by Sir John Went worth, is extremely vague, genera?, and uncertain, not
fttpport of the
only anfwer, Sir, this part of the fourth charge, by ftating, that the intereft of the iftand of Jamaica,
<>
throughout the whote of the bufinefs, and no private vievFS of my own, was the conflant objet of my
attention.
And
I
that opinion,
feel confident,
when
condudl
in
which means
determined.
Charge V, In anfwer to the ffth charge, I muft ftatc to the committee, Sir, that after delivering up the
charge of the Maroons to Sir John Wentworth, according to my inflructions from the Honourable
Houfe of
Halifax by
yXiVcmbly,
tlie
holders of the
Duke
1
of Portland,
November
493
D. 1 798
to
that
it is
much
be
cfFctual menfures for payment of the bills drawn by Mr. Quarrel! for the fupport of the Maroons. The
bill-holders decline confenting to his return to Ja-
maica
and the
any money or fupplies for them, neither would any And Sir John perfon take his bills on any terms."
Wentworth
Mr.
honour
in that letter
further ftated
" That
much
of his bills,
and
dill
more
affairs
Jamaica."
mud
alfo
Maroon fub-committee,
where in
it is
in the Votes
1
of the
D.
7<>8,
page 222,)
" That by reafon of Mr. Quarrell's bills being protedcd, he was detained in Nova Scotia and other parts of America, fifteen months after his milTion was confidcrrd at an end." And
1
all
the
enfuing
aflbnled
winter,
had
it
not been
;
for
tlie
relief
me
by Meflrs. Cochran
'.vliich
who
n\
confideratlon of a
Sir
commilfion,
(equal perhaps to
I
whnr
worth dates,)
allowed thcin,
:iiui
John Wentwhich
i'?
me from
'.
h;ul aire id v
been detained
own
private affairs
Li- ire,
494
Charge VI.
With
refpeft
certainly have not adduced any anonymous letters; probably, Sir John Wentvvorth means letters under
feigned names,
letters,
If fo, I
entered
Houfs of Afilmbly, A..D. '-7y&j page 205, and 207, appendix B. No. 9, and 1, figned John Bunyan, which were written by a Mr. Chamberlain. In fal: Mr. Chamberlain, in a certain circle, was as frequently called by one name as the other, and as
1
often wrote letters under the former fignature as the latter, (Vide a letter figned T. Chamberlain in
referred
committee, that
my
to
And
in regard
the latter part of this charge, which if founded in " of fal, would be a very ferious one, my ufing
every expedient to veil mifcondu61:, and deceiving the Houfe into a determination to the prejudice of
Sir
John V/entworth by unfair means," 1 think it was incumbent upon Sir John Wentworth, to have ftated what tbr-fe unfair means were, and not to
make fo general a charge, and io heavy in its nature without producing evidence, and that ftrong and conclufivc in fupport of it ; but as I am confident of
not having made ui'c of any undue or unfair means for any purpofe whatever in the courfe of this bufinefs,
and
as Sir
my
having don^fo,
I tru.a
495
moment
is
fuch a charge.
Chai-^a
VIL
x\\<i
&
VUI.
firft
with refpel to the diffivettth charjje, is fufTiclently anfwered by perfion of the Maroons, my anf'.ver to the third charge ; and with regaid tx>
part of
the propofu of ^fr. Tonge, in the eighth charge, I know but of one, which was made to me by letter
bly^
No.
i<5.)
This propcfal of Mr. Tonge's, was made, as tlie committee will perceive, only twelve days before I
furrendered up the charge of the Maroons to Sir
John Wentworth ; I therefore referred Mr. Tonge to wSir John Wentworth, refpedling his propofal, without giving him my fentiments upoti the fub-
C.'-.i}'Q_
JA'.
I
In
it is
ncccf-
fary that
was
verbal promife
made by
Jolin
Wentworth
to the
Maroons,
httt-r
:s
to the
fame purport
as the written
or", {Thi'
able
Houfe of AJemhly and upon fuch verbal promiff, 1 never was confuted ; the verbal proniilV was macle m the winter,
and
th.c 'vrittcn I
okc
:iot
dclivc-rtrd
till
the
Miy
fol-
lowing.
admit the
dtljic
49<J
John Wentworth, obferying to them at the fame time, that they had thereby received more from Sir John Wentworth than they would
dtfirc of Sir
was ever
delicate in giving
my
Wenthe
worth determined on
and although
I believed
made ufe of the written promife, merely as an expedient to quiet their minds, yet I never could, or did approve of any promife, which might furnifh the Maroons with a plea for withholding the interefts they (hould have taken in improving the lands which were allotted to them ; and by my
anfwer to the thirteenth query of my examination taken before a committee of the Honourable Houfe
of Aflembly, [Inferted
Honfey
in the Votes
it
of that Honourable
A.D.
i-jgSfpage 197.)
will appear,
"
that
Maroons, or any thing that tended to give them any expel;ation of removal, were extremely prejudicial
and improper.
Charge
X. With
ftate to the
committee.
fome
provifions for
magazines, by the order of His Royal Highnefs Prince Edward, at the requeft of Sir John Went-
worth
barrels of
tierces of very
my
anfwer
to
query
fixth of
my
D.
and
497
I
and
pofitlveljr
deny that
-,
mcnt on
this
fubjed
for I
and
my
afliftant
had no
it
it
its
Charge XI. In anfwer to the eleventh charge, it wiU be necefiary for me to refer to my report to Lord
Balcarres on the
Maroon
27th November 1788, [Vide Votes of the Honourabh Hoiife of Jjpmblyy A. D. 1798, page 118,) by which
it
" our
flores of potatoes
in the cellars,
having
commonly
efleemed froft-proof, a circumflance not ufual, but at that time pretty general ; and the encreafcd price
of flour, indicating not only a fcarcity, but a probable famine, induced me to go to New Yovk, with
a view of
making fome contracSl there, which raiglit be a certain and more reafonable fupply than might I did be expe6ied at Halifax," go to New York, and did make a contracl for feme flour there, and
mod
that the flour 1 b.ad iVom New York was cheaper than that 1 bought in Ihllifax, it was good and found, and was all ufed except forty barrels of tlic
rye
flour,
which were
th.ey
money than
fold for
15
credited by
mo
in
my
account;.
(.harg,^
XIl.
111-:
Sir
Joi.ii
'^
Weiitv.T-r'V. alleges,
Sir,
\::
the
fib
ch:::^--',
th
it
tl.':rc
w^j
a fccict
co:n-
VoL.
li.
'i
inuiiv.atiorr
498
Ma:"
knowledge of any fuch tranfaciion. nard was a ftranger to me, nor (hould
liirn,
known
John
to
me
by Sir John
at Sir
Wentworth.
Wentworth's
lar friend,
whofe
to
land,) Sir
the failing of the packet in which he went to EngJohn Wentworth was well acquainted
;
underftood the objel: of Colonel Leonard's voyage, was to fee the Duke of Portland,
with
that as
my power
refpefling
Maroon
Duke
in an-
And
fwer to the
laft
part of
the wlvjie of
Chargr
XIU.
I fliall in
the
firfl
tra6l of a letter
tlie 2
f'jllo'.vs
"
:
have obtaiiici
permilTiun
Luke
r>U:'.rc,
of
Pcrtlaiid to
is I
this
tl.c c?,vS.c
my
rnoirienl.
agreed
to tike
a brrtiicr
my
fcrvice,
and
thank
l.e lI;
jufcs to conii;'I:erc to
me,
to
have him
Lmz
mcrch^jit
fliip
coming
to
499
to London, and
draw on
Meflrs.
Lombard
Street,
London,
to
charged to
25th
April
my
account."
(hall alfo
letter written
by me
1797,
A.
{f^ide
0/ the
IIon:ur,i!>!e
Houfe of
Ajfeinblyf
D.
79S,
/la^tf
2 14,)
:
wherein,
" I fuppofe among other things, I dated as follows it is known to you that General Walpole has had
the
Duke
i
two
Maroons
lonel Leonard."
one goes home in the packet with CoThefe extracts, Sir, I contend,
mud
as
be amply fufTicIent to prove to the committee, that this was not a fccrct or clamleftine tranfadlioii,
further, to
John Wentworth. And (hew that the fending of the Maroons to the Duke of PorLEtigland, was not unauthorifed by land. I fliall refer to an extradl of a letter from the
it is
alleged to be by Sir
Duke of Portland to General Walpole, on application for a copy of his Grace's order to Sir John Wentworth, which is in itfclf, I conceive, a iuiTicient juftification for
mc
it
is
dated, Whitehaii
*'
Sir, Tlic 19th Oclobcr 1797, and is Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia will be in-
as follows:
in queftion
which
at the
will be a full
Ouarrell:
it
fame time
I n^.uil
is
oi'licc
it
upon
indi-
application."
Atul
I
think
iieceliary,
jo!iri
nK-ntioncd to Sir
"Wentworth, tint Samuels was to [;o to [..land with Colonel Lcor.ard, many wccki before 1..^ Ui!ed i
k 1
'li.'.i
500
that Sir
fented to
John Wentworth did not oppofe, but afit, and that had he made the flightcil
objedlion, Samuels
fent.
Charge XIV. With refpedi to iht fourteenth charge, I admit that in my report to Lord Balcarres, of the 27th November 1798,
{as by reference to the Votes of
1
19,
**
Colonel Leonard
to the
vv^as
recommended by
Sir
John Wentworth
Duke
of Portland for a lucrative employment, which he obtained." 1 Hated it, becaufe I had been mofl
credibly informed that
it
was
fo,
at Halifax,
and
I
;
received,
mofl:
to be true
but
I
am
formed.
Charge
in
XV. The
it
I feel
myfclf
compelled to
ftate, is fo
manner
I
which
is
intended to convey, that I conceive it fuppofc neither defervlng or entitled to a moment's confiit is
I deration. prefume, Sir John Wentworth means, by that charge, to attack my political fcntiments ; if fo, Sir. the Honourable Houfe of Aflcmbly, and
my
political fcntiments,
than Sir
John Wciitworth ; and It is known to tliem, I am well uruHed, that fo far from there being any foundation for fuch an extraordinary charge, that my puUtical fentiment-s and condul liave ever been,
I
and
SOI
and
are,
trically
mod
Charge
it
ATI. With
certainly
is
at
prefent unnccciTdry
for
me
to
my anfwer to that charge, than, that when the accounts fo long delayed, Ihall be laid
ftate
more,
in
before
fhall
the
at
be
Houfe, Sir John Wentworth and I on this charge, and I pledge niyifl'iie
thofc accounts do lo appear, to prove
I
felf. Sir,
when
(if
required,) that
fin).'le
for the
Charge
XFIL With
to the
1
were given
Maroons, mentioned
in the yj-xr/;-
tcLnth charge,
that
on the
ahrm
Sir
embody
the
to
Matie
roons as
ari/'Toc/-
tiventy-c'ighfh quer'{ of
my examination
th;it
bejore
the Ai:i-
roon
c'^>},iiiittee
in the Votes
cf
Jjfembly,
A. D. 1798, p. 200,}
Wcnt-
wortli applied to
as
me
to
w'xc
belt
drferving
mi(.fht
tlu:
i;r:int:ng of
them
be coiifuiereJ
;
by ih^
Macomtlu1
t!iat
accorilin^Iy g^ive
in
to
names
to Sir
fe(]n',:nce
thereof,
I
Marooub,
Wli.n
.
.
had
1
fu naineti,
1
.
Sir
'J ^hn
W'tni-iv
:!}
tlr'
;i
(,uiit:i (ii
j'jJt.J,
M;
It.)
lyvvcr
'.
ii.
.S-
>
ixl..'.j.t<.l.
L.inft J
502
himjelf'y
in
my prefence.
For an anfwer to the
charge, Sir,
Charge XVIII.
I
lajl
beg leave to refer the committee to an affidavit of Mr. Moody, fworn here the 29th of December
1799, ^"^
^^
I
which
documents,
conceive,
will plainly
and evidently
was
between Mr. Moody, Mr. Tharpe and myfelf, and that it was totally feparate and diftinft from, and
eftablifliment
Having anfwered.
feveral
Sir,
and
I truft fatlsfadorily,
the
charges exhibited againft me by Sir John Wentworth, I fhail conclude what I have to ftate
to
the
committee,
by adverting
letters
to
and
taking
extracts from
feveral
of Sir John
Went-
during charge of the Maroon eRablilhment, and alfo after I had furrendered up
the time
that I had
perfons,
both
the
my
own
words), entitled
The
firll
letter
which
1 fliall
Duke
of
Portland, dated
Nova
gene-
5^3
genercufly difpofed to render the Maroons happy, he '* ftatcs, tr.at among other renfons for this opinion
is
terloii;'-, accompany and fuperintend the intercfts of thefe poor people. I cannot do adequate juftice
to the aficdiionate
zeal,
unwearied
affiduity, great
judgment and perfe6l difintereftednefs which thefe gentlemen invariably exert under my inimediate and
hourly obfervation to efFeft the excellent intentions of their conftituents,'' &c. Sec.
In another letter alfo, Sir, of Sir John Wentworth's to
Lord
Balcarres,
l
dated
Halif.ix,
Nova
Scotia loth
October
AJJcmhly^
A.D.
of providing for the comfort and prcfcrvation of the Maroons, iSir John Y/entworth
further dates " whicli
iNlr.
Qu_.irrell
And
to
John Wentvvorth
Houfc, Halifax
after
myfelf,
dated
Government
17th June
1797,
{Inferted in the
A.D. 179S,
ready to make bricks, and build and repair houfes 1 fliall render every for the Miroons; he (litcs
afiTiflance in
eft
my power, a:id doubt not of your kindconcurrence lor the bcni. fit of tli.fe poor deceived
who
h;ive
people,
been
1")
much
indebtcil
to
your
bL'nf'V(jleiU attention,
be fruilrated in
tliat
Kk
.1
a'u-
SP4
always had fo
refted
letter
much
at heart,
and not a
little inte-.
me
in
promoting."
And
farther. Sir, in a
to
dated Halifax
Nova
after I
up the charge of the Maroon eftablifhment to. Sir John Wentworth, [and which letter is iftferied in the Votes of the Honourable Houfe of Ajfembly^ A. D. 798, " It p. 31.) Sir John Wentworth dates at follows,
1
is alfo
ifland,
rell's
not
the
to
reprefent
Mr. Quarof
conduct,
in
fulleft
terms
refpei
and approbation ; his unremitted humanity, care and attention to do every thing that could be ufeful
to the
Maroons, and
honour and
laRing
intereftofhis employers, certainly entitle him to the afFetJlion of the Maroons, and the mofl dif-
which
ment, and every individual of the ifland of Jamaica, I earneftly hope may add to the comfort of
own
country.''
After thtfe
extracts,
which
trufl, Sir,
of opinion are fully fufBcient to prove the decided approbation of my conduct, by Sir John Wentworth
in the
Maroon
to
eftablifliment
fliall
only advert
generally
worth
I
to one letter more from Sir John WentLord Balcarres, dated on the I3rh of June
in the Votes
"jCf^^^afid i^iferted
John Wentworth
ftill
Rates,
" that
tiie
MaI
roon eftabliflament
committed
it
to
him," which
that
505
for, or
intention of accufing me of either negligence or mifcondul in that fervice. After fuch fentiments,
Sir,
my condul
I to
in
theMarooa
John Wentworth,
tion
from him
account for fuch inconfiftcncy of conduft, I not, nor is it neceflary for me to enquire.
decifion
know The
on the propriety of my condudl, Sir, throughout the whole of this bufinefs, I moil willingly Irave to the
Committee,
fatisfied in
my owa
mind,
Honourable Houfe
of Affembly, tiiey will exculpate me from the feveral charges adduced againft me by Sir John Wentworth;
and
hope and
trull,
fame
Wentworth fome
my
my manageattention to
this
ment of
my
and,
am
icS
government.
W.
D. QUARRELL,
506
No. V.
Oplnien of Sir William Scott, his Majejly's AdvocaleGeneraly on the EftabliJIjment of an Eccleftajlical
diBion over the Clergy of fawaica, in a Letter Grace the Duke of Portland.
\
Jur'ifto his
**
My
lord duke,
"
*
the
honoured with your Grace's letter, dated 6th May, tranfmitting to me an extra6\ from an addrefs of the Aflembly of Jamaica to his Majefty,
JL
1
AM
praying that the ecclefiaftlcal jurlfdictlort, granted by an al of the ifland to the Bifhop of London, may be
placed in the hands of the perfon exercifing his Main Jamaica for the time being, jefty's government
and
tion,
defiling
me
to take the to
fame into
my
confidera-
and report
information,
my
mode
of
delegating the authority given to the Bifhop by the faid al, and in regard to the perfon or perfons to
whom
the fame
a view of its being executed on the fpot, gated, with In in a manner the moft beneficial to the Ifland
;
fame
into
my
confideratlon, and
humbly
the propofed delegation of the power of ecclefiaftlcal in the ifland of regimen, over the body of the clergy
50?
be liable to obje^Ions of no inconfiderable weight ; for, although it is certainly true, that many other
powers,
epifcopal
which are
authority,
in
England
as
affbciated
with tue
fuch
the
probate of wills,
like,
are
by the refpclivc
governors, under the title of ordinaries^ yet it is to be obferved, that thefe are powers in no degree ecclefiaftical
in their
own
nature, but
became accidentally
this,
ecclefiaftical jurifdidlion in
and
conf quence of opinions and difpofitions prevailing in remote times, and have only continued in that ftate of connedlion,
in other countries in Europe, in
from a prudent regard to ancient inftitutlons, not found to be inconfiftent, in their modern praclice,
with the jufl com/eniencc of tlie public: but tlie immediate government of the clergy, in the modes of
ecclefiaftical difcipline, is a
power purely
all
ecclefiaftical,
and has
in all ages,
and
in almoft
profefTions of
Chriftianity,
cler^^y
themfelves,
upon
it
tiiis
matter,
and, as
humbly
when
is
confiJert.!,
Is
on wliom
this authority
pre iv
fa
fu
-
w'l.it^
may
pcuefh, cui
habit'-
of his
li*-,
Aii
.
and
e.xci
5o8
of the paftoral
that this
line, is
office.
It is likewlfe to
be remarlced,
power of adminiftering
that
ecclefiaftical difcip-
propofed
to be governed, not
law, is, by adopted by the Church of England, or by its own modern canons, fanlicned by the royal authority, ** but, by fuch regulations as ihall hereafter be pro-
ecclefiaftical
the
ancient
vided by the legiflature of Jamaica ;" thereby expofing the body of the clergy to the hazard of confiderable
alterations in the nature of their funclions,
and fubto
jefling them
unknown
the general law by which their duties and rights are afcertained in that parent church of which they are
minifters,
wherever
it
is
eftablifhed, in
any part of
" Under
fubmit
that,
thefe
as
confiderations,
Biflbops
would humbly
uni-
the
of
London have
formly declined to exercife the jurifdiction which has been offered to them by the al of the legiflature,
the
mode of exercifmg
it,
moft analagous
to the
gencr
ral pra61:ice of the Churcii, and the leail expofed to the perils attendant on innovation, would be, if his
Majefty would be gracioufly pleafed, in his charaler of Supreme Head of the Church, to nominate three
or more refpe6lab]e clergymen of the iflrind to be his commiffaries, for the purpofe of exercihng, jointly and fynodically, difcipline over the clergy only- fuch
power of cenfuring,
fuf-
pending, or removing, any offending clergyman ; but, under the referve, that no feiitence of deprivation
which freehold
carried
into
rights
would be
aflecled) fliould
(by be
confent of the
Governor J
59
to an appeal, as in other plantation cafes, to his Majcfly in Council, if that confent (hould be deemed to be unduly rcfufed.
"
If his
mode
of anfwering the purpofes of the Aflembly, as explained in their addrefs, it will be neceflary, I pre-
which they transferred this part of the royal fupremacy to the Bifhops of London, and reveft it in his Majtfly, and likevvife, to make fome further provifions for aiding the proccfs,
"
January
*'
Wm.
Scott.
nih,
798.
To
his
Si
No. VI.
An
exaEi
Summary of the
Returtis'
Naval
JL
O
i
Great Britain
58,i55hhds. 5,722
tierces,
726
barrels of fugar;
rum
10,943 puncheons, 539 hhds. of 28 bags, 16 cafks of ginger; 2,221 bags, 426
j
cafks of pimento
65,921 bags of
coffee.
To
Ireland
2,iS6hhds. 442
tierces,
952
;
barrels
5 bags,
of fugar
; 1,522 puncheons, 198 hhds. of rum 20 calks of pimento ; 65,921 bags of coffee.
To
273
12 hhds.
tierces,
barrels of fugar
1 1
rum;
To
695
tierces,
246
barrels of fugar
ba^^s,
j
pimentj
1,083,82
bags of coffee.
To
tlic
Spanifli
Main
l;eij;'",
5-^4
:>{
puncheons, 296
Ijhds-
20,
rurr>.
Total
5M
Total from this port 61,229 ^^^s* <^j272 tierces, 2,197 barrels of fugar; 17,520 puncheons, 1,217
hhds. 473 barrel?, 205 kegs of rum; 723 bags, 22 caflcs of ginger; 2,411 bags, 474 calks of pimento; 12,-99:505 lbs. of coflee.
From
the Out-Ports.
To
Great Britain
barrels of fugar;
rum; 309
cr.fics
bags,
;
67,726 hhds. 8,893 tierces, *^*^ 15,985 puncheons, 773 hhds. of calk of ginger; 3,715 bags, 113
lbs.
cf
pimento
5,103,119
of coffee.
To
the
Brltifli
Plantations
130 hhds. 75
tierces,
12 barrels of fugar; 1,393 puncheons, 70 hhds. of ru;ii 60 cailcs of melafles ; 1^,26 j^ lbs. of coffee.
To
tierces,
74
'30 puncheons, 13 hhds. of rum; calks of melalTes ; 1,047 bags of ginger; 1,667 306 bags, 4 cafks of pimento ; 44,945 lbs. of coffee.
To
the Spauifh
Main
4 puncheons of rum.
Total
t'ierc.;3,
2c6
of
barrels
IJ55
I
hh.',-.
rum
;
c^.lk (if
'
ginger
ibs.
fugar; 28,112 pucheona, of melafles ; 1,356 bag-i, 366 5,382 bags, 117 cafks of pimento;
caflcs
of
5,1
2,j28
of coffee.
Graru!
l>?.rrc!s
total.
;
of fu^jar
b;>rrcw,
205
kcijs
rum; 366
cafks
of melafles;
2,079
512
2}079 bags, 23
of pimento
i
The
ginger.
of fugarj 4,560,455
of coffee
The
rum; 6,291
isfc.
To
1
this port
afles,
a, 88 horned
cattle.
To
2,43
1
the Out-Ports
afles,
horned
cattle.
Total Imported 2,370 horfes, 2,427 mules, 140 afles, 4,619 horned cattle.
The The
139 horned
cattle.
50
afles.
An Account
this I/land
from
In American bottomsf
17,083 bags, 9,818
2,331 tierces, 403
barrels,
1,104 calk'^, 10,95* barrels, 1,123 kegs, 1,165 boxes of fi(h; 2,025
barrels
half-tierces of rice;
5^3
barrels of beef
of butter;
ftaves
rels,
2,717 bar-
174 cafks,
108,640
bufheis of corn.
barrels
400
kegs,
15 quintals of bread;
1,089
tierces,
322
half-tierces of rice;
377
barrels of beef;
;
178
firkins of butter
of lumber; 1,566,241 (laves and heading; 627,050 Ihingles; 199 barrels, 298 bufticls of peafe; 63 cafks,
4,234 kegs, 15 quintals of fifli ; 3,420 tierces, 725 half-tierces of rice; 1,295 cafks, ^3>^24 barrels, 1,452 kegs, 1,452 boxes of fifh ; 2,402 barrels of
beef; 8,804 barrels of pork ; 2,392 firkins of butter ; 12,204,619 feet of lumber; 15,673,825, ftaves and
237
to
cafks,
122,647
buflicls of corn.
Produce exported
lea
durinc
American
vefTels
12,328 punchcony, 25
lihds. of
rum
Vol.
l.l
Tc/.d
5'4
Total exported in
Brlt'i/h Vejfels*
1,235 hhds.
270
tierces,
320
barrels of fugar;
laffes;
1,382 puncheons, 14 hhds. of rum; 49 cafks of me1,742 bags, 6 cafks of ginger; 1,852 bags, 21 calks of pimento ; 1,128,766 lbs. of coffee.
Total exported
to
270
tierces,
320
barrels
melafles
1,742 bags,
calks of ginger
1,852 bags,
21 calks of pimento;
1,1
28,766
lbs of coffee.
THE END.
ERRATA.
VOL.
Suca'rfi
Ilijlory
I.
ragt
xxviii
Line
cfyama'tca.
19 after alluded
infert to
25 fur and
it
a6
XXXIIl
1
it
excited
excited
18
9 afur June
I
^
169a
SO for on read cr
llx
]zvi!
Ixlx
Ixxii
Izxiii
Ixxvi zcvi
6 6 after confifted infert of 15 before with ;;j/irf but not 12 yir draught read drought marble rwi/ mnrle 24 towards jJ from the 13
5
&x\ckinz
ead Ruk\ng
liijlory
of the Marccr.i.
148 I8z
fir inportant read important Green Vale rtad Spring Vale and retired, next day, the 12th at noin, to the fcttiemenr of Schaw Cuflle, rend burnt Schaw CalUc, and kn: their women a-d children into their detile.
II
where
r;
whence
H
9
here read heccc were read was contained marks read contained in them markj
VOL.
40 44
53
11.
lidelelhe
1
^7 60
91 183
tnjrrt
though hef'e he
;
S 6 II 19
7
1
fc
01
the other,
cf theno'f,
it
than
a plai.tcr
wouid
192
Iry3
6 yir
rrac/
them
from
rfiif/
tor read
212
310
were gcneii
356 '%%
3*^
l\
I
L^'.hiQii
,/a equally
/>
th..:
Kate
r,,;-.'
the
pi .lint f^i^f
426
\\
T,.uti.-<i
f,-.;./
ufii.d:'i
Lately Pubiijhed
BY
T. N.
LONGMAN
and O. REES.
PERCIVAL;
By R.
fewed.
or,
NATURE VINDICATED.
4
large
C.
Dali
AS, Efq.
volumes.
Price
16s,
Second
edition.
*' If ever it be pardonable for the rigour of the critic to yield to the feelings of the morahft, it muft bt in fuch a cafe as the prefcnt j when his atttntion is called to a pub! cation, the tendency of vvhich is to fu|)port tlie purert laws oi fociety, and to defend one of its mofl valuaik- infi.itutions. Occafion.sl inaprnprieties of flyle, \ few deviations from the ftrld rules of compofition, a cafual want of poetical
truth.
cf c!i.ira(51er, or a deficiency of art in the the fable, appear !i^,ht faults when weighed againft the Tiie inteii-ft; of the naiiative is importance of the end defigned alfo fiifticient to hurry mofi renders part its faults unf^en, and to
In the corruption
"
management of
its
inequalities."
Monthly Review,
Apnl
liioa.
" We
we
are
fimihr kind, and iox this very met with one of fiaiilar merit.
obfcrvaiion upon t!ie cufTion cf its parts. beautiful pidure of virtue, in
reafon, hecjufe
fliall
we have
fel.iom
only make one rAort g'-nenjil whole, before we precced ro a particular clifIt prefents the reader tiirougliout with a very
We
its molt cngagins; form, df-lineated in the ckareR colouring of purity of ttyie and fimplicity of languige." Aiiti- Jacobin Rc-v. Apiii l8o2.
" m.urt: now take leave of tliis pleafmg, inftiuclive, and well-wiitten performance, with a few remarks on its fiyle. can fay of tl.is Novel, wiiai; we have not always an opportunity to fay of the produ'iHons in general which tome before us : it is Englifn ; it is written in the pure lanjujee of our country ; on that account, were its other merits not allowed to influence our recoinniendation, we Oiould prefs it upon the attention of parents who allow their daughters to read what are called (but are not always lb dtferving as this of the title) good novels. Having faid tlius n;uch of the work alicgetlier, wj have revifed our fcntimento, and are happy to dcciaie, that we have not faid too much." Anti-'JacobiK Ri'u, Mu; i8oa.
We
We
Piintcd hy A. Straha
i"!
inters- btrcct.
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