STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID COURSE LECTURER SUBMISSION DATE SUBJECT

MD ATIQUR RAHMAN FAISAL SCM-012154 BACHELOR IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DR. THAM 7th May 2012 THERMODYNAMICS (EAT 106)

Bernoullis Principle Lab Report

Title Introduction

Bernoullis Principle

: A Swiss scientist name Daniel Bernoulli has discovered this principle which was named after him. Among his all discoveries concerns about the fact pressure in a moving fluid (either liquid or gas) is less than the pressure in stationary fluid. Even the ability of the airplane wings to lift the airplane off the ground is partially responsible of Bernoullis name principle. The shape of the airplane wings causes the air on the top moves faster than the air on the bottom of the wings. This causes the air to exert more pressure down the wings, than up the wings, which lets the airplane to lift. In reality this is a partial explanation, the wings also exerts forces on air to move it downward. The major part of the forces involves Newtons third law, which helps airplane to fly upside down.

Abstract

: The experiment was conducted in order to find the time taken to collect 10 liter of water, to volumetric flow rates of the water, the pressure difference at all manometer tube (static head), velocity, dynamic head and also total head. The data was collected at six adjusted head difference. The experiment was run based on Bernoullis principle states that for an invincible flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or decrease in fluid potential energy. : Firstly this experiment was done to investigate the validation of the Bernoullis equation and secondly to measure flow rates and both static and total pressure heads of known geometry for a range of steady flow rates. : Assumption made in Bernoullis Equation: The fluid is incompressible. The fluid is non-viscous. The flow is steady and velocity of fluid is less than the critical velocityfor fluid. There is no loss of energy due to friction.

Objective

Theory

Bernoullis Equation for constant head h, * +

Allowance for friction looses and conversions of the pressure P1 and P2 into static pressure head h1 and h2 yields: * +

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Bernoullis Principle Lab Report

Where, Pressure at cross-section Pressure head at cross-section Flow velocity at cross-section Pressure at cross-section Pressure at cross-section Flow velocity at cross-section Density of the medium. Pressure loss head

Technical Data :

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Bernoullis Principle Lab Report

Apparatus

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Bernoullis Principle Lab Report

Procedure

: 1. A quick inspection was done to ensure that the unit was in proper operating condition. 2. A hose connection was made to connect the unit to the nearest power supply. 3. The discharge pipe was then opened. 4. The cap nut of the probe compression gland was set to such condition, that the slight resistance could be felt on moving the probe. 5. The inlet and outlet valve was then opened. 6. The pump was then switched on and the main cock was then slowly opened. 7. The vent valve on water pressure gauze was opened and outlet cock was closed with great care until pressure gauze was flushed. 8. By simultaneously setting the inlet and outlet cock, the water level pressure gauze was regulated, so that neither upper or lower range limit was overshot or undershot. 9. Pressure at all point were measured and recorded. The overall pressure probe was moved to corresponding measurement level and the overall pressure was noted down. 10. The volumetric pressure flow was determined, by using stopwatch to established time required to raise the water level in the volumetric tank from 20 to 30 liters.

Results Set-1

h1
(mmWs)

h2
(mmWs)

h3
(mmWs)

h4
(mmWs)

h5
(mmWs)

h6
(mmWs)

Time, 10liters
63

V, (L/s)

260 298.67 38.67 0.87

240 298.67 58.67 1.07

10 298.67 288.67 2.38

145 298.67 153.67 1.74

170 298.67 128.67 1.59

180 298.67 118.67 1.53

1.5910-4

0.47

0.68

1.88

0.93

0.63

0.47

%difference
46% 36% 71.4% 46% 60.4% 69.3%

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Bernoullis Principle Lab Report

Set-2
h1
(mmWs)

h2
(mmWs)

h3
(mmWs)

h4
(mmWs)

h5
(mmWs)

h6
(mmWs)

Time, 10liters
70

V, (L/s)

250 373.33 123.33 1.56

235 373.33 138.33 1.65

40 373.33 333.33 2.56

150 373.33 223.33 2.09

170 373.33 203.33 2.00

180 373.33 193.33 1.95

1.4310-4

0.42

0.61

1.69

0.84

0.56

0.42

%difference
73.1% 63% 33.9% 59.8% 72% 78.5%

Set-3
h1
(mmWs)

h2
(mmWs)

h3
(mmWs)

h4
(mmWs)

h5
(mmWs)

h6
(mmWs)

Time, 10liters
82

V, (L/s)

225 385.28 160.28 1.8

215 385.28 170.28 1.8

80 385.28 305.28 2.4

155 385.28 230.28 2.1

170 385.28 215.28 2.0

175 385.28 210.28 2.0

1.2210-4

0.36

0.52

1.44

0.72

0.48

0.36

%difference
80% 71.1% 40% 65.5% 76% 82%

Equation Used
( ) ( )

( )

( )

( )

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Bernoullis Principle Lab Report

( ( ) ( )

Sample Calculation From set-1 (

(

)
)

(hdyn was found in mmWs, so to convert it into mWs, multiply hdyn with 10-3)

( )

m/s

(given area was in mm, so multiply with 10-6 to convert into m)

( Discussion :

As we know water is a fluid, and all fluid have the properties to take the

shape of the container or wherever they flow or stored. Since the fluid flow through a given path for a duration of time, there must a pressure loss during the path. Bernoullis principle says that if the rate of flow of the fluid is high, the pressure will be low and the slower rate of flow of the fluid exerts more pressure. From the experiment it has been found that the Bernoullis principle is valid for steady flow of fluid in tapered duct and velocity increases along same channel.

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Bernoullis Principle Lab Report

Conclusion

From the experiment it is found that the difference between the

experimental and the calculated value are too high. This could happen due to some factors like: The reading was not taken on meniscus level, parallel eye reading. Bubbles those were trapped and were couldnt be removed before running the experiment. The record time might not be accurate. The internal resistance of the water, those were not taken into account during calculation. The pressure at each manometer tube might not be stable before the reading were taken. All the above factors might be responsible for the results to get difference. The experiment can be improved by repeating the experiment taking the above factors into account. Overall considering all the factors and the comparison between the values, the experiment can be accepted as a successful one, because it proves the Bernoullis principle of fluid motion pressure.

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