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arnumber=4483716

C37.110-2007 - IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes
Date of Publication: April 7 2008 On Page(s): C1 - 67 Product Type: Standards Author(s): Benmouyal, G. Meisinger, M. ; Burnworth, J. ; Elmore, W.A. ; Freirich, K. ; Kotos, P.A. ; Leblanc, P.R. ; Lerley, P.J. ; McConnell, J.E. ; Mizener, J. ; Pinto de Sa, J. ; Ramaswami, R. ; Sachdev, M.S. ; Strang, W.M. ; Waldron, J.E. ; Watansiriroch, S. ; Zocholl, S.E.

ABSTRACT The characteristics and classification of current transformers (CTs) used for protective relaying are described. This guide also describes the conditions that cause the CT output to be distorted and the effects on relaying systems of this distortion. The selection and application of CTs for the more common protection schemes are also addressed.

VERSIONS Active

C37.110-2007/Cor 1-2010 - IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes Corrigendum 1: Corrections to Equation 18 and Equation 19 Available within the following subject area(s): Protective Relaying

C37.110-2007 - IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes Available within the following subject area(s): Protective Relaying

Additional Details Referenced Items Standard Versions

Status : Active E-ISBN : 978-0-7381-5374-2 Print ISBN: 978-0-7381-5375-9 INSPEC Accession Number: 10233872 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4483716 Persistent Link: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=4483711 More Year : 2008 Date of Current Version : 03 abril 2008 Issue Date : April 7 2008

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5185421&conten tType=Conference+Publications&queryText%3DRelays Innovative, robust and secure industrial solutions using microprocessor relays
This paper appears in: Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference, 2009. PPIC '09. Conference Record of 2009 Annual Date of Conference: 21-26 June 2009 Author(s): Seelig, C.W. TEAMWORKnet, Inc., Lakeland, FL, USA McDermott, B. On Page(s): 171 - 180 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT This paper provides real-world examples of the benefits to industrial systems when aging and obsolete electromechanical relays are replaced with modern, microprocessor-based relays. Microprocessor-based relays eliminate failure and degradation of operations due to moving parts. They also reduce or eliminate the time to detect a failure via internal self-test diagnostics and monitoring, information storage, and communications that immediately publish alarms and alerts. Driving the mean time to detect failures to zero with instantaneous alerts of self-test alarms dramatically improves the reliability of systems that formerly relied on periodic manual tests of devices to detect failure. In fact, any failed electromechanical devices in service today will remain undetected until they are tested or until they fail to operate while in service. IEC and IEEE reliability measures based on time to detect failure and repair or replace are both improved with instantaneous detection and notification. In addition to measurably improved reliability, microprocessor-based relays enable many new and innovative applications within industrial and power plant installations. Self- test information and analytics, sequential events records, event reports, and data and asset condition monitoring support a wealth of applications. Relay networks share information to improve system commissioning and then to manage the plant. Sophisticated load management, load shedding, and voltage regulation are easily deployed with built-in features of modern, microprocessor-based relays and information processors. Programmable automation controllers (PACs) are rugged devices with extremely high uptime due to construction methods similar to mission-critical relays. Since PACs perform power system and process control logic equally well, new opportunities exist to combine relays and PACs within the same communications network to improve power system efficiency and process availability. This paper outlines real-- world applications that brought value and justification to complete protective relay and PAC upgrades.
On page(s): 171 Conference Location : Birmingham, AL ISSN : 0190-2172 E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-3466-4 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-3464-0 INSPEC Accession Number: 10803537 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/PAPCON.2009.5185421 Date of Current Version : 31 julio 2009 Issue Date : 21-26 June 2009

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5469500&contentType=C onference+Publications&queryText%3DRelays

Upgrading your protective relays when theory meets reality

This paper appears in: Protective Relay Engineers, 2010 63rd Annual Conference for Date of Conference: March 29 2010-April 1 2010 Author(s): Sperl, J. Carper, B. ; Coe, W. Carper, B. ; Coe, W. On Page(s): 1 - 8 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT In theory, it is easy to see the advantage of upgrading a protective relay installation from Electro-Mechanical Relays or Solid-State Relays to Modern Digital Relays: Required panel space is reduced. Interconnection wiring is reduced. Required maintenance is reduced. Calibration is simpler. Settings can be changed dynamically. More complex relay schemes are possible. Selfdiagnosis is built in. And modern digital relays provide abundantly more information than the previous generation of relays supplying data to SCADA systems, helping document compliance with NERC reliability standards, and establishing a cornerstone for many smart grid efforts. But when theory meets reality, an upgrade is never quite as easy as it sounds. Do you still have drawings from the original installation? Are the wires well-labeled? Is the wire insulation still flexible? Do any of your technicians remember how it was actually installed? Do the new relays fit the old relays' holes? If not, can the panel be cut? Do alternate power sources exist such that the circuits can be taken out of service during the upgrade? Will your battery plant have the capacity to power the modern relays? Is your control building large enough? If not, is it expandable? All these questions change the equation. The challenges can be overcome, but need to be considered before the project starts.

Additional Details References (3)

On page(s): 1 Conference Location : College Station, TX Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-6073-1 INSPEC Accession Number: 11309227 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/CPRE.2010.5469500 Date of Current Version : 20 mayo 2010 Issue Date : March 29 2010-April 1 2010

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5185421&contentType =Conference+Publications&queryText%3DRelays

Innovative, robust and secure industrial solutions using microprocessor relays

This paper appears in: Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference, 2009. PPIC '09. Conference Record of 2009 Annual Date of Conference: 21-26 June 2009 Author(s): Seelig, C.W. TEAMWORKnet, Inc., Lakeland, FL, USA McDermott, B. On Page(s): 171 - 180 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT This paper provides real-world examples of the benefits to industrial systems when aging and obsolete electromechanical relays are replaced with modern, microprocessor-based relays. Microprocessor-based relays eliminate failure and degradation of operations due to moving parts. They also reduce or eliminate the time to detect a failure via internal self-test diagnostics and monitoring, information storage, and communications that immediately publish alarms and alerts. Driving the mean time to detect failures to zero with instantaneous alerts of self-test alarms dramatically improves the reliability of systems that formerly relied on periodic manual tests of devices to detect failure. In fact, any failed electromechanical devices in service today will remain undetected until they are tested or until they fail to operate while in service. IEC and IEEE reliability measures based on time to detect failure and repair or replace are both improved with instantaneous detection and notification. In addition to measurably improved reliability, microprocessor-based relays enable many new and innovative applications within industrial and power plant installations. Self- test information and analytics, sequential events records, event reports, and data and asset condition monitoring support a wealth of applications. Relay networks share information to improve system commissioning and then to manage the plant. Sophisticated load management, load shedding, and voltage regulation are easily deployed with built-in features of modern, microprocessor-based relays and information processors. Programmable automation controllers (PACs) are rugged devices with extremely high uptime due to construction methods similar to mission-critical relays. Since PACs perform power system and process control logic equally well, new opportunities exist to combine relays and PACs within the same communications network to improve power system efficiency and process availability. This paper outlines real-- world applications that brought value and justification to complete protective relay and PAC upgrades.

On page(s): 171 Conference Location : Birmingham, AL ISSN : 0190-2172 E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-3466-4 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-3464-0

INSPEC Accession Number: 10803537 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/PAPCON.2009.5185421 Date of Current Version : 31 julio 2009 Issue Date : 21-26 June 2009

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4497064&contentType=C onference+Publications&pageNumber%3D2%26queryText%3DRelays

Model Based Design for Power Systems Protection Relays, Using Matlab & Simulink
This paper appears in: Developments in Power System Protection, 2008. DPSP 2008. IET 9th International Conference on Date of Conference: 17-20 March 2008 Author(s): Kirby, B. Areva T&D Autom. & Inf. Syst., Stafford Kang, H. On Page(s): 654 - 657 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT In the world of power system relays, there have been significant changes in the technology used to implement the protection; electro-mechanical relays, static relays, digital relays and numerical relays have all been developed to provide the required protection and control. However, the development process for these has by and large remained a manual, document led process. This inevitably leads to delays, interpretation errors and omissions which are often not identified until late in the process - when it is time consuming and expensive to change the design. Furthermore, the design has to be verified and validated from requirements through to the final implementation. Manual processes make this a laborious and thankless task. By utilising the powerful and flexible model based design process allowed by MATLABreg & Simulinkreg, this paper will show how complex and innovative new working methods can be developed to improve the design cycle. These will allow rapid modeling and testing of algorithms, before committing to the expense of development for the final hardware platform, and the resulting cost benefits achieved by avoiding late changes to the design. Meanwhile, consistent behaviour can be confirmed and demonstrated at all stages.

Additional Details
On page(s): 654 Conference Location : Glasgow ISSN : 0537-9989 Print ISBN: 978-0-86341-902-7 INSPEC Accession Number: 10197276 Date of Current Version : 02 mayo 2008 Issue Date : 17-20 March 2008

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5442716&c ontentType=Conference+Publications&pageNumber%3D2%26queryText%3D Relays

Optimum coordination of overcurrent relays in distribution system using genetic algorithm

This paper appears in: Power Systems, 2009. ICPS '09. International Conference on Date of Conference: 27-29 Dec. 2009 Author(s): Bedekar, P.P. Electr. Eng. Dept., Visvesvaraya Nat. Inst. of Technol., Nagpur, India Bhide, S.R. ; Kale, V.S. On Page(s): 1 - 6 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT This paper presents genetic algorithm (GA) method for coordination of overcurrent (OC) relays. The OC relays are the major protection devices in a distribution system. OC relay is usually employed as backup protection. But in some situations it may be the only protection provided. To reduce the power outages, maloperation of the backup relays should be avoided, and therefore, OC relay coordination in power distribution network is a major concern of protection engineer. The OC relay coordination in ring fed distribution networks is a highly constrained optimization problem. The purpose is to find an optimum relay setting to minimize the time of operation of relays and at the same time, to avoid the maloperation of relays. This paper presents GA technique for optimum coordination of OC relays in a ring fed distribution system. Constraints are incorporated in the fitness function making use of the penalty method. Computer programs (using MATLAB) have been developed for optimum coordination of OC relays using GA technique.

Additional Details
On page(s): 1 Conference Location : Kharagpur E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-4331-4 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-4330-7 INSPEC Accession Number: 11227159 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ICPWS.2009.5442716 Date of Current Version : 05 abril 2010 Issue Date : 27-29 Dec. 2009

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4839976&conten tType=Conference+Publications&pageNumber%3D2%26queryText%3DRelays Optimal Overcurrent relays coordination using particleswarm-optimization algorithm

This paper appears in: Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2009. PSCE '09. IEEE/PES Date of Conference: 15-18 March 2009 Author(s): Asadi, M.R. Amirkabir Univ. of Technol., Tehran Kouhsari, S.M. On Page(s): 1 - 7 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT For optimal co-ordination of Overcurrent (OC) relays, linear programming techniques such as simplex, two-phase simplex and dual simplex are used. Another way of optimal coordination program is using artificial intelligent system such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. In this paper a new approach will be used for optimal coordination of OC relays based on particle swarm algorithm. In this work we take into account both time setting multiplier (TSM) and plug setting multiplier (PSM) of OC relays in optimization procedure. Most OC relays accept only discrete values as TSM and PSM, and you should change your final answers to discrete form and this may corrupt the optimization. In this paper the act of quantizing the answers is taken into account as a part of optimization procedure, so the outputs are optimized discrete TSM's and PSM's. In other words the novelty of the paper is taking into account the PSM in addition to TSM to handle miscoordination problems both for continues and discrete TSM and PSM. The results obtained are quite encouraging and will be useful as an effective tool for coordination OC relays.

Additional Details
On page(s): 1 Conference Location : Seattle, WA E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-3811-2 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-3810-5 INSPEC Accession Number: 10614303 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/PSCE.2009.4839976 Date of Current Version : 24 abril 2009 Issue Date : 15-18 March 2009

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5757861&conten tType=Conference+Publications&pageNumber%3D4%26queryText%3DRelays Hybrid relay selection in heterogenous relay networks

This paper appears in: Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), 2010 Conference Record of the Forty Fourth Asilomar Conference on Date of Conference: 7-10 Nov. 2010 Author(s): Abouelseoud, M. Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Nosratinia, A. On Page(s): 1864 - 1868 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT In this paper heterogenous networks are envisioned where multiple amplifyforward (AF) and decode-forward (DF) relays coexist. Consider a representative case with one source, one destination, and multiple relays, where at each point in time a subset (e.g. two) of the relays can be active simultaneously. The question naturally arises: how can we select relays for service from among the collection of available relays, and what is the performance of each selection scheme. We propose and analyze several selection schemes in a two-relay scenario involving a number of ways to synchronously combine AF and DF relays. Expressions for outage probability in each case are obtained.

Additional Details
On page(s): 1864 Conference Location : Pacific Grove, CA ISSN : 1058-6393 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-9722-5 INSPEC Accession Number: 11972851 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ACSSC.2010.5757861 Date of Current Version : 29 abril 2011 Issue Date : 7-10 Nov. 2010

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=854360&contentT ype=Conference+Publications&pageNumber%3D5%26queryText%3DRelays Current transformer application with digital ground differential protection relays
This paper appears in: Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, 2000. Conference Record. Papers Presented at the 2000 Annual Meeting. 2000 IEEE Date of Conference: 2000 Author(s): Sutherland, P.E. Power Syst. Energy Consulting, GE Power Syst., Schenectady, NY On Page(s): 95 - 102 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT Ground differential protection relays (device 87G) have been used to protect the windings of resistance grounded power transformers. There have been problems of relay misoperation and nonoperation with electromechanical 87G relays due to current transformer (CT) burden and saturation. Due to their low burden, it has been assumed by some that solid-state digital relays are not subject to these problems. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the truth of this assumption. Under what circumstances, and with what types of CTs, might problems occur? An analysis is performed of digital ground differential protection over a range of power transformer and CT sizes. Guidelines are developed for CT accuracy ratings suitable for this application. The effect of different relay algorithms on scheme performance relative to CTs is also discussed

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On page(s): 95 Meeting Date : 07 May 2000-11 May 2000 Conference Location : Clearwater, FL Print ISBN: 0-7803-5843-0 INSPEC Accession Number: 6643921 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ICPS.2000.854360 Date of Current Version : 06 agosto 2002 Issue Date : 2000

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Algorithms and hardware design of modern numeric overcurrent and distance relays
This paper appears in: Electrical Engineering, 2008. ICEE 2008. Second International Conference on Date of Conference: 25-26 March 2008 Author(s): Saleem, A.Z. Univ. of Eng. & Technol., LahoreKhan, Z.A. ; Imran, A. On Page(s): 1 - 5 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT There has been a significant change in design of protective relays over the past years, due to the advancement in microprocessor and signal processing technology. Due to the advancements in digital technology and decrease in digital hardware prices numeric relays are now available and being used for power system protection. This paper describes fundamental design for a numeric relay and presents algorithms to be used for different protection schemes i.e. overcurrent protection, distance protection, differential protection.

Additional Details
On page(s): 1 Conference Location : Lahore E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-2293-7 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-2292-0 INSPEC Accession Number: 10072130 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ICEE.2008.4553897 Date of Current Version : 27 junio 2008 Issue Date : 25-26 March 2008

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4201087&conten tType=Conference+Publications&pageNumber%3D5%26queryText%3DRelays The Power of Modern Relays Enables Fundamental Changes in Protection and Control System Design
This paper appears in: Protective Relay Engineers, 2007. 60th Annual Conference for Date of Conference: 27-29 March 2007 Author(s): Thompson, M. On Page(s): 71 - 84 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT Modern microprocessor relays are fundamentally different from protective relay technologies used in the past. Many paradigms that drove designs in the past are no longer valid. This paper describes many design concepts that can be used to improve the performance, reliability, robustness, and fault tolerance of protection and control systems. The design concepts that are presented in this paper are based upon experience gained in designing and commissioning many fully integrated protection and control systems currently in the field. If the design is approached from the beginning with consideration for integrating protection, metering, and control upon a foundation of modern multifunction programmable relays, we can create a system that has built-in continuous self-test features. We can extend the concept of continuous self-test that we have enjoyed in the relays themselves to the entire system. The design concepts discussed in this paper can make problems and failures that would be hidden in a traditional design, readily apparent so that they can be corrected before undesired operation can occur. These features generally do not require increased cost but are obtained by making use of the capabilities available in the powerful relays already being used

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On page(s): 71 Conference Location : College Station, TX E-ISBN : 1-4244-0995-0 Print ISBN: 1-4244-0994-2 INSPEC Accession Number: 9485458 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/CPRE.2007.359892 Date of Current Version : 15 mayo 2007 Issue Date : 27-29 March 2007

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4762540&conten tType=Conference+Publications&pageNumber%3D6%26queryText%3DRelays A new genetic algorithm method for optimal coordination of overcurrent and distance relays considering various characteristics for overcurrent relays
This paper appears in: Power and Energy Conference, 2008. PECon 2008. IEEE 2nd International Date of Conference: 1-3 Dec. 2008 Author(s): Chabanloo, R.M. Dept. of Electr. Eng., Amirkabir Univ. of Technol., Tehran Abyaneh, H.A. ; Kamangar, S.S.H. ; Razavi, F. On Page(s): 569 - 573 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT In this paper, a new genetic algorithm (GA) method is presented to solve the optimization problem in coordination of overcurrent and distance relays. The objective function (OF) is developed in a way that in addition to coordination of overcurrent relays, the coordination of overcurrent and distance relays is achieved. Various relay characteristics are considered for each overcurrent relay and the best of them is selected by GA to fulfill optimal coordination. The proposed method is applied to a sample power network. Simulation results demonstrate that the method can obtain feasible and effective solutions and, it is a promising approach for optimal coordination in practical power networks.

Additional Details
On page(s): 569 Conference Location : Johor Bahru E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-2405-4 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-2404-7 INSPEC Accession Number: 10469342 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/PECON.2008.4762540 Date of Current Version : 27 enero 2009 Issue Date : 1-3 Dec. 2008

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5356435&conten tType=Conference+Publications&pageNumber%3D6%26queryText%3DRelays Modelling of numerical distance relays using MATLAB

This paper appears in: Industrial Electronics & Applications, 2009. ISIEA 2009. IEEE Symposium on Date of Conference: 4-6 Oct. 2009 Author(s): Abdlrahem, A.A. Electr. Eng. Dep, Omer Al-Mokhtar Univ., El-Bida, Libya Sherwali, H.H. Volume: 1, On Page(s): 389 - 393 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT Numerical relays are the result of the application of microprocessor technology in relay industry. Numerical relays have the ability to communicate with its peers, are economical and are easy to operate, adjust and repair. Modeling of numerical relay is important to adjust and settle protection equipment in electrical facilities and to train protection personnel. Computer models of numerical relays for the study of protection systems are greatly enhanced when working along with an Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). This paper describes distance relay model built using MATLAB environment. The behavior of the distance relay model has been verified using data about different faults generated by the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP-ATP). Data generated by EMTP-ATP describes the voltage and current signals at the relay location both immediately before and during the fault. The signals include the DC offset and the high frequency traveling waves. The data is applied to the relay simulator, which then evaluates whether the impedance trajectory of the fault enters one or more of the operating zones. The results are presented in graphical form using an R-X diagram. The model is then verified by checking the model impedance measurement at different fault locations, and resistive faults. The paper demonstrates the benefits achieved when using a computer simulation of a relay in conjunction with a transient power system simulation.

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On page(s): 389 Conference Location : Kuala Lumpur E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-4683-4 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-4681-0 INSPEC Accession Number: 11021380 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ISIEA.2009.5356435 Date of Current Version : 18 diciembre 2009 Issue Date : 4-6 Oct. 2009

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4745385&conten tType=Conference+Publications&pageNumber%3D8%26queryText%3DRelays Superiority of PSO Relay Coordination Algorithm over NonLinear Programming: A Comparison, Review and Verification
This paper appears in: Power System Technology and IEEE Power India Conference, 2008. POWERCON 2008. Joint International Conference on Date of Conference: 12-15 Oct. 2008 Author(s): Vijayakumar, D. Dept. of Electr. Eng., Maulana Azad Nat. Inst. of Technol., Bhopal Nema, R.K. On Page(s): 1 - 6 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT Over Current Relays (OCRs) and Directional Over Current Relays (DOCRs) are widely used for the radial protection and ring sub transmission protection systems and for distribution systems. All previous work formulates the DOCR coordination problem either as a Linear Programming (LP) problem or as a Non Linear Programming (NLP) problem or as a Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming (MINLP) Problem or as a Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) problem using optimization techniques. In this paper, a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) technique is discussed, reviewed and verified for the optimal settings of DOCRs in power systems as a NLP problem. The paper also compares MPSO algorithm with General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). The calculation of the Time Dial Setting (TDS) and the pickup current (Ip) setting of the relays is the core of the coordination study. Recently PSO is considered as realistic and powerful solution schemes to obtain the global or quasi global optimum in optimization.

Additional Details
On page(s): 1 Conference Location : New Delhi E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-1762-9 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-1763-6 INSPEC Accession Number: 10456165 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ICPST.2008.4745385 Date of Current Version : 09 enero 2009 Issue Date : 12-15 Oct. 2008

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6057433&conten tType=Conference+Publications&pageNumber%3D8%26queryText%3DRelays Automatic measurement of electrical parameters of signal relays

This paper appears in: Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE), 2011 International Conference on Date of Conference: 16-18 Sept. 2011 Author(s): Kagra, H. Indian Railways, Mumbai, India Sonare, P. On Page(s): 84 - 87 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT The manufacturing process of Metal to Carbon relays used in railway signaling systems for configuring various circuits of signals / points / track circuits etc. consists of seven phases from raw material to finished goods. To ensure in-process quality, the electrical parameters are measured manually after each stage. Manual measurement process is tedious, error prone and involves lot of time, effort and manpower. Besides, it is susceptible to manipulation and may lead to inferior quality products being passed, either due to deliberation or due to malefic intentions. Due to erroneous measurement of electrical parameters, the functional reliability of relays is adversely affected. To enhance the trustworthiness of measurement of electrical parameters & to make the process faster, an automated measurement system having proprietary application software and a testing jig attachment has been developed. When the relay is fixed on the testing jig, the software scans all the relay contacts and measures all the electrical parameters viz. operating voltage / current, contact resistance, release voltage / current, coil resistance etc. The results are displayed on the computer screen and stored in a database file.

Additional Details
On page(s): 84 Conference Location : Yichang Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-8162-0 INSPEC Accession Number: 12342673 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ICECENG.2011.6057433 Date of Current Version : 24 octubre 2011 Issue Date : 16-18 Sept. 2011

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4302514&conten tType=Journals+%26+Magazines&ranges%3D2007_2012_p_Publication_Year%26p ageNumber%3D9%26queryText%3DRelays Operation Logic Proposed for Time Overcurrent Relays
This paper appears in: Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on Date of Publication: Oct. 2007 Author(s): Conde, A. Univ. Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Leon Vazquez, E. Volume: 22, Issue: 4 On Page(s): 2034 - 2039 Product Type: Journals & Magazines

ABSTRACT This paper presents a new logic of operation for time overcurrent relays. With the application of the proposed technique, the sensitivity of time overcurrent relays is increased. In order to obtain this, the relay operates with a dynamic pickup setting, such as load current. Additionally, fast operation of overcurrent relays is obtained. The functional structure is described and the logic of overcurrent relay is evaluated under different operative states. We describe the functional structure of the proposed relay and its implementation in laboratory tests.

Additional Details
ISSN : 0885-8977 INSPEC Accession Number: 9633511 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.905381 Date of Current Version : 01 octubre 2007 Issue Date : Oct. 2007 Sponsored by : IEEE Power & Energy Society

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5224160&conten tType=Conference+Publications&ranges%3D2007_2012_p_Publication_Year%26p ageNumber%3D10%26queryText%3DRelays Determination of overcurrent time delay using fuzzy logic relays
This paper appears in: Innovative Technologies in Intelligent Systems and Industrial Applications, 2009. CITISIA 2009 Date of Conference: 25-26 July 2009 Author(s): Bin Zainul Abidin, A.A.Univ. Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia Ramasamy, A.K. ; Nagi, F.H. ; Bin Zainal Abidin, I. On Page(s): 480 - 485 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT The inverse definite minimum time relay has been used in the power distribution system in order to protect the system from power system faults. These relays will function after a certain time delay when the current going through the relay exceeds a predefined set point. This time delay depends on the ratio of the fault current flowing through the relay with the setpoint current defined by the protection engineer. The basic problem with these relays is that the relays will have a longer time delay for a less severe fault. Another problem that these relays would face is when the impedence between the backup relay and the main relay is much smaller than the impedence between the fault and the main relay. In this paper, the possibility of using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is studied in order to determine the time delay of the overcurrent relay.

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On page(s): 480 Conference Location : Monash E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-2887-8 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-2886-1 INSPEC Accession Number: 10844621 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/CITISIA.2009.5224160 Date of Current Version : 28 agosto 2009 Issue Date : 25-26 July 2009

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4548 125&contentType=Conference+Publications&ranges%3D2007_2012_p _Publication_Year%26pageNumber%3D14%26queryText%3DRelays

Impact of harmonics on tripping time of overcurrent relays

This paper appears in: Power Engineering Conference, 2007. AUPEC 2007. Australasian Universities Date of Conference: 9-12 Dec. 2007 Author(s): Masoum, M.A.S. Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Curtin Univ. of Technol., Perth, WA;Islam, S.M. ; Tan, K. ; Xuan, T.N. On Page(s): 1 - 5 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT Theoretical and experimental analyses are used to investigate the effects of harmonics on the operation of overcurrent relays. Two analytical approaches based on relay characteristics provided by the manufacturer and simulations using PSCAD software package are used to estimate tripping times under non-sinusoidal operating conditions. The tests were conducted such that the order and the magnitude of harmonics could be controlled by employing a computer-based single-phase harmonic source. Computed and measured tripping times are compared and suggestions on the application of overcurrent relays in harmonically polluted environments are provided.

Additional Details
On page(s): 1 Conference Location : Perth, WA E-ISBN : 978-0-646-49499-1 Print ISBN: 978-0-646-49488-3 INSPEC Accession Number: 10044374 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/AUPEC.2007.4548125 Date of Current Version : 20 junio 2008 Issue Date : 9-12 Dec. 2007

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5679440&conten tType=Conference+Publications&ranges%3D2007_2012_p_Publication_Year%26p ageNumber%3D15%26queryText%3DRelays Modelling of overcurrent relay using digital signal processor
This paper appears in: Industrial Electronics & Applications (ISIEA), 2010 IEEE Symposium on Date of Conference: 3-5 Oct. 2010 Author(s): Yin Lee Goh Dept. of Electron. &, Commun. Eng., Univ. Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia Ramasamy, A.K. ; Abidin, A.A.Z. ; Nagi, F.H. On Page(s): 367 - 370 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT Protective relays are used to detect any abnormalities in a power system and isolate the faulty section of the system in the shortest time, in order to minimize disturbances caused by failure in the system to ensure continuous power delivery. Protective relays for overcurrent protection are the most widely used relays in a power system. The implementation of overcurrent relay on digital signal processor (DSP) proficient to mitigate problems such as lack of memory capacity, lower speed and functionality, compared to conventional approach using microprocessor. The modelling of overcurrent relay for inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) type using DSP board TMS320F2812 will be discussed in the paper. Simulation results of the overcurrent relay from MATLAB/ Simulink and execution on TMS320F2812 will be presented.

Additional Details
On page(s): 367 Conference Location : Penang Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-7645-9 INSPEC Accession Number: 11746682 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ISIEA.2010.5679440 Date of Current Version : 06 enero 2011 Issue Date : 3-5 Oct. 2010

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5510137&conten tType=Journals+%26+Magazines&ranges%3D2007_2012_p_Publication_Year%26p ageNumber%3D19%26queryText%3DRelays A Transfer-Function-Based Thermal Model Reduction Study for Induction Machine Thermal Overload Protective Relays
This paper appears in: Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on Date of Publication: Sept.-Oct. 2010 Author(s): Pinjia Zhang Electr. Machines Lab., Gen. Electr. (GE) Global Res., Niskayuna, NY, USA Yi Du ; Habetler, T.G. Volume: 46, Issue: 5 On Page(s): 1919 - 1926 Product Type: Journals & Magazines

ABSTRACT High-order induction machine thermal models have been widely studied for the analysis of the thermal behavior of induction machines. However, the real-time implementation of such models for the online thermal protection of induction machines is very difficult due to the lack of accurate information on the machines. This paper proposes a novel simplified thermal model of induction machines for thermal overload relays. Instead of using a lumped thermal network, a transferfunction-based approach is proposed for reducing the order of induction machine thermal models. The proposed thermal model requires significantly fewer thermal parameters for the accurate modeling of the thermal behavior of the machine. The proposed thermal model is validated via experimental results on a 7.5-hp opendrip-proof induction machine under various load conditions. The major features of the proposed thermal model are the following: 1) high accuracy of the stator winding temperature estimation, with a root-mean-square error within 3C; 2) low computational requirement, which reduces the cost of thermal overload relays; and 3) easy implementation since only current sensors are required.

Additional Details
ISSN : 0093-9994 INSPEC Accession Number: 11527710 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/TIA.2010.2058831 Date of Publication : 15 julio 2010 Date of Current Version : 16 septiembre 2010 Issue Date : Sept.-Oct. 2010 Sponsored by : IEEE Industry Applications Society

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4359249&contentType=J ournals+%26+Magazines&ranges%3D2007_2012_p_Publication_Year%26pageNumber%3 D20%26queryText%3DRelays Advanced Coordination Method for Overcurrent Protection Relays Using Nonstandard Tripping Characteristics
This paper appears in: Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on Date of Publication: Jan. 2008 Author(s): Keil, T. Univ. of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen Jager, J. Volume: 23, Issue: 1 On Page(s): 52 - 57 Product Type: Journals & Magazines

ABSTRACT This paper describes an advanced coordination method for an optimized protection time grading based on a new nonstandard tripping characteristic for overcurrent protection relays. The intention is the highest possible reduction of tripping times for a selective fault clearing in distribution networks protected by overcurrent relays without communication links. The new nonstandard tripping characteristic will be described from its basic idea to its constraints of the optimization problem. The optimization is solved by the method of Lagrange generalized with the KarushKuhn-Tucker conditions and is aimed at selective fault tripping with shorter tripping times as standard characteristics and conventional coordination methods. Overcurrent relay coordination becomes a mathematical optimization task. A comparison with the standard characteristics and conventional coordination methods shows a notable advancement regarding their average and maximum tripping times which can be achieved using this new method.

Additional Details
ISSN : 0885-8977 INSPEC Accession Number: 9815491 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.905337 Date of Current Version : 26 diciembre 2007 Issue Date : Jan. 2008 Sponsored by : IEEE Power & Energy Society

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5559184&contentType=C onference+Publications&ranges%3D2007_2012_p_Publication_Year%26pageNumber%3D 21%26queryText%3DRelays Inverse definite minimum time overcurrent relay coordination using Computer Aided Protection Engineering
This paper appears in: Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO), 2010 4th International Date of Conference: 23-24 June 2010 Author(s): Hairi, M.H. Fac. of Electr. Eng., Univ. Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Malaysia Alias, K. ; Aras, M.S.M. ; Basar, M.F.M. ; Fah, S.P. On Page(s): 304 - 307 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT Protective relays, especially IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) overcurrent relays is crucial in the power system protection. It is important that in any case of the system abnormalities or faults, the IDMT overcurrent must be capable to isolate only the faulty component from the healthy system. This paper presents the study on the coordination of the IDMT relay in the tested network whereby the existing setting of TMS (Time Multiple Setting) and PS (Plug Setting) currently adopted is studied to validate the setting, hence, to proposed the recommendation for the new setting for any miscoordination. This paper was developed to cater the coordination study in the power system network by means of the comprehensive computer based tool, Computer Aided Protection Engineering (CAPE) devised for various studies, such as coordination study. The tests result of the network was studied, analyzed and discussed.

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Additional Details
On page(s): 304 Conference Location : Shah Alam Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-7127-0 INSPEC Accession Number: 11490090 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/PEOCO.2010.5559184 Date of Current Version : 30 agosto 2010 Issue Date : 23-24 June 2010

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5557589&contentType=C onference+Publications&ranges%3D2007_2012_p_Publication_Year%26pageNumber%3D 22%26queryText%3DRelays Optimal overcurrent relay coordination using genetic algorithms
This paper appears in: Advances in Energy Engineering (ICAEE), 2010 International Conference on Date of Conference: 19-20 June 2010 Author(s): Uthitsunthorn, D. Power Syst. Res. Unit, Suranaree Univ. of Technol., Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand Kulworawanichpong, T. On Page(s): 162 - 165 Product Type: Conference Publications

ABSTRACT This paper presents an intelligent approach for overcurrent relaying coordination design. Due to a powerful search scheme of the selected intelligent method, genetic algorithms (GA), digital relays are well coordinated to satisfy a large number of constraints, which are complicated over the ability of the conventional relay setting. The proposed scheme was demonstrated through a 6-bus power system, in which fourteen digital overcurrent relays were situated to be coordinated smartly. Also, the results obtained from GA were compared with those obtained by applying an efficient non-linear quasi-Newton method. It strongly confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Additional Details
On page(s): 162 Conference Location : Beijing Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-7831-6 INSPEC Accession Number: 11499692 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ICAEE.2010.5557589 Date of Current Version : 26 agosto 2010 Issue Date : 19-20 June 2010

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4039427&contentType=J ournals+%26+Magazines&ranges%3D2007_2012_p_Publication_Year%26pageNumber%3 D26%26queryText%3DRelays Current Transformer Dimensioning for Numerical Protection Relays
This paper appears in: Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on Date of Publication: Jan. 2007 Author(s): Pradeep Kumar Gangadharan Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Ont. Tarlochan S. Sidhu ; Gregory James Finlayson Volume: 22, Issue: 1 On Page(s): 108 - 115 Product Type: Journals & Magazines

ABSTRACT In this paper, a study conducted to analyze the factors influencing the current transformer (CT) dimensioning for numerical relays is presented. The study identifies the factors contributing to the CT dimensioning. It analyzes the influence of system parameters on the dimensioning factor and also identifies the critical applications and conditions that determine the CT dimensioning. The errors introduced in phasor estimation of saturated current signals are also described in this study

Additional Details
ISSN : 0885-8977 INSPEC Accession Number: 9327637 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/TPWRD.2006.881601 Date of Current Version : 26 diciembre 2006 Issue Date : Jan. 2007 Sponsored by : IEEE Power & Energy Society

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5522155&contentType=C onference+Publications&ranges%3D2007_2012_p_Publication_Year%26pageNumber%3D 26%26queryText%3DRelays IEC61850 and designs for future relays This paper appears in: Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP 2010). Managing the Change, 10th IET International Conference on Date of Conference: March 29 2010-April 1 2010 Author(s): Redfern, M A University of Bath, UK Sun, X ; An, Wen ; Crossley, P A ; Yang, Li ; Grasset, H On Page(s): 1 - 5 Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract
Increasingly, communications has become a significant component in modern power systems. The recently introduced standard IEC61850, describes the concepts for sub-station communications covering protection, control and metering functions. Not only is this is going to have a major impact on the power systems communications but it will also influence the design of future protection systems. The concepts in the specification will provide guidelines for future developments in the move from traditional systems to the next generations of computer relays. The big question is; how are relays going to develop in light of IEC61850 and what characteristics will dominate the structure of future protection systems?

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Additional Details

On page(s): 1 Conference Location : Manchester Digital Object Identifier : 10.1049/cp.2010.0298 Date of Current Version : 26 julio 2010 Issue Date : March 29 2010-April 1 2010

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Advanced Electrical Installation Work

FIFTH EDITION TREVOR LINSLEY
Senior Lecturer Blackpool and The Fylde College

Newnes An imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803 First published by Arnold 1998 Reprinted by Butterworth-Heinemann 2001, 2002, 2003 (twice), 2004 (twice) Fourth edition 2005 Fifth edition 2008 Copyright 2008, Trevor Linsley. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Trevor Linsley to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holders written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elseviers Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK; phone: (_44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (_44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage ( http://www.elsevier.com ), by selecting Customer Support and then Obtaining Permissions . Whilst the advice and information in this book is believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the author nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library For information on all Newnes publications visit our website at www.newnespress.com ISBN 978-0-7506-8752-2 Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd., A Macmillan Company (www.macmillansolutions.com) Printed and bound in Great Britain

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Efficient Electrical Systems Design Handbook

by Albert Thumann, P.E., C.E.M. and Harry Franz, P.E.

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Power Systems Modelling and Fault Analysis
Theory and Practice
Nasser D. Tleis BSc, MSc, PhD, CEng, FIEE

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A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE WIRING REGULATIONS

17th EDITION IEE WIRING REGULATIONS (BS 7671:2008)

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Fourth Edition

Eur Ing Geoffrey Stokes BSc (Hons), CEng, FIEE, FCIBSE Eur Ing John Bradley
BSc, CEng, MIEE, FCIBSE
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

The general requirement for protection against fault current, given in Regulation 434.5.2, is that disconnection time under fault condition must not be greater than the time required to raise the conductor to its limiting temperature. The disconnection time t is limited, therefore, to that given in the adiabatic equation and repeated in Equation (7.38): t = k2S2/If 2 where t is the time in which the temperature of the live conductors will be raised to the maximum limiting temperature, S (mm2) is the conductor cross-section area, k is the particular factor for the conductor (from Table 43.1 for common materials) and IF (A) is the fault current (rms for a.c.). It will be seen that Equation (7.39) is obtained by transposing the elements of Equation (7.38); on one side is the energy-withstand of the cable k2S2 and on the other side is the let-through energy I 2 F t of the protective device: k2S2 = I 2 F t (7.39) For very short disconnection times (less than 0.1 s) for current-limiting protective devices, Regulation 434.5.2 requires that the energy-withstand of the cable k2S2 is greater than the let-through energy I 2t of the protective device as quoted in the applicable British or Harmonized Standard or by the manufacturer. In other words, Equation (7.40) must be satisfied: I 2t < k2S2

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http://www.pes-psrc.org/Reports/Summary_Paper_of_Disribution_Guide.pdf

Summary of C37.230-2007, IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Distribution Lines
By Line Protection Subcommittee Working Group D5 Of the IEEE Power Engineering Society - Power System Relaying Committee

Gustavo Brunello Randy Crellin Fredric A. Friend Rafael Garcia Roger A. Hedding Raluca Lascu Michael J. McDonald Dean H. Miller Tony Seegers William P. Waudby Inma Zamora

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I. Abstract A new IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Distribution Lines has been written to
aid in the application and coordination of protective devices on radial power system distribution lines. As the Guide is 95 pages long, this summary paper is not intended to be a substitute to the guide.

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Overcurrent relays coordination considering transient behaviour of fault current limiter and distributed generation in distribution power network
This paper appears in: Generation, Transmission & Distribution, IET Date of Publication: September 2011 Author(s): Chabanloo, R.M.; Dept. of Electr. Eng., Amirkabir Univ. of Technol., Tehran, Iran; Abyaneh, H.A. ; Agheli, A. ; Rastegar, H. Volume: 5, Issue: 9 On Page(s): 903 - 911 Product Type: Journals & Magazines

ABSTRACT The connecting of distributed generation (DG) to the distribution network has numerous advantages. However, in the presence of DG some problems in coordination of protection devices will occur, due to changes in short-circuit levels at different points. Fault current limiter (FCL) is applied to limit the fault current levels and the effect of DGs on coordination of overcurrent (O/C) relays during the faults. The use of DG and FCL in distribution networks causes to some transient currents during fault conditions. Steady-state coordination methods do not result in accurate settings in such networks. A new method is proposed for coordination of O/C relays by considering the transient behaviour of the network. This method is based on the genetic algorithm and uses the dynamic model of O/C relays instead of the fixed characteristic curves. For this purpose, transient behaviour of DG and FCL are simulated and the relay operating status is calculated for all primary and backup relays to achieve the optimal settings of relays in transient condition. Simulations are carried out on a sample network and the results demonstrate that the method gives feasible and effective solutions for optimal coordination in the practical power system networks in comparison to the previous steady-state methods.
ISSN : 1751-8687 INSPEC Accession Number: 12216425 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1049/iet-gtd.2010.0754 Date of Current Version : 12 septiembre 2011 Issue Date : September 2011 Sponsored by : Institution of Engineering and Technology

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JEC 61850 - A Practical Application Primer for Protection Engineers

This paper appears in: Power Systems Conference: Advanced Metering, Protection, Control, Communication, and Distributed Resources, 2006. PS '06 Date of Conference: 14-17 March 2006 Author(s): Kasztenny, B. GE Multilin, Markham, Ont. Whatley, J. ; Urden, E.A. ; Burger, J. ; Finney, D. ; Adamiak, M. On Page(s): 18 - 50

ABSTRACT This paper reviews concepts proposed by the IEC 61850 standard; protection and control (P&C) aspect in particular. The standard describes building blocks meant to facilitate the general idea of migrating traditionally hard-wired P&C connections and configurations into the realm of software, while opening considerable opportunities for engineering and labor savings. The underlying principle is that the newly introduced complexity resides in software, and therefore, new software tools will reduce or eliminate some of it, simplifying both the engineering and deployment, thus resulting in a substantial net gain. IEC 61850 has received considerable attention in recent years, but vast majority of publications are written around the theme of the intelligent electronic device (IED), and rest at introducing the concept, reviewing selected details of IED implementations, and focusing on anticipated advantages. This paper is written for a traditional P&C engineer and reviews important practical questions that need to be answered, solutions worked out, and tools developed before the IEC 61850 concept could see its all-inclusive implementation
On page(s): 18 Conference Location : Clemson, SC Print ISBN: 0-615-13280-4 INSPEC Accession Number: 9253094 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/PSAMP.2006.285369 Date of Current Version : 08 agosto 2007 Issue Date : 14-17 March 2006

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