Trng thi hot ng Steady-state v thng ip lm mi trng thi Nh m t trc y, vi PIM-DM mt cng lun trong trng thi prune

e trong ba pht. Cc thng ip prune lit k mt ngun v nhm. Bt c khi no mt router nhn c thng ip prune, n s tm mt hng (S,G) SPT trong bng nh tuyn multicast v nh du cc cng trong thng ip Prune l nhn c. Tuy nhin, router cng thit lp gi tr prune timer, mc nh l 3 pht, sao cho sau ba pht, cng ny c t trong trng thi forwarding mt ln na. V vy, u g xy ra vi PIM-DM v cc kt ni b loi b? Cc lin kt b loi b v sau ba pht, cc link ny c hot ng li. Khi c nhiu dng multicast, cc kt ni b loi b, sau , cc kt ni li hot ng sau ba pht. V c th tip din. V vy, khi Cisco to ra c ch PIMv2 (RFC3973), n bao gm mt c im gi l lm mi trng thi (state refresh). Cc thng ip lm mi trng thi ny c th ngn nga tnh trng km hiu qu ca PIM-DM v1 trong tin trnh pruning.

Trong hnh trn, kt ni gia R1 v R2 v kt ni gia R2 v R3 b loi b, sau ba pht, cc kt ni s c thm vo cy ng i ngn nht SPT do cc thi gian Prune b ht. Thng ip lm mi trng thi State refresh c th c gi trc khi khong thi gian prune b ht vn gi cc cng ca router trong tnh trng b loi b khi cy. Cc bc sau y s xy ra: 1. R3 gim st thi gian tri qua k t khi n gi thng ip Prune ln cui n R2. Ngay trc khi thi gian Prune b ht, R3 quyt nh gi mt thng ip lm mi trng thi n R2. 2. R3 gi thng ip lm mi trng thi n R2, tham chiu n cy SPT (10.1.1.10, 226.1.1.1) 3. R3 phn ng bng cch thit lp li thi gian prune cho nhng cng trn n nhn c thng ip lm mi trng thi. 4. Bi v R2 cng loi b chnh n bng cch gi thng ip Prune n R1, R2 cng s dng chnh thng ip ny bo cho R1 vn cng s0/0 trong trng thi prune. Cho n khi no R3 vn gi thng ip lm mi trng thi trc khi khong thi gian prune l ht trn router upstream R2, cy ng i ngn nht SPT vn trong trng thi n nh v s khng b nh k pht tn cc gi multicast cho cy (S,G). Thng ip Graft Khi cc my tham gia mt nhm, router c th cn thay i trng thi SPT hin hnh cho mt nhm (S,G). VI PIM-DM, mt gii pho c th l ch cho kt ni prune ht gi. V d, theo hnh trn, R3 ch n gin ngng gi cc thng ip lm mi trng thi State Refresh trong ti a ba pht. R3 s mt ln na nhn gi tin multicast ca vi nhm (S,G). Tuy nhin, nu ch khong thi gian mc nh ba pht tri qua th khng hiu qu. cho php router unprune mt cng ca router trc y b loi b, PIM-DM dng thng ip Graft. Thng ip ny c

nh ngha nh sau: Mt router gi ra mt thng ip Graft n mt router upstream, l router lng ging gi ra thng ip loi b prune. Thng ip graft lm cho router lng ging a cng vo trng thi forwarding cho mt nhm multicast no .

Trn hnh trn, ban u c my H1 v H2 khng tham gia vo nhm 226.1.1.1. V R2 v R3 b loi b ra khI nhm (10.1.1.10, 226.1.1.1).Cng S0/0 ca R1 b loi b ra khi (S,G) SPT, v vy R2 v R3 khng nhn c lu lng multicast gi bi S1 v 226.1.1.1.1. Sau , H2 tham gia vo nhm 226.1.1.1 mt ln na. Nu khng c thng ip Graft, my H2 s phi ch mt khong thi gian l ba pht trc khi n nhn c lu lng ca nhm. Tuy nhin vi cc bc sau y, H2 s nhn gi tin ch trong vi pht: 1. Host H2 gi mt thng ip IGMP Join. 2. R3 tm cng RPF trong bng nh tuyn multicast cho nhm 226.1.1.1. Trong bng , cng s0/0 l cng i vo v cc router lng ging RPF l 10.1.3.2. 3. R3 gi thng ip Graft ra cng S0/0 n R2. 4. R2 by gi bit n cn nhn lu lng t 10.1.1.10 gi n 226.1.1.1. Tuy nhin, hng (S,G) ca R2 cng hin th c P, ngha l R2 t loI b chnh n ra khi cy SPT. V vy, R2 tm cng RPF ca n v cc router lng ging trong bng (S,G), trong ang ch n cng S0/0 v router R1. 5. R2 gi thng ip Graft v cho R1. thi im ny, R1 ngay lp tc a cng S0/0 vo danh sch cc cng ra ging nh R2 v by gi H2 bt u nhn gi tin multicast. Lu rng R1 cng gi thng ip Graft Ack tr li li R2 v R2 gi graft ACK tr li v R3. Mt s vn ca PIM khi hot ng trn LAN Phn ny s kho st ba ch nh lin quan n hot ng ca PIM trn LAN. - Prune Override - Thng ip Assert - Designated router. C PIM-DM v PIM-SM dng cc c im ny trong cng mt cch. Prune Override Trong c PIM-DM v PIM-SM, tin trnh prune trn cc mng a truy cp hot ng khc vi

trong nhng kt ni im-im. Nguyn nhn l khi mt router gi ra mt thng ip prune trn mt mng a truy cp, cc router khc c th khng mun kt ni b loi b bi router upstream.

Hnh trn y m t vn xy ra dng dng PIM. Trong hnh ny, R1 ang truyn d liu cho nhm 239.9.9.9 trn cng F0/0 vi R2 v R3 ang nhn lu lng nhm 239.9.9.9 nhn lu lng trn cng E0. R2 khng c thnh vin ca nhm no ang kt ni trc tip v v vy danh sch cc cng ra ca n l null. Cc bc tip theo sau y s din ra khi R3 cn gi thng ip Prune Override. 1. R2 gi ra thng ip prune cho nhm 239.9.9.9 bi v R2 c danh sch cng ra l null. 2. R1 nhn ra n n ang c mt thng ip Prune gi n, bit rng c th c nhng router khc vn mun nhn gi tin. V vy thay v ngay lp tc loi b cng, R1 gn mt khong thi gian 3 giy trc khi R1 loi b cng. 3. R3 cng nhn thng ip prune c gi bi R2 bi v thng ip Prune c gi theo dng multicast n a ch tt c cc PIM routers 224.0.0.13. R3 cng vn cn nhn lu lng ca nhm 239.9.9.9, v vy R3 gi mt thng ip tham gia Join ra cng E0. 4. R1 nhn c thng ip tham gia Join t R3 trc khi xa cng LAN ca n ra khi danh sch cng ra. Kt qu l R1 khng loi b cng F0/0 ca n. Tin trnh ny gi l Prune Override bi v R3 b qua thng ip loi b prune c gi bi R2. Thng ip prune override tht ra l mt thng ip Join c gi bi R3 trong trng hp ny. Thng ip ny khng c g khc vi thng ip Join bnh thng. Ngay khi r1 nhn c thng ip Join t R3 trc khong thi gian 3 giy b ht hn, R3 tip tc nhn lu lng m khng b ngt qung. Thng ip xc nhn (Assert Message) Loi thng ip cui cng c m t trong chng ny l thng ip PIM Assert. Thng ip Assert c dng ngn nga nhng n lc v ch khi c nhiu router kt ni vo cng mng LAN. Thay v gi nhiu bn sao ca nhng gi multicast vo trong LAN, thng ip PIM cho php cc router bt tay tho thun vi nhau. Router thng s c quyn chu trch nhim y lu lng multicast vo trong LAN. Hnh di y m t mt v d ca nhu cu chn thng ip Assert. R2 v R3 c hai cng gn vo trong LAN, vI H1 l thnh vin tch cc ca nhm 227.7.7.7. C R2 v R3 cng ang nhn lu lng ca nhm cho 227.7.7.7 t ngun 10.1.1.10.

Mc ch ca thng ip Assert l gn trch nhim a lu lng ca nhm cho router gn nht vi ngun. Khi R2 v R3 nhn lu lng nhm t ngun trn cng S0, cc router truyn trn cng E0. C hai u c cng S0 trong danh sch cc cng i vo v E0 trong danh sch cng ra.

 thi im ny, c R2 v R3 u nhn gi tin multicast trn cng E0, lm cho cc router s dng thng ip Assert gii quyt vn router no s lm router truyn lu lng. Tin trnh Assert chn ra mt router thng cuc da trn giao thc nh tuyn v metric dng tm ra tuyn ng n a ch unicast ca ngun. Trong v d ny, iu ny c ngha l R2 hay R3 s thng da trn nhng tuyn m h dng n 10.1.1.10. R2 v R3 s gI thng ip Assert bao gm gi tr AD ca giao thc nh tuyn c dng n 10.1.1.10, cng nh l metric c dng n cc route ny. Cc router trn LAN so snh gi tr AD v metric trong thng ip Assert. Router thng cuc c xc nh nh sau: 1. Router ang qung b mt gi tr AD thp nht ca giao thc nh tuyn s thng. 2. Nu l ngang bng, router vi gi tr metric thp nht s thng. 3. Nu l tip tc ngang bng, router c a ch IP cao nht trn LAN s thng. Viet Professionals Co. Ltd. VnPro --------------------------------------149/1D Ung Vn Khim P25 Q.Bnh thnh TPHCM Tel: (08) 35124257 (7 lines) Fax: (08) 5124314 Home Page : http://www.vnpro.vn Support forum: http://vnpro.org LiveChat : http://www.vnpro.vn/support Blog VnPro : http://vnpro.org/blog Forum Wifi : http://wifipro.org Reply With Quote 10-07-2006, 01:12 PM #2

admin Administrator Brainiac Join Date Apr 2003 Posts 1,396

Designated Router C ch PIM Hello c dng bu chn router DR trn mi trng a truy cp. Mt router PIM-DM hoc PIM-SM c a ch IP cao nht s tr thnh DR. Khi nim PIM DR p dng ch yu khi IGMPv1 c dng. IGMPv1 khng c c ch bu chn router truy vn, ngha l IGMPv1 khng c cch no quyt nh router no trong s cc router trn LAN nn gi thng

ip truy vn IGMP query. Khi IGMPv1 c dng, PIM DR s c dng nh l router truy vn ca IGMP. IGMPv2 c th bu chn trc tip router truy vn (l router c a ch IP thp nht), v vy PIM DR khng c dng nh router truy vn khi IGMPv2 c dng. Lu rng trn LAN, mt router c th thng tin trnh bu chn Assert cho mt nhm (S,G) trong khi mt router khc c th tr thnh router truy vn IGMP Querier (PIM DR cho IGMPv1, IGMPv2 Querier cho IGMPv2). Router thng cuc s chu trch nhim y lu lng multicast vo trong LAN trong khi router truy vn IGMP querier chu trch nhim qun l tin trnh IGMP bng cch gi thng ip bu chn trong LAN. Cng lu rng tin trnh bu chn router truy vn chn ra a ch IP thp nht v tin trnh Assert dng a ch IP cao nht, lm cho tn ti mt kh nng l c nhng router khc nhau c chn la cho cc tin trnh khc nhau. Cy multicast c xy dng bng cch cho php pht tn cc traffic t ngun n tt c cc router trong mng. Cy s pht trin t trn xung di. Trong mt thi gian ngn, cc traffic khng cn thit s c lu chuyn ging nh trong broadcast traffic. Tuy nhin khi cc router nhn c traffic cho mt nhm, router s quyt nh n c cc my nhn mun nhn d liu hay khng? Nu l mun, router s duy tr tnh trng im lng v dng traffic tip tc. Nu khng c host no ng k cho nhm multicast (thng qua IGMP), router s gi thng ip Prune n cc router lng ging ca n (theo hng v gc ca cy. Nhnh ca cy sau s b loi b (prune) sao cho cc traffic khng cn thit s khng c pht tn v hng .

Cy multicast s c xy dng theo mt ln sng ca cc yu cu tham gia vo nhm. Sau cc switch khng c cc host tham gia s b xa ra khi cy. Cy kt qu sau cng c hin th hnh. k tip.

PIM-DM s nhn bit cc thit b lng ging bng cch trao i cc gi hello. Thng tin lng ging ny c dng trc xy dng cy n tt c cc lng ging. Sau , cc nhnh ca cy s ln lt c loi b. Nu mt dng multicast bt u, cy s c xy dng, cy s ch tn ti khi cc thnh vin tch cc cn tn ti. Nu mt host mi ng k tham gia nhm, nhnh ca phn on mng s c nh thm vo cy. cu hnh PIM Dense Mode trn mt cng, dng lnh Switch(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode Tm tt cc thng ip PIM-DM

Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol RFC 1075 m t phin bn u tin ca DVMRP. DVMRP c nhiu phin bn. Hot ng ca DVMRP th tng t nh PIM-DM. S khc nhau gia PIM-DM v DVMRP c nh ngha nh sau: - Cisco IOS khng h tr DVMRP, tuy nhin n h tr kt nI n mt mng DVMRP. - DVMRP dng giao thc nh tuyn ca chnh n, tng t nh RIPv2. N gI cp nht mI 60 giy v xem 32 hop l giI hn trn cng. DVMRP dng giao thc nh tuyn ca ring n nn tn thm ph tn nu so snh vI PIM-DM. - DVMRP dng cc thng ip Probe tm router lng ging, dng a ch nhm l 224.0.0.4. - DVMRP dng cy broadcast thu gn, l mt dng tng t nh SPT vI vi nhnh b loI b. Multicast Open Shortest Path First MOSPF c nh ngha trong RFC1584, l mt phin bn m rng n giao thc nh tuyn unicast OSPFv2. Hot ng c bn ca MOSPF c m t nh sau: - MOSPF dng a ch nhm LSA, kiu 6, c pht tn trn ton vng ca router. Cng vi unicast OSPF, tt c cc MOSPF router trong mt area phi c cng c s d liu lin kt sao cho tt c cc router MOSPF trong mt area c th tnh ton cng mt thut ton SPT. - Thut ton SPT c tnh ton theo yu cu. Khi gi tin multicast u tin ca nhm n. - Thng qu qu trnh tnh ton, tt c cc router bit cc thnh vin nhm u da trn cc thnh vin nhm LSAs. - Sau vi php tnh ton SPF l hon tt, cc hng s c a vo bng nh tuyn multicast. - Cng ging nh nh tuyn unicast OSPF, cy ng i ngn nht l khng b vng lp v tt c cc router bit cc cng upstream/downstream. Kt qu l khng cn php kim tra RPF. - R rng, MOSPF ch c th lm vic vI OSPF unicast routing. MOSPF th ph hp cho nhng mng nh. Khi c nhiu my bt u gI lu lng multicast, cc routers phI thc hin mt s tnh ton Dijkstra, lm tn ti nguyn CPU. Cisco IOS khng h tr MOSPF. Viet Professionals Co. Ltd. VnPro