The Immune Responses

Functions of the Immune System

 Defense

 Homeostasis

 Surveillance
 Antigens and Antibodies
 Antigens are substances not found in the
body.
 Most antigens are proteins.
What is an antigen?
 RESPONSE TO INVASION
 PHAGOCYTOSIS

 HUMORAL IMMUNITY

 CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

TYPES OF IMMUNITY
 Natural-active – body has to work
 Artificial-active – body has to work
 Natural-passive – body receives/no effort
 Artificial-passive –body receives/no effort
 HUMORAL (ANTIBODIES) IMMUNE
RESPONSE
 Allows for rapid local or systemic reaction
to antigens

 Response is to a specific antigen.

 Cell-Mediated Immunity
 Immunity against:
 Pathogens that survive inside cells (viruses and
some bacteria)
 Fungal infections

 Rejection of transplanted tissues

 Tumors

 Contact hypersensitivity reactions

 Cell Mediated Immune Response
 T-Helper cells (CD4) carry the “antigen
message” to the lymph nodes where they
help retain the “memory” for the antigen.
 T-Helper cells secrete cytokines that rally
other cells of the immune system.
 CD8
Suppressor Cells
 Keep the balance
 Decrease antibody reaction and prevent
immune system “in check”.
 HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
 TYPE I

 TYPE II

 TYPE III

 TYPE IV